PTS.

Nguyn Vn Hoan
Vn Rau Dinh Dng
Gia nh
Nh xut bn nng nghip
H Ni - 1999
2
Mc lc
Li ni u.......................................................................................................................... 5
I. Th no l vn rau dinh dng gia nh? .............................................. 6
II. Mt vn rau dinh dng gia nh tt
cn t nhng yu cu g?....................................................................................... 6
1. C c cu cc loi rau ph hp tn dng c cc khong t trng v khng gian
xung quanh nh ..................................................................................................................... 6
2. C cc loi rau quanh nm u c rau n............................................................... 6
3. C thnh phn cc loi rau nhm cung cp vitamin, cc cht khong, cht x cho ba
n ca gia nh v mi v hp dn cho cc mn n ............................................................. 10
4. C mt s cy rau va c tc dng lm rau, va c tc dng lm thuc thng thng khi
cn thit ............................................................................................................................... 10
5. Khng phi chi ph tin mua rau, ch ng trong mi tnh hung v gp phn tng thu
nhp trong gia nh.............................................................................................................. 10
6. C lng rau sch theo nhu cu ca gia nh, nng cao an ton trong vic s dng
rau hng ngy gp phn bo v sc kho con ngi ........................................................... 11
III. Cch xy dng mt vn rau dinh dng gia nh....................... 11
1. Quy hoch vn.............................................................................................................. 11
2. Chn c cu cc cy rau................................................................................................. 12
IV. Nhng hiu bit cn thit nht v
trng rau vn gia nh................................................................................... 15
1. m cy con .................................................................................................................. 15
2. Lm t trng ................................................................................................................. 15
3. Trng .............................................................................................................................. 15
4. Chm sc ........................................................................................................................ 15
5. To tn............................................................................................................................ 16
6. ging......................................................................................................................... 16
V. lm th no rau n khi ch c khonh t hp................... 17
1. Chn loi rau ph hp vi cc khonh t tn dng c quanh nh ............................ 17
2. Thm canh hp l...........................................................................................................17
3
3. Li dng khong khng phi hp nhiu tng................................................................. 18
4. Lm rau n ghm hoc lm gi ...................................................................................... 18
VI. k thut trng v ging mt s cy rau rt cn thit
trong vn rau dinh dng gia nh............................................................. 19
1. Cy rau mung ............................................................................................................... 19
2. Cy rau dn di ngy...................................................................................................... 20
3. Cy mng ti di ngy.................................................................................................... 21
4. Cy rau ngt ................................................................................................................... 22
5. Cy rau mng ti thn g ............................................................................................... 23
6. Cy rau ay..................................................................................................................... 24
7. Cy rau b ....................................................................................................................... 24
8. Cy ci c v cy l b................................................................................................... 25
9. Cy c pho .................................................................................................................... 25
10. Cy u a (cy u di o) ....................................................................................... 26
11. Cy u vn: ................................................................................................................. 27
12. Cc cy thn leo khc: bu, b, mp, u rng........................................................... 27
13. Cy hoa thin l:........................................................................................................... 28
14. Mt s cy rau gia v .................................................................................................... 28
15. Cy l lt v dip c .....................................................................................................29
16. Cy hng li v hng lng............................................................................................ 30
VII. K thut ging cc loi rau khc trng bng ht trong
vn rau dinh dng gia nh............................................................................. 30
1. Cy ci canh v cy ci da............................................................................................ 30
2. Cy ci cc ..................................................................................................................... 30
3. Cy rau dip v cy x lch............................................................................................ 31
4. Cy hnh hoa.................................................................................................................. 31
5. Cy mi tu .................................................................................................................... 32
6. Cy da chut ................................................................................................................. 32
7. Cy c bt v c tm lu nin.......................................................................................... 33
8. Cy c u...................................................................................................................... 34
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VIII. k thut ging cc cy rau trng bng thn, c, thn
gi, thn ngm............................................................................................................... 35
1. Cy hnh thm................................................................................................................ 35
2. Cy ti ............................................................................................................................ 35
3. Cy kiu.......................................................................................................................... 36
4. Cy khoai s................................................................................................................... 36
5. Cy c m....................................................................................................................... 37
6. Cy inh lng.................................................................................................................. 38
7. Cy dc mng................................................................................................................. 38
8. Cy rau cn..................................................................................................................... 39
9. Cy ring ........................................................................................................................ 39
IX. s dng rau trong ba n hng ngy..................................................... 40
1. Luc:............................................................................................................................... 40
2. Chn: .............................................................................................................................. 40
3. Nu canh:........................................................................................................................ 41
4. Xo: ................................................................................................................................ 41
5. n sng: ......................................................................................................................... 41
6. Lm nm: ....................................................................................................................... 41
7. Lm da:......................................................................................................................... 41
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Li ni u
Rau xanh l thc n rt cn thit khng th thiu trong ba n hng ngy. n cc
loi rau khng nhng ch lm tng s hp dn trong ba n m cn l ngun dinh dng cn
i. Trng rau trong vn nh l truyn thng lu i ca nng dn Vit Nam.
Trong bi cnh hin ti, khi m kinh t h ng vai tr ch o, s lm dng cc loi
thuc tr su, tr bnh gia tng th yu cu t tc rau sch, s dng t ai hp l quanh nh
l mt i hi cp bch.
Cun "Vn rau dinh dng gia nh" tp hp cc kinh nghim phong ph ca nhn
dn, tng kt c chn lc m hnh cc " dinh dng" trong cc chng trnh pht trin cng
ng. Cun sch cn cp rt chi tit phng php ging cc loi rau nhm gip bn c
ch ng trong vic xy dng mt vn rau vi cc chng loi.
Trong qu trnh vit, do kh nng c hn, khng trnh khi nhng thiu st. Ti rt
mong nhn c nhng kin ng gp b sung ca bn c
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I. Th no l vn rau dinh dng gia nh?
hu ht cc h nng dn min Bc Vit Nam xung quanh nh thng dnh ra nhng
khong t nh trng cc loi rau. Cc mnh t nh ny c ro cn thn trnh gia
sc, gia cm ph hoi, bn trong trng cc loi rau theo ma nh ma xun trng rau dn,
ma h trng rau mung, ma thu trng rau ci, ma ng trng su ho v mt s rau gia v
khc. Trc nh ca nhiu h nng dn ta cn thy c mt vi gin trng cc loi rau c thn
leo nh mp, u a, bu, b xanh, u rng, u vn hoc hoa thin l. Nhiu gia nh
cn tn dng b ro lm ni leo cho mng ti, u a, dc theo cc tng nh trng rau
xng xng, cc gc vn t nh sng th trng cy l lt, khong t trng gn ging th
trng rau ngt, mng ti thn g, trc nh trng cy t hoc vi cy inh lng...
Vi cch b tr nh trn, ma no th y gia nh c rau n quanh nm khng ph thuc
vo th trng, rau n lc no cng ti ngon, sch, y thnh phn dinh dng. Tp hp
tt c cc cy rau trng vn rau, trc v sau nh, tn dng cc ch t trng, cc cy rau
thn leo to ra h thng cc cy rau trong vn nh v c gi l vn rau dinh
dng gia nh (vrddg). Nh vy, vn rau dinh dng gia nh khng ch l mt
mnh vn trng rau, cng khng phi l mt vi cy rau trng mt khu ring bit m n l
tp hp ca nhiu cy rau c trng xung quanh nh nhm mc tiu p ng nhu cu a
dng v rau hng ngy, va c tc dng s dng ti ch, va c tc dng b sung h tr nhau
v mt dinh dng, a dng v mt sn phm, tin li khi thu hi v c rau n quanh nm.
II. Mt vn rau dinh dng gia nh tt cn t
nhng yu cu g?
Mt vn rau dinh dng gia nh tt cn t nhng c im sau:
1. C c cu cc loi rau ph hp tn dng c cc khong t trng v khng gian
xung quanh nh
y l mt trong nhng iu quan trng nht, thng thng th vn gia nh min Bc Vit
Nam, nht l ng bng Bc b c din tch khng rng v nu c din tch rng th trng
cc loi cy n qu li c u tin trc. V cc l do ny m vic tn dng cc mnh t
trng, cc khong khng trng cc loi rau cho nhu cu hng ngy l iu cn thit.
V d: Gc vn u nh c vi ba mt vung t trng c th ra mt khong t trng
rau theo cch sau y: thng ging m lch (hoc thng 2 dng lch) trng rau dn n vo
thng 3 dng lch; k sau rau dn th trng rau mung cn thu hoch n ht thng 8.
Trc khi ph b rau mung th trng k ci canh hoc rau l b n vo thng 9-10. Sau
rau ci trng tip rau dip thu hoch vo thng 11, 12, 1; cc cy rau ny khp kn mt
vng trong nm. Trc nh hoc li cng vo ngi ta lm mt h thng gin trng bu
vo ma ng, trng u a vo ma xun, trng mp vo v h, k u vn thu hoch
vo ma thu...
2. C cc loi rau quanh nm u c rau n
Bng 1 l danh mc cc loi rau c trng hoc mc t do trong vn rau dinh dng gia
nh, lch trng v thu hi.
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Tu theo iu kin ca tng gia nh m c th chn mt s trong cc loi rau trn sao cho c
rau quanh nm, v d nh:
Thng 1,2: rau dip, rau ci, l b, su ho, ci cc...
Thng 3,4: mng ti, rau dn, rau mung...
Thng 5,6: rau mung, mp, u , rau ngt...
Thng 7,8: dc mng, rau sn, rau mung, c pho, c tm...
Thng 9, 10: rau khoai lang, u rng, u vn, l b...
Thng 11, 12: rau ci xanh, rau b, u c ve, su ho...
Bng 1: Cc loi rau trng trong vn gia nh, lch trng v thu hi
Thng trong nm TT Tn loi rau
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Rau ly thn, l
1 Rau mung cn T T,TH TH TH TH TH T TH TH TH TH
2. Rau dn T TH TH TH TH T,TH TH TH TH TH
3. Rau ay T TH TH TH TH TH TH
4. Rau mng ti T TH TH TH TH T,TH TH TH TH
5. Rau ngt T TH TH TH TH T,TH TH TH
6. Rau dip TH TH TH G T TH G,TH T,TH
7. Rau ci TH TH TH TH G T TH G,TH T,TH
8. Rai ci c TH TH TH TH G T TH TH TH
9. Rau l b TH TH TH TH G T TH TH TH
10. Rau su ho TH TH TH TH G T TH TH TH
11. Rau bp ci TH TH TH TH G T TH TH TH
12. Rau ci cc TH G,TH TH TH
13. Rau ci xoong TH TH TH TH T T.TH TH TH TH
14. Kiu rau TH TH T T
15. Dc mng T T TH TH TH TH T.TH TH TH TH
16. Rau khoai lang TH TH T.TH TH TH TH TH TH T.TH TH TH
17. Rau sn T TH TH TH TH TH TH
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18. Rau chui TH TH TH T TH TH TH TH T TH TH TH
19. Mng, tre, mng mai TH TH TH
20. B rau TH T TH TH T T.TH TH
21. Rau rt T TH TH TH TH
22. Rau cn TH TH T T TH
Rau ly hoa, qu, c
23. Bp chui TH TH TH TH TH TH TH TH
24. u a T T TH TH TH
25. u vn T T T TH TH TH
26. u c ve TH TH T T T.TH
27. u rng T T T TH TH
28. Chui xanh TH TH TH TH T.TH TH TH T.TH TH TH TH TH
29. Da xanh TH TH TH
30. Mp TH TH TH T TH TH
31. Bu T T T.TH TH TH TH T TH TH
32. B xanh TH T T TH
33. B ng T T TH TH
34. C pho vn TH TH TH TH TH TH TH TH
35. C bt T T TH TH TH
36. C tm lu nin T TH TH TH TH TH TH TH TH
37. C chua TH T T T.TH TH
38. Su su TH TH TH T
39. Hoa thin l T T TH TH T.TH TH TH
40. Hoa bng bng T TH TH
41. u TH TH TH TH TH TH TH TH TH G T T
42. Mp ng T TH TH TH TH
43. Khoai s TH
44. C m T TH TH
45. C u T TH
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46. Da chut T T TH TH TH T TH TH
47. C rt TH TH TH T T T
48. C ning T T TH
Rau gia v
49. Hng li TH T T TH TH TH TH TH T TH TH TH
50. Hng chanh G T TH TH TH TH.G T.TH T.TH G.TH G.TH T.TH TH
51. Cy kinh gii G T TH TH TH G T.TH TH TH G.TH T.TH TH
52. Cy ta t G T TH TH TH G T.TH TH TH G.TH T.TH TH
53. Cy mi tu G G T TH TH TH TH TH TH
54. Cy l lt T TH
55. Cy rau mi TH TH G G G.TH G.TH
56. Cy th l TH TH G G G.TH G.TH
57. Cy xng xng G T TH TH TH TH TH TH
58. Cy dip c T TH TH TH TH TH TH TH TH
59. L me T T TH TH TH TH TH TH TH
60. L chanh TH TH TH TH TH TH TH TH TH TH
61. Ring TH T.TH TH TH TH TH T.TH TH TH TH TH TH
62. Gng T TH TH TH
63. X T TH TH TH TH TH TH TH TH TH
64. Hnh l T.TH T.TH TH TH T.TH TH TH T.TH TH TH T.TH TH
65. Ti TH TH T
66.
t cay
TH G.TH T TH TH TH G.TH T.TH TH TH T.TH TH
67. M lng T TH TH TH TH TH TH TH TH
68. Rau ng TH TH TH TH TH TH TH TH TH TH TH TH
69. Rau rm TH TH TH T.TH TH TH TH T.TH T.TH TH TH
70. Cn ty T TH TH TH T T TH
Rau t gp
71. Mng ti thn g T T TH TH TH TH TH TH TH TH TH
72. Th nhn sm T TH TH TH TH TH TH TH
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73. Bu t T T TH TH TH TH TH TH TH
74 Spinac T TH TH TH
75. inh lng T T TH TH TH TH T.TH TH TH
76. Rau xng TH TH TH TH TH TH TH
Rau mc hoang
77. Rau sam M M TH TH TH TH TH M.TH TH TH
78. Rn cm M M TH TH TH TH TH TH TH
79. Ci di M M TH TH TH TH TH TH TH
80. Rau du M M TH TH TH TH TH TH TH
81. Rau mui M M TH TH TH TH TH TH TH
82. Rau m TH TH TH TH TH TH TH TH TH
83. Lc tin M M TH TH TH TH TH TH
84. Rau khc M M TH TH TH TH TH M M TH TH
85. Tm bp M M TH TH TH TH TH TH
86. Chua me M M TH TH M.TH M.TH TH TH
Cc k hiu: G - Gieo ht M - Mc
T - Trng TH - Thu hoch
3. C thnh phn cc loi rau nhm cung cp vitamin, cc cht khong, cht x cho
ba n ca gia nh v mi v hp dn cho cc mn n
Chng hn: Vitamin A c nhiu c chua, c rt; vitamin C c nhiu rau ngt, rau xam.
Bu, mp, rau mung, rau ci, su ho ngoi cung cp vitamin cn cung cp cc cht khong
v cht x rt tt, c li cho tiu ho. Cc loi rau gia v nh: rau hng, l chanh, rau mi,
mi tu, l lt, t lm cho thc n hp dn, n ngon ming, kch thch tiu ho...
4. C mt s cy rau va c tc dng lm rau, va c tc dng lm thuc thng thng
khi cn thit
V d: Hnh c tc dng thot m hi, cha cm, dip c c tc dng h st cho tr em, gng
c tc dng hn ch ho, vim hng; m lng c th cha l trc trng...
5. Khng phi chi ph tin mua rau, ch ng trong mi tnh hung v gp phn tng
thu nhp trong gia nh
Bit kho lo b tr cc loi rau, bit tn dng mi khonh t trng v khng gian th gia
nh hon ton ch ng v rau n. Nhiu gia nh cn c d bn hoc bn bt cc loi
rau c nhiu mua rau khc, c bit l rt tin li trong lc thi v khn trng hoc khi
ma gi ta u c rau trong ba n hng ngy.
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6. C lng rau sch theo nhu cu ca gia nh, nng cao an ton trong vic s
dng rau hng ngy gp phn bo v sc kho con ngi
Cc cy rau trng trong vn gia nh c chm sc chu o, khng s dng cc loi thuc
tr su, bnh c hi l ngun rau sch tin cy dng cho ba n hng ngy. Trong hon cnh
hin nay, khi m vic s dng phn ti bn cho rau (k c rau sng) rt trn lan, cc loi
thuc bo v thc vt c hi, lu phn hu vn c ngi trng rau s dng, th ngun rau
sch c cc gia nh sn xut ra ngay trong vn nh l loi rau c an ton cao, mi gia
nh nn ch bo v chnh mnh.
III. Cch xy dng mt vn rau dinh dng gia nh
Chng ta hiu th no l vn rau dinh dng gia nh v th no l mt vn rau dinh
dng tt. Cc cng vic phi lm l:
1. Quy hoch vn
L bc i u tin rt quan trng. Nu c t th cn phi dnh ra mt khonh t tt
nht trong vn theo tiu chun:
Thong ng, nh sng
Gn ging hoc ao tin ti tiu
Tin i li thu hoch d dng
y l phn th nht ca vn rau dinh dng gia nh. Khonh t ny cn c ro cn
thn trnh gia sc, gia cm ph hoi. Theo kinh nghim ca nhiu a phng th hng ro
bo v nn c hai phn: phn c bn v phn ph tr. Phn c bn l cc cc kho bn vng
nhiu nm, phn ph tr c b sung hng v hoc hng nm m bo kn v thong. Nhiu
gia nh dng cy sn lm phn c bn ca hng ro. Cc sn c chn cc n cch cc
kia 20 cm, nn chn cc cy sn di 1,2 m lm cc. Cc sn l loi cc sng c hai tc
dng: lm hng ro v thu hoch rau n, loi cc ny to dn ra v c th tn ti 3 - 4 nm mi
phi thay lp khc.
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Phn ph tr l cc tm phn hoc thn cy in thanh, thn cy ay c tc dng chn khng
cho g, ln chui qua (Hnh 1). Hng ro cn 1 ca ra vo, ca ny rng 60 - 80 cm l tm
phn chn lm cnh ca. Phn th 2 ca vn rau dinh dng gia nh (VRDDG) l lm
gin trng cc cy rau thn leo. Ngi ta thng tn dng phn sn trc nh, phn ng
i lm gin cho cy leo. Mt gin cho mp leo chng hn gm 2 phn: phn c bn gi
l xng gin, c lm t cc vt liu chc chn gm cc cc chn xung t, cc ko gc
bn trn. Trc khi cho cy leo ln, ngi ta gc thm phn ph v c c mt gin hon
chnh (Hnh 2).
Phn th 3 ca vn rau dinh dng gia nh l cc khonh hoc doi t tn dng. Cc
khonh ny c th l mt gc tng, di tn cy, mt gc gn ging, khonh t gia nh
bp v chung ln... Thm ch c th tn dng hng ro quanh nh. Tt c cc v tr trn u
c th trng c rau phc v ba n hng ngy ca gia nh nu ta bit ch ng cc cy rau
trng trong vn nh sao cho ph hp vi cc v tr c s dng.
2. Chn c cu cc cy rau
Chn c cu cc cy rau trc ht da theo cc yu cu ca mt vn rau gia nh v phi
nm c c tnh sinh hc ca chng b tr a im trng ph hp. V yu cu ca mt
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vn rau gia nh ta bit phn 2, y trnh by tip phn c tnh sinh hc ca cc loi
rau trng vn rau dinh dng gia nh.
Theo kiu thn, rau c chia lm 3 loi:
a) Thn tho: Chim phn ln s cy rau trong vn rau nh rau mung, rau dn, rau ci, ci
cc, dc mng, khoai lang, b rau, mi tu, th l, hnh, ti... Cc cy rau ny thng trng v
thu hoch trong vi thng, b tr trng lin tip nhiu v trn mt mnh t. Nhm rau ny
thng c trng phn th nht ca vn.
b) Thn tho ho g: Rau ngt, rau ay, mng ti thn g, c tm lu nin, c pho, hng
chanh... Nhm cy ny phn ln l cy di ngy c th trng mt ln thu hoch nhiu t ni
tip nhau. Ni trng l phn th 3 ca vn.
c) Thn leo: Bu, b, mp, u vn, u rng, u a, b xanh... Nhm ny cn lm gin
cho chng leo v l cy tn ti t 3 - 6 thng nn c th tnh ton trng 3 - 4 cy 1 gin
trong mt nm. Cc loi rau ny c trng phn th 2 ca vn.
Theo tnh chu bng chia ra:
a) a sng (khng chu c bng): Rau dn, rau ci cc, b, rau, th l, hnh, ti, mng ti,
c tm lu nin, ta t, hng chanh, u rng, u vn, mp, b xanh... Cc loi rau ny cn
b tr trng mt khu t ring, c ro cn thn, hoc cc l t trng y nh sng.
b) Cy chu c bng: Dc mng, c pho, hng li, xng xng, cy ring, cy bu t, cy
rau ay, cy rau ngt. C th trng nhng ni thiu nh sng nh u nh, sau bp, gia hai
hng cy n qu.
c) Cy a bng: Cy mi tu, cy gng, cy dip c, cy l lt, cy chui rau... B tr trng
cc cy rau ny nhng ni t nh sng nh ven tng, sau nh, di tn cy n qu...
Theo cch thu hi chia ra:
a) Cy thu hoch 1 ln: Khi thu hoch ct hoc nh c cy, cy khng th ti sinh c na
nh rau ci cc loi, rau dn ngn ngy...
b) Cy thu hoch t t: Cc loi cy thn leo thu hoch qu dn dn nh mp, bu, u vn,
u a, u rng: cy thn qu nh c pho, c tm lu nin...hoc thu l t t nh rau dip,
xng xng...
c) Cy thu hoch nhiu ln: Khi ct thn hoc ct cnh th cy tip tc mc chi khc thu
hoch tip ln sau. Thuc nhm ny gm cc cy nh rau mung, mng ti leo, rau dn di
ngy, mng ti thn g, rau sn, rau ngt, l lt, dip c, kinh gii, hng chanh, ta t, rau
ng...
Da vo c tnh sinh hc ca cc cy rau theo cch phn loi trn, cn c vo thc t t ai
hin c trong gia nh, theo yu cu s dng rau tng thng ca gia nh m chn cc cy rau
cho ph hp c th tn dng ti a cc khong t trng, cc khong khng gian trong
vn quanh nh m bo s a dng, rau n quanh nm, thnh phn dinh dng v mi
v cho ba n ca gia nh. Sau y l mt s v d v b tr VRDDG mt s a phng
trn min Bc.
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Vng Trung du, Min ni:
- Gin trc nh: hoa thin l
- Gin dc theo cng vo: trng gi lin tip cc cy mp, u a, u vn (hoc u
rng), bu.
- Tng ro hoc b ro: u a, mng ti leo
- Sau nh: rau ngt, c pho, c tm lu nin
- Trc nh: t, inh lng
- Di tn cy n qu: mi tu, gng
- Di chn hng ro: l lt, gng, ring
- Gc ging: mng ti thn g, rau rm, rau ng, dip c
- Vn rau: b ro hng cy sn thu rau sn nhiu ln. Trong vn c 1/2 din tch cy rau
thu hi nhiu ln nh rau dn di ngy, hng, chanh, hng li, rau mung cn, cy bu
t, 1/2 din tch cn li trng lin tip cc cy rau ngn ngy nh l b, rau ci, ci cc,
rau b, rau dip, mng ti ngn ngy.
Vng ng bng:
- Gin trc nh: hoa thin l
- Gin t cng vo: mp, u vn, bu, su su
- B ro: cy me n l di gc l cy l lt
- Sau nh: xng xng
- Trc nh: rau ngt, inh lng, t
- u nh: dip c, mi tu
- B ao: rau ci, vi cy chui rau
- Chn ao: rau mung, dc mng, rau ng
- Di ao: rau mung b, rau rt
- Vn rau nh: rau mung cn, rau mng ti, rau ay, rau ci canh, l b, ci c, su ho,
hng li, th l... B ro ca vn rau nh c th trng bao quanh bng cy mng ti thn
g thu hi l dn dn. Cn rt nhiu m hnh khc na b con c th sng to sao cho
ph hp vi thc t ca gia nh, kt hp vi cc cy c sn trong vn nh chui, kh, u
...
Hai m hnh nu trn c th p ng hon ton nhu cu v rau ca gia nh c v mt s
lng, chng loi cng nh rau dinh dng v mi v, gia nh ch ng trong mi tnh hung
v to ra mt cnh quan p trong nh.
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IV. Nhng hiu bit cn thit nht v trng rau vn
gia nh
1. m cy con
Rt nhiu loi rau c trng t ht v phi qua giai on m cy con nh: rau dn, rau ay,
rau ci, rau dip, c pho, c tm lu nin, c chua, bp ci, su ho...
Chn mt mnh t trong vn m cy con, tt nht l t pha ct hoc tht nh. Nu t
c thnh phn c gii nng th cn ly ct sng trn thm vo t. Cng c th ng cc khay
lm ni m cy con. Do vn rau gia nh khng ln nn khong t chn m cy
con ch khong 1 - 1,5 m
2
, cn khay m cng ch cn kch thc: di 1m; rng 0,8m; su
5cm l va. t m cy con cn p tht nh, bn phn chung mc hoc phn bc hoai,
trng u trn b mt su 3cm, lung m cy con nn lm theo hnh mai ra khng
b ng nc.
Gieo ht tht u. Cc loi ht nh nh rau ci, rau dn, rau ay cn trn vi ct kh theo t
l 1 ht 10 ct sau mi gieo. Gieo tha cy con to mp, cht lng cy con tt hn. Sau
khi gieo ht dng rm hoc r tht kn, ti nc m. Khi thy ht mc u th b phn
ra chm sc tip. Khi cy con c 1 l tht pha phn m vo nc theo t l: 50gram m
(1/2 lng) vo 10 lt nc ti cho cy con, gip cy ln nhanh hn. Nu c nc gii bn
thc cho cy con l tt nht, cn pha long nc gii vi t l 1 go nc gii 5 go nc
thng ti. Khi nh cy i trng phi ti nc tht m, dng da o tng phn bo
ton b r, sau em i trng ngay.
2. Lm t trng
t trng rau c cuc su 15 - 20 cm, p nh, vun lung, lung c th rng 1 - 1,2 m, bn
lt bng phn chung mc hoc phn bc hoai, t lm xong nn trng ngay m bo
m.
3. Trng
Lung trng rau chun b xong th a cy con vo trng. Tu theo ln ca tng loi rau
m b tr mt v khong cch khc nhau. Cc loi rau nh rau dip, rau ci... b tr trng
khong cch 20cm x 20cm. Cc cy khc nh rau dn di ngy (thu hi nhiu ln), rau ay,
c pho, bp ci... trng theo khong cch 40 - 45 cm x 20 - 25 cm. Dng da to ra mt h
nh, a cy vo, lp kn r, n cht. Sau khi trng xong dng doa hoc go ti nc tht
m vo gc. Nn trng vo chiu ti qua m tri mt cy d hi phc.
4. Chm sc
Tt c cc loi rau gia nh u cn c ti thng xuyn nht l cc loi rau v ma thu,
ma ng v ma xun. Nu gia nh c ao th tt nht l dng nc ao ti cho rau, nu
khng c ao th dng nc ging. Xen k gia cc t ti nc thng l ti nc c dinh
dng tt nh: nc gii, nc phn ln. Khi ti cc loi nc ny phi ho long vi 3
phn nc (1 go nc gii, 3 go nc thng) v ti vo khong cch gia hai cy rau,
khng ti trc tip vo gc m ti xung quanh (nht l khi cy cn nh) trnh ti vo l.
16
Khi cy rau khp tn ch cn ti nc. Vi cc loi rau thu hi nhiu ln th c sau mt
t thu hi cn ti nc c dinh dng 1 ln.
i vi rau n cn trnh n mc ti a vic s dng thuc tr su bnh. Phng php phng
chng su bnh tt nht l dng phn hu c hoai mc bn lt, ti nc dinh dng hu
c (nc gii, nc phn ln), thng xuyn theo di c su l bt ngay. Trng hp c bit
phi s dng thuc tr su th s dng cc loi thuc phn hu nhanh t c vi ngi, gia
sc, gia cm v t nht l 10 ngy sau khi phun thuc mi thu hoch rau n.
5. To tn
Khc vi rau trng i tr, rau trng vn rau dinh dng gia nh phn nhiu l cc cy rau
thu hi nhiu ln ph hp vi yu cu t tc rau xanh. Nhng cy rau ny rt cn c to
tn cho nng sut cao v ko di thi gian thu hoch.
V d:
* Cy rau dn l hn, cy hng chanh, ta t, kinh gii, cy rau ay... Khi cy cao 12 - 15 cm
cn bm ngn chng ra cnh. Mi cy cn c 4 - 6 cnh c bn, cc cnh ny c bm
ngn tip ra cnh cp 2. Ch bt u thu hoch khi s cnh c bn t khong 20 - 24
cnh. Khi thu hoch cng cn cnh pht trin di, thu phn non, nn li 2 -3 ci l (c 2
- 3 t) chng tip tc ra cnh cho ln thu hi sau.
* Cy c pho, c tm lu nin: cy c 5 - 6 l bm ngn cho ra cnh c bn, cn c 4 - 6
cnh c bn. Bm ngn tip ln 2 to ra 12 - 18 cnh cp 2 sao cho cy c tn xum xu,
cnh cng nhiu cng tt.
* Cy rau mung, cy rau hng li, hng lng, y cn to ra tht nhiu thn pht trin st
mt t, t cc thn ny s thu hoch c nhiu thn nh lm rau, cc thn trn ng vai tr
nh cc cnh cc cy khc.
Cch lm: trng tng i dy, ln hi u tin cn li 3 - 4 l to ra cc thn c
bn pht trin t cc t st mt t. Ln thu hi th 2 li 2 - 3 l mi thn to ra
ngay s lng mt sinh trng ln. Cc ln thu hi sau c th bm st mt t s thn tng
ln t t v t n ti a sau ln thu hi th t.
6. ging
Nhn chung cc loi rau trng trong vn rau dinh dng gia nh u l nhng ging a
phng nn b con ta cn ch ging cho v trng sau. C th kt hp gia trng rau n
v ging bng cch chn cy tt nht ly ht hoc ly thn cnh trng sang v sau. Khi
ging rau cho v sau cn ch mt s vn then cht l:
a) Cc cy rau ging bng thn ngm (rau hng li, rau hng lng...), bng c (dc mng,
khoai lang...), bng thn (rau mung, rau ngt, rau rt, mng ti thn g, sn...) th t b thoi
ho, ch cn chn cc cy tt trong vn, khng b su bnh lm ging cho nm sau.
b) Cc cy ly ht lm ging thuc nhm cy t th phn t b thoi ha hn so vi nhm cy
th phn cho.
* Cc cy t th phn: u a, u rng, u vn, cy kinh gii, cy ta t, cy mi tu, c
pho, c tm lu nin, c chua... cc cy ny c th li mt vi cy ly ht hoc chn ly
qu tt nht li lm ging.
c) Cc cy th phn cho: Bu, mp, b xanh, b ng, u , c ci, l b, rau ci cc loi,
ci cc, rau dn... cc cy ny nu li 1 cy th thu c rt t ht, ging rt d b thoi
ho. Khi ging nhm cy ny cn li t nht l 4 cy tt nht cng ging trng st
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nhau hoc chn hoa c ca hai cy tt nht ca cng mt ging th phn cho nhau. Ht
thu c t cc cy trn c dng lm ging mi gi c cht lng rau ca v sau.
V. lm th no rau n khi ch c khonh t hp
rt nhiu gia nh quanh nh rt hp (nh). Tuy nhin nu bit kho lo b tr trng trt th
ch cn vi mt vung vn c th t tc c rau quanh nm. C th nu vi nt v vn
ny b con tham kho:
1. Chn loi rau ph hp vi cc khonh t tn dng c quanh nh
Nhng ni bng t nh sng c th b tr rau ngt, rau dip c, cy l lt, nhng ch m t
th trng rau mung, rau ng, dc theo tng sau nh trng hng rau ngt xen vi xng
xng, nu c 2 - 3 m
2
t trng c th trng rau khoai lang hoc trng gi theo ma, khong
t nh u hai hin nh nn trng cy bu t. Doi t dc theo sn nh trng hng mng
ti thn g thu hi nhiu ln...
2. Thm canh hp l
Nhiu cy rau c th thm canh thu c nhiu rau lin tc trn 1 n v din tch nh. V
d trng 0,5m
2
khoai lang; 2,0 m
2
rau mung, 0,5 m
2
rau dn l hn, 0,5 m
2
rau bu t; mi
khong rau trn chia ra cc phn nh thu hoch cho mt ba n. Rau mung, rau khoai
lang, rau bu t hi st mt t. Hi xong pha nc gii long ti ngay. Rau dn ti nc
gii vo gn gc, sau khi ti 6 - 7 ngy th rau li ln tip v thu t khc, theo cch ny th
3,5 m
2
c th cho gia nh 3 ngi n rau hng ngy (Hnh 3).
Hnh 3: S thm canh v s dng 3,6 m
2
rau
K hiu: 1 nh l phn rau dnh cho mt ba n
M - Rau mung R - Rau dn
KL - Rau khoai lang B - Rau bu t N - Rau ngt
18
3. Li dng khong khng phi hp nhiu tng
Xung quanh nh, hng ro, cng vo u c cc khong trng v khong khng. Thay v b
ro thng ta c th trng cy me hoc cy sn lm hng ro, dc b ro pha trong to ra mt
gin leo nh trng mng ti di ngy hi l v ngn nhiu ln, dc b ro pha ngoi chia
ra nhiu on: on trng l lt, on trng dip c, on trng xen gng, on trng xen
ging. Cy me v cy sn to tn hp l thu ly l non lm rau n.
Cc khong khng dc theo li vo nh hoc u nh c tn dng lm gin. Cc gin ny
cng cn chia lm nhiu on trng cc cy thn leo khc nhau, k tip nhiu cy khi
cy ht qu th cy sau leo ln gin v cng bt u cho qu. Cc cy c ct thn st
gc, thn leo trn gin s cht v li ng vai tr nh phn ph ca gin cho cy sau leo. Cc
cy h u nh u a, u rng, u vn c th cho chng leo xen vo nhau, thu xong u
a th n lt u rng ra qu, thu xong u rng th cn li u vn...
4. Lm rau n ghm hoc lm gi
Gia nh c th ng cc khay hoc li dng di tn cy lm ni trng cc cy rau n
ghm, cc cy rau: l b, ci canh l cc cy rau n ghm rt tt. t trng rau n ghm l
ct c rang kh trng, c 1 m
2
nn th trn thm 20gam m + 20 gam kali + 50 gam ln
sau gieo tht dy. Khi cy rau c 2 - 3 l tht th thu hoch, ra k, ct b r di, phi hp
thm vi rau chui, gi u, l m lng, l dip c n sng rt tt, sau 3 - 4 ln gieo cn b
sung thm 1/2 lng phn ca ln gieo u.
Gia nh c th ch ng lm gi u xanh theo cch n gin sau y: dng ct vng mn
cho xung nc i tht sch, rang ct cho tht nng kh trng. u xanh ngm nc 15
gi cho trng u. Trn u ht ngm vi ct theo t l 1 u 5 ct, vo mt ti nh
c may t cc bao xc rn, buc cht ming, dm vo chu nc cho ht no nc, vt ln
cho chy ht nc tha, b bao ny vo mt ti polyetylen (ni lng) buc ming li. Sau 3
ngy th m bao kim tra, nu thnh gi th ra sng, sng qua cho ct ri xung, ly gi
ra cho vo chu nc, vt ly gi sch dng. Ct thu li lm tip. Sau 3 - 4 ln lm cn
cho ct ra phi kh, xy b cc v u ln vo, rang li kh trng v s dng lm gi tip,
c th thay bng ct mi cng tt.
* Lm gi bng:
Vng ng bng Bc b (cc tnh Thi Bnh, H Nam, Hng Yn, Hi Dng...) c tp qun
dng gi lm t ht bng. Gi bng c dng phi hp vi gi hoc dng nu canh
cua l mn n rt c o.
Ht bng c xt k cho bong ht si bm dnh trn ht, ngm vo nc sch 8 gi cho ht
no nc. Thu l tre ti ra sch dng lm gi th gieo ht bng. Lt mt lp l tre dy
vo y chic ni nh chuyn lm gi, rc mt lp ht ngm cho ht no nc, cho lp
l tre khc v rc tip lp ht khc. Sau khi ht ht cn ph mt lp l tht dy, dng cc
thanh tre ci cho ghim cho chc. Mi ngy cho ni gi ung nc mt ln. Ba ngy sau
cn b que ghim, cho ni gi vo mt bao polyetylen buc ming li, sau 6 - 8 ngy th c gi
bng t tiu chun.
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VI. k thut trng v ging mt s cy rau rt cn
thit trong vn rau dinh dng gia nh
1. Cy rau mung
* Cy rau mung cn:
L mt cy rau ch lc trong vn rau gia nh c trng rng khp t Min ni, Trung du
ti ng bng. Ging rau mung cn Ph Th l ging rau c thn cng, t b lan, l nh
mu xanh sng, ra cnh kho, chu hn tt, chu rt kh c trng ph bin ti vng Trung
du ca tnh Ph Th v hu ht cc tnh Trung du, min ni pha Bc.
a) K thut trng
Thi v trng rau mung cn t thng 3 n thng 7 v thu hoch lin tc t thng 4 n
thng 9. u thng 10 rau ra hoa ng lot, nu tri m v chm sc tt vn c th thu hoch
ht thng 10, thng 11.
Chn mt mnh vn trong khu 1 (c ro xung quanh) trng. gia nh c ao th tt nht
l chn b ao trng rau mung cn. Cuc t chia lung rng 1m, p t nh, trn phn
bc hoai hoc phn ln mc vo t, san phng v em rau ging vo trng. Chn cc
nhnh rau c 6 - 8 l, dng dao ct st mt t ly rau ging em trng. Ly da o cc
rnh nh theo hng ngang lung, hng n cch hng kia 12 - 15 cm, trng cy n cch cy kia
5 - 6 cm to ra lung rau dy, sau 2 - 3 ln hi l t nng sut ti a. Sau khi trng dng
doa ti tht m, 4 ngy sau khi trng ti thc bng nc gii pha long. Rau bn r ra l
mi cn bm ngn ngay, li 2 l cn th bm b, bm ngn xong ti thc bng nc gii
hoc nc phn ln. ln thu hoch th nht ch khi hi lun li 2 t. Cc ln thu sau
dng dao ct hoc hi st mt t nhng ch li cc mm non nh vy s thu c t
sau nhanh hn. Thu hoch xong n u ti thc ngay n y.
b) ging:
Vo u thng 9 chn cc nhnh rau khng b su bnh trng li nhm ging cho nm sau.
Khu ging cn khut gi trnh gi ma ng bc - nguyn nhn chnh gy cht rau.
Cy rau c gc non, cht dinh dng d tr ln vo giai on gi rt nht (thng 1 v 15 ngy
u thng 2) s gip cho cy sng c qua ma ng, v vy vic trng li vo u thng 9 l
rt cn thit. Sau khi rau bn r hi xanh cn bn thc, xong rau ln di 30 - 35 cm mi
hi li 4 l gc. Vo u thng 11 khng hi na m rau li cho nui thn ngm, tip
tc nc gii pha long. Gp khi thi tit rt (nhit xung di 10
o
C) ta nn dng giy
nilng trong (giy polyetylen) ph ln lung rau theo kiu vm cng, xung quanh dng t
lp li. Cch ny chng rt cho rau ging rt tt. Cui thng 1 u thng 2 ti thc cho rau
ging rau nhanh ln mm mi. Khi mm mc ln dng cuc o c gc, chn cc cy c
chi em g. t g cn lm k, bn phn bc v trng dy, thc mnh cho rau ln mm, ct
ly cc mm ln di em trng hoc nhn tip. Vi cch ging nh trn gia nh hon
ton ch ng ging v c th bn rau ging cho nhiu nh khc. nhiu ni kinh doanh rau
mung ging vo u ma trng mang li ngun thu hp dn.
* Cy rau mung b:
Cy rau mung b c b con vng ng bng trng tn dng mt nc nh ao, ven h,
cc on knh gn lng. Rau mung b l ging rau mung b lan c b r pht trin mnh,
khi c trng trn mt nc r ca chng kt li vi nhau, thnh b ni trn mt nc. Rau
mung b ch yu tn dng mt nc v dinh dng tan trong nc.
20
K thut trng
To gi th: Dng bo ty, thn cy chui buc lin kt chng li vi nhau to thnh mt
chic b tm thi. Vt bn ao ph mt lp dy 3 -4 cm ln mt b, bn thm mt t phn bc
hoai mc ta c gi th trng rau mung b.
Trng v to b: Ct rau ging b l ch ly mt phn thn vi mt lt theo kiu an r u
trm ton b b mt gi th. Khi rau mc khng hi ngay m tip tc vi cc thn mi mc
trn b mt gi th to ra mt b ni trn mt nc. thc rau ln nhanh c th pha
long nc phn ln, nc gii ti cho b rau. Khi b rau c nhiu ngn mi, phn b u
trn b th bt u thu hoch. Sau mi ln thu hoch cn hi bt l gi ti b sung nc dinh
dng vo phn hi.
ging
Ma ng ti cn ko b rau vo mt gc ao, ngng thu hoch, ti b sung dinh dng, chn
gi bc lu cho nm sau.
2. Cy rau dn di ngy
Chn ging rau dn trung du thng gi l rau dn l hn v l c hnh v hn. Ging rau dn
ny phi n cui thng 9 dng lch mi c hoa nn thi gian thu hi ko di, nu chm sc
tt th mt ln trng c thu hoch trong 4-5 thng gm nhiu t hi cy mi b gi phi
trng li.
a) K thut trng:
Gieo cy con t 1 vo cui thng 1 u thng 2 trng vo gia thng 2. Gieo cy con t
2 vo u thng 5 v trng vo gia thng 5 va thu rau va kt hp ging. Ht rau dn
rt nh nn cn lm t k, p tht nh, san phng, bn lt phn bc hoai, trn ln mt khi
lng ht vi 20 khi lng ct gieo cho u. Gieo xong dng r t tht kn, ti nc
m, ti sau khi t trnh gy ra vng t ht rau dn khng mc c. Theo di thng
xuyn, khi thy ht mc u th b r t ra, tip tc ti nc m. Cy con mc 3 l
tht cn pha nc gii long ti thc. Khi cy c 6 l th nh i trng.
t trng rau cn cuc su 20cm, ln lung rng 60cm, cao 10cm, b h, bn lt phn
chung. Dng da hoc que tre vt nhn to ra cc h nh gia, a cy rau vo trng lp
kn r, n cht, ti m nc. Khong cch trng: 2 hng 1 lung, hng cch hng 40cm,
cy cch cy 25cm, 1m
2
trng 10 cy. Cng c th tn dng khong t trng ri rc trong
vn trng ging rau dn ny. Sau khi trng 6 - 8 ngy ti thc bng nc gii hoc phn
ln pha long cch gc 15cm. Khi cy cao 25cm cn bm ngn cho rau dn ra cnh c
bn, cnh c bn c 6 l cn bm ngn tip cho ra cnh cp 2, cnh cp 2 c 6 l th bm
i 3 l: y l ln thu th nht. Lin tip 3 ln thu tip theo u li 3 l to ra tht nhiu
cnh, cy c tn to. T khi cy c tn to th thu hi cc cnh c l 6 l tr ln v lun li 1
- 2 l rau ra cnh tip v c thu tip. Khi thu hoch nn hi theo kiu cun chiu, hi ht
c cy sau ti thc ngay bng nc dinh dng hoc dng da bi t khong xung
quanh cy bng tn v bn thc bng phn bc hoai ri lp t li. Nn dng dao sc ct
khi thu hoch rau trnh lm nt hoc gy cnh. Ging rau dn hn Trung du thng b su
xanh cun t ph hoi, tt nht l thng xuyn bt v dit su. Loi su ny rt nhanh nhn
v khi b ng thng nh t tt xung t xung quanh gc cy v vy, sau khi thu hoch
xong dng tay rung mnh cy v tm quanh gc bt su dit i hoc pht hin t su tm
dit. Ging rau dn hn hu nh khng b bnh g ng k.
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b) ging
ln trng th hai vo u thng 8 ta chn cc cy c tn to, cy sinh trng tt, ch hi pht
qua cc cnh to v chn cc cy ny cho ra hoa v thu ht cho nm sau. Tip tc ti thc
thm 1 - 2 t cho cy c nhiu cnh. Khi cy chuyn sang mu vng th cht c cy, b
vo mt hoc nia phi kh, p ly ht, phi kh k, b vo chai thu tinh nt tht kn, gc
gc bp lm ging nm sau trng tip.
3. Cy mng ti di ngy
Chn ging mng ti thn leo, ging mng ti Trung du c kh nng phn cnh mnh, ra hoa
vo cui thng 9 trng nhm ko di thi gian thu hoch, thu l v ngn non cy ra l
v cnh tip
a) K thut trng
Mng ti di ngy l cy thn leo nn phi lm gin. C th tn dng cc loi b ro quanh
nh hoc ro ca vn rau to ra mt gin cho mng ti leo. Dng cy st, cy dc hoc
cnh tre nh to ra mt gin kiu mt phng nghing dc theo b ro mng ti leo ln.
Nu trng khu ring th dng cc cc choi kho lm gin kiu ch A to ra 2 mt phng
nghing hai bn l kiu tit kim nht (Hnh 4)
Hnh 4a: Lm gin nghing da vo tng
22
Hnh 4b: Lm gin kiu ch A
Sau khi trng 1 tun cn bn thc phn bc hoc ti nc gii pha long cho cy ln nhanh.
mng ti leo ln gin, khi cy cao 50 - 60cm th bm ngn cho ra cnh, cc cnh ra c 5
- 6 l tip tc bm ngn cho ra cnh cp 2, thu l khi mng ti leo kn gin. Cc ngn ra
mi sau khi thu 6 - 8 l tip tc bm ngn cho ra cnh tip. Khi gin kh rm rp th dng
dao sc ct bt cc cnh rm r, to tn li, cho ra cnh mi tip tc thu hoch.
c) ging
Vo gia thng 9 chn cc cy tt, khng thu hoch na cho chng ra hoa, ra qu, thu ht
lm ging cho nm sau. Qu mng ti khi chn c mu en, qu mng, ht c v cng. Thu
ly qu chn, cho vo r st b phn tht ly ht, phi trong bng cy hoc nng nh cho kh,
bo qun trong chai n v xun nm sau gieo tip.
4. Cy rau ngt
C nhiu ging rau ngt khc nhau nhng nn chn ging rau ngt Trung du trng ni
t cao (vng Trung du) v ging rau ngt T Lim trng nhng ni t thp (vng ng
bng).
Cy rau ngt l cy di ngy, ra hoa vo u thng 10 khi cy cn, l nhiu x, cht lng
lm rau thp hn. Nhn chung cy rau ngt cho thu hi lin tc tr cc thng lnh gi v qu
kh (thng 12, thng 1), tuy nhin n cho nng sut cao nht l cc thng cui xun v cc
thng ma h.
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a) K thut trng
Trng rau ngt bng thn, d trng. Cy rau ngt l cy lu nin cn p dng cch trng ci
tin nhm lun thu c nng sut cao. Thi v trng tt nht theo phng php ci tin l
u ma thu. Vo u thng 7 dng lch khi cy rau ngt ang sinh trng mnh chn cc
cy tt, l to, khng su bnh, ct ly cc on thn bnh t di 20cm gim. To mt khu
gim cnh ni mt, che cho mt tri khng chiu trc tip, ch ly nh sng tn x. Dng
gch xp thnh cc lung nh rng 60cm, di tu . ct sch vi su 10cm, ti m
v cm lin tip cc on thn chun b sn cho ngp su vo ct m 6 - 7cm. C th s
dng cc cht kch thch ra r s thu c kt qu tt hn. 7 ngy u tin lun dng bnh
phun thuc tr su phun m ln lung gim, cc ngy sau mi ngy phun 1 ln. Kim tra
khi thy cc thn bt u ra r th mang i trng (thng l 1 thng sau khi gim).
Rau ngt c th trng thun, trng xen vo cy n qu hoc tn dng dc b ro, ng i
sau nh. Dng cuc o mt rnh nh rng 15cm, su 10 cm sau trn phn chung mc
vi t lp li. Dng da bi thnh cc h nh dc theo cc rnh chun b v a cc on
thn gim vo, lp su 5 - 6cm, n cht, ti nc. trnh nng, c th dng cc vt liu
che ph n khi thy rau ngt ra l mi th b vt che i, ti thc bng nc gii hoc phn
ln. Khi cc cnh mi ln c 5 - 6 l th bm ngn cho rau ngt m cnh, to ra 4 - 6
thn trn 1 gc. Cc khm rau ngt c trng khm n cch khm kia 25 - 30cm, nu trng
thun th hng n cch hng kia 35cm, khm cch khm 20cm. Chm sc chu o rau ln
tt c th thu 2 - 3 t sau li cho rau qua ng. V xun nm sau dng dao sc n
ht thn c cch mt t 7 - 10cm cho rau ra thn mi, thu 5 - 6 t l n khi cy cao 80 -
90cm li n tip. nh k sau mi ln hi hoc n cn bn thc cho rau bng phn bc
hoai, phn ln mc hoc ti nc gii, nc phn ln pha long. Rau ngt vn c th
thu hoch 2 - 3 nm mi phi trng li. Trn y l cch trng ci tin. Cch trng c l ly
thn qua ng trng vo v xun, cch lm ny lm mt mt thi gian di ng ra ta c th
thu hoch c rau n v li thn rau ngt qua ng c t l sng thp hn, khi trng c
nhiu cy cht gy ra cch qung trong lung rau l iu ta khng mong mun, cch trng ci
tin khc phc c cc nhc im nu.
b) ging
Rau ngt l cy nhn ging bng thn nn rt d ging. Khi cn chn cc cy kho, nhiu
l, l dy, sinh trng mnh ct thn em gim cnh, lm ging.
5. Cy rau mng ti thn g
L cy sng lu nm, a m, thu hoch l lm rau n c v nh mng ti nn c gi l cy
mng ti thn g. C 2 ging ph bin: ging l to v ging l nh. Ging l nh phn cnh
mnh, chu hn tt hn nn thng c trng vng Trung du, ging l to trng ph bin
vng ng bng. Cy mng ti thn g cho thu hi ko di t thng 2 n thng 11, ch khi
tri qu lnh cy mi tm ngng sinh trng. V u th ny nn mi gia nh nn trng mt
s bi c rau n quanh nm.
K thut trng:
Tng t nh trng rau ngt. V thu hi l (l cc l n) nn cn to tn cho cy ra tht
nhiu cnh to thnh mt bi th cho nhiu l hn. K thut chm sc, nhn ging tng t
nh cy rau ngt.
24
6. Cy rau ay
C 2 ging ph bin l ging ta v ging trng.
Ging rau ay ta chu hn tt nn c trng ph bin vng Trung du, ging rau ay trng
phn b vng ng bng. Nhn dn thu ly cc cnh non lm rau, cy ra hoa vo u thng
10 v khi ra hoa th sinh trng km, vo u thng 11 cy ngng sinh trng, qu gi vo
gia thng 12 cng l lc thu hoch ht lm ging.
K thut trng
Gieo cy con, trng, chm sc, thu hi v ging cy rau ay tng t nh rau dn l hn.
7. Cy rau b
Chn ging b ng qu nh, t qu, ra thn mnh trng, thu ngn lm rau. Rau b l loi
rau c dinh dng cao.
a) K thut trng
B rau c bt u trng vo u thng 10 v c th trng lin tip cho n ht thng 2 nm
sau, chm sc tt rau c th cho thu hoch ko di 2 - 3 thng, sau rau gi ngn nh, cht
lng km cn ph i trng t khc, t sau nhanh thu c th gieo trc ht vo bu, khi
cy c 4 - 5 l th a ra trng vo gia hai hc c, khi ph t c th t mi c th bt
u cho thu hoch.
B trng thu rau nn trng theo hc, mi hc gieo 6 - 8 ht, sau khi c 1 l tht th ta b cn
li 4 cy. Hc n trng cch hc kia 50 - 60cm. Dng phn ln mc bn lt v khi
ang thu hoch th ti thc bng nc gii hoc nc phn ln pha long. Cy b rau cn
c to tn thu c nhiu ngn. Khi cy ln c 6 l, bt u vn di th bm ngn
cho cy ra nhnh, mi cy li 3 - 4 nhnh c bn, khi cc nhnh ny ra c 6 l th tip
tc bm i 2 l cho cc nhnh ra tip nhnh cp 2, cc nhnh mi ra t cc nhnh ny mi
thu hoch lm rau, sau khi thu hoch ti nc ngay cy rau ln tip cho thu hoch u.
b) ging:
Ngay t trng u tin chn ly 4 cy tt, sinh trng mnh, cho ngn to khng thu tip na
cho chng ra hoa, chn cc hoa ci to, mp, 1 ngy trc khi hoa n dng 1 kp nh kp
u hoa li (Hnh 5)
25
Khi hoa ci n ly hoa c ca cy ny th phn cho hoa ci ca cy khc, cho qu tht
gi th thu qu, bo qun trong nh. Mt thng trc khi trng mi b qu, ly ht, ngm
nc 2 gi, ra sch, phi kh, bo qun trong ti polyetylen hoc trong chai nt kn gieo
cho v sau.
8. Cy ci c v cy l b
L b ch l mt ging ci c c c rt b, trng l b ch yu l ly thn l, cy l b nn
nhanh hn ci c, d trng hn, tn t cng chm sc hn nn vn c ch trng nhiu
vn nh.
a) K thut trng
im khc nhau c bn gia hai cy rau ny l l b gieo dy, ta t cn c ci gieo tha hn,
ta b nhiu hn to ra khong rng cy cch cy 10 - 12 cm cho cy c c to.
t gieo ci c, l b cn cuc su 20 - 25cm, ln lung cao 12 - 15cm, p t nh, vn
thnh hnh mai ra tht phng, bn lt phn ln mc hoc phn bc hoai sau gieo ht.
Thi v trng 2 cy rau ny bt u t thng 9 v ko di ti thng 2 nm sau. Gieo ht u
c khong 200 - 250 cy mc/m
2
. Khi rau c 3 l th ta bt cc cy mc chen ln nhau
li 100 - 150 cy/m
2
. Thng xuyn ti nc gi m, 40 ngy u tin cch 10 ngy
ti thc dinh dng 1 ln cho rau ln nhanh. Vi cy l b khng cn ta tip na cn vi
ci c cn lin tip ta thm 2 ln ch li 80 - 100 cy/m
2
, cy l b bt u thu hoch khi
cy t 4 - 5 l v thu ht khi cy chm c ngng, cy ci c thu hoch khi c to t yu cu
khng cy ra ngng c s gi, c x khng lm rau c.
b) ging
im quan trng nht l khng trng l b v ci c lm ging ln nhau, chng s lai vi
nhau lm cho ci c khng c c na. Vi cy l b ch cn chn cc cy to c 6 - 8 l,
khng su bnh, ct b l, gim li v chm sc tip cho cy ln ln ra ngng, ra hoa v thu
hoch trng tip nm sau.
Vi cy ci c: Chn cc cy c c to, u, phn c to, phn l nh, ct ly phn mt (b phn
c) v mang gim cho cy ln tip v ra ngng. t gim cn lm k, bn lt phn bc hoai,
mt lung trng 2 hng, hng cch hng 40cm, cy cch cy 25cm. Ht sc ch trng
xa cc ging c ci khc hoc cy l b (khong cch ti thiu l 500m) hoc b tr khi trng
cho chng ra hoa khng trng nhau, ging ny c qu ging kia mi ra hoa th ht thu lm
ging s khng b thoi ho. Khi qu chn (phn ln qu ng mu vng), ct c cy cho
vo nong phi kh, p ly ht, b vo mt phi kh cho k, cho vo chai nt kn, gc gc
bp nm sau gieo tip.
9. Cy c pho
L cy rau rt d trng v l mt thc n ph bin trong mi nh (tng, c, mm, mui). C
pho cho qu ko di nn rt tin li trng trong vn rau gia nh. Ging c trng trung
du bt u cho qu t u thng 4 ko di cho n ht thng 10 l ging ch lc trng
trong vn gia nh. Nu chm sc tt, ti nc th cy c pho ch ngng ra qu trong
cc thng 1, 2 v thng 3 ra cnh mi, cui thng 3 c qu n.
a) K thut trng
Vo u thng 2 cn gieo ht sn xut cy con. t gieo ht c thnh phn c gii nh,
lm t k, bn phn chung mc, san phng gieo ht. Ht gieo tha 200 ht/m
2
cy
mc ln to kho. Gieo xong dng rm r t kn v ti nc m, 7 - 10 ngy sau thng
xuyn kim tra, nu thy ht mc th b rm r i, tip tc ti nc gi m. Khi cy con
26
c 3 l tht ti thc bng nc gii pha long cy con ln nhanh. Ch nh sch c v
cy c pho con ln rt chm trong giai on u. Khi cy c 6 l (cao 6 - 10cm) th bng
cy con em i trng (vo u thng 3 dng lch). C pho c th trng thnh mt khu hoc
b tr trng ri rc trong vn nh u tt. Cch trng ri rc tn dng t ai v cng
chm sc nhng khi hi qu mt cng hn. t trng cuc su 25 - 27cm, t p nh, bn
lt phn ln mc, vun thnh lung rng 1m, cao 15cm v mang cy vo trng. Khong
cch trng: cy cch mp lung 20cm, hng n cch hng kia 50cm, cy cch cy 25 - 30cm.
Trng xong ti m nc vo gc. Khi cy bn r xi nh vun gc, cy bt u phn cnh
th bn thc bng phn bc hoc phn ln hoai phi hp vi phn m cho cy ln nhanh.
Mt gc cn bn 0,5kg phn ln v 10gam m trn ln phn ln.
To tn: Tt nht l bm ngn khi cy c 6 l, cy s ra cnh nhanh. Cc cnh ny c 6
l bm ngn tip cho cy ra cnh cp 2. Sau mi ln bm ngn cn bn thc sao cho cy
c nhiu cnh xum xu mi cho nhiu qu.
Cy c qu to n u th thu ngay n y, sau mi ln thu tip tc bn thc bng phn
chung mc hoc ti bng nc phn ln. Chm sc tt th cy lin tc ra qu theo s tng
trng ca tn cy.
b) ging:
Sau t thu th 3 chn nhng cy sai qu, nhiu hoa, phn cnh tt, qu c tht dy, mui da
n gin li qu khng thu thu ht lm ging, mi cy c th li 15 - 20 qu, cc qu
ra sau tip tc thu hoch lm rau. Khi qu chn c mu vng sm bt u chuyn mu nu th
thu hoch, b vo ti polyetylen cho tht qu nu ra, bp ly ht cho vo nc ngm 48 gi
sau vt ra, i tht sch, phi nng nh n khi kh th b vo chai bo qun v sau tip
tc trng. Cng c th theo cch c truyn sau y: qu c mm ra, bp ht vo tro,
cho thm nc trn thnh hn hp "tro, ht" th bt mm, nn thnh nm v gn cht vo
tng gn bp kh t nhin, n v em bp vn v mang gieo. Cch ging ny rt
thch hp vi li trng gia nh, t tc cy ging.
10. Cy u a (cy u di o)
C rt nhiu ging u a c trng khp ni trn min Bc. y ch cp n cc
ging u a c thi gian thu qu ko di, chu hn, d trng v t su bnh, thch hp vi
cch trng nh vn gia nh:
Ging u a Cao Bng: qu va phi di 20 - 30cm ht c mu trng vi rn c vt
nu, chu hn tt.
Ging u a khoang: mu tm, ht mu nu khoang trng, cy a m, qu di 30 -
40cm.
Ging u di o: qu di 50 - 80cm, qu non mu xanh, qu gi mu trng, ht mu
nu l ging u a cn thm canh cao.
a) K thut trng
u a l cy thn leo nn khi trng cn lm gin cho chng. C th tn dng hng ro,
tng bao to ra cc gin cho u leo. Thng th nhn dn hay dng cy dc, thn cy
thanh cao lm thnh gin ch A cho u a. Ging u a Cao Bng l ging d trng
nht. Nu trng thnh lung th lm lung rng 1m, trng 2 hng; hng cch hng 80cm, cy
cch cy 15 - 20cm, gieo 2 ht sau ta li 1 cy, cn bn lt phn chung mc v phn ln
cho u a, khi u vn di, xi vun chu o v xm gin cho u leo ln. u ln cao 1m
cn bm ngn, cc ngn mi ra di 40cm c bm ngn tip. Thu hoch khi qu t
ln v chiu di ti a nhng cha c x.
27
b) ging
t thu hoch th 3 chn cc cy c nhiu cnh, nhiu qu, t su bnh li qu khng thu
cho qu chn v thu hoch ht lm ging. Khi qu teo bc ra thy c mu v vn c th c
th thu hoch qu, buc tm cc qu li, phi tht kh, sau b vo trong ti polyetylen kn,
dn li bo qun n v sau, khi cn gieo mi bc v ly ht mang trng. Cch bo qun ny
gi c ny mm lu v t l ny mm cao.
11. Cy u vn:
C 2 dng u vn: u vn trng v u vn ta v rt nhiu ging khc nhau nhng a s
cc ging u bt u ra hoa vo cui thng 9 u thng 10 v ko di sut ma ng nu
c chm sc tt.
u vn trng ngoi lm rau ht kh cn l mt v thuc b qu bi dng c th.
a) K thut trng
u vn l cy thn leo nn cn lm gin cho chng. Gin lm cho u vn leo ng thi
cng l gin mp, gin bu, gin u rng hoc lm gin thin l v th phn thn chnh ca
gin cn lm chc chn trnh lm gy gin lm cy cht hoc tn thng nng n cy.
Nhn dn nhiu vng thng dng u vn rt sm (thng 3), cy ra nhiu thn cnh v th
1 gin ch trng 1-2 khm, cch trng ny c thi gian chim gin lu khng trng gi c
nhiu cy, nu trng cho leo ln b tng, b ro th mi nn p dng cch trng ny. Trng
gin nn trng nhiu cy. o hai rnh hai pha theo chiu di gin, su 25-30cm, rng
30-40cm, trn phn chung v phn ln vo t, lp li. Vo thng 7 dng lch gieo lin tip
2 hng u vn phn t c chun b sn theo hc: hc cch hc 20 cm, gieo 2-3 ht 1
hc, lc cy c 1 l tht th ta bt ch li 1 cy 1 hc. Khi u vn leo ln n gin th
bm ngn cho ra cnh, cc cnh mi c 8 l li bm tip, cc cnh khc khi ra di 50-60
cm cn c bm ngn to ra tht nhiu cnh v cc cnh ph kn ton gin cng l thi
im u thng 10 u bt u ra hoa. Cch trng mi cy u tr, chm sc chu o c th
cho qu t 15-20/10 n thng 3 nm sau.
b) ging
Ngay sau t qu u chn cc cy c cnh kho, nhiu cnh, nhiu chm hoa, nhiu qu 1
chm li khng thu qu non m thu qu chn lm ging. Khi quan st thy qu u vn
ng mu vng nu v bt u teo v th thu cc qu ny b vo mt phi kh, tch ly ht
phi tip cho n kh hn, b vo chai thu tinh mu, nt tht kn bo qun n v sau
trng tip.
12. Cc cy thn leo khc: bu, b, mp, u rng
K thut trng, to tn tng t nh vi u vn, cn ch cc thi v thch hp l:
- Bu: trng thng 12, thng 1
- Mp: trng thng 3 n thng 5
- B xanh: trng thng 6-7
- u rng: trng thng 7
ging: Cc cy bu, mp, b xanh l cc cy th phn cho. ging khng b thoi ho
(bu phn rut khng b to ra, mp hng khng mt mi thm, b xanh phn tht dy...) cn
28
ging theo cch sau: chn hoa c ca cy kho, nhiu qu th phn cho hoa ci ca 1 cy
khc (cng cn c cc tiu chun nh cy ly hoa c). Trc ngy hoa ci n hoa dng mt
kp nh kp cnh hoa khng cho ht phn ca cc hoa khc ri vo. Th phn nhn to 10
hoa ci nh nu phn trn (VI.7.Cy b ng), chn ly 2-3 qu tt nht lm ht ging.
cy bu: qu c v cng, v chuyn sang nu th ct qu mang phi, cn phi c qu
cho n khi thy ht kh xc xc bn trong qu th mang c qu gc ln gc bp bo qun.
n v su mi b qu ly ht em trng.
ging mp, u rng cng lm tng t nh bu. Ring vi b xanh cn thu hoch qu
khi qu tht gi, bo qun 3-4 thng ni kh v mt, 1 thng trc khi trng th b dc qu
no ly rut, cho vo nc ngm 1 ngy cho ln men, bp nt rut, i ly ht sch, ra k
cho ht nc nhn, phi nng nh hoc trong bng rm cho kh, b vo ti polyetylen hn kn
v bo qun n khi trng hoc chuyn cho ngi khc. Nu ch gii quyt mc gia nh
th c th b qu, ly ht ngm 2 gi, ra sch, phi kh ro nc v em gieo ngay.
13. Cy hoa thin l:
Thin l l cy hoa lm rau, thin l cn l cy lm cnh v lm bng mt. Trng gin thin
l trc nh ly hoa lm rau, cnh quan p, mt m, mi thm d chu lm cho cuc sng
thm phn hng sc. Thin l l cy thn leo v c thi gian ra hoa ko di nn cn mt
gin ring cho cy ny. Nn trng 8-10 hc cho 1 gin tn dng mi khong trng ca
gin v nhanh thu hoa.
K thut trng:
Cch trng ci tin: Trng cnh non vo cui thng 7 dng lch, ct cc thn bnh t thnh
tng on di 30cm c l mang ra gim (lm nh i vi rau ngt). Khi cy c r th mang i
trng. H trng thin l cn o rng 40cm, su 40cm, c th o mt rnh c rng v su
tng t. Bn phn chung mc trn ln t, lp t y h v trng cy. Mt hc trng 2-3
cy gim khi cy sinh trng th chn ly cy tt nht li, cy yu ct b, hc n
cch hc kia 0,5m. Khi cy leo ln st gin th bm ngn cho ra cnh cp 1, cnh cp 1
c 8-10 l tip tc bm ngn cho ra cnh cp 2, bm tip ngn cnh cp 2 cho ra cnh cp 3
l cy leo kn gin. cy qua ng xun nm sau ct b ton b cnh ph li b khung
cho ra cnh mi v thu hoch hoa.
Cch trng c: Trng thn gi vo cui ma ng, gia xun cy mc. Cch ny c u im
l rt d lm nhng nhc im c bn l mt mt thi gian di cy sinh trng to ra tn
v cng l thi k thu hi hoa nhiu nht. Cy trng mi l sinh trng thi k cui ma
hoa, n xun nm sau cy sinh trng mnh ngay v cho hoa t u ma, gip cho thi gian
thu hoa c tn dng ti a.
Thin l l cy lu nin, trng mt ln c th lu c 3-6 nm, cn ch ct ht cnh ph
vo u ma xun ch li cnh chnh, cc cnh mi ra s cho hoa thu hoch.
14. Mt s cy rau gia v
a) Cy hng chanh:
Hng chanh l cy c trng bng ht v thu cc ngn non lm rau n rt thm. Hng
chanh l thnh phn rt cn thit trong mn n rau sng. Cy hng chanh thch ng rng, d
trng, trng 1 ln cho thu hoch ko di c v.
29
Gieo ht: t gieo ht lm k, p nh, ln lung rng 0,8cm, cao 10cm, bn lt phn chung
mc hoc phn bc hoai. V ht hng chanh t cc cm hoa gieo u ln lung lm sn.
Gieo xong dng t bt ph 1 lp mng v dng rm t tht kn, ti m nc. Tip tc gi
m n khi ht mc th b rm t ra v tip tc ti nc gi m. Cn ch dit ht c
di. Thi v gieo ca hng chanh rt rng song tt nht l vo thng 6 thng 10 v thng 1.
Gieo thng 10 trng u thng 11, cy ln sng qua ma ng n ma xun l cho thu
hoch. Gieo thng 6 trng thng 7 c th n ma hoa ( thng 10) cy vn non chm sc
tt vn c th cho thu hoch rau trong ma ng. Gieo thng 1 trng thng 2 c th thu
hoch t thng 3 n thng 10 cy ra hoa c qu gi v cht.
Trng: Hng chanh c th trng thnh lung hoc trng ri rc tn dng t trong vn. t
cuc su 15cm, p nh, bn lt phn chung mc hoc phn bc hoai mi h 0,5kg, lp y
v a cy ln cao 8-10cm vo trng. o 1 h nh bng da, a cy lp kn r, n cht.
Trng xong dng go ti m nc. Nu trng tp trung cn lm lung rng 1m, trng 2
hng 1 lung, hng cch mp lung 15cm, hng cch hng 60-70 cm, cy cch cy 20-25cm.
Khi cy ln l mi cn bm ngn cho cy ra cnh, cc cnh c 4 l li bm ngn tip,
tip tc bm ngn cho ti khi cy c 16-20 cnh th bt u thu hoch.
Thu hoch khi c cc ngn vn di t 8-10 l, dng dao sc ct ly 6-8 l b li 2 l cho
cy ra cnh mi. Sau mi ln thu hoch cn ti thc bng nc gii pha long vi lng 1
go cho 1 hc. Chm sc tt th sau ln thu hi th t cy c tn to v cho nng sut cao.
b) Cy ta t v cy kinh gii:
K thut trng tng t nh cy hng chanh
ging: Hng chanh ta t v kinh gii u ging bng ht. Chn cc cy ra cnh kho,
sinh trng kho li cnh t thng 8 khng thu hoch na n u thng 10 cy ra hoa
kt qu. Khi cy gi (cy vng chm hoa chuyn mu sm) ct ly cc nhnh qu, phi kh
k b vo ti polyetylen hn ming li bo qun n ln gieo sau th v ht mang trng.
15. Cy l lt v dip c
L cy a mt v a m. L lt c trng nhng ni t nng nh dc theo tng nh, di
chn hng ro, cn dip c c trng u hin, di tn cc cy n qu (na, u ,
chui...).
L lt v dip c l cc cy c trng bng thn hoc thn ngm. Vo gia ma ma (thng
7-8) hoc u xun (thng 2) o ly cc nhnh c c thn v thn ngm mang trng. Ch
to tn bng cch bm ngn lin tc cho ra nhiu nhnh, cui thng 9 u thng 10 cy c
hoa cn bm ht cc hoa cho cy ra cnh v thu hoch 1-2 t th khng thu hoch na, ti
thc cho cy thm nhnh qua ng. u xun cn bn thc tip cy ln li, dng dao ct
st gc tt c cc cnh gi v ti thc dinh dng cho cy ra thn mi, nh vy l ln lun
non to bn cht lng lm rau cao hn.
ging: L hai cy rt d ging, thng n thng 8 cn trng li 1 khong bng cc
thn to kho, nhiu l t su bnh, chm sc chu o cho cy ln li. Lin tc bm ngn khi
cy c 4-5 l loi theo to nh v mang trng thu l. Mt phn cy loi mt em trng
ring chm sc chu o v ch bm ngn khng thu l c ging trng c ma ma
(thng 7-8) tip tc chn cc thn loi mt trng ring gi ging cho nm sau.
Ch : Khng nn trng dip c, l lt va ly rau va ly ging. Cch ny b con ta thng
lm, n tin li nhng cht lng ging km, cho nng sut l khng cao. Cn c khonh
ring chuyn nhn ging nh cch nu trn s tt hn nhiu.
Ging dip c Tam o cho rau ngon hng v c bit, cn ch pht trin.
30
16. Cy hng li v hng lng
L cc cy c trng bng thn ngm hoc thn, v vy k thut trng ging tng t nh
hai cy dip c v l lt.
VII. K thut ging cc loi rau khc trng bng
ht trong vn rau dinh dng gia nh
Nh danh mc nu bng 1, trong vn gia nh c ti trn 60 cy rau khc nhau c th
trng v to ra mt tp hp rau c gi tr dinh dng cao. K thut trng trt ca hu ht cc
cy rau trn u rt n gin, d lm. Tuy vy nhiu gia nh min Bc vn khng trng
c v lun thiu rau k c s lng cng nh chng loi. Nguyn nhn ca tnh trng ny
l:
1. B con ta cha coi vic trng trong vn nh tp on cc loi rau l cng vic hu ch, l
mt mt xch quan trng ca h dinh dng gia nh.
2. Thiu hiu bit mt cch h thng v k thut trng trt, b tr vn rau t tiu chun
mt vn rau dinh dng.
3. Thiu ging: b con mun trng nhng khng c ging.
Hai nguyn nhn u v mt phn nguyn nhn th 3 c trnh by cch gii quyt nh
nu. phn ny ch yu nu ra cch lm cho b con nhm t tc ging rau ch ng trong
mi tnh hung xy dng mt vn rau dinh dng theo mun.
Ngoi cc cy rau trng bng ht c trnh by trn cn nhiu cy rau khc cng c
trng bng ht trong vn nh. Ta cn bit cch ging. Thng dng c cc cy nh sau:
1. Cy ci canh v cy ci da
C vi ging khc nhau nhng cch ging th nh nhau. Vo u thng 9 dng lch gieo
ngay cy con. Gieo tht tha c cy to mp. Chn cc cy con kho, to, l dy mang
trng mt ni bit lp. Nn trng 20-25 cy chm sc chu o n khi c ngng th quan
st k, loi b tt c cc cy ra ngng sm, sinh trng km, b su bnh. Bn thc phn bc
cho cc cy cn li cy c ngng to, nhiu nhnh, nhiu hoa. Ch tr rp hi l, hi hoa
qu (nu chng pht sinh qu nhiu) bng thuc ho hc nh: Padan 1%, Dipterex 5%. Thu
hoch ht khi cc qu vng sm, qu phn cung chn (c mu nu). Dng ko ct
ly cc cnh qu, ct b phn qu u cnh, phn cn li em phi kh, p ly cc ht
chc phi tip cho tht kh. Loi ht tt thng to, chc u, c mu en sm hoc vng nu.
Bo qun: Cho ht vo chai thu tinh nt tht kn, gc gc bp n v sau mang gieo.
2. Cy ci cc
Cy ci cc ly ht ging cn gieo thi v sm, tt nht khong u thng 10 hng nm.
Gieo ht c cy con, Nh cc cy con tt nht trng vo mt khu vc vi khong cch 20-
20cm. Khi cy ln cao 15cm cn bm ngn thn chnh cho cy ra cnh, bn thc thm phn
m v kali, tt nht l ti bng nc gii pha long. Trc khi cy ra hoa cn nh gi li.
Chn li lm ging cc cy c nhiu cnh, mp, l dy to xanh m, khng b su bnh,
cc cy khc ct b. B tr cho cy ra hoa vo gia thng 12 thu hoch ht vo 15 ngy
u thng 2 s thu c nhiu ht nht. Dng ko ct ly cc qu b (gm nhiu qu nh
31
c gi l ht xp li vi nhau) phi tht kh, b c qu b vo ti polyetylen hn li bo
qun n v gieo sau th v cc qu b ly ht mang gieo.
3. Cy rau dip v cy x lch
Rau dip ging rt d, thu c nhiu ht cn x lch c t ht hn. Cy x lch khi ra
hoa cn nhit thp nn vic ging thng tin hnh vng ni cao.
C hai cy u gieo ht vo gia n cui thng 9, trng vo gia thng 10. Lm lung rng
1m, trng theo hng ngang lung, hng cch hng 20cm, cy cch cy 15cm. Chm sc chu
o cy sinh trng tt.
- Vi rau dip: chn cc cy to, mp, l dy, lu vn t, t dy li cho ra hoa.
- Vi x lch: chn cc cy to, cun cht, khng b su bnh dng dao sc ct b phn u
bp kch thch cy ra hoa.
Bn thc thm phn theo cch sau y:
Ngm 5kg phn ln vo nc phn chung t 5-7 ngy, ho ln 50gam kali cho 20 lt nc
phn v ti vo gc. Cn b tr sao cho rau dip v x lch ra hoa vo u thng 12 s thu
c nhiu ht. Quan st khi thy l chuyn sang mu vng, phn qu b chuyn sang
mu thm, rt th thy ht mu en v c x nh bng phn u (y l cc qu tht) th
thu hoch. Ct ly cc cnh qu, phi kh v ly ht, phi tip cho ht tht kh, b vo ti
polyetylen hn li bo qun ti v sau.
Hnh 6. Ct kch thch ra hoa cy x lch
4. Cy hnh hoa
L cy gia v c mi thm nht trong s cc cy hnh c trng. Hnh hoa phi c ra hoa
vo thi k rt, thi tit kh ro mi cho nhiu ht (cui thng 12, u thng 1). Ht hnh rt
nh nn cn gieo ht mt khu ring, chm sc chu o cho cy ln cao 10-12cm mi em i
trng. Thi v tt nht gieo cy con l u thng 10 dng lch.
32
Chn cc cy con to, mp, khng b su bnh trng vo lung lm t k v bn phn lt
(tt nht l dng phn chung mc hoc phn bc hoai). Lung trng hnh ly ht lm ging
nn lm rng 50cm, trng hai hng dc lung, hng cch mp lung 10cm, hng cch hng
30cm, cy cch cy 10cm. nh k 10 ngy 1 ln thng u tin ti thc bng nc phn,
nc gii pha long hnh ln tt, c nhiu nhnh. Khi thy cy chm c ngng th ti
thc bng phn kali: ho 50gam kaliclorua v 20 lt nc phn pha long, ti vo gc cy.
Hnh hoa thng b b tr ph hoi lm tp u l v l b tn thng nh hng nghim
trng n nng sut ht. Tr b tr bng thuc Dipterex 5% phun 2 ln: ln 1 khi cy ln
mnh, ln 2 khi cy bt u c ngng.
Thu hoch ht: Khi ht gi th thu hoch ngay, lu d mt sc ny mm, ct ly cc cm
qu b vo nong nia em phi tht k, v ly ht, phi li v b vo ti polyetylen hn kn,
bo qun ni kh ro. Nn ng thnh cc ti nh ri bo qun cc ti ht nh ny trong
mt ti ln mi ln gieo ch ly ra vi ti nh s gi c t l ny mm ca ht lu hn.
5. Cy mi tu
L cy rau gia v trong mn n rau sng c truyn, lm di (di ch, di ln...), tit canh (tit
canh ln tit canh ch, tit canh vt, ...). Cy mi tu ra hoa vo cui thng 9 u thng 10,
chm hoa ra t nch l, khi cy sinh trng chm li, l cng, mp l c gai. Khi nch l
cui cng ra chi hoa th cy ngng sinh trng hon ton. V dc im ny nn nu mun
c nhiu ht mi tu tt cn mt s cy ring thu hoch lm ging khng nn va trng
mi tu va ly ht nh cch lm ca nhiu gia nh nng dn hin nay.
Trong s cc cy rau hi l, vo u thng 7 dng lch chn ra cc cy to, l dy, sinh trng
mnh, nh trng vo mt lung bit lp. Bn lt phn chung mc gip cy bn r li
nhanh. Ti thc 3-4 ln cch nhau 10 ngy bng nc phn cy ra nhiu l, cc l ny
gi li khng c hi na. Khi cy ra chm hoa u tin ti thc mt t bng nc phn
pha ln kali (50 gam vo 20 lt nc phn).
Thu hoch: Khi chm hoa chuyn sang mu vng sm, chm qu ng mu nu l thi
k thu ht. Ct ly cc chm qu em phi tht kh, b cc chm qu ny vo mt ti
polyetylen dy, gin li bo qun n v em gieo. Dng di c p nh cc chm qu cho
ht ri ra v ly ht gieo ngay.
6. Cy da chut
Da chut l cy th phn cho, nu tp phn ca cy xu th ht ging km cht lng,
ging b thoi ho nhanh. Cy da chut thu qu ly ht lm ging cn:
- Sinh trng kho, nhiu cnh.
- Nhiu hoa ci
- Qu to, p
- Khng b su bnh
mi cy nh trn, chn ly 6-8 hoa ci, dng mt kp nh kp cnh hoa vo bui chiu mt
ngy trc khi hoa ci n hoc dng bao cch ly hoa ci li. Vo 9-10 gi sng khi hoa ci
n th ly hoa c ca cy ny th phn cho hoa ci ca cy khc. Tuyt i khng th phn
hoa c, hoa ci trn cng mt cy. Mt hoa ci th phn bng 2-3 hoa c. Th phn xong
bao cch ly tr li v dng th nh du eo vo cung hoa ci th phn (Hnh 7).
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Hnh 7. Bao cch ly hoa ci cy da chut
Ch cc qu sinh ra t cc hoa c bao cch ly v th phn nhn to mi thu ly lm ht
ging.
Thu hoch: Qu da chut chn c mu vng m, bp thy cng, v ho g th thu hoch ly
ht, b i qu, no ly ht cho vo nc m (40
0
C), ngm trong 6-8 gi vt ra i sch v
phi kh.
Kim tra th: Bc ht ra xem nu thy ht c hai l mm mu trng bm thy chc l t yu
cu. Ht thu c em b vo chai, nt tht kn, gc gc bp n v mang gieo.
7. Cy c bt v c tm lu nin
L hai cy c thng c trng ri rc trong vn gia nh (khng trng tp trung thnh
vn). C bt c dng bung, mui xi, nn da, l loi thc n thng dng trong gia
nh, cy c tm lu nin c vi ba ging, nt chung l cy c sng c nhiu nm, vo ma
ng cy sinh trng yu, ma xun cy ln li v cho qu ko di sut ma xun, ma h v
ma thu. Qu c c mu tm c trng nn c gi l c tm lu nin, phn bit vi cc
loi c tm khc ch trng vo u xun, cy cht vo u ma h, c tm lu nin c mui
si, bung, rn, luc. L cy rau d tr tt ca vn gia nh trong lc thi v cng thng, khi
ma gi. y cn l cy trng chu hn, d trng, trng mt ln cho thu hoch nhiu nm,
nhng qu rt t ht v b con thng khng ch ging. Chn cc cy c to kho, nhiu
34
cnh, nhiu qu, qu to, t ht gi qu lm ging. Nn li la qu th 2, th 3 l lc cy
sung sc nht.
Qu c gi c mu vng c trng, ton qu l mt khi c, chc, ct i qu thy ht
chuyn mu nu l thi k c th thu qu ly ht lm ging. Qu c hi v bo qun tip
ni kh mt, 7-10 ngy sau qu mm ra, lc ny ly dao b i qu, bp phn ht vo nc l,
ngm tip 12 gi, sau vt ra i tht sch, phi kh, bo qun trong ti polyetylen kn.
Nu lng ht t c th bo qun theo kinh nghim dn gian nh sau: ht c ngm nc 12
gi vt ra trn ln vi tro thnh mt loi bt mm, nn khi tro ln ht thnh 1 bnh nh bnh
dy, dn ln tng gn bp kh t nhin, n v gieo em v nt chic "bnh" ra v gieo.
Cch lm ny rt d ph hp vi cc gia nh v cch ging t tc. Nhiu gia nh bp
thng ht qu mm vo tro, trn thm nc nn thnh bnh v dn ln tng bp cng
t kt qu kh.
8. Cy c u
Cy c u trng ly c. C u l loi c trng c gi tr dinh dng cao. Cy c u l cy
d trng ging bng ht.
Ging c u c trng ph bin min Bc c c c nh n c trung bnh nhng cht
lng c cao. Ging c u trng Ty Nguyn v ng Nam B c c ln, nng sut cao
song cht lng km khng c ng bo min Bc a chung.
K thut trng: C u l cy h u nhng li ly c nn khng trng ni t qu tt v
khng bn m cho cy. t trng thng chn ni thot nc, ti, thnh phn c gii nh,
cuc t su, ln lung cao 40-45cm, b mt lung rng 0,7m.
- Bn phn: C u c bn lt phn chung ln phn ln, bn theo hc, mi hc 0,5kg
phn k lp t li cho kn phn v gieo ht.
- Khong cch trng: Lung trng 2 hng, cch mp lung 15cm, hng cch hng 40cm, cy
cch cy 20cm. Sau khi bn phn xong nn dng 1 que nh nh du hc, sau dng rm
r hoc c kh t kn mt lung. Gieo mi hc hai ht vo v tr nh du, sau ta b
li 1 hc 1 cy.
- Lm gin: lm gin theo kiu ch A cho cy c u leo, cng c th tn dng hng ro lm
ni leo cho c u.
- ging: C u l cy ra hoa trong thi hn ngn ngy (gia thng 10 dng lch). Vo
thi k thu c chn cc c to, nc, cung nh, c u, thu cn thn trnh xy xt mang trng
li ngay. t trng li c lm nh khi gieo ht. Ch ch ct b phn cnh, gi li phn
thn c bn. Sau khi trng li cn gi m cho cy ln li, ra nhiu nhnh, c nhiu hoa.
Cng c th ging theo cch sau: trng mt hng c u cch nhau 50cm, cm choi cho
cy leo thnh tng bi. n v thu hoch th cn thn o xung quanh gc (ch ch o cho
c l ht ra, khng lm t r ci). nh gi c, li cc c t yu cu ( li c bi, ch
ct b cc cnh b dp nt). Lp t li v ti thm dinh dng, ho 100gam kali vo 20 lt
nc phn ln pha long ti 2 ln cch nhau 10 ngy, mi hc 1 lt cch v tr c 10-20cm,
khi qu kh th thu hoch, phi kh c qu, bo qun n v sau th p ly ht em trng.
Ch : ht c u rt c, tuyt i khng c n.
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VIII. k thut ging cc cy rau trng bng thn,
c, thn gi, thn ngm
1. Cy hnh thm
ging hnh bng thn gi (ta vn gi l c). C hnh dng lm ging phi tht gi, dc li
t nhin. Chn cc c to, c nhiu nhnh nh, khng b kh tp tch ring thnh tng nhnh
trng vo u thng 10 thu c lm ging. Lung trng hnh lm ging cn vun cao 12 -
15cm, rng 0,8 - 1m, t p nh bn lt phn chung mc hoc phn bc hoai, san phng v
em c vo trng, ti nc qua cho m, n nh cho c hnh ngp trong t khong 1/5
chiu di c. Khong cch gia cc c l 7 - 8cm. Trng xong dng r t kn cc khong
trng gia hai hng trng. Khi hnh mc cao 8 - 10cm, ti thc bng nc phn ln pha
long ho thm kali vi lng 100gam kali vo 20 lt nc, ti thc 2-3 ln cch nhau 10 -
12 ngy.
hnh tht gi, dc hnh chuyn mu vng, bp c thy chc, cng, lp v ngoi chuyn
sang mu nu v kh i th thu c lm ging. Thu hoch c vo nhng ngy nng ro, xong
ct bt r, ch li phn r st c di 4-5cm, nguyn c phn dc, buc tm li, treo ln
so, ln dy phi cho kh (Hnh 8)
Khi hnh kh k (kim tra thy dc kh k l c) dng dao, ko sc ct b dc v r, b
c ging vo ti xc rn, bo qun ni kh mt n v em ra trng. Ch khi ct dc v
r cn loi b tt c cc c nh qu, b su bnh hoc c pht trin khng bnh thng.
2. Cy ti
c ging tng t nh cy hnh. y ch chn cc c ti to nhng c t dnh, c
khng b bp tch thnh dnh em trng. Khong cch trng ti cn mau hn: c cch c 5 -
6cm. t trng ti cn bn lt phn chung ln phn ln vi lng: 1 t phn chung 10kg
36
ln. Thi v tt nht trng ti lm ging cui thng 9 u thng 10. Cc chm sc khc
tng t nh chm sc hnh. Khi ti gi thu hoch c dc, ct b r v ct bt dc li mt
khong 10-12cm, buc tm 15-20 c lm mt tm phi tht kh, tm li thnh tm to, gc
gc bp bo qun n v sau.
3. Cy kiu
Cc c kiu chn lm ging cn c nhiu nhnh nhng cc nhnh phi u v to. Thi v
trng kiu lm ging l thng 9 dng lch thu hoch vo thng 6 nm sau.
t trng kiu cn chn t ct pha, thot nc, cuc su 20-30cm, ln lung cao 20-25cm,
lung rng 1m. Bn lt phn chung ln vi phn ln vi lng 200kg phn chung + 10kg
phn ln cho 100m
2
. Trng kiu thnh hng ngang lung: hng cch hng 18-20cm, c cch
c 8-10cm c c to nhiu nhnh. Trng xong dng r t tht kn. Khi kiu mc cn ti
thc bng nc phn hoc ho 50gam m + 50gam kali vo 20 lt nc ti u cho lung
kiu. Chm sc chu o, gi m y n cui thng 12 mi c kiu ln ln thnh
mt khm c t 7-15 nhnh sau ny ln ln thnh c, cy kiu kho, qua ng tt, ln li
nhanh ma xun nm sau.
Thu hoch lm c ging: Khi dc kiu chuyn sang mu vng t nhin, bi th thy c
kiu chc, mp cng, to kho th thu hoch lm ging. Cn thn o c khm, ct bt r,
r sch t (khng ra), buc 10-12 khm thnh 1 tm em phi cho dc kh k, lc b cc
c qu b, ci cc, s cn li buc thnh tm, treo ni thong mt bo qun n v sau.
Khi trng dng dao sc ct b r, ct b dc st ti tht c, tch thnh tng nhnh nh em
trng, chn cc c tt nht tip tc trng thu c lm ging cho v tip theo.
4. Cy khoai s
C nhiu ging khoai s c cht lng v nng sut khc nhau nhng phng thc ging
th nh nhau. Khoai s ging cn trng vo thi v tt nht cui thng 11 u thng 12
dng lch. t trng khoai s lm ging phi chn ni t cao, cuc su 30-40cm, ln lung
cao 40-45cm, lung rng 50cm trng 1 hng. Sau khi ln lung o cc h su cch nhau
50cm, bn lt phn chung ln phn ln (1 t phn chung ln 10kg phn ln) vi mc 1
h 3kg, lp t li n tht cht ri ln lung li, mi h dng mt que nh cm lm mc.
Chn cc c ging c nh sinh trng to, l cc c con v c chu (Hnh 9), bi t vi su
c vo t pha trn lp phn c bn lt. su cn vi l 6-10cm. Lp phn mc nt v
st xung, sau 2 ln vun th v tr c ging cch mt t 20 - 25cm. ln vun th 2 bn
thc kali vi lng 50 gam cho 1 hc. Thu hoch c ging khi khoai tht gi, dc khoai vng
li t nhin. Dng cuc bi 2 bn, o c khm cng vi t, chuyn v nh lt p ngn
xung di, r ln trn, xp vo ni kh ro cho t kh t t, nh sinh trng ca c chuyn
v trng thi ng th c ging mi tt v bo qun c lu. Thng thu hoch vo thng 9
n thng 10 dng lch vo nhng ngy nng ro. Mt thng sau khi xp nh trn thy t
kh, cc dc cn li cng kh hon ton th lt li, dng dao ct ht cc dc v r cn
st, song gi nguyn c khm vi t kh thnh 1 vng. Xp ln gin nh kiu gin khoai ty
bo qun ti v sau. Mt tun trc khi trng mi r sch t, tch cc c nhnh ra khi
c ci, phn loi theo to nh c to trng vo mt lung, c nh trng vo mt lung.
Tip tc chn cc cy tt nht c nhiu c nhnh, cc c to u, khng b su bnh ph hoi
trng vo mt khu ring thu c lm ging cho v tip theo.
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5. Cy c m
C m (cn gi l c ln, c chi...) l cy c c truyn thng ca vng Trung du v Min ni
pha Bc nc ta. C m va c dng lm rau (nu canh, hm...) va c s dng lm
lng thc c gi tr cao. Cy c m l cy d trng, ging bng c.
K thut trng:
- Lm t: Cy c m cn lp t canh tc dy nn cn lm lung. Lm t k l khu k
thut then cht t nng sut cao. Chn ni t tt, tng t dy, cuc o mt lp su 40
- 50cm sau p ln thnh lung cao 60 - 70cm, mt lung rng 50cm, nh lung n n
nh lung kia l 1m. Cn lm lung trc khi trng 1 thng.
- Bn phn: Phn cho c m ch yu l phn chung, vi phn ln theo t l: 1 t phn
chung ln vi 5kg ln supe.
o h 2 hng theo hnh nanh su cch mp lung 10cm, su 12 - 15cm, bn cho mi hc
1kg phn , lp t n cht, vun li lung v em ging vo trng.
- Chun b ging: Nu ging l c ph th tch thnh nhng c ring r, ging l c chnh cn
ct thnh tng ming theo cch sau: ct c thnh tng on di 5cm, b i, chm vo tro bp
hn ch chy nha.
- Trng: Trng mi hc 1 c ph hoc 1 ming vo gia h c bn phn, lp cho va kn
c ging.
- Ph: Sau khi trng xong ph tht kn bng r, cy gut, c kh, lp ph c tc dng gi m
v chng c mc. Nu tri kh hanh th sau khi ph cn ti m 1 lt.
- Chm sc: Cy c m khng yu cu chm sc c bit. Cn ch 2 im sau y:
Vo giai on cy ra c (sau 25 thng 7) cn thng xuyn nhc dy trnh cc mt
m r th c nhiu c ph, nh hng n nng sut c chnh.
Ho phn kali vi phn m theo t l: 1 lng m + 1 lng kali ti cho cy vi lng
0,5 lt cho 1 hc.
Thu hoch khi dy tn
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- ging: C m c ging bng c chnh hoc bng c ph pht trin t cc t trn
thn.
ging bng c chnh: Chn cc c to va phi, c hnh dng in hnh ca ging,
khng xy xt, nguyn c phn cung buc tm li treo ni thong mt, n thi v
mang i trng.
ging bng c ph: C ph cn gi l c "di" l loi c mc ra t cc t ca thn,
loi c ny nh xong c mm kho, rt thch hp cho ging nu n c ln t yu
cu. Cc c t yu cu ging cn t ng knh 1,5 - 2cm. C th ch ng to ra
nhiu c ph theo cch sau y:
Vo thi k c chnh phnh to chn cc dy c di va phi (1,5-2cm) c l cn tr, cho
chng b trn phn rnh ca lung, dng t lp cc mt li, mi dy ch nn lp 5-6 mt. T
cc mt ny c r m ra v mi mt s c thm 1-2 c ph. C chnh s b nh hng b i
nhng h s nhn ging ca cy c nng cao. C ph thu v cn ni thong mt n v
mang ra trng nh c chnh.
6. Cy inh lng
inh lng l mt cy a dng. L non lm rau, c lm thuc b v cn c trng lm cy
cnh. L non ca cy inh lng l mn rau tt, dng n sng ring hoc n ln vi loi rau
khc, dng pha vi hnh, m lng, mi tu, l lt ... ch bin cc mn di (di ch, di
ln,.. .).
Cy inh lng c ging qua cc on thn bnh t. Vo u thng 8 ct cc on thn
bnh t c c l em gim nh gim rau ngt, khi c r th em i trng. Cng c th tn
dng cc on thn tt ca cy inh lng khi thu c lm thuc v gim nh cch gim
m t vi cy rau ngt.
Trng inh lng lm rau n cn trng dy, khong cch gia hng l 50-60cm. Cc cnh cho
l nh mm, cht lng lm rau cao hn.
7. Cy dc mng
Dc mng l cy a mt song rt d trng. t trng dc mng cn c mn cao, lun m,
c bng che nhng khng thiu nh sng. Cc v tr t yu cu nh trn thng gn ging,
dc b ao, khong trng gia hai hng cy n qu, u hi nh... Dc mng c trng hai
v: v xun v v thu. V xun c trng bng c qua ng cn v thu c trng bng
hom pht trin t ma h. Cy dc mng c th trng tn dng t hoc trng thun thnh
tng m. Nu trng thun th hng cch hng 40 cm, cy cch cy 25cm. Bn cho mi hc
0,5kg phn chung ln phn ln theo t l: 5kg phn ln vi 1 t phn chung. Bn thc
sau khi cy bt u sinh trng tr li bng nc phn ln hoc nc gii pha long. C sau
mi t thu li ti thc cy 1 ln.
ging: Cy dc mng khng chu c rt nn b li trong ma ng, cn trng mt s
khm ring r, khong cch 50cm x 50cm khng thu dc lm rau, khi thn chnh ln cao th
dit nh sinh trng cho cy ra nhng cy non, cc cy con ny pht trin thnh cc c
nh qua ng l cc c ging trng v xun. C ging lu vn n u xun cuc
ln, tch ra thnh cc c ring r v em trng.
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8. Cy rau cn
Rau cn l cy rau trng rung nc rt ph bin trong v ng xun. Rau cn a nhit
thp, v vy thi v trng rau cn bt u khi tri se lnh (cui thng 10). nhiu ni cy rau
cn c trng vo ao sau khi thu hoch c u ma ng (thng 11) tn dng t trong
thi gian ao ngh. Khi trng rau cn ch mt s im sau y c rau ngon nng sut cao:
Bn phn chung lt: Nu trng vo ao sau khi thu hoch c th khng cn bn thm
loi phn g khc. Nu trng trn rung th cn bn: 1m
2
bn 10kg phn chung , trn
u phn vo bn v em rau ging vo cy.
Cy dy va phi: Cy dy va phi c nhiu thn, thn c ln va phi c
ngi tiu dng a thch, nn cy vi mt 5cm x 5cm (t xu), 7cm x 7 cm (t tt)
thnh lung rng 1,4m.
Bn thc khi rau hi xanh: Dng nc gii pha long hoc nc phn ln ti u cho
lung rau cn, gi nc va (ngp thn cy rau). Thc 2 ln cch nhau 10 ngy
khng bn phn m v c (phn ur) lm rau lt, rau dai, cht lng thp.
ging: u thng 2 cn trng li mt khonh chm sc cho cy ln tt lu li trn
rung. Ti u thng 10 nh ton b c thn v r em gim nhn ging. Phn t
gim cn l bn nhuyn, bn lt phn bc hoai hoc phn chung mc, tri u thn
cy cn gi ln b mt bn, n gc cho ngp vo bn, v qua thn cy va ln su
vo bn. T cc mt ca thn cy gi s mc ln cc nhnh (l cc cy con). Bn thc
bng nc gii pha long cho cc cy con nhnh. Khi cy con ln cao 5 - 6cm th
nh em trng hoc nhn ging 1 ln na ging trng trn din tch ln hn.
9. Cy ring
Ring l cy gia v trong nhiu mn n v c dng rt ph bin vi s lng ln, nht l
trong ch bin tht ch. gia nh cy ring c trng vo nhng khu t tn dng nh b
ro, u hi. Trn nng ry ring c trng dc theo cc b l va d thu hoch, va
chng xi mn.
K thut trng: Ring c trng vo v xun v v thu.
- v xun: Chn cc c ring cn non, c nhiu mt, khng su bnh trng. t trng
ring cn cuc su, o u, b h cch nhau 50cm, bn lt mi h 1kg phn chung, lp li
cho kn phn, a c ging vi kn. V xun thng rt kh nn sau khi trng nn ti 1 - 2
ln gi m gip cy nhanh mc.
- v thu: Tch cc cy mm mi l pht trin t cc bi c, ct b phn ln thn ch
li 5 - 6cm v em trng nh cch trng v xun. Cch trng v thu thng c b con
vng Trung du p dng v lc ny c ma ngu, t m. vng ng bng thng p
dng cch trng v xun.
- ging: Chn cc c to, kho, nc trng ring 1 s bi lm ging, n v trng th o
ton b c bi ri phn loi: cc c gi dng lm gia v, cc c b su bnh cn b i, cc c
cn tr tch ra thnh tng phn c 3 lp nhnh em trng.
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IX. s dng rau trong ba n hng ngy
Nu vn rau dinh dng gia nh chng loi, gia ch bit kho lo phi hp ch bin vi
mt s thc phm khc hoc phi hp gia chng vi nhau th mn rau trong ba n hng
ngy chng nhng ch c tc dng h tr m cn tr thnh mn n hp dn, ngon ming, tng
gi tr dinh dng v l mn n khng th thay th trong ba cm gia nh..
Chng ti xin gii thiu s qua mt s cch s dng rau thng thng:
1. Luc:
Hu ht cc loi rau u c th luc c. Tuy vy mun luc rau ngon cn ch mt s
im sau:
- Rau cn c chn tc thi, tc l nc luc rau cn phi , nc phi tht si, gi la
mnh u ri mi b rau vo.
- Cn cho mt lng mui nh vo nc trc khi b rau vo luc
- Cn c rau gia v phi hp gy mi hp dn
- Rau chn cn vt ra ngay.
Chng ti xin gii thiu mt s rau c luc thng dng vi rau gia v phi hp:
* Rau mung: Cc rau gia v phi hp tnh cho 1 m rau nh sau:
- Rau ng: 10 - 12 ngn
- Rau rt: 3 - 4 ngn
- Hoa thin l; 20 - 30 hoa
- Ci cc: 3 - 4 ngn
* Rau ci, bp ci, l b: Cc rau gia v phi hp tnh cho 300g rau (1 m to):
- Gng: 1 nhnh (khong 5g)
- Ci cc: 5 - 6 ngn
* Rau dn: Rau gia v tnh cho 200g (1 m)
- Rau mi tu: 8 - 10 l
- Rau cn ty: 1 cy
* Kiu rau, rau rt, ci cc, ci xoong, rau khoai lang luc khng cn thm gia v.
* u a, u rng, u vn, u cve dng cn ty hoc rau mi lm gia v khi u chn
mi b vo.
* Mp, bu, b xanh dng hoa thin l lm gia v
2. Chn:
Lm rau ti i bng nc si, mun chn c ngon cn:
- Lng nc phi nhiu c thm cht mui
- Si mnh v to la
- Nhng tng phn nh
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Cc loi rau c chn thng dng c: hnh c c dc, rau cn, rau th l, l lt, ci cc, rau
ng, rau ci non...
3. Nu canh:
Thnh phn rau tham gia vo ni canh c th chnh hoc ph. Nu thnh phn ni canh c
mang tn th rau chnh l rau th canh c mang tn th rau chnh nh canh rau ci, canh rau
ngt, canh bu, canh b xanh, canh khoai s. Nu thnh phn rau ch l ph tr th tn canh
c gi theo loi thc phm nu canh c km th tn rau chnh nh canh tht nu vi rau
ngt, canh cua nu vi mng ti. Cch tham gia th 3 ca rau vo ni canh l t cch gia v:
rau ng vai tr thm mi, thm v v canh ny c mang tn th thc phm nu canh nh:
hnh, rau ng, mi tu l gia v quan trng trong riu cua...
4. Xo:
Rau c nu chn do nhit ca la cung cp thng qua phn nc c trong rau, du hoc
m. cc mn xo rau tham gia rt a dng nhng cng theo thnh phn tham gia ca rau
trong mn xo m c gi tn theo tn loi rau nu thnh phn rau l chnh nh: rau mung
xo, rau b xo, mp xo, u a xo... hoc rau tham gia vo mn xo vi t cch thm
mi v, s hp dn nh tht b xo cn ty, tht ln xo gi...
5. n sng:
Nhiu loi rau c trng ring cho mc tiu lm rau sng nh: x lch, rau dip, rau mi,
hng li, hng chanh hoc mt s loi rau tham gia nh mt v trong mn rau sng nh rau
mung, mi tu, rau rm... n sng l cch n thng dng song i hi cc rau n sng phi
thm, gin, c mi v hp dn, v vy mn rau sng thng c phi hp nhiu loi rau vi
t l tu theo rau sng c n km vi thc phm g. Thng th rau sng c phi hp t
mt loi rau chnh v mt s loi rau khc lm gia v nh: rau mung, rau chui, gi sng l
chnh: cc rau gia v: hng li, hng chanh, ta t, kinh gii, mi tu, m lng...lm gia v
hoc rau dip, rau x lch l chnh; cc rau gia v: rau mi, hng chanh, hng li lm gia v.
6. Lm nm:
Mt th rau chnh c phi hp vi lc, vng, du thc vt, dm hoc chanh, thm ch c tht
ch ra mn n cao cp trong nhng ngy ngh, ngy l... cc mn nm thng dng thng
dng l: nm su ho, c ci, c rt...
7. Lm da:
L cch rau ln men chua (men lactic) ri mi s dng. Da l mn n rt thng dng ca
gia nh. Mun s dng da lu di ngoi v rau th da cn mui nn (cho ln men k). V
d: da ci mui nn, c pho, c bt mui nn. Khi mui cn c mt vt nng nn k. Da
n ngay, n trong v rau, trong mt thi gian ngn th mui xi. da ln men tt ngoi
ngh thut iu khin bng mui v nn ( c cc ti liu hng dn ring) cn c cc gia v
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h tr th da lun ngon, mi hp dn, bo qun c lu. Mt s gia v s dng rng ri khi
mui da nh sau:
* Da mui nn:
- Da ci:
+ 1 tm ma
+ Vi nhnh gng
- Da c:
+ Ring
+ Ti
* Da mui xi:
- Da ci:
+ Hnh hoa
+ Cn ty
- Bp ci:
+ Cn ty
+ Rau rm
- Rau cn:
+ Rau rm
+ Rau ng
- Da gi
+ Hnh hoa
+ Ring
+ Th l
- C bt:
+ Ring
+ Ti
+ Rau rm
* Da mui xi hn hp:
Loi da ny c phi hp bi mt s rau chnh v rau gia v, mui xi n trong 1 - 2 ngy.
Cc loi rau thng dng phi hp vi nhau l:
1. Ci c, su ho, ci b (ch ly phn b), rau gia v: cn ty, hnh c, rau rm
2. Bp ci, ci da, ci b, su ho, ci c, rau gia v: cn ty, hnh l, ring, rau rm.
3. Hnh l, kiu non (c r, c v l). Cc rau gia v phi hp: cn ty, rau ng, rau rm.
4. Mp ng, su ho, c rt, li bp ci: rau gia v l cn ty, ring non.
* Da gp: Loi da gm nhiu loi hn hp v c ngm vi dm hoc trn vi chanh.
Mt s rau thng dng c s dng lm da gp:
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- Thnh phn chnh: u xanh hoc su ho
- Thnh phn ph: Thn cy bp ci, c rt, hnh ty, c hnh ta.
- Gia v: Ti, rau mi, cn ty, t.
S dng rau ngon l mt ngh thut, nh ng b chng ta ni: "C bt mi gt nn h"
phn quan trng nht vn l nguyn liu c sn trong vn nh, v th mi gia nh nn ch
lc no trong vn nh cng c sn rau ti.