Nhc l guitar

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Guitar.gocphong

K HIU M NHC

1. Tn cc du nhc : c cao khc nhau m ngi ta thng dng l : DO, RE, MI, FA, SOL, LA, SI gc
ting La-tinh, c theo ting Vit l , R, MI, FA, XON, LA, XI. l 7 bc c bn ca h thng tht
m, tnh t thp ln cao. Mun ln cao hoc xung thp hn, ngi ta lp li tn du cc bc trn vi cao
cch nhau tng qung 8 mt (cn gi l bt ).

2. K hiu nt nhc : Ngi ta cng cn dng cc ch ci La-tinh gi tn cc bc c bn trn :

XI : B (c sch k hiu l H)
LA : A
XON : G
FA : F
MI : E
R : D
: C

3 . Cc gi tr ca nt nhc :



tng ng ta c cc gi tr ca giu ngh :



Ghi ch : y l cc nt nhc sp xp 1 cch t nhin .

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Guitar.gocphong

4. Khong cch v cao tng i : Gia cc bc khng ng u nhau :

- Khong cch nh nht trong tht m gi l na cung, gia Mi vi Fa v Xi vi .

- Khong cch ln nht gia hai bc c bn i lin nhau gi l nguyn cung : gia vi R, R vi Mi, Fa
vi Xon, Xon vi La, v La vi Xi.

- Nh vy khong cch m thanh gia thp v cao k tip gm 12 na cung, hoc 6 nguyn cung. Ni
cch khc, qung tm ( - ) gm 12 m cch nhau u n tng na cung mt

Hnh minh ha :



5. Du ho : l nhng k hiu cho bit cc bc c bn c tng ln hay gim xung tng na cung iu
ho.

5.1. - Du thng : (#) lm tng ln na cung.

5.2. - Du ging : (b) lm gim xung na cung.

5.3 - Du bnh : lm cc nt nhc cho tr v cao t nhin.

- Du ho cu thnh ghi u khung nhc, cn gi l ho biu, nh hng n mi du nhc cng tn trong
cng mt on nhc

- du ho bt thng ch nh hng n cc du nhc cng tn trong cng mt nhp

6. Mun ghi cao tuyt i ca cc m thanh : ngi ta dng n khung nhc v kho nhc.

6.1. Khung nhc : Hin nay ngi ta dng 5 ng k song song, to thnh 4 khe song song, tnh th t t
di ln. Trn khung nhc , ta c 11 v tr khc nhau, ghi c 11 bc c bn. Mun ghi thm, ngi ta
dng cc dng k ph :
Nhc l guitar
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Guitar.gocphong


6.2. Kho nhc : dng xc nh tn cc du nhc ghi trn khung nhc. Kho nhc c ghi u mi
khung nhc.

Qung, v tr cc nt nhc trn n guitar v 1 s hp m c bn

Cc nt nhc trong m nhc hay cc nt giai iu trong cc bi ht quan h vi nhau bng cc qung
nh ngha : Qung nhc l khong cch m thanh gia 2 du nhc. Tn qung c gi bng s.
VD : qung 3 , qung 4 , qung 5 v.v...

Nhc li khong cch gia cc nt nhc :

Ta c cc qung sau :

Qung 2 th ( sau y xin vit tt l Q2t ) : l khong cch gia 2 nt nhc cch nhau 1 / 2 cung (na cung )

VD : Xi => ( B => C ) , Mi => Fa ( E => F ) hay thng => R ( C# => D ) v.v....

Qung 2 trng ( sau y xin vit tt l Q2T ) : l khong cch gia 2 nt nhc cch nhau 1 cung .

VD : => R ( C=>D ) hay mi => Fa thng ( E => F# ) v.v...

Qung 3 th ( sau y xin vit tt l Q3t ) : l khong cch gia 2 nt nhc cch nhau 3/2 cung (1 cung ri
)

VD : mi => Sol ( E=>G ) , R => Fa ( D => F ) hay => R thng ( C= > D# v.v...


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Guitar.gocphong
Qung 3 trng ( sau y xin vit tt l Q3T ) : L khong cch gia 2 nt nhc cch nhau ng 2 cung .

VD : => mi ( C => E ) , Mi => Sol thng ( E => G# ) v.v...

Ngoi ra cn c cc qung khc nh :
Qung 4 : khong cch gia 2 nt nhc cch nhau 5/2 cung ( tc 2 cung ri ) VD : => Fa ( C => F )
v.v...

Qung 5 : khong cch gia 2 nt nhc cch nhau 3 cung
VD : => Sol ( C => G ) v.v...
Qung 6 , qung 7 v.v...

Tuy nhin tm thi ta nn ch n 4 qung u tin Q2t , Q2T , Q3t , v Q3T , cc qung khc ta s s
dng n khi c nng cao hn .

1 iu quan trng cn phi nh : khong cch 1/2 cung gia 2 nt nhc tng ng vi 1 phm n trn cn
n guitar , tng t ta c 1 cung tng ng vi 2 phm n v.v...
Cc nt trn cn n :

iu u tin cn ni ngay l cc nt dy bung trn n , ta c nh sau :



Theo quy c, cc dy ca guitar c nh s ln lt nh sau:
E : 1
B : 2
G : 3
D : 4
A : 5
E : 6
T cc nt dy bung ny ta c th t mnh suy lun ra cc nt tip theo trn cng dy .
VD : dy M , nt dy bung l Mi ( E ) , ta c : t Mi ln Fa l na cung tng ng vi 1 phm n , nh
vy bm dch ln 1 phm n ta s c nt Fa trn dy Mi , t Fa n Sol l 1 cung tng ng vi 2 phm
n , vy t v tr nt Fa bm dch ln 2 phm n ta s c nt Sol v c th ta s bit tt c cc v tr cc nt
trn dy Mi .
Hnh minh ha :

=> =>

V sau y l tt c cc nt trn cn n guitar :


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Guitar.gocphong
7. S hp m c bn th tay I :

Nhn trn cn n vi th t dy n t trn xung nh sau :
E (1)
B (2)
G (3)
D (4)
A (5)
E (6)

ta c trng C :


La th Am :


R Th Dm :


Mi th Em :


Mi trng E :


La trng A :



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Guitar.gocphong
R trng D :


T cc th bm ca cc hp m c bn trong th tay I v s hiu bit v khong cch gia cc nt nhc ta c
th d dng tm c 1 hp m bt k trn n guitar :
VD : gi s ta mun tm th bm ca hp m Si th ( Bm ) , ta lm nh sau :
:
ta thy hp m Am c th bm :


T A n Si l 1 Q2T tng ng vi 1 cung , 1 cung tng ng vi 2 phm n , suy ra th bm Am tnh tin
thm 2 phm n ta s c th bm ca hp m Bm :




Trn y l 1 phng php s dng kh nng t t duy logic ca cc bn t cc bn c th tm c th bm
ca 1 hp m c bn bt k trn n guitar .
Chng ta c 1 bi tp nh nhm gip cc bn thc hin cch tnh nhanh cc th bm :
ta c 1 vng ha thanh gm cc hp m nh sau :
( C => Am => Dm => G ) ging C
Cc hp m ny cc bn c th d dng bm c da vo hnh cc th bm trn kia .
By gi chng ta s dch ging ca vng ha thanh ny sang cc dng khc nhau v tm th bm trn n .
u tin l dch ln ging D , t C n D ta c 1 Q2T tng ng vi 1 cung . Theo cc hp m trong
vng ha thanh s phi dch ln theo 1 Q2T ( 1 cung ) :
Am dch ln 1 cung => Bm , Dm dch ln cung => Em , G dch ln 1 cung => A
nh vy ta c 1 vng ha thanh mi nh sau :
D => Bm => Em => A

Tng t nh trn cc bn hy dch ln cc ging khc : E , F , G , A , B .

2. Gam v cch nhn bit gam ca 1 bi ht :

chi c 1 bi ht ( c bn nhc ) th ta phi lm theo tun t cc bc nh sau :
- Xc nh Gam ca bi nhc
- Lp b hp m cho gam
- t hp m vo giai iu



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Guitar.gocphong
Trong bi 3 ny s gii quyt khu u tin trong tin trnh trn .

Trc ht , Gam l mt tp hp gm 7 nt nhc . C 2 loi gam , l gam trng v gam th

Nhc li khong cch gia cc nt nhc :


Ta s tm hiu v gam trng trc :

Trc ht ta quy c nh sau : Q2T k hiu a , Q2t k hiu b
Cng thc lp gam trng s l a a b a a a b

Gii thch :
7 nt nhc ca gam c tng trng bi cc k t a v b . Tnh t nt gc ca gam ta c cc nt cn li .
VD : Gam trng ( C )
vi nt gc l C , da vo cng thc a a b a a a b ta suy ra cc nt cn li l :
D ( cch C 1 a ) ,
E ( cch D 1 a ) ,
F ( cch E 1 b ) ,
G ( cch F 1 a ) ,
A ( cch G 1 a ) ,
B ( cch A 1 a )
v C (cch B 1 b ) .

Vy gam C gm 7 nt l : C , D , E , F , G , A , B v ko c du ha no .

VD2 : gam R trng ( D )
Vi nt gc l D , da vo cng thc a a b a a a b ta c cc nt cn li l :

E ( cch D 1 a ) ,
F# ( cch E 1 a ) ,
G ( cch F# 1 b ) ,
A (cch G 1 a ) ,
B (cch A 1 a ) ,
C# ( cch B 1 a )
v D (cch C# 1 b ) .
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Guitar.gocphong
Vy 7 nt ca gam D gm c : D , E , F# , G , A , B , C#
Gam D c 2 du # F v C

T nhng iu trn cc bn hy t mnh tm ra cc nt trong cc gam trng cn li .

Gam Th :Cng thc lp gam th s l a b a a b a a

Cng tng t cch lm ca gam trng ta c 2 v d sau :
VD 1 : gam La th ( Am ) : theo cng thc a b a a b a a ta c cc nt tip theo l :
B ( cch A 1 a )
C ( cch B 1 b )
D ( cch C 1 a )
E ( cch D 1 a )
F ( cch E 1 b )
G ( cch F 1 a)
v A ( cch G 1 a )

Vy cc nt trong gam Am s l : A B C D E F G v ko c du ha no .

VD 2 : gam Bm cng da vo cng thc trn ta c cc nt tip theo l :
C# ( cch B 1 a )
D ( cch C# 1 b )
E ( cch D 1 a )
F# (cch E 1 a )
G ( cch F# 1 b )
A ( cch G 1 a )
v B ( cch A 1 a )

Vy cc nt trong gam Bm s l : B C# D E F# G A
Vy gam Bm c 2 du # ti C v F .

Tng t nh vy cc bn hy suy ra cc gam th cn li

Sau khi lm xong cc gam trng v th cn li ta s thy 1 iu : s tn ti tng cp cc gam trng v th
c cng du ha . Ta gi cc cp l cp gam trng th song song .
Nh VD trn ta thy gam D trng v gam Si Th c cng du ha l F# v C# => 1 bi nhc c 2 du
thng s thuc gam D hoc Bm .

T cc iu trn ta c th d dng bit c 1 gam bt k c bao nhiu du thng (#) hoc du ging (b) v ti
v tr nt no . iu ny to tin rt tt cc bn sau ny c th nhn bit 1 cch nhanh nht gam ca 1
bi ht khi c bn nhc trong tay .











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Guitar.gocphong
Cch nhn bit gam ca 1 bi ht :

nhn bit gam ca 1 bi ht thng thng ta da vo 2 yu t sau :
1 . Du ha c nh ca bi ht c ghi u khung nhc .
2 . Nt nhc cui cng ca bi nhc .

Ta cn phi bit :
Th t c nh ca du thng (#) :


Nhn vo th t trn ta thy ngay t tri sang phi l cc nt Fa Sol R La Mi Si .


Th t c nh ca du ging (b) :


Vi du ging l si mi la re sol do fa ngc li so vi du thng .

1 Bn nhc s c du ha ghi u khung nhc tng ng vi gam ca bi nhc . Trong bi vit trn ta
d dng xy dng c cc gam vi cc du thng v ging ca gam . Sau y l quy tc ta c th tm
nhanh Gam ca bi nhc da vo du ha :

Vi du thng (#) : t du thng cui cng ta tin ln 1 Q2t ta s c nt gc gam trng cn tm .

VD : bi nhc c 2 du # , nhn vo v tr cc du thng ta c th d dng bit c , l cc nt F v C ( theo
th t tri sang phi ) , vy du # cui l nt C , t nt C# tin ln 1 Q2t l nt D vy bi thuc gam D
trng hoc gam th song song l Bm .

Vi du ging (b) : th ngoi tr giu ging u tin l gam F trng , t 2 du ging tr i , v tr nt
ging p cht s l nt gc hp m trng cn tm .

VD 1 bi nhc c 2 du ging : theo th t t tri sang phi ta c v r 2 nt ging l nt Si v Mi , du
ging p cht l Si , vy bi nhc thuc gam Si ging trng Bb hoc gam th song song l Gm .

bit c bi nhc thuc gam trng hay th ta s da vo yu t cn li , l nt nhc cui cng ca bn
nhc :
1 bi nhc kt thc bng nt no th chnh l nt gc ca gam bi

VD : bi nhc kt thc nt C th chc chn l bi gam C trng C hoc gam C th Cm . bit c l
C hay Cm th ta li nh vo yu t pha trn , l du ha u khung nhc

VD : 1 bi nhc c 2 du thng v kt thc nt B , trc ht bi thuc gam D hoc Bm , v nt cui
cng l nt B ta suy ra bi nhc thuc gam Bm .

Ghi ch :
Vi 1 bn nhc thng thng th chc chn s tun theo cc quy lut trn .
VD : nu bi nhc ko c du thng , ging g th chc chn nt kt bi s l nt C hoc A ko th l nt khc
c , v tng t vi cc trng hp c cc du ha khc .
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Guitar.gocphong

Nhng iu ny ng vi phn ln cc bi nhc thng thng , cng tn ti cc bi nhc m p dng quy tc
ny ko c tuy nhin ch l thiu s rt t v ta ko cn bn ti .
Hp m , cu to hp m

Trong bi 03 chng ta bit v cch thc xc nh gam ca 1 bi nhc . V iu tip theo l ta phi lp c
b hp m trong gam c th bit c c nhng hp m g s phi dng n trong gam , tt nhin cc
hp m dng c bn v cha nng cao . Ta cn hiu r bn cht ca hp m :

- Bt k 1 hp m c bn no cng u c cu to t 3 nt nhc : nt 1 , nt 3 v nt 5 . Trong nt 1
l nt gc ca hp m , nt 3 ty l vo hp m trng hay th s l qung 3 trng hay th ca nt gc ,
nt 5 l qung 5 ca nt gc .

Hp m li c 2 dng , hp m trng v hp m th :

+ Hp m trng :
Nt 3 l nt cch nt gc mt qung 3 trng Q3T , nt 5 li cch nt 3 1 qung 3 th Q3t .
+ Hp m th :
Nt 3 l nt cch nt gc mt qung 3 th Q3t , nt 5 li cch nt 3 1 qung 3 trng Q3T.

VD : Hp m trng gm 3 nt :
Nt 1 : nt gc C
Nt 3 : nt qung 3 trng ca C l E
Nt 5 : nt qung 5 ca C l G

=> vy hp m trng C gm c 3 nt C , E v G

Hp m th Cm :
Nt 1 : nt gc C
Nt 3 : nt qung 3 th ca C l Eb
Nt 5 : nt qung 5 ca C l G

= > vy hp m Cm gm 3 nt l C , Eb v G



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Guitar.gocphong
B hp m ca gam

sau khi hiu r hn v hp m , ta s i tm cc hp m trong 1 gam .

Trong bi 03 ta bit cng thc lp cc gam trng v th , t ta s bit c trong gam c bao nhiu
du ha v ti v tr nt no . Trong 1 gam ta s c cc hp m tng ng , 1 gam c 7 nt nhc , nh vy ta
s c 7 hp m tng ng thuc gam . Nguyn tc to nn hp m ging nh bn cht ca n bi trn ,
ta s da vo cc nt nhc vi du thng ging ca tng gam v bn cht ca hp m tm ra cc hp m
trong gam , mnh s dng v d cc bn c th hiu c nhanh nht :

Gi s ta xc nh c bi nhc c chi ging trng ( hay gam trng )
Gam trng gm 7 nt : C , D , E , F , G , A , B v ko c du thng , ging g
Cc hp m trong gam C s l :

C ( nt 1 l C , nt 3 l E , nt 5 l G )

Dm v nt 1 l D , nt 3 l F cch D 1 qung 3 th ch ko phi qung 3 trng , nt 5 l A .

Em : nt 1 l E , nt 3 l G cch E 1 Q3t , nt 5 l B

F : nt 1 F , nt 3 l A cch F 1 Q3T ch ko phi Q3t , nt 5 l C

G : nt 1 G , nt 3 l B cch G 1 Q3T , nt 5 l D

Am : nt 1 A , nt 3 C cch A 1 Q3t , nt 5 l E

ring hp m B th s l Bdim v nt 3 D cch nt gc 1 Q3t v nt 5 F cng cch nt 3 1 Q3t ( ta s b qua
hp m ny v l hp m nng cao ri )

Vy khi chi 1 bi nhc ging C th ta cn c 6 hp m s dng trong bi l C, Dm , Em , F , G , Am .

Tng t nh vy cc bn hy th t mnh lm b hp m cc ging khc , D , E , F v.v...

Cc b hp m ca gam th s trng vi cc hp m trng cng du ha .


Hp m 7 :

Trong nhng bi trc cc bn bit dng lut 1-4-5 tm 6 hp m cn bn m cc bi nhc Vit ph
thng. Vi mt bi nhc cung (ch m) Do trng (C) th 6 hp m ny l C, F, G , Am, Dm, E . y l
nhng hp m c to bi 3 nt bc 1,3,5 ( hp m C gm c Do, Mi, Sol, hp m F c Fa, La, Do
v.v) .Nay nu thm 1 nt bc 7 th ta s c 1 hp m to bi 4 nt, th d G7 gm Sol, Si, Re, Fa .

Tnh cht ca hp m 7 ny ra sao v khi no th ta nn mang ra dng trong bi nhc? Nghe mt hp m 7,
ta s c cm gic khng thun tai, dng nh c mt ci g khng n, cn phi gii quyt bng cch ngay
sau tr v ch m th mi m tai.

m cc bn nhc Vit th cc bn ch cn dng hp m 7 to bc 5 ca m giai. Th d trong b 6 hp
m dng m cc bi nhc cung Do trng (hay La th), th ch c 2 hp m c th chuyn qua hp m 7
l Sol7 ( hp m to bc 5 ca m giai Do trng) v E7 (hp m to bc 5 ca m giai La th).

Nh th th trong ti bu bi m nhc ca bn trc y c 6 hp m, nay s c 8 hp m. Vi mt bi
nhc cung Do trng (hay La th) nay s c C, F, G, G7 v Am, Dm, E, E7.
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Guitar.gocphong

Ni chung vi hp m 7, tm thi bn ch cn nh 3 im sau y:

1. Ch dng hp m 7 cho nhng hp m bc 5
2. Sau khi dng hp m 7 ( bc 5) th chuyn v ch m. Th d trong 1 bi nhc cung C, sau khi dng
G7 th chuyn v C ( hoc sau E7 th v Am) v thng dng cp hp m ny ( G7 C hoc E7 Am)
cui on nhc hay cui bi
3. Khi to hp m 7, nn nh l nt bc 7 ny phi cch ch m 1 cung . Th d: C7 gm Do-Mi-Sol-Sib
>>> ch khng phi Si v Si cch Do ch c na cung .

Ghi ch: Sau ny khi i vo th nhc blues th cc bn s thy rng tt c cc hp m cn bn u c
chuyn thnh hp m 7 (ch khng ch hn ch nhng hp m bc 5 nh ni trn). Hp m 7 l loi
hp m rt thng dng trong nhng th nhc tr hin i v c rt nhiu loi nh Major 7th, Minor 7th,
Minor/major 7th, Major 7th flat 5th, Major 7th sharp 5th, 7th flat 5th,7th sharp 5th, Minor 7th flat 5th,
Diminished 7th v.v... m chng ta tm thi cha cn bn n