Kien Thuc Quan Tri

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ORACLE 9i Kin trc v Qun tr Trang 1

Trn trng cm n MyloveisThuy cung cp cun sch ny.

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MC LC

CHNG 1. CC IM MI TRONG ORACLE 9I ......................................... 10
CHNG 2. CC THNH PHN KIN TRC................................................. 15
2.1. KIN TRC ORACLE SERVER........................................................................................ 15
2.1.1. Oracle Instance ..........................................................................................................15
2.1.2. Oracle database..........................................................................................................20
2.1.3. Qun tr c s d liu Oracle........................................................................................24
2.1.4. Thit lp cc tham s khi to nh hng ti kch c b nh SGA....................................24
2.2. KT NI TI ORACLE SERVER..................................................................................... 25
2.2.1. M hnh kt ni ..........................................................................................................25
2.2.2. Mt s khi nim c bn lin quan n kt ni ...............................................................26
2.2.3. Kt ni ti database ....................................................................................................26
CHNG 3. CC CNG C QUN TR ORACLE ........................................... 28
3.1. CC CNG C QUN TR C S D LIU ORACLE...................................................... 28
3.2. SERVER MANAGER LINE MODE ................................................................................... 28
3.2.1. Truy nhp Server Manager Line Mode ...........................................................................28
3.2.2. Phn nhm cc lnh trong Server manager....................................................................29
3.2.3. Din gii cc lnh trong Server manager .......................................................................29
3.3. ORACLE ENTERPRISE MANAGER................................................................................. 30
3.3.1. Kin trc OME ............................................................................................................30
3.3.2. Cc dch v chung.......................................................................................................31
3.3.3. Oracle Configuration Assistant ......................................................................................31
3.3.4. Oracle Enterprise Manager Console...............................................................................31
3.4. CC CNG C QUN TR KHC.................................................................................... 32
CHNG 4. TO DATABASE........................................................................ 33
4.1. CC BC TO DATABASE .......................................................................................... 33
4.2. CHUN B MI TRNG.............................................................................................. 33
4.2.1. Chun b h iu hnh ................................................................................................33
4.2.2. Ln k hoch b tr cc file thng tin.............................................................................33
4.2.3. Optimal Flexible Architecture OFA ..............................................................................34
4.2.4. Cu trc th mc phn mm Oracle..............................................................................35
4.2.5. Bin mi trng..........................................................................................................35
4.3. CHUN B CC THAM S TRONG PARAMETER FILE.................................................... 36
4.4. CHUN B INSTANCE PHC V QUN TR .................................................................. 37
4.4.1. To mt instance........................................................................................................37
4.4.2. Khi ng instance .....................................................................................................38
4.4.3. Dng instance ............................................................................................................38
4.4.4. Hu instance ..............................................................................................................39
4.5. TO DATABASE ............................................................................................................ 39
4.5.1. Khi ng Instance.....................................................................................................39
4.5.2. Lnh to database ......................................................................................................39
4.5.3. Oracle Database Assistant............................................................................................41
4.5.4. File script v d to mt database .................................................................................41
4.5.5. Li xy ra khi to database ..........................................................................................42
4.5.6. Kt qu sau khi to database .......................................................................................42
4.6. TO DATA DICTIONARY CHO DATABASE .................................................................... 43
CHNG 5. QUN TR ORACLE DATABASE ................................................ 44
5.1. PHN LOI USERS ....................................................................................................... 44
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5.1.1. Database Administrators..............................................................................................44
5.1.2. Security Officers .........................................................................................................44
5.1.3. Application Developers ................................................................................................45
5.1.4. Database Users ..........................................................................................................45
5.1.5. Network Administrators ...............................................................................................45
5.2. PHNG THC XC NHN C QUYN TRUY NHP .................................................. 45
5.2.1. Phng thc xc nhn quyn.......................................................................................45
5.2.2. Xc nhn quyn bi h iu hnh.................................................................................46
5.2.3. Xc nhn quyn bng file mt khu ..............................................................................47
5.2.4. Thay i mt khu internal ..........................................................................................47
5.3. TO PARAMETER FILE ................................................................................................. 48
5.3.1. S dng cc tham s ..................................................................................................48
5.3.2. Mt s quy tc i vi cc tham s ...............................................................................49
5.3.3. .................................................................................................................................49
5.3.4. Cc tham s c bn ....................................................................................................49
5.4. START V SHUT DOWN DATABASE.............................................................................. 50
5.4.1. Cc bc Start v Shut down database .........................................................................50
5.4.2. Start database............................................................................................................52
5.4.3. Thay i tnh sn dng ca database hin thi...............................................................52
5.4.4. Shut down database....................................................................................................53
5.4.5. Thay i trng thi ca database..................................................................................54
5.4.6. Tm treo v phc hi Database....................................................................................55
5.4.7. t ch hot ng tnh cho database .......................................................................56
5.5. T TRNG THI TNH CHO DATABASE...................................................................... 56
5.5.1. a Database vo trng thi tnh .................................................................................56
5.5.2. Phc hi h thng tr li hot ng nh bnh thng .....................................................57
5.5.3. Xem trng thi ca database........................................................................................57
5.6. LY CC THNG TIN V H THNG............................................................................. 57
5.6.1. Mt s views cn quan tm..........................................................................................58
5.6.2. Hin th gi tr ca cc thng s h thng......................................................................58
5.6.3. Tham s h thng ng (c th thay i)......................................................................59
5.6.4. Qun l session ..........................................................................................................59
5.6.5. Trace file v ALERT file................................................................................................60
CHNG 6. DATA DICTIONARY, VIEWS V PACKAGES ............................. 61
6.1. DATA DICTIONARY V VIEWS..................................................................................... 61
6.1.1. Data Dictionary...........................................................................................................61
6.1.2. Data Dictionary views..................................................................................................62
6.1.3. Sripts qun tr ............................................................................................................64
6.2. STORED PROCEDURES V CC PACKAGES CHUN ..................................................... 65
6.2.1. Gii thiu chung .........................................................................................................65
6.2.2. Stored procedures.......................................................................................................65
6.2.3. Packages chun..........................................................................................................66
6.2.4. Gii thiu mt s packages chun do Oracle cung cp ....................................................66
6.2.5. Package DBMS_METADATA...........................................................................................68
6.2.6. Package dbms_redefinition ..........................................................................................69
6.3. THNG TIN V CC STORED PROCEDURES................................................................. 69
CHNG 7. QUN TR CONTROL FILES...................................................... 72
7.1. CONTROL FILES ........................................................................................................... 72
7.1.1. Gii thiu control file ...................................................................................................72
7.1.2. Cch thc t tn control file .......................................................................................72
7.1.3. Kt hp nhiu control files ...........................................................................................72
7.1.4. Ni dung ca control file..............................................................................................73
7.1.5. Cc tham s nh hng ti kch thc ca control file ....................................................74
7.2. QUN TR CONTROL FILE............................................................................................ 74
7.2.1. To mi control file.....................................................................................................74
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7.2.2. To mi control file cho mt database c sn ............................................................76
7.2.3. Mt s li i vi cc Control Files ................................................................................76
7.2.4. Hu b Control Files....................................................................................................77
7.3. THNG TIN TRNG THI CA CONTROL FILES........................................................... 78
CHNG 8. QUN L REDO LOG FILES ...................................................... 79
8.1. S DNG CC REDO LOG FILES................................................................................... 79
8.1.1. Redo log file...............................................................................................................79
8.1.2. Online Redo Log Groups ..............................................................................................79
8.1.3. Online Redo Log Members ...........................................................................................79
8.1.4. Ni dung ca Online Redo Log Files (Members)..............................................................80
8.1.5. Active v Inactive Online Redo Log Files........................................................................80
8.1.6. Thit lp cc Redo Log Files khi to ............................................................................80
8.2. LGWR, LOG SWITCHES V CHECKPOINTS .................................................................. 81
8.2.1. Redo Log Buffer v Background process LGWR ..............................................................81
8.2.2. Log Switches ..............................................................................................................81
8.2.3. Checkpoints ...............................................................................................................82
8.3. LN K HOCH S DNG REDO LOG FILES................................................................. 82
8.3.1. Xc nh s lng Online redo log files..........................................................................82
8.3.2. Ni t cc Online Redo Log Files .................................................................................82
8.3.3. Xc nh kch thc cho cc Online Redo Log Files .........................................................83
8.3.4. Lu tr cc redo log files .............................................................................................83
8.4. IU KHIN LU TR SAU I VI PRIMARY/STANDBY.......................................... 84
8.4.1. Thit lp tham s ARCHIVE_LAG_TARGET.....................................................................84
8.4.2. Cc yu t nh hng ti tham s ARCHIVE_LAG_TARGET .............................................85
8.5. XC NH CH LU TR........................................................................................ 85
8.5.1. S dng lnh Server Manager ......................................................................................85
8.5.2. S dng thng tin trong data dictionary ........................................................................86
8.6. IU KHIN CC LOG SWITCHS V CHECKPOINTS.................................................... 87
8.6.1. Thc hin log switches ................................................................................................87
8.6.2. Thc hin checkpoint ..................................................................................................87
8.6.3. iu chnh cc ngt qung checkpoints .........................................................................87
8.7. QUN TR CC REDO LOG FILES ................................................................................. 88
8.7.1. B sung cc online redo log groups...............................................................................88
8.7.2. B sung cc online redo log members ...........................................................................89
8.7.3. nh li ch cho cc redo log file ..................................................................................89
8.7.4. Ngng s dng cc Online redo log groups....................................................................90
8.7.5. Ngng s dng cc Online redo log members ................................................................91
8.7.6. Xo rng Online redo log file........................................................................................92
CHNG 9. QUN TR TABLESPACES V DATA FILES................................ 93
9.1. CU TRC CA DATABASE........................................................................................... 93
9.1.1. Quan h gia database vi cc tablespaces v data files .................................................93
9.1.2. Quan h gia segment vi cc extent v cc blocks........................................................94
9.2. PHN LOI CC TABLESPACES................................................................................... 95
9.2.1. Tablespace SYSTEM v non-SYSTEM.............................................................................95
9.2.2. Tablespaces read-only / read-write ...............................................................................96
9.2.3. Temporary tablespace / permanent tablespace...............................................................96
9.3. QUN L KHNG GIAN TRONG TABLESPACES............................................................ 97
9.3.1. Dictionary-Managed Tablespaces ..................................................................................97
9.3.2. Locally-Managed Tablespaces.......................................................................................97
9.4. THIT LP TRNG THI CHO TABLESPACES ............................................................... 98
9.5. TRAO I CC TABLESPACES GIA DATABASES........................................................ 98
9.5.1. Mt s hn ch trong vic trao i cc tablespace: .........................................................99
9.5.2. Cc bc thc hin chuyn i mt tablespace gia cc database....................................99
9.6. TO TABLESPACE....................................................................................................... 100
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9.6.1. Lnh to tablespace .................................................................................................. 100
9.6.2. Ch qun l cc tablespaces .................................................................................. 102
9.6.3. To temporary tablespace.......................................................................................... 102
9.6.4. Cc tham s lu tr .................................................................................................. 102
9.7. CC THAY I I VI TABLESPACE ....................................................................... 103
9.7.1. Chuyn i mt tablespace thnh mt temporary tablespace......................................... 103
9.7.2. Thm mi cc tablespace .......................................................................................... 103
9.7.3. M rng data files..................................................................................................... 104
9.7.4. Thay i kch thc data file...................................................................................... 104
9.7.5. Chuyn i ch ONLINE v OFFLINE ...................................................................... 105
9.7.6. Di chuyn cc data file .............................................................................................. 106
9.7.7. Tablespace ch c.................................................................................................... 107
9.7.8. Hu tablespace......................................................................................................... 107
9.8. THNG TIN V CC TABLESPACES ............................................................................ 108
9.8.1. Xem thng tin tablespace .......................................................................................... 109
9.8.2. Xem thng tin data files............................................................................................. 109
CHNG 10. CU TRC LU TR............................................................. 111
10.1. CC LOI SEGMENTS............................................................................................... 111
10.1.1. Table..................................................................................................................... 111
10.1.2. Table partition ........................................................................................................ 111
10.1.3. Cluster................................................................................................................... 111
10.1.4. Index..................................................................................................................... 111
10.1.5. Index-Organized Table ............................................................................................ 112
10.1.6. Index Partition........................................................................................................ 112
10.1.7. Rollback Segment ................................................................................................... 112
10.1.8. Temporary Segment................................................................................................ 112
10.1.9. LOB Segment ......................................................................................................... 112
10.1.10. LOB Index ............................................................................................................ 113
10.1.11. Nested Table ........................................................................................................ 113
10.1.12. Bootstrap Segment ................................................................................................ 113
10.2. QUN L EXTENTS................................................................................................... 113
10.2.1. Cp pht v thu hi cc extents................................................................................ 113
10.2.2. S dng v gii phng cc extent ............................................................................. 114
10.2.3. Kt hp cc vng khng gian trng........................................................................... 114
10.3. BLOCK D LIU........................................................................................................ 116
10.3.1. Cu trc ca block d liu........................................................................................ 116
10.3.2. Cc tham s s dng khng gian trong block ............................................................. 117
10.3.3. S dng khng gian trong block ............................................................................... 118
10.3.4. Phn loi mc phn on i vi tng loi segment ............................................... 118
10.4. THNG TIN V CU TRC LU TR ........................................................................ 119
10.4.1. Cc view lu tr thng tin........................................................................................ 119
10.4.2. Xem thng tin v cc segments ................................................................................ 120
10.4.3. Thng tin v cc extents.......................................................................................... 121
10.4.4. Thng tin v cc vng trng..................................................................................... 122
CHNG 11. QUN L ROLLBACK SEGMENTS ......................................... 123
11.1. GII THIU ROLLBACK SEGMENTS......................................................................... 123
11.1.1. Khi nim............................................................................................................... 123
11.1.2. Mc ch s dng segment ...................................................................................... 123
11.1.3. Phn loi rollback segment....................................................................................... 124
11.2. S DNG ROLLBACK SEGMENT ............................................................................... 125
11.2.1. S dng rollback segment trong cc transaction......................................................... 125
11.2.2. Tng trng i vi cc rollback segments ................................................................ 126
11.2.3. Ti u cc rollback segments ................................................................................... 127
11.3. QUN L ROLLBACK SEGMENTS.............................................................................. 127
11.3.1. S dng rollback segment........................................................................................ 127
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11.3.2. To rollback segment .............................................................................................. 128
11.3.3. Thay i trng thi ca Rollback segments ................................................................ 129
11.3.4. Instance s dng rollback segment ........................................................................... 130
11.3.5. iu chnh kh nng lu tr ca rollback segment ...................................................... 130
11.3.6. Gim bt rng ca rollback segment..................................................................... 130
11.3.7. Hy b rollback segment.......................................................................................... 131
11.3.8. Qun l undo t ng.............................................................................................. 131
11.4. THNG TIN V CC ROLLBACK SEGMENT ............................................................... 132
11.4.1. Xem thng tin chung v cc rollback segment ............................................................ 132
11.4.2. Xem thng tin thng k v rollback segment .............................................................. 133
11.4.3. Thng tin v rollback segment ang active ................................................................ 134
11.5. CC VN LIN QUAN TI ROLLBACK SEGMENT ................................................ 135
11.5.1. Thiu khng gian cho cc transactions ...................................................................... 135
11.5.2. Li c d liu khng ng nht............................................................................... 135
11.5.3. Chn session .......................................................................................................... 136
CHNG 12. QUN L TEMPORARY SEGMENTS ...................................... 138
12.1. TEMPORARY SEGMENTS.......................................................................................... 138
12.1.1. Phn loi temporary segments.................................................................................. 139
12.1.2. S dng cc Sort Segments ..................................................................................... 140
12.1.3. Sort Extent Pool ...................................................................................................... 140
12.2. CP PHT KHNG GIAN CHO TEMPORARY SEGMENT............................................. 140
12.3. THNG TIN V CC TEMPORARY SEGMENT............................................................ 141
CHNG 13. CLUSTERS V INDEX-ORGANIZED TABLES......................... 143
13.1. TNG QUAN V CLUSTERS V INDEX-ORGANIZED TABLES ................................... 143
13.1.1. Cluster................................................................................................................... 144
13.1.2. Xem xt v chn la Cluster..................................................................................... 145
13.1.3. Cc kiu cluster ...................................................................................................... 145
13.1.4. Chn la kiu cluster ............................................................................................... 146
13.2. QUN L CLUSTER................................................................................................... 147
13.2.1. To cluster ............................................................................................................. 147
13.2.2. To Hash Cluster .................................................................................................... 149
13.2.3. Xc nh gi tr SIZE cho cluster ............................................................................... 150
13.2.4. Cc tham s ch nh cho hash cluster ....................................................................... 150
13.2.5. Sa i cc Cluster ................................................................................................. 151
13.2.6. Xo Cluster............................................................................................................. 152
13.3. THNG TIN V CC CLUSTERS ................................................................................ 154
13.3.1. Xc nh Cluster v cc ct kho Cluster .................................................................... 154
13.3.2. Ly thng tin ct kho ca cluster v cc ct trong bng............................................. 155
13.3.3. Ly thng tin cho hash cluster .................................................................................. 155
13.4. INDEX-ORGANIZED TABLE ...................................................................................... 156
13.4.1. Tnh cht chung...................................................................................................... 156
13.4.2. To mt index-organized table ................................................................................. 157
13.4.3. Hin tng ROW OVERFLOW (trn dng d liu) ....................................................... 159
13.4.4. Ly thng tin IOT (Index Orrganized Table) .............................................................. 160
CHNG 14. QUN L CC TABLES.......................................................... 161
14.1. TNG QUAN V TABLES........................................................................................... 161
14.1.1. Phn loi cc tables................................................................................................. 161
14.1.2. Cu trc cc dng d liu (row data) ........................................................................ 161
14.2. CC KIU D LIU TRONG TABLE ........................................................................... 162
14.2.1. Kiu d liu v hng ............................................................................................. 162
14.2.2. Tp hp (collection) ................................................................................................ 166
14.2.3. Kiu quan h (REF) ................................................................................................. 167
14.2.4. Kiu d liu TIMESTAMP.......................................................................................... 167
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14.3. QUN L CC TABLES.............................................................................................. 167
14.3.1. To table ............................................................................................................... 167
14.3.2. Thit lp gi tr PCTFREE v PCTUSED....................................................................... 169
14.3.3. Migration (di tr) v Chaining cc dng d liu........................................................... 170
14.3.4. Sao chp mt tables................................................................................................ 170
14.3.5. Qun tr columns trong table .................................................................................... 171
14.3.6. Chuyn mt Table ti Segment hay Tablespace mi.................................................... 173
14.3.7. nh ngha li mt table ang online ......................................................................... 173
14.3.8. Bng ngoi External table...................................................................................... 175
14.4. CC RNG BUC (CONSTRAINTS) I VI TABLES............................................... 176
14.4.1. Rng buc i vi tables.......................................................................................... 176
14.4.2. Null / Not Null......................................................................................................... 176
14.4.3. Unique................................................................................................................... 177
14.4.4. Primary Key............................................................................................................ 177
14.4.5. Foreign Key ( Referential Key) .................................................................................. 177
14.4.6. Check .................................................................................................................... 178
14.5. QUN L KHNG GIAN LU TR TRONG TABLE..................................................... 178
14.5.1. Thay i thng tin lu tr v tham s s dng Block .................................................. 178
14.5.2. Cp pht cc extents bng tay (manually) ................................................................. 179
14.5.3. High Water Mark..................................................................................................... 180
14.5.4. Thu hi khng gian khng s dng ........................................................................... 181
14.5.5. Truncate mt table.................................................................................................. 182
14.5.6. Xo table ............................................................................................................... 182
14.5.7. Kim tra cu trc bng ............................................................................................ 183
14.5.8. Pht hin cc rows b migration ................................................................................ 183
14.6. THNG TIN V TABLES ............................................................................................ 184
14.6.1. Thng tin chung v cc tables .................................................................................. 184
14.6.2. Thng tin v s dng block v thng tin chaining ....................................................... 185
CHNG 15. QUN L CC INDEXES ....................................................... 186
15.1. PHN LOI INDEXES ............................................................................................... 186
15.1.1. Index trn mt column v Index trn nhiu columns................................................... 186
15.1.2. Unique index v Non-unique index ............................................................................ 186
15.1.3. Partitioned index v non-partitioned index ................................................................. 186
15.2. T CHC INDEX....................................................................................................... 186
15.2.1. B-TREE index.......................................................................................................... 186
15.2.2. Reverse Key Index .................................................................................................. 188
15.2.3. Bitmap Index.......................................................................................................... 189
15.2.4. So snh gia B-TREE index v Bitmap index............................................................... 190
15.3. QUN L INDEX....................................................................................................... 190
15.3.1. To cc index ......................................................................................................... 190
15.3.2. Mt s cch s dng index....................................................................................... 193
15.3.3. To Index kho ngc (reverse key index) ................................................................ 194
15.3.4. To Bitmap index.................................................................................................... 194
15.3.5. Thay i tham s lu tr cho index........................................................................... 195
15.3.6. Cp pht v thu hi khng gian s dng ca index ..................................................... 195
15.3.7. Xy dng li (Rebuild) cc index............................................................................... 196
15.3.8. Kim tra tnh hp l ca index .................................................................................. 197
15.3.9. Xo cc index ......................................................................................................... 198
15.4. THNG TIN V CC INDEX ...................................................................................... 198
15.4.1. Xem thng tin v cc index ...................................................................................... 198
15.4.2. Tm cc ct trong mt index..................................................................................... 199
CHNG 16. NP V T CHC LU TR D LIU................................... 200
16.1. GII THIU CHUNG................................................................................................. 200
16.1.1. Tng quan vic np d liu ...................................................................................... 200
16.1.2. Np d liu trc tip ............................................................................................... 201
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16.2. NP D LIU............................................................................................................ 201
16.2.1. Np d liu bng SQL* Loader ................................................................................. 201
16.2.2. Phng php np d liu......................................................................................... 203
16.2.3. So snh hai phng php np d liu ....................................................................... 204
16.2.4. Np d liu ng thi (Parallel direct load) ................................................................ 205
16.3. NP D LIU BNG SQL*LOADER........................................................................... 207
16.3.1. S dng SLQ*LOADER............................................................................................. 207
16.3.2. Parameter file (tp tham s)..................................................................................... 208
16.3.3. Control file (tp iu khin)...................................................................................... 209
16.3.4. Data file................................................................................................................. 211
16.3.5. Cc thnh phn ca log file...................................................................................... 211
16.3.6. Cc file u ra khc................................................................................................. 211
16.3.7. Cc hng dn khi s dng load.............................................................................. 212
16.4. T CHC LI D LIU BNG CNG C EXPORT V IMPORT.................................. 213
16.4.1. Cng c dch chuyn d liu..................................................................................... 213
16.4.2. Cc ch Export ................................................................................................... 214
16.4.3. Export d liu trc tip v Export d liu thng thng............................................... 215
16.5. CNG C EXPORT .................................................................................................... 216
16.5.1. S dng cng c Export.......................................................................................... 216
16.5.2. Gii thiu mt s ch export ................................................................................ 218
16.5.3. Cc tablespaces trao i .......................................................................................... 220
16.5.4. Mt s thng bo khi export: Warning, Error, v Completion Messages ......................... 220
16.6. CNG C IMPORT.................................................................................................... 221
16.6.1. S dng cng c Import .......................................................................................... 221
16.6.2. Chuyn i character set ......................................................................................... 225
CHNG 17. QUN L USER..................................................................... 226
17.1. USER TRONG DATABASE.......................................................................................... 226
17.1.1. User v nhng thnh phn lin quan......................................................................... 226
17.1.2. Database schema.................................................................................................... 227
17.2. QUN L USER......................................................................................................... 227
17.2.1. Cc bc thc hin khi to mi user ......................................................................... 227
17.2.2. To mi user vi c ch xc nhn bi database.......................................................... 228
17.2.3. Thay i thuc tnh ca user .................................................................................... 229
17.2.4. Thay i hn mc (quota) s dng tablespace ........................................................... 229
17.2.5. Hu User................................................................................................................ 230
17.3. THNG TIN V USER................................................................................................ 230
CHNG 18. QUN L THNG TIN PROFILES ......................................... 232
18.1. GII THIU PROFILE............................................................................................... 232
18.2. QUN L PROFILE.................................................................................................... 233
18.2.1. To Profile.............................................................................................................. 233
18.2.2. Thit lp cc gii hn v ti nguyn .......................................................................... 234
18.2.3. Gn Profile cho User................................................................................................ 234
18.2.4. t gii hn ti nguyn ........................................................................................... 235
18.2.5. Thay i thng tin trong profile ................................................................................ 235
18.2.6. Hu profile ............................................................................................................. 236
18.2.7. Thng tin v cc gii hn ti nguyn......................................................................... 236
18.3. QUN L MT KHU ................................................................................................ 237
18.3.1. To profile qun l mt khu.................................................................................... 238
18.3.2. Cc tham s iu chnh mt khu ............................................................................. 239
18.3.3. Mt s c im chnh trong qun l mt khu .......................................................... 239
18.3.4. Hm cung cp mt khu cho ngi s dng............................................................... 240
18.3.5. Thng tin v mt khu ............................................................................................ 240
CHNG 19. CC QUYN H THNG........................................................ 242
19.1. PHN LOI QUYN .................................................................................................. 242
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19.1.1. Cc quyn h thng ................................................................................................ 242
19.1.2. Gn cc quyn h thng .......................................................................................... 242
19.1.3. Xc nhn user bng password file............................................................................ 243
19.1.4. Thng tin v cc quyn............................................................................................ 244
19.2. QUN L QUYN ...................................................................................................... 245
19.2.1. Thu hi cc quyn h thng ..................................................................................... 245
19.2.2. Quyn trn cc i tng ........................................................................................ 246
19.2.3. Gn cc quyn trn i tng .................................................................................. 247
19.2.4. Thng tin v cc quyn............................................................................................ 247
19.2.5. Thu hi cc quyn trn i tng ............................................................................. 248
CHNG 20. QUN L CHC DANH (ROLE) ............................................. 250
20.1. CHC DANH (ROLE) TRONG DATABASE ................................................................. 250
20.1.1. Cc tnh cht ca chc danh .................................................................................... 250
20.1.2. Li ch ca vic s dng chc danh........................................................................... 250
20.2. QUN L CHC DANH.............................................................................................. 251
20.2.1. To v sa cha cc Chc danh ............................................................................... 251
20.2.2. Cc chc danh c nh ngha sn.......................................................................... 251
20.2.3. Sa cha cc chc danh.......................................................................................... 252
20.2.4. Gn cc chc danh.................................................................................................. 253
20.2.5. Thit lp chc danh mc nh................................................................................... 253
20.2.6. Enable v Disable cc chc danh .............................................................................. 254
20.2.7. Thu hi cc chc danh t cc user ............................................................................ 255
20.2.8. Xo cc chc danh.................................................................................................. 255
20.3. THNG TIN V CC CHC DANH ............................................................................. 255
CHNG 21. TNH NNG H TR NGN NG QUC GIA ....................... 257
21.1. NGN NG QUC GIA ............................................................................................. 257
21.1.1. Cc c im chnh ................................................................................................. 257
21.1.2. Chn tp k t cho database..................................................................................... 257
21.1.3. Tp k t v tp k t quc gia ca database .............................................................. 258
21.2. CC THAM S NLS ................................................................................................... 259
21.2.1. La chn tham s ................................................................................................... 259
21.2.2. Ngn ng ph thuc v gi tr territory mc nh........................................................ 260
21.2.3. Xc nh cc bin mi trng ................................................................................... 260
21.2.4. Ch nh c trng ngn ng (Language-Dependent) cho tng session ......................... 261
21.2.5. Tham s NLS v cc hm SQL .................................................................................. 262
21.3. THNG TIN V CC GI TR NLS C KHI TO................................................. 264
21.3.1. Thng tin v tp k t s dng................................................................................. 264
21.3.2. Thng tin v cc thit lp thng s NLS..................................................................... 264

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Chng 1. CC IM MI TRONG ORACLE 9i
Phin bn Oracle9i Release 1 (9.0.1) c a ra th trng vo u nm 2001 v c ci
tin, b sung thm mt s chc nng, c im mi. Cc c im ny lm cho vic
qun l database tr nn mm do, linh hot v hiu qu hn. Di y, ta s xem xt mt
s c im mi ny:

Cho php nh ngha li cu trc ca tables ang online
Chc nng ny c cung cp trong gi package DBMS_REDEFINITION do Oracle cung
cp, cho php ngi dng c th nh ngha li cu trc ca mt table thng quan cu lnh
DML ngay khi n ang online. Vi cc phin bn trc, Oracle 8i, ta cng c th nh ngha
li cu trc ca table nhng trc cn phi t ch offline cho n. iu ny khng
thun tin cho vic qun tr.

Cho php thc hin lnh ANALYZE VALIDATE STRUCTURE tc thi
C th thc hin lnh ANALYZE ti u table ngay c khi ang c lnh DML thc hin trn
table.

iu khin lu tr sau
Oracle cung cp c ch iu khin switching i vi cc online redo log group da theo thi
gian (time-based). Trong cu hnh primary/standby, tt c cc noncurrent logs ti
primary site s c lu tr ri vn chuyn ti standby database. Vic ny s hiu qu khi
hn ch s lng cc redo records.

Tm treo database
Oracle9i cung cp chc nng suspend/resume. Qun tr vin s dng lnh ALTER
SYSTEM SUSPEND tm treo database, dng mi thao tc truy xut vo ra i vi cc
datafiles v control files. Khi database trng thi tm treo, cc thao tc vo ra (I/O
operations) ang thc hin s c kt thc v nhng truy cp vo database mi pht
sinh s c y vo queue. Thc hin lnh ALTER SYSTEM RESUME khi phc li tnh
trng bnh thng ca database.

t ch hot ng tnh cho database
Oracle9i cho php a database vo ch hot ng tnh(quiesced state). Theo ch c
cc DBA transactions, queries, v cc lnh PL/SQL l c php thc hin. Trng thi ny
cho php ngi dng thc hin cc thao tc qun tr mt cch an ton. S dng cu lnh
ALTER SYSTEM QUIESCE RESTRICTED a database v ch hot ng tnh.

Kh nng khi phc v cp pht li khng gian
Oracle s t ng thc hin tm treo (suspending) v sau khi phc (resuming) li vic
thc hin cc thao tc database tn km (large database operations) trong trng hp c li
cp pht khng gian. Nh vy m Oracle database server s c th t thc hin cc thao tc
hp l thay v vic tr v thng bo li nh cc phin bn trc. Sau khi cc li ny c
khc phc database li c t ng khi phc bnh thng.
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Cho php lu tr trn nhiu ch lu tr
S lng ch lu tr ti a m ta c th s dng lu tr cc online redo log c tng
ln t 5 ti 10.

T ng qun l vng khng gian
Oracle9i cho php qun l t ng vic gii phng v s dng cc vng khng gian c trong
cc segments c lu tr trong cc locally managed tablespaces thng qua vic s dng
mnh SEGMENT SPACE MANAGEMENT c trong cu lnh CREATE TABLESPACE. Qun
tr vin c th s dng ch AUTO hoc MANUAL ch r kiu qun l khng gian m
Oracle s s dng.

Cp nht li cc global indexes mi khi thc hin thao tc bo tr partition
Theo mc nh, c th c mt vi phn ca mt bng c phn khu (partitioned tables)
trng thi khng s dng (nh du UNUSABLE) s c np vo trong global indexes. V
ta cn xy dng li (rebuild) ton b global index. Oracle9i cho php thc hin t ng cng
vic rebuild ny thng qua mnh UPDATE GLOBAL INDEX c trong cu lnh ALTER
TABLE khi thc hin bo tr.

Cho php s dng ng thi nhiu kch c block
Oracle cho php s dng ng thi nhiu kch c blocks (multiple block sizes). Kch thc
chun (standard block size) c quy nh trong tham s khi to DB_BLOCK_SIZE nhng
cng c th m rng thm 4 gi tr kch thc block phi chun na (nonstandard block
sizes). Cc kch thc blocks phi chun c ch r mi khi to tablespaces. Kch thc block
chun c s dng cho SYSTEM tablespace v hu ht cc tablespaces khc. Vic h tr s
dng nhiu kch c block s cho php thc hin trao i cc tablespaces ca cc database
m khng c cng mt kch thc block.

Qun l ng buffer cache
Kch thc ca buffer cache c trong vng nh System Global Area c qun l ng. iu
ny c ngha l gi tr ca tham s DB_BLOCK_BUFFERS (trong file tham s khi to) c th
c thay th bi gi tr c trong tham s khc, tham s DB_CACHE_SIZE. Trong Oracle 9i,
buffer cache li c phn chia thnh nhiu b m con (subcaches) nu c s dng ch
multiple block sizes. Bn gi tr kch c block c ch ra trong 4 tham s DB_
nK_CACHE_SIZE tng ng .

Qun l ng vng nh SGA
Cc tham s khi to c th tc ng ti kch c ca vng nh SGA. V ta c th thay i
kch c ca SGA d dng thng qua cu lnh ALTER SYSTEM SET.

Qun l vic khi phc (undo) t ng
Oracle s dng rollback segments lu tr cc thng tin cho khi phc. Vic phc hi
(undo) bao gm roll back, undo, v thay i (changes) i vi database mi khi cn. Oracle
9i cho php ta to ring mt undo tablespace lu tr cc thng tin phc hi ny. Vic s
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dng undo tablespace s lm gim bt tnh phc tp ca vic qun tr vng khng gian
rollback segment, v cho php phc hi li cc thng tin di m khng s b trng ln nhau.

Qun l files trong Oracle
Mt im mi trong Oracle 9i l qun l files. Thng qua cc tham s khi to
DB_CREATE_FILE_DEST v DB_CREATE_ONLINE_LOG_DEST_ n ta c th ch ra cho h
thng cc ng dn c th lu tr cc file thuc tablespace, online redo log file hay control
file. Oracle lun m bo qun l file duy nht trong h thng.

T ng xo cc datafiles
Oracle9i cung cp mt la chn cho php t ng xo b (remove) cc datafiles mi khi
tablespace tng ng b hu thng qua cu lnh DROP TABLESPACE. Tu chn tng t
trong cu lnh ALTER DATABASE TEMPFILE cng c s dng xo cc temporary file
tng ng.

Metadata API
Mt PL/SQL package mi, DBMS_METADATA.GET_DDL, c a vo Oracle 9i cho php ta
ly c cc siu d liu (metadata) Cc thng tin tng hp v cc schema object.

Cc bng ngoi - External tables
Oracle9i cho php ta truy cp theo kiu ch c cc d liu trong cc bng ngoi (external
tables). External tables l cc tables m khng nm trong database, v c th cc khun
dng (format) no . Cu lnh CREATE TABLE ... ORGANIZATION EXTERNAL c
s dng ch ra metadata m t cho external table tng ng. Oracle cung cp iu khin
truy cp ORACLE_LOADER, qua cung cp kh nng nh x d liu tng ng vi c php
lnh trong control file.

Tng cng cho constraint
Ta s dng mnh USING INDEX trong cu lnh CREATE TABLE hay ALTER TABLE
cho php ta ch r index mi khi s dng rng buc unique key hay primary key. Thm vo
, ta cng c th ngn cn vic hu (dropping).

File tham s trn server
Oracle lu tr cc tham s khi to cho session trong file tham s di khun dng vn bn
v c t ti cc client machine.
Cc tham s khi to ca server nm trong file tham s trn server thng khun dng
nh phn v c th c lu trong database.

Temporary tablespace mc nh
C th thm vo mnh mi DEFAULT TEMPORARY TABLESPACE vo cu lnh CREATE
DATABASE cho php to temporary tablespace ngay trong thi gian to database.
Tablespace ny s c s dng nh temporary tablespace mc nh.

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t tn cho transaction
Oracle cho php ta gn tn cho mi mt transaction. Tn ca transaction rt c ch cho vic
phn bit gim thiu vic nhm ln gia cc transactions.

Mt s thay i trong Oracle Database Configuration Assistant
Oracle Database Configuration Assistant c mt s thay i trong thit k. Theo , n cung
cp cc mu (templates) gip cho vic tit kim, gim bt vic nh ngha cc object trong
database.
Ngi dng cng c th to ra cc mu ny thng qua vic sa i cc mu c sn. Khi to
database bng cng c Database Configuration Assistant ta cng c th thm vo ngay hoc
sau cc khun mu gi l cc Oracles new Sample Schemas. Nhng schemas ny l
nhng v d ti liu c bn trong Oracle.

Qun l vic s dng index
Ta thm mnh MONITORING USAGE vo trong cu lnh ALTER INDEX c th xc
nh v qun l index khi n c thc hin.

Lit k cc phn vng
Oracle 9i gii thiu s dng lit k cc phn vng, n cho php ta ch ra mt danh sch cc
gi tr ri rc tng ng vi cc partitioning column ca mi phn vng. Phng thc lit k
phn vng (list partitioning method) c a ra nhm mc ch m hnh ho d liu phn
tn i vi cc gi tr ri rc. Vic ny kh thc hin c bng cc phng php range
partitioning (phn khu theo khong gi tr) hay hash partitioning (phn khu theo hm bm).

Phn khu theo hm bm cho cc index-organized tables
Oracle 9i cho php s dng phng php bm khi phn khu cc index-organized tables.
cc phin bn trc, vic phn khu cho index-organized tables vn thc hin c nhng ch
bng phng php range method.

X l cc job queue process linh hot
Cc job queue process c to mt cch linh hot v n ch cn ti s hiu ca processes
c to thc hin cc jobs ca process ang sn sng cho vic thc hin. Tin trnh
nn (background process) c tn l CJQ s m nhim cng vic ny.

im mi trong Database Resource Manager
C mt s chc nng mi c thm vo Database Resource Manager:
C kh nng to mt active session pool, l ni lu cha c mt s lng ln nht
cc user sessions ng thi ang c thc hin. Nu c nhiu hn s lng ln nht
cc sessions cng c thc hin th cc sessions mi ny s c a vo hng i
ch thc hin sau. Tuy nhin ta cng c th a ra mt khong thi gian tr
(timeout) cho php thc hin hay hu vic thc hin cc sessions mi b sung
ny.
T ng chuyn users t mt nhm ny sang mt nhm khc tu theo s iu chnh
ca qun tr vin (administrator). Nu mt session c to bi member thuc mt
nhm users no thc hin trong khong thi gian di hn thi gian cho php th
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session c th c t ng chuyn sang mt nhm khc vi nhng yu cu ti
nguyn khc.
C kh nng ngn chn thc hin cc thao tc m c d kin l s phi chy trong
mt thi gian di hn l khong thi gian cho php.
C kh nng to mt undo pool, l ni cha mt s lng nht nh vng khng gian
dnh cho vic khi phc thng tin (undo).

C ch xc thc v nh xc thc (Proxy authentication and authorization)
Oracle9i cho php mt server nm lp gia (middle-tier) xc nhn h mt client. Ta c th
thc hin vic ny bng cch a vo mnh GRANT CONNECT THROUGH trong cu lnh
ALTER USER. Ta cng c th ch r vai tr ca lp gia (middle tier) trong vic kt ni ti
client.

Application roles
Oracle cho php gn roles cho cc application users m c kch hot bng cch s dng
PL/SQL package. S dng mnh IDENTIFIED USING package trong cu lnh CREATE
ROLE thc hin vic ny.

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Chng 2. CC THNH PHN KIN TRC
2.1. KIN TRC ORACLE SERVER
Oracle server l mt h thng qun tr c s d liu i tng-quan h cho php qun l
thng tin mt cch ton din. Oracle server bao gm hai thnh phn chnh l Oracle instance
v Oracle database.

2.1.1. Oracle Instance
Oracle instance bao gm mt cu trc b nh System Global Area (SGA) v cc
background processes (tin trnh nn) c s dng qun tr c s d liu. Oracle
instance c xc nh qua tham s mi trng ORACLE_SID ca h iu hnh.

Background
process

Hnh v 1. Kin trc Oracle Server
System Global Area - SGA
SGA l vng b nh chia s c s dng lu tr d liu v cc thng tin iu khin ca
Oracle server. SGA c cp pht (allocated) trong b nh ca my tnh m Oracle server
ang hot ng trn . Cc User kt ni ti Oracle s chia s cc d liu c trong SGA, vic
m rng khng gian b nh cho SGA s lm nng cao hiu sut ca h thng, lu tr c
nhiu d liu trong h thng hn ng thi gim thiu cc thao tc truy xut a (disk I/O).
SGA bao gm mt vi cu trc b nh chnh:
Shared pool: L mt phn ca SGA lu cc cu trc b nh chia s.
Database buffer cache: Lu tr cc d liu c s dng gn nht.
Redo log buffer: c s dng cho vic d tm li cc thay i trong c s d liu v
c thc hin bi cc background process.
chi tit hn, ta s xem xt c th tng thnh phn.

Share Pool
Shared pool l mt phn trong SGA v c s dng khi thc hin phn tch cu lnh (parse
phase). Kch thc ca Shared pool c xc nh bi tham s SHARED_POOL_SIZE c
trong parameter file (file tham s).
Cc thnh phn ca Shared pool gm c: Library cache v Data dictionary cache.
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Hnh v 2. Cu trc Share Pool
Library Cache
Library cache lu tr thng tin v cc cu lnh SQL c s dng gn nht bao gm:
Ni dung ca cu lnh dng text (vn bn).
Parse tree (cy phn tch) c xy dng tu thuc vo cu lnh.
Execution plan (s thc hin lnh) gm cc bc thc hin v ti u lnh.
Do cc thng tin trn c lu tr trong Library cache nn khi thc hin li mt cu lnh
truy vn, trc khi thc hin cu lnh, Server process s ly li cc thng tin c phn
tch m khng phi phn tch li cu lnh. Do vy, Library cache c th gip nng cao hiu
sut thc hin lnh.

Data Dictionary Cache
Data dictionary cache l mt thnh phn ca Shared pool lu tr thng tin ca dictionary
cache c s dng gn nht nh cc nh ngha cc bng, nh ngha cc ct, usernames,
passwords, v cc privileges (quyn).
Trong giai on phn tch lnh (parse phase), Server process s tm cc thng tin trong
dictionary cache xc nh cc i tng trong cu lnh SQL v xc nh cc mc
quyn tng ng. Trong trng hp cn thit, Server process c th khi to v np cc
thng tin t cc file d liu.

Data buffer cache
Khi thc hin mt truy vn, Server process s tm cc blocks cn thit trong database buffer
cache. Nu khng tm thy block trong database buffer cache, Server process mi c cc
block t data file v to lun mt bn sao ca block vo trong vng nh m (buffer
cache). Nh vy, vi cc ln truy xut ti block sau ny s khng cn thit phi truy xut
vo datafile na.

Hnh v 3. Database buffer cache
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Database buffer cache l vng nh trong SGA s dng lu tr cc block d liu c s
dng gn nht. Tng t nh kch thc ca blocks d liu c xc nh bi tham s
DB_BLOCK_SIZE, kch thc ca vng m trong buffer cache cng c xc nh bi
tham s DB_BLOCK_BUFFERS.
Oracle server s dng gii thut least recently used (LRU) algorithm lm ti li vng
nh. Theo , khi np mi mt block vo b m, trong trng hp b m y, Oracle
server s loi bt block t c s dng nht ra khi b m np block mi vo b m.

Redo log buffer
Server process ghi li cc thay i ca mt instance vo redo log buffer, y cng l mt
phn b nh SGA.

Hnh v 4. Redo log buffer
C mt s c im cn quan tm ca Redo log buffer:
Kch thc c xc nh bi tham s LOG_BUFFER.
Lu tr cc redo records (bn ghi hi phc) mi khi c thay i d liu.
Redo log buffer c s dng mt cch thng xuyn v cc thay i bi mt
transaction c th nm an xen vi cc thay i ca cc transactions khc.
B m c t chc theo kiu circular buffer (b m ni vng) tc l d liu thay
i s tip tc c np ln u sau khi vng m c s dng ht.

Background process
Background process (cc tin trnh nn) thc hin cc chc nng thay cho li gi tin trnh
x l tng ng. N iu khin vo ra, cung cp cc c ch x l song song nng cao hiu
qu v tin cy. Ty theo tng cu hnh m Oracle instance c cc Background process
nh:
Database Writer (DBW0): Ghi li cc thay i trong data buffer cache ra cc file d
liu.
Log Writer (LGWR): Ghi li cc thay i c ng k trong redo log buffer vo cc
redo log files.
System Monitor (SMON): Kim tra s nht qun trong database.
Process Monitor (PMON): Dn dp li ti nguyn khi cc tin trnh ca Oracle gp li.
Checkpoint Process (CKPT): Cp nht li trng thi ca thng tin trong file iu khin
v file d liu mi khi c thay i trong buffer cache.

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Database Writer (DBW0)
Server process ghi li cc d liu thay i rollback v d liu ca cc block trong buffer
cache. Database writer (DBWR) ghi cc thng tin c nh du thay i t database buffer
cache ln cc data files nhm m bo lun c khong trng b m cn thit cho vic s
dng.

Hnh v 5. Database Writer (DBWR)

Vi vic s dng ny, hiu sut s dng database s c ci thin do Server processes ch
to cc thay i trn buffer cache, DBWR ghi d liu vo cc data file cho ti khi:
S lng buffers nh b du t ti gi tr ngng.
Tin trnh duyt tt c buffer m vn khng tm thy d liu tng ng.
Qu thi gian quy nh.

Log Writer
Log Writer (LGWR) l mt trong cc background process c trch nhim qun l redo log
buffer ghi li cc thng tin trong Redo log buffer vo Redo log file. Redo log buffer l b
m d liu c t chc theo kiu ni vng.
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Hnh v 6. Log Writer (LGWT)
LGWR ghi li d liu mt cch tun t vo redo log file theo cc tnh hung sau:
Khi redo log buffer y
Khi xy ra timeout (thng thng l 3 giy)
Trc khi DBWR ghi li cc blocks b thay i trong data buffer cache vo cc data
files.
Khi commit mt transaction.

System Monitor (SMON)
Tin trnhsystem monitor (SMON) thc hin phc hi cc s c (crash recovery) ngay ti thi
im instance c khi ng (startup), nu cn thit. SMON cng c trch nhim dn dp
cc temporary segments khng cn c s dng na trong dictionary-managed
tablespaces. SMON khi phc li cc transactions b cht mi khi xy ra s c. SMON u n
thc hin kim tra v khc phc cc s c khi cn.
Trong mi trng Oracle Parallel Server, SMON process ca mt instance c th thc hin
khi phc instance trong trng hp instance hay CPU ca my tnh gp s c.

Process Monitor (PMON)
Tin trnh process monitor (PMON) thc hin tin trnh phc hi mi khi c mt user process
gp li. PMON c trch nhim dn dp database buffer cache v gii phng ti nguyn m
user process s dng. V d, n thit lp li (reset) trng thi ca cc bng ang thc
hin trong transaction, gii phng cc locks trn bng ny, v hu b process ID ca n ra
khi danh sch cc active processes.
PMON kim tra trng thi ca ni gi (dispatcher ) v cc server processes, khi ng li
(restarts) mi khi xy ra s c. PMON cng cn thc hin vic ng k cc thng tin v
instance v dispatcher processes vi network listener.
Tng t nh SMON, PMON c gi n mi khi xy ra s c trong h thng.

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Checkpoint Process (CKPT)
Cp nht li trng thi ca thng tin trong file iu khin v file d liu mi khi c thay i
trong buffer cache. Xy ra checkpoints khi:
Tt c cc d liu trong database buffers b thay i tnh cho n thi im
checkpointed s c background process DBWR
n
ghi ln data files.
Background process CKPT cp nht phn headers ca cc data files v cc control
files.
Checkpoints c th xy ra i vi tt c cc data files trong database hoc cng c th xy
ra vi mt data files c th.
Checkpoint xy ra theo cc tnh hung sau:
Mi khi c log switch
Khi mt shut down mt database vi cc ch tr ch abort
Xy ra theo nh thi gian quy nh trong cc tham s khi to
LOG_CHECKPOINT_INTERVAL v LOG_CHECKPOINT_TIMEOUT
Khi c yu cu trc tip ca qun tr vin
Thng tin v checkpoint c lu tr trong Alert file trong trng hp cc tham s khi to
LOG_CHECKPOINTS_TO_ALERT c t l TRUE. V ngc li vi gi tr FALSE.

2.1.2. Oracle database
Oracle database l tp hp cc d liu c xem nh mt n v thnh phn (Unit).
Database c nhim v lu tr v tr v cc thng tin lin quan. Database c xem xt di
hai gc cu trc logic v cu trc vt l . Tuy vy, hai cu trc d liu ny vn tn ti
tch bit nhau, vic qun l d liu theo cu trc lu tr vt l khng gy nh hng ti cu
trc logic
Oracle database c xc nh bi tn mt tn duy nht v c quy nh trong tham s
DB_NAME ca parameter file.

Hnh v 7. Cu trc database

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Cu trc vt l database
Cu trc vt l bao gm tp hp cc control file, online redo log file v cc datafile:

Datafiles
Mi mt Oracle database u c th c mt hay nhiu datafiles. Cc database datafiles cha
ton b d liu trong database. Cc d liu thuc cu trc logic ca database nh tables
hay indexes u c lu tr di dng vt l trong cc datafiles ca database.
Mt s tnh cht ca datafiles:
Mi datafile ch c th c s dng trong mt database.
Bn cnh , datafiles cng cn c mt s tnh cht cho php t ng m rng kch
thc mi khi database ht ch lu tr d liu.
Mt hay nhiu datafiles to nn mt n v lu tr logic ca database gi l
tablespace.
Mt datafile ch thuc v mt tablespace.
D liu trong mt datafile c th c ra v lu vo vng nh b m ca Oracle. V d: khi
mt user mun truy cp d liu trong mt table thuc database. Trong trng hp thng tin
yu cu khng c trong cache memory hin thi, n s c c trc tip t cc datafiles ra
v lu tr vo trong b nh.
Tuy nhin, vic b sung hay thm mi d liu vo database khng nht thit phi ghi ngay
vo cc datafile. Cc d liu c th tm thi ghi vo b nh gim thiu vic truy xut ti
b nh ngoi ( a) lm tng hiu nng s dng h thng. Cng vic ghi d liu ny c
thc hin bi DBWn background process.

Redo Log Files
Mi Oracle database u c mt tp hp t 02 redo log files tr ln. Cc redo log files trong
database thng c gi l database's redo log. Mt redo log c to thnh t nhiu redo
entries (gi l cc redo records).
Chc nng chnh ca redo log l ghi li tt c cc thay i i vi d liu trong database.
Redo log files c s dng bo v database khi nhng hng hc do s c. Oracle cho
php s dng cng mt lc nhiu redo log gi l multiplexed redo log cng lu tr cc
bn sao ca redo log trn cc a khc nhau.
Cc thng tin trong redo log file ch c s dng khi phc li database trong trng
hp h thng gp s c v khng cho php vit trc tip d liu trong database ln cc
datafiles trong database. V d: khi c s c xy ra nh mt in bt cht chng hn, cc d
liu trong b nh khng th ghi trc tip ln cc datafiles v gy ra hin tng mt d liu.
Tuy nhin, tt c cc d liu b mt ny u c th khi phc li ngay khi database c m
tr li. Vic ny c th thc hin c thng qua vic s dng ngay chnh cc thng tin mi
nht c trong cc redo log files thuc datafiles. Oracle s khi phc li cc database cho n
thi im trc khi xy ra s c.
Cng vic khi phc d liu t cc redo log c gi l rolling forward.

Control Files
Mi Oracle database u c t nht mt control file. Control file cha cc mc thng tin quy
nh cu trc vt l ca database nh:
Tn ca database.
Tn v ni lu tr cc datafiles hay redo log files.
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Time stamp (mc thi gian) to lp database, ...
Mi khi no mt instance ca Oracle database c m, control file ca n s c s dng
xc nh data files v cc redo log files i km. Khi cc thnh phn vt l c database b
thay i (v d nh, to mi datafile hay redo log file), Control file s c t ng thay i
tng ng bi Oracle.
Control file cng c s dng n khi thc hin khi phc li d liu.

Cu trc logic databse
Cu trc logic ca Oracle database bao gm cc i tng tablespaces, schema objects,
data blocks, extents, v segments.

Tablespaces
Mt database c th c phn chia v mt logic thnh cc n v gi l cc tablespaces,
Tablespaces thng bao gm mt nhm cc thnh phn c quan h logic vi nhau.

Databases, Tablespaces, v Datafiles
Mi quan h gia cc databases, tablespaces, v datafiles c th c minh ho bi hnh v
sau:

Hnh v 8. Quan h gia database, tablespace v datafile
C mt s im ta cn quan tm:
Mi database c th phn chia v mt logic thnh mt hay nhiu tablespace.
Mi tablespace c th c to nn, v mt vt l, bi mt hoc nhiu datafiles.
Kch thc ca mt tablespace bng tng kch thc ca cc datafiles ca n. V d:
trong hnh v trn SYSTEM tablespace c kch thc l 2 MB cn USERS tablespace
c kch thc l 4 MB.
Kch thc ca database cng c th xc nh c bng tng kch thc ca cc
tablespaces ca n. V d: trong hnh v trn th kch thc ca database l 6 MB.

Schema v Schema Objects
Schema l tp hp cc i tng (objects) c trong database. Schema objects l cc cu
trc logic cho php tham chiu trc tip ti d liu trong database. Schema objects bao
gm cc cu trc nh tables, views, sequences, stored procedures, synonyms, indexes,
clusters, v database links.
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Data Blocks, Extents, and Segments
Oracle iu khin khng gian lu tr trn a cng theo cc cu trc logic bao gm cc data
blocks, extents, v segments.

Oracle Data Blocks
L mc phn cp logic thp nht, cc d liu ca Oracle database c lu tr trong cc
data blocks. Mt data block tng ng vi mt s lng nht nh cc bytes vt l ca
database trong khng gian a cng. Kch thc ca mt data block c ch ra cho mi
Oracle database ngay khi database c to lp. Database s dng, cp pht v gii phng
vng khng gian lu tr thng qua cc Oracle data blocks.

Extents
L mc phn chia cao hn v mt logic cc vng khng gian trong database. Mt extent bao
gm mt s data blocks lin tip nhau, cng c lu tr ti mt thit b lu gi. Extent
c s dng lu tr cc thng tin c cng kiu.

Segments
L mc phn chia cao hn na v mt logic cc vng khng gian trong database. Mt
segment l mt tp hp cc extents c cp pht cho mt cu trc logic . Segment c th
c phn chia theo nhiu loi khc nhau:
Data
segment
Mi mt non-clustered table c mt data segment. Cc d liu trong mt
table c lu tr trong cc extents thuc data segment . Vi mt
partitioned table th mi each partition li tng ng vi mt data
segment.
Mi Cluster tng ng vi mt data segment. D liu ca tt c cc table
trong cluster u c lu tr trong data segment thuc Cluster .
index
segment
Mi mt index u c mt index segment lu tr cc d liu ca n. Trong
partitioned index th mi partition cng li tng ng vi mt index
segment.
rollback
segment
Mt hoc nhiu rollback segments ca database c to lp bi ngi
qun tr database lu tr cc d liu trung gian phc v cho vic khi
phc d liu.
Cc thng tin trong Rollback segment c s dng :
To s ng nht cc thng tin c c t database
S dng trong qu trnh khi phc d liu
Phc hi li cc giao dch cha commit i vi mi user
temporary
segment
Temporary segments c t ng to bi Oracle mi khi mt cu lnh
SQL statement cn n mt vng nh trung gian thc hin cc cng
vic ca mnh nh sp xp d liu. Khi kt thc cu lnh , cc extent
thuc temporary segment s li c hon tr cho h thng.

Oracle thc hin cp pht vng khng gian lu tr mt cch linh hot mi khi cc extents
cp pht s dng ht.

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Cc cu trc vt l khc
Ngoi ra, Oracle Server cn s dng cc file khc lu tr thng tin. Cc file bao gm:
Parameter file: Parameter file ch ra cc tham s c s dng trong database. Ngi
qun tr database c th sa i mt vi thng tin c trong file ny. Cc tham s
trong parameter file c vit dng vn bn.
Password file: Xc nh quyn ca tng user trong database. Cho php ngi s dng
khi ng v tt mt Oracle instance.
Archived redo log files: L bn off line ca cc redo log files cha cc thng tin cn
thit phc hi d liu.

2.1.3. Qun tr c s d liu Oracle
Qun tr c s d liu l cng vic bo tr v vn hnh Oracle server n c th tip nhn
v x l c tt c cc yu cu (requests) t pha Client. lm c iu ny, ngi
qun tr vin c s d liu cn phi hiu c kin trc ca Oracle database.

2.1.4. Thit lp cc tham s khi to nh hng ti kch c b nh SGA
Tham s khi to nh hng ti kch thc b nh cp pht cho vng System Global Area.
Ngoi tr tham s SGA_MAX_SIZE, cn li cc tham s khc u l tham s ng tc l c
th thay i gi tr ca chng ngay trong lc database ang chy thng qua cu lnh ALTER
SYSTEM. Kch thc ca SGA cng c th thay i c trong qu trnh chy database.

Thit lp tham s cho Buffer Cache
Tham s khi to buffer cache quy nh kch thc ca buffer cache l mt phn ca SGA. .
Ta s dng cc tham s DB_CACHE_SIZE v mt trong nhng tham s DB_nK_CACHE_SIZE
cho php s dng ch multiple block sizes i vi database. Oracle s t ng gn
cc gi tr mc nh cho tham s the DB_CACHE_SIZE, cn tham s DB_nK_CACHE_SIZE s
c gn mc nh bng 0.
Kch thc ca buffer cache s c nh hng nhiu ti hiu sut thc hin ca h thng.
Kch thc cng ln th cng gim bt vic c v ghi a. Tuy nhin, kch thc ca cache
ln s tn nhiu b nh v s c nhiu tn km trong vic thc hin paging (phn trang)
hay swapping (trao i) b nh.

Tham s DB_CACHE_SIZE
Tham s khi to DB_CACHE_SIZE c s dng thay th cho tham s DB_BLOCK_BUFFERS
ca cc phin bn Oracle trc kia. Tham s DB_CACHE_SIZE quy nh kch thc ca block
buffers chun. Kch thc ca mt block chun li c quy nh trong tham s
DB_BLOCK_SIZE.
Tuy vy, tham s DB_BLOCK_BUFFERS vn c s dng tng thch vi cc phin bn
trc, tuy nhin gi tr ca n khng c s dng cho cc tham s ng.

Tham s DB_nK_CACHE_SIZE
Ch ra kch c l bi s nguyn ln kch thc ca block buffers. N c ch ra bi cc tham
s:
DB_2K_CACHE_SIZE
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DB_4K_CACHE_SIZE
DB_8K_CACHE_SIZE
DB_16K_CACHE_SIZE
DB_32K_CACHE_SIZE.

Mi tham s ch ra kch c ca buffer cache tng ng vi kch c ca block.
V d:
DB_BLOCK_SIZE=4096
DB_CACHE_SIZE=12M
DB_2K_CACHE_SIZE=8M
DB_8K_CACHE_SIZE=4M

v d ny, cc tham s ch ra kch thc block chun ca database l 4K. Kch thc cache
tng ng vi kch thc block chun l 12M. Cc kch thc m rng ca cache l 2K v 8K
s c t li vi gi tr tng ng l 8M v 4M.

iu chnh kch c ca Shared Pool
Tham s SHARED_POOL_SIZE trong phin bn Oracle 9i l tham s ng, tc l c th thay
i c gi tr ca n (iu ny khng th thc hin c trong cc phin bn trc). N
cho php ta thay i kch thc ca shared pool l mt trong cc thnh phn ca SGA. Theo
mc nh Oracle cng chn mt gi tr mc nh ph hp cho tham s ny.

iu chnh kch c ca Large Pool
Tng t nh SHARED_POOL_SIZE, tham s LARGE_POOL_SIZE cng l mt tham s ng,
n cho php ta iu chnh kch c ca large pool, y cng l mt thnh phn trong SGA. .

Gii hn kch c ca SGA
Tham s SGA_MAX_SIZE quy nh kch c ln nht ca System Global Area . Ta cng c th
thay i kch c ca buffer caches, shared pool v large pool, tuy nhin vic thay i ny
nn l m rng gi tr kch thc cho cc thnh phn ca SGA. Gi tr m rng thm ny
cng khng nn t ti ngng ca SGA_MAX_SIZE.
Trong trng hp ta khng ch r gi tr ca SGA_MAX_SIZE th Oracle s t ng gn gi tr
ny bng tng s kch c ca cc thnh phn ca SGA lc ban u.

2.2.KT NI TI ORACLE SERVER
2.2.1. M hnh kt ni
Cc Client c th kt ni ti Oracle Server thng qua 03 cch sau:
Kt ni trc tip: kt ni m Client nm trn cng mt my ch Oracle server.
Kt ni hai lp (two-tiered) client-server: Client nm trn mt my tnh khc v kt
ni trc tip ti my ch Oracle Server.
Kt ni ba lp (three-tiered): Client nm trn my tnh khc vi my ch Oracle
Server, n giao tip vi mt ng dng hay mt my ch mng (network server) v
iu khin ng dng hay my ch ny kt ni ti Oracle server.
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Hnh v 9. Kt ni ti Oracle server
2.2.2. Mt s khi nim c bn lin quan n kt ni
Connection (lin kt)
Lin kt l ng lin lc gia mt user process v mt Oracle server. Trong trng hp
user s dng cc tool hoc cc ng dng ngay trn cng mt my vi Oracle server, ng
lin lc s c to lp ngay trn my . Trong trng hp user nm trn mt my khc
th lin kt s s dng ng mng kt ni ti Oracle server.

Session (phin)
Mt phin tng ng vi mt lin kt c th ca mt user ti mt Oracle server. Phin bt
u khi user kt ni ti Oracle Server c kim tra hp l v kt thc khi user thc hin
log out khi Oracle Server hoc user kt thc mt cch bt thng. Mt user cng mt lc
c th c nhiu phin lm vic kt ni ti Oracle Server thng qua cc ng dng hay cc
tool khc nhau. V du: User c th ng thi c cc phin lm vic gia SQL*Plus,
Developer/2000 Form,... ti Oracle Server.
Lu : Phin ch to lp c khi Oracle Server sn sng cho vic kt ni ca cc client.

2.2.3. Kt ni ti database
Cc bc thc hin kt ni
kt ni ti database trc tin, cn phi to lin kt ti Oracle Server. Lin kt ti Oracle
Server c to theo cc bc sau:
User s dng cng c SQL*Plus hay s dng cc cng c khc ca Oracle nh
Developer/2000 Forms khi to tin trnh. Trong m hnh Client-Server, cc cng
c hay ng dng ny c chy trn my Client.
User thc hin log in vo Oracle server vi vic khai bo username, password v tn
lin kt ti database. Cc ng dng tools s to mt tin trnh kt ni ti Oracle
server qua cc tham s ny. Tin trnh ny c gi l tin trnh phc v. Tin trnh
phc v s giao tip vi Oracle server thay cho tin trnh ca user chy trn my
Client.
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V d thc hin kt ni ti database
hiu r hn v cc bc thc hin kt ni, ta hy xem xt mt v d m t vic kt ni
ti Oracle database thc hin bi mt user ti mt my tnh khc c kt ni ti my tnh m
Oracle server ang chy trn . Vic kt ni c thc hin thng qua ng mng bng
cch s dng dch v Oracle Net8.
1. Ti my ch, cn m bo Oracle server ang chy v sn sng n nhn cc tn
hiu t pha Client. My ch ny c gi l host hay database server.
2. Ti mt my trm c chy cc ng dng (gi l local machine hay client workstation)
s thc hin cc user process kt ni ti database. Client application thc hin
thit lp mt kt ni ti server thng qua Net8 driver.
3. My ch server trn c cc Net8 driver. Server s thc hin vic nghe v d tm
tt c cc yu cu gi n t pha client v sau s to mt server process tng
ng vi user process.
4. Khi user thc hin mt cu lnh SQL hay commit mt transaction. V d nh user d
liu trn mt dng trong mt table.
5. Server process s nhn v cu lnh gi ti t Client, kim tra v phn tch cu lnh,
vic ny c thc hin trong shared pool. Tip theo , Server process s kim tra
quyn truy nhp d liu ca user.
6. Server process tr v cc gi tr d liu yu cu t cc d liu c trong datafile hay
trong system global area.
7. Server process thay i cc d liu c trong system global area. DBWn process ghi li
cc blocks thay i ra a. LGWR process s ghi li ngay lp tc cc bn ghi
thay i vo online redo log file ngay khi transaction c commit.
8. Trong trng hp transaction thc hin thnh cng, server process s gi thng bo
hon tt qua ng mng ti Client. Ngc li, s c mt error message gi ti
Client.
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Chng 3. CC CNG C QUN TR ORACLE
3.1.CC CNG C QUN TR C S D LIU ORACLE
Oracle hin ti cung cp rt nhiu cng c cho php qun tr c s d liu. C th k ra
sau y mt s cng c c bn sau:
Cng c Din gii
Server Manager Line
Mode
Cng c qun tr c s d liu Oracle theo ch dng lnh nh
start (khi ng), shutdown (dng) database,...
SQL*Plus Line Mode y l mt tin ch s dng cho vic cng qun tr nh starting
up, shutting down, hoc phc hi database.
Oracle Enterprise
Manager
L cng c c giao din ha thc hin vic qun tr, iu
khin v thay i mt hoc nhiu database.
SQL*Loader Tin ch s dng np cc file bn ngoi vo trong cc bng
ca Oracle .
Cng c Export v
Import
Tin ch s dng exporting hoc importing d liu theo khun
dng ca Oracle.
Password File Tin ch s dng to file mt khu trong database.
thun tin, ti liu s trnh by hai cng c thng dng nht qun tr c s d liu
l:
Server Manager Line Mode
Oracle Enterprise Manager

3.2.SERVER MANAGER LINE MODE
3.2.1. Truy nhp Server Manager Line Mode
User (ngi s dng) c th vo Server Manager Line Mode theo hai cch:
C:\svrmgrl
Cch ny ch vo Server Manager Line Mode m cha thc hin kt ni c th ti database
Lu : trong cc phin bn c, ta g svrmgrl30 thay v svrmgrl
Hoc:
C:\svgrmrl command=connect internal/admin
C:\svgrmrl command=@c:\example.sql
Vo Server Manager Line Mode ng thi thc hin lnh lun.

K t s dng trong Server Manager Line Mode
Vi Server Manager Line Mode, ta c th thc hin cu lnh SQL hoc on lnh PL/SQL.
Cc cu lnh c kt thc bi k t chm phy ;
S dng k t / kt thc cu lnh trong trng hp bm phm Enter xung dng.
Ngoi ra, ta c th chy file script cha cc cu lnh SQL v PL/SQL. Bng cch s dng k
t @ trc tn file script.

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3.2.2. Phn nhm cc lnh trong Server manager
Loi lnh Tn lnh
Lnh khng cn kt
ni ti database
EXIT
REMARK
SET
SHOW
SPOOL
Cc lnh cn n
mc quyn truy
nhp
CONNECT/DISCONNECT
DESCRIBE
EXECUTE
SHOW ERRORS
SHOW PARAMETER
SHOW SGA
Cc lnh cn n
mc quyn truy
nhp c bit
CONNECT AS SYSDBA
CONNECT AS SYSOPER
ARCHIVE LOG
RECOVER DATABASE
STARTUP/SHUTDOWN

3.2.3. Din gii cc lnh trong Server manager
Tn lnh Din gii
EXIT
ng SQL Worksheet, thot khi Server Manager
REMARK
Thm vo li ch dn, thng hay s dng trong file SQL script
SET
Thit lp hoc thay i cc tnh cht c trong phin lm vic hin
thi.
SHOW
Hin th cc thit t hin thi
SPOOL
Cho php hoc thi cho php chuyn hng kt xut d liu ra file
CONNECT/
DISCONNECT
Kt ni hoc hu kt ni ti database
DESCRIBE
Xem cu trc ca mt function, package, package body, procedure,
table, object, view
EXECUTE
Thc hin mt dng lnh PL/SQL
SHOW ERRORS
Hin th cc li pht sinh ca th tc, hm hay package
SHOW PARAMETER
Hin th gi tr hin thi ca mt hay nhiu tham s khi to
SHOW SGA
Hin th thng tin v SGA ca Instance hin thi
CONNECT/AS
SYSDBA
Kt ni ti database vi c quyn qun tr
ARCHIVE LOG
Khi ng v dng vic lu tr t ng i vi cc file online redo
log files, redo log file
RECOVER
DATABASE
Phc hi li mt hay nhiu tablespaces
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STARTUP/
SHUTDOWN
Khi ng hoc tt Oracle instance

3.3.ORACLE ENTERPRISE MANAGER
Oracle Enterprise Manager (OME) l phng tin cho php c c ci nhn tng th v ton
b h thng. Trong c cy phn cp v cc hnh nh ha v cc i tng v quan h
gia chng trong h thng.
OME c cc tin trnh Intelligent Agent processes cho php qun l t xa cc dch v chung
- common services nh jobs, events, mt cch d dng.
OME cng bao gm c nhng ng dng qun l chuyn bit: DBA Management Pack,
Advanced Management Packs.
Bn cnh , OME cn cung cp mt lng ln cc hm API cho php tch hp vi cc h
thng qun l ng dng khc. Bao gm c cc h thng qun l ca Oracle v khng phi
ca Oracle.
OEM Console c trong c Windows NT v Windows 95.

Hnh v 10. Oracle Enterprise Manager
3.3.1. Kin trc OME
Kin trc OME l m rng ca kin trc Client/Server, n c kin trc ba lp.
Lp th nht cha cc Java-based console v cc ng dng tch hp cho php ci t
v chy bi cc Web browser.
Lp th hai l Oracle Management Server - OMS. Chc nng chnh ca OMS l x l
v qun tr tt c cc tc v ca h thng, tp trung qun l v phn phi iu khin
gia cc clients v cc nt iu khin - managed nodes. OEM s dng Oracle
Enterprise Manager repository duy tr d liu h thng, d liu ng dng v cc
trng thi ca cc thc th iu khin phn tn trong h thng, cho php ngi dng
c th truy cp v chia s cc vng d liu lu tr.
Lp th ba bao gm cc ch nh databases, nodes v cc dch v qun l khc.

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3.3.2. Cc dch v chung
OEM c cc dch v cho php qun l cc nodes trn mng (network)
Dch v pht hin - Discovery service: OEM t ng pht hin (nh v) tt c cc
database v cc dch v chy trn cc nodes, mt khi cc nodes c xc nh. Cc
dch v ny bao gm Web servers, listeners, machines, parallel servers, video servers,
v cc services khc.
Job Scheduling System: cho php thc hin t ng lp li cc tc v. H thng cho
php to v qun l cc jobs, ln k hoch thc hin chng v cho php xem, chia s
thng tin xc nh Jobs.
Event Management System: cho php qun l mi trng mng (network
environment) x l cc trng hp mt dch v, thiu hoc ht vng lu tr, v cc
vn khc nh s dng ti nguyn CPU. Mi khi cc events c pht hin, ngi
qun tr c th thng bo hoc sa n.
Bo mt - Security: cc tham s bo mt xc nh cho tng dch v (services), i
tng (objects), v tng user qun tr (administrators).
Dch v kho lu tr chia s (Shared Repository)

OEM l mt h thng a ngi dng - multiuser system. Mi qun tr vin c mt account
ring ng nhp vo h thng. Ty theo vic thit t quyn hn, m qun tr vin c
th truy cp vo cc d liu lu trong kho trung tm, kho c chia s cho tt c cc qun
tr vin ca OEM thc hin cng vic qun l.

3.3.3. Oracle Configuration Assistant
Configuration Assistant l cng c cho php to cc shared repositories, t li cu hnh cho
database v thit t cu hnh cho cc local console (n v iu khin cc b).
Configuration Assistant c t ng khi ng ngay sau khi hon tt qu trnh ci t ca
Universal Installer. Ta cng c th khi ng ng dng ny bng tay (chy lnh %emrepmgr
t du nhc h thng).

3.3.4. Oracle Enterprise Manager Console
Bao gm c cy phn cp v hnh nh ha biu din cc i tng trong h thng.
1. Cc nt c biu tng: cho php gi cc ng dng khc cng thc hin vic
qun tr cc tc v (task). Vic ny cng c th thc hin thng qua mc chn tng
ng trn menu.
2. Navigator hay object explorer: c t chc di dng cy phn cp. N cho
php xem cc Oracle services trong mng lm vic. Navigator cho php qun tr vin
c th browse cc Oracle services, nh databases, listeners, nodes, v name servers,
qua c th sa i cc tnh cht ca cc i tng; v d: ngi dng c th thay
i ni dung ca bng.
3. Job system: cho php thc hin cc tc v t xa lin quan ti listeners, databases.
Job system da trn cc th tc trong Tool Control Language (TCL) engine.
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Hnh v 11. Oracle Enterprise Manager
4. Menu cho php khi to cc ng dng qun tr khc v thc hin nhiu tc v khc
nhau.
5. Map hay topographical view cho php cc Oracle services c th c gp li ty
theo quan h v khng gian, chc nng, hay c hai. Map view cho php ngi s
dng tp trung vo cc i tng cn qun l.
6. Event system iu khin v thng bo cc trng thi ca h thng.

3.4.CC CNG C QUN TR KHC
Ngoi hai cng c chnh nh k trn, Oracle cn h tr b cc cng c chun khc nh:
Instance Manager: dng iu khin database nh ngha v khi to cc tham
s lin quan ti cc tnh cht ca instance.
Schema Manager: dng to lp v qun l cc i tng nh tables, indexes, v
views.
Security Manager: dng qun l cc users v phn quyn cho cc users ny
Storage Manager: dng t chc cc database files v qun l cc rollback
segments.
SQL Worksheet: giao tip theo kiu dng lnh, n cho php thc hin cc cu lnh
SQL v PL/SQL cng nh l cc cu lnh ca Server Manager
Backup Manager: dng sao lu, phc hi v bo tr databases, qun l cc redo
log files.
Data Manager: dng np v t chc li d liu trong databases.

Ngoi cc cc cng c k trn, Oracle cn h tr cc cng c lm tng cng hiu sut lm
vic ca DATABASE.
Performance Manager: biu din hiu sut lm vic ca database di dng biu
ho.
Top-Session Manager: hin th thng tin chi tit v cc session ca 10 session c
s dng ti nguyn h thng, sp xp theo th t gim dn. Cng c ny cn cho
php kill session.
Loock Manager: cho bit cc thng tin lin quan n vic kho (lock) cc i tng
trong database. Cc thng tin c biu din di dng ho.
Tablespaces Manager: cng c gip cho d dng qun l cc tablespace c trong
database.
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Chng 4. TO DATABASE
4.1.CC BC TO DATABASE
Oracle hin h tr mt cng c cho php to database trn h iu hnh Windows mt
cch trc quan. l cng c Oracle Database Assistant. Tuy nhin, trong mt s trng
hp cng c ny t ra khng c thun tin lm.
Bn cnh vic s dng cng c cung cp sn ca Oracle to database, Oracle cn cho
php user c th to database m khng s dng cc cng c ca Oracle. Phng php ny
gi l to database bng tay manually.
Vic to database c tin hnh theo cc bc:
1. Quyt nh chn la tn instance v tn database duy nht. Chn character set tp
k t s dng trong database.
2. Thit lp cc bin h thng.
3. Chun b file tham s, to file mt khu (nn c thao tc ny).
4. Chun b instance phc v qun tr
5. To database.
6. Chy scripts to cc dictionary cho database.

4.2.CHUN B MI TRNG
4.2.1. Chun b h iu hnh
to database, qun tr vin trc tin phi c th truy nhp vo h iu hnh vi y
quyn.
Trc khi to database, cn tnh ton dung lng b nh cho database cn c vo cu hnh
ca Server v m bo c b nh thc hin cc tin trnh ca Oracle mt cch hiu
qu.
Tnh ton lng a trng cn thit cho vic lu tr cc data files, cc control files, cc redo
log file v cc files khc...

4.2.2. Ln k hoch b tr cc file thng tin
bo v an ton cho database, ta cn c k hoch b tr cc file thng tin.
Control files
m bo an ton, mt database cn t nht 02 control files v c t ti hai ch khc
nhau. Cc control files nn c t tn khc nhau sao cho d dng c th phn bit.
Tn ca Control files nn c t km vi tn ca database cho d nh, nh sau:
CTL<n><database_name>.ORA
Vi:
n l s th t ca control file
database_name tn ca database

Trong parameter file, tn ca cc control files c t phn cch nhau bi cc du phy.
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V d:
control_files = (C:\ORANT\DATABASE\CTL1KTKB.ORA,
C:\ORANT\DATABASE\CTL2KTKB.ORA)

Online redo log files
Online redo log files thng thng bao gm nhiu nhm cc online redo log files khc nhau.
Vi mi nhm cha cc bn sao ca cc redo log file. Tng t nh control file. Cc online
redo log file cng nn c t cc ni khc nhau.
Cng ging nh Control files, vic t tn cho cc Online redo log files nn c t km vi
tn ca database cho d nh, nh sau:
LOG<n><database_name>.ORA
Vi:

Tn ca cc control files c t phn cch nhau bi cc du phy.
V d:
logfile = C:\ORANT\DATABASE\LOG1KTKB.ORA SIZE 1024K,
C:\ORANT\DATABASE\LOG2KTKB.ORA SIZE 1024K

Datafiles
Tn ca datafiles nn c t theo nh ni dung ca n.
i vi cc data files, ta cn quan tm ti mt s tnh cht sau:
Gim thiu vic phn on trong cc data files.
Tch ring cc i tng trong database nh tch cc application data, temporary
data trn cc tablespaces khc nhau.
Cc datafile c phn chia theo cc segment khc nhau. Tn ca chng thng c t
vi ui l .DBF cn phn u s c phn theo tng loi segment tng ng.
V d:
C:\ORANT\DATABASE\KTKB\SYSTEM01.DBF
C:\ORANT\DATABASE\KTKB\RBS01.DBF
C:\ORANT\DATABASE\KTKB\RBS02.DBF
C:\ORANT\DATABASE\KTKB\USERS01.DBF
C:\ORANT\DATABASE\KTKB\TEMP01.DBF
C:\ORANT\DATABASE\KTKB\TOOLS01.DBF
C:\ORANT\DATABASE\KTKB\INDX01.DBF

4.2.3. Optimal Flexible Architecture OFA
iu quan trng khi to database l t chc cc file h thng sao cho d dng cho vic qun
tr, thm mi v b sung cc d liu vo database tn dng hiu qu cc thao tc vo ra ca
h thng.
OFA vi cc tin ch gip cho vic bo tr database c n gin.
Cu trc ca OFA:
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1. t tn cc thit b n c th cha ng cc d liu Oracle server ging nh mt
tp hp.
2. Phn bit cc file sn phm, bao gm cc phn mm v cc cng c Oracle server,
cc file qun tr, file script khi to,...
3. Lu li cc phin bn ca cc sn phm Oracle server
4. To cc th mc lu tr d liu Oracle server.

4.2.4. Cu trc th mc phn mm Oracle
Th mc Din gii
Bin Cha cc file sn phm dng nh phn
Dbs Cha cc file d liu
Lib Cha cc file th vin sn phm ca Oracle
Orainst Cha chng trnh v cc file phc v cho vic ci t
Rdbms
Cc file server, cc file th vin v cc file khc cn thit cho
database
Plsql PL/SQL v cc sn phm lin quan
Sqlplus SQL*Plus
Network Cc sn phm Oracle Net8
Svrmgrl Server manager
Cu trc th mc con
Th mc Din gii
Admin File scripts qun tr
Demo File d liu v cc scripts minh ho
Doc README file
Install Cc file phc v cho vic ci t
Lib Cc th vin sn phm
Log Cc file log

4.2.5. Bin mi trng
Trn h iu hnh Windows, ta thit lp cc bin mi trng. Cc bin ny tng ng vi
cc tham s trong registry nh: ORACLE_HOME, ORACLE_SID, NLS_LANG.
to mi database, cn to mi bin mi trng ORACLE_SID:
C:\set ORACLE_SID = U16

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4.3.CHUN B CC THAM S TRONG PARAMETER FILE
Khi to mi mt database, ta cn quan tm ti vic to parameter file. Parameter file cha
cc thng tin cn thit trong database, trong quan tm nht l cc tham s sau:
Tham s Din gii
DB_NAME
Tn nh danh ca database, ti a 8 k t. Tn database phi
trng vi gi tr ca bin mi trng ORACLE_SID.
CONTROL_FILES
Lit k danh sch cc control file s dng trong database. Ti
thiu c 01 control file trong database. Tuy nhin, ta nn to 02
control files tr ln phng hng file. Cc control files
khng cn thit phi tn ti. Khi to database, Oracle s to cc
control files ny
DB_BLOCK_SIZE
Xc nh kch thc ca mt block s dng trong database.
Kch thc ny s khng thay i c sau khi database
c to lp. Kch thc ca cc block c tnh theo n v K
(Kilobytes).
Kch thc ca block thng c t bng s nguyn ln lu
tha ca 2. tng ng vi s nguyn ln cc block vt l ca
h iu hnh. Do , c th ti u c s ln truy xut a
cng. V d: 2K, 4K, 8K, 16K, 32K, tu theo phin bn ca
Oracle v h iu hnh.
Thng thng, khi chun b parameter file ca mt database sp c to, ta c th sao
chp li ni dung ca parameter file mu ri chnh sa li mt vi thng s trong nh
db_name, control_files,...
Parameter file mu ca oracle thng c t th mc:
<%ORACLE_HOME%>\ADMIN\SAMPLES\PFILE

V d v ni dung ca file tham s: file InitU16.ora
db_name = U16
db_files = 1020
control_files = ("C:\ORANT\database\ctl1U16.ora",
"C:\ORANT\database\ctl2U16.ora")
db_file_multiblock_read_count = 16
db_block_buffers = 2000
shared_pool_size = 30000000
log_checkpoint_interval = 8000
processes = 100
dml_locks = 200
log_buffer = 65536
sequence_cache_entries = 30
sequence_cache_hash_buckets = 23
#audit_trail = true
#timed_statistics = true
background_dump_dest = C:\ORANT\rdbms80\trace
user_dump_dest = C:\ORANT\rdbms80\trace
db_block_size =8192
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compatible = 8.0.4.0.0
sort_area_size = 65536
log_checkpoint_timeout = 0
remote_login_passwordfile = shared
max_dump_file_size = 10240

4.4.CHUN B INSTANCE PHC V QUN TR
S dng cng c ORADIM to instance phc v cho vic to database. ORADIM s to
mt service dnh ring cho database. y l mt cng c thc hin ch dng lnh.
Cng c ny ch cn thit khi user to mi, sa i hay hu instance ca database bng tay.
Trong trng hp s dng cng c Oracle Database Configuration Assistant can thip vo
database th khng cn thit phi bit ti cng c ny.
ORADIM Oracle Database Configuration
Assistant
C th to mi, start, stop, sa i hay
xo b instances. Khng can thip ti
database files
Ch c th to mi hay hu b databse.
Khng th start hay stop database
C th s dng sa i instance Khng th sa i instance
Dng to password file v service lin
quan. Khng to database c
Dng to password file v service lin
quan, instance v c database
Lu : cc phin bn trc ca Oracle, cng c ORADIM c tn l ORADIM80

4.4.1. To mt instance
C php:
C:\>ORADIM -NEW -SID SID | -SRVC SERVICE_NAME [-INTPWD
INTERNAL_PWD] - SHUTTYPE SRVC | INST | SRVC, INST [-
MAXUSERS NUMBER][-STARTMODE AUTO | MANUAL][-PFILE
FILENAME]
Vi:
-NEW To mi instance phc v cho database.
-SID SID Tn ca instance c to (tn ny thng c
ly chnh l tn ca database).
-SRVC SERVICE_NAME
Tn ca service phc v database.
-INTPWD INTERNAL_PWD
Mt khu ca Internal account s dng qun
tr database
-MAXUSERS NUMBER
S lng user ti a nh ngha trong password
file
-STARTMODE AUTO, MANUAL
t ch khi ng instance phc v (khi
ng service trn my ch server)
-PFILE FILENAME
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Ch r parameter file INIT<Database_name>.ORA
-SHUTTYPE SRVC, INST
Dng instance phc v (stop service)

V d:
C:\> ORADIM -NEW -SID PROD -INTPWD MYPASSWORD1 -STARTMODE AUTO
-PFILE C:\ORACLE\ADMIN\PROD\PFILE\INIT.ORA

4.4.2. Khi ng instance
C php:
C:\ORADIM -STARTUP -SID SID [-USRPWD USER_PWD] [-STARTTYPE SRVC
| INST | SRVC, INST] [-PFILE FILENAME]
Vi:
-STARTUP Khi ng instance phc v sn sng cho vic
to database.
-USERPWD USER_PWD
Mt khu.
-STARTTYPE SRVC, INST
Ch khi ng l service hay instance

V d:
C:\> ORADIM -STARTUP -SID PUMA -STARTTYPE SRVC
-PFILE C:\ORACLE\ADMIN\PROD\PFILE\INIT.ORA

4.4.3. Dng instance
C php:
C:\>ORADIM -SHUTDOWN -SID SID [-USRPWD USER_PWD] [-SHUTTYPE
SRVC | INST | SRVC, INST] [-SHUTMODE A | I | N]
Vi:
-SHUTDOWN Dng (stop) instance phc v.
-USERPWD USER_PWD
Mt khu.
-SHUTMODE Xc nh ch dng: A abort mode, I
I Immediate mode, N Normal mode

V d:
C:\> ORADIM -SHUTDOWN -SID PUMA -SHUTTYPE SRVC INST

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4.4.4. Hu instance
C php:
C:\>ORADIM -DELETE -SID sid
V d:
C:\> ORADIM -DELETE -SID PUMA

4.5.TO DATABASE
4.5.1. Khi ng Instance
S dng user vi mc quyn DBA. Dng cng c ORADIM to Instance.
Khi ng Instance ch NOMOUNT v ch r file tham s s dng trong chng trnh:
SVRMGR> STARTUP NOMOUNT \
> PFILE=initU16.ora

4.5.2. Lnh to database
S dng cu lnh CREATE DATABASE to database
C php:
CREATE DATABASE [database]
[CONTROLFILE REUSE]
[LOGFILE [GROUP integer] filespec
[, [GROUP integer] filespec]...]
[MAXLOGFILES integer]
[MAXLOGMEMBERS integer]
[MAXLOGHISTORY integer]
[MAXDATAFILES integer]
[MAXINSTANCES integer]
[ARCHIVELOG|NOARCHIVELOG]
[CHARACTER SET charset]
[NATIONAL CHARACTER SET charset]
[DATAFILE filespec [autoextend_clause]
[, filespec [autoextend_clause]...]]

filespec :== 'filename' [SIZE integer][K|M] [REUSE]

autoextend_clause :==
[AUTOEXTEND {OFF
|ON [NEXT integer[K|M]]
[MAXSIZE {UNLIMITED|integer[K|M]}]
}
]
Vi:
Database Tn ca CSDL cn to (tn ny ging vi tn
ca tham s DB_NAME trong parameter file)
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CONTROLFILE REUSE
Tn file tham s tn ti c ti s dng
LOGFILE GROUP
Tn ca log file c s dng
MAXLOGFILES
S lng ti a cc log file group cho CSDL
MAXLOGMEMBERS
S lng ti a cc log file member i vi
mt log file group
MAXLOGHISTORY
S lng ti a cc redo log trong mt group
DATAFILE filespec
Tn file d liu c s dng
AUTOEXTEND
Cho php hoc khng cho php m rng t ng
cc file d liu
MAXDATAFILES
S lng ti a cc datafiles trong database
MAXINSTANCES
S lng ln nht cc instance c th ng
thi mount v open database
ARCHIVELOG
Xc nh rng redo log cn ch archive
trc khi c dng li
NOARCHIVELOG
Xc nh rng redo log cn c dng li m
khng cn t ch archive
CHARACTER SET, NATIONAL CHARACTER SET
Chun k t m CSDL s dng lu tr cc d
liu

V d: to database
SPOOL creU16.log

STARTUP NOMOUNT PFILE=initU16.ora

CREATE DATABASE U16
MAXLOGFILES 5
MAXLOGMEMBERS 5
MAXDATAFILES 100
MAXLOGHISTORY 100
LOGFILE
GROUP 1 ('/DISK3/log1a.rdo',/DISK4/log1b.rdo) SIZE 1 M,
GROUP 2 ('/DISK3/log2a.rdo',/DISK4/log2b.rdo) SIZE 1 M
DATAFILE
'/DISK1/system01.dbf' size 50M autoextend on
CHARACTER SET WE8ISO8859P1;
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4.5.3. Oracle Database Assistant
to database, Oracle h tr cng c rt tin li gip ngi qun tr d dng to database
hn thng qua giao din ho, l cng c Oracle Database Assistant.

Hnh v 12. Cng c to h tr database Oracle Database Assistant
Vi cng c ny, ngi qun tr ch vic khai bo cc tham s cn thit cho database. Oracle
Database Assistant s t ng kt sinh ra cu lnh SQL tng ng vi cc tham s c
khai bo. Cc cu lnh SQL c th c chy lun hoc cng c th c lu li thnh cc
script files s dng sau ny.

4.5.4. File script v d to mt database
File sqlu16.bat
set ORACLE_SID=U16
C:\ORANT\bin\oradim -new -sid U16 -intpwd oracle -startmode
auto -pfile C:\ORANT\database\initU16.ora
C:\ORANT\bin\oradim -startup -sid U16 -starttype srvc,inst
-usrpwd oracle -pfile C:\ORANT\database\initU16.ora
C:\ORANT\bin\svrmgr @U16run.sql

File U16run.sql
spool C:\ORANT\database\spoolmain
set echo on
connect INTERNAL/oracle
startup nomount pfile=C:\ORANT\database\initU16.ora
CREATE DATABASE U16
LOGFILE 'C:\ORANT\database\logU161.ora' SIZE 1024K,
'C:\ORANT\database\logU162.ora' SIZE 1024K
MAXLOGFILES 5
MAXLOGMEMBERS 5
MAXLOGHISTORY 1
DATAFILE 'C:\ORANT\database\Sys1U16.ora' SIZE 50M
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MAXDATAFILES 100
MAXINSTANCES 1
CHARACTER SET WE8ISO8859P1
NATIONAL CHARACTER SET WE8ISO8859P1;
spool off

File initU16.ora
db_name = U16
db_files = 1020
control_files = ("C:\ORANT\database\ctl1U16.ora",
"C:\ORANT\database\ctl2U16.ora")
db_file_multiblock_read_count = 16
db_block_buffers = 2000
shared_pool_size = 30000000
log_checkpoint_interval = 8000
processes = 100
dml_locks = 200
log_buffer = 65536
sequence_cache_entries = 30
sequence_cache_hash_buckets = 23
#audit_trail = true
#timed_statistics = true
background_dump_dest = C:\ORANT\rdbms80\trace
user_dump_dest = C:\ORANT\rdbms80\trace
db_block_size =8192
compatible = 8.0.4.0.0
sort_area_size = 65536
log_checkpoint_timeout = 0
remote_login_passwordfile = shared
max_dump_file_size = 10240

4.5.5. Li xy ra khi to database
Li xy ra khi to database phn ln do cc nguyn nhn sau:
Li c php lnh to database
Cc file d liu cn to lp tn ti
Li do h iu hnh, khng c quyn, khng ch trng,...

4.5.6. Kt qu sau khi to database
Kt thc cc bc trn ta thu c mt database vi:
02 data files c t trong SYSTEM tablespace.
Cc control files v cc redo log files phc v cho database
Hai user qun tr database v mt khu tng ng l: SYS/change_on_install
v SYSTEM/manager
01 Rollback segment SYSTEM
Cc bng d liu internal vi d liu trng
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4.6.TO DATA DICTIONARY CHO DATABASE
Trong trng hp to database bng tay, sau khi to xong database, Oracle server s to
cho ta mt database hon ton trng. Cc bng trong database ny u c lu tr di
dng m v ta khng th no quan st cc thng tin trong n c. c th quan st
c cc thng tin trong database. Ta cn to data dictionary cho database ny.
Data dictionary hay cn gi l t in d liu ca database l tp hp cc views c thit
lp trong database cung cp cc thng tin v database.
Cc file to data dictionary cho database c Oracle cung cp sn v thng c t
trong th mc <%ORACLE_HOME%>\RDBMS\ADMIN
Cc dictionary views c phn loi v t trong cc file SQL khc nhau.
Mt s file SQL hay dng:
Tn file SQL Din gii
CATALOG.SQL
To cc dictionary views c bn, trigger v store procedure c s
CATPROC.SQL
To cc package c s
CATREP.SQL
To cc chc nng Replication cho database
Ngoi ra cn c rt nhiu file script khc.

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Chng 5. QUN TR ORACLE DATABASE
5.1.PHN LOI USERS
Oracle l mt h qun tr c s d liu ln, chy trn mi trng mng. vn hnh h
thng c tt, c th c nhiu ngi s cng tham gia vo h thng vi nhng vai tr khc
nhau gi l cc user. C th phn ra lm mt s loi user chnh sau:
Database Administrators
Security Officers
Application Developers
Application Administrators
Database Users
Network Administrators

5.1.1. Database Administrators
Do h thng Oracle database c th l rt ln v c nhiu users cng tham gia vo h
thng, v khi s c mt hay mt s ngi chu trch nhim qun l h thng. Nhng
ngi c vai tr nh vy c gi l database administrator (DBA). Mi mt database cn t
nht 01 ngi thc hin cng vic qun tr.
Mt database administrator c trch nhim thc hin mt s cng vic sau:
Ci t v nng cp Oracle server v cc cng c ng dng khc.
Phn phi h thng lu tr v ln k hoch lu tr cho h thng c s d liu trong
tng lai.
To nhng cu trc lu tr c bn nh tablespaces phc v cho vic pht trin v
hot ng ca cc ng dng.
To cc i tng trong database nh tables, views, indexes s dng cho cc ng
dng c thit k.
Thay i cu trc database khi cn thit tu theo cc thng tin ca cc application.
Qun l cc users v m bo bo mt h thng.
m bo tng thch v bn quyn, phin bn vi h thng Oracle
iu khin v qun tr cc user access truy xut ti database.
QUn l v ti u cc truy xut ti database.
Ln k hoch backup (sao lu) v recovery (phc hi) cc thng tin c trong
database.
Lu tr cc archive data.
Sao lu v khi phc database.
Cp nht cc cng ngh mi a ra cc cu hi b ch.

5.1.2. Security Officers
Trong mt s trng hp, h thng i hi ch bo mt cao. Khi cn n mt hay
mt nhm ngi chuyn thc hin cng tc bo v database gi l security officers. Security
officer c th kt ni ti database, iu khin v qun l vic truy cp database ca cc
users v bo mt h thng.

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5.1.3. Application Developers
Application developer l ngi thit k v vit cc ng dng database. Application developer
c trch nhim thc hin mt s yu cu sau:
Thit k v pht trin ng dng database.
Thit k cu trc database cho tng ng dng.
nh gi yu cu lu tr cho ng dng.
Quy nh cc hnh thc thay i cu trc database ca ng dng.
Thit lp bin php bo mt cho ng dng c pht trin.

5.1.4. Database Users
Database users tng tc vi database thng qua cc ng dng v cc tin ch. Mt user
in hnh c th thc hin c mt s cng vic sau:
Truy nhp, sa i, v xo hu cc d liu c php
To cc bo co i vi d liu

5.1.5. Network Administrators
i vi database Oracle hot ng trn mi trng mng, khi cn c mt user thc hin
cng vic qun tr mng. User ny c trch nhim m bo cc ng dng Oracle hot ng
trn mi trng mng c tt.

5.2.PHNG THC XC NHN C QUYN TRUY NHP
Vic phn quyn s dng l cn thit trong cng vic qun tr. C hai user account c t
ng to ra ngay t khi to database v c gn quyn DBA l: SYS v SYSTEM.
SYS: c to t ng v gn quyn DBA. Mt khu mc nh l change_on_install.
C quyn s hu cc bng v cc t in d liu trong database.
SYSTEM: c t ng to ra vi mt khu ban u l manager v cng c gn
quyn DBA. Tuy nhin, SYSTEM cn c s hu c mt s table, view m rng cha
cc thng tin s dng cho cc tools ca Oracle.
Quyn DBA: Ngay khi to database, Oracle to sn mt quyn gi l "DBA".
Quyn ny cho php thc hin cc thao tc qun tr i vi database.
Lu : Vi quyn DBA, cc users ny s c th can thip c ti cc quyn ca cc user
khc s dng trong h thng. V th, nhng qun tr vin database cn thay i mt khu
ca mnh trnh s dng mt khu mc nh do Oracle cung cp v user khc c th bit v
s dng truy nhp vo h thng mt cch tri php, gy xo trn h thng.

5.2.1. Phng thc xc nhn quyn
Trong mt s trng hp qun tr vin database cn n phng thc xc nhn quyn truy
nhp c bit do c th lc database cha c m, v d nh vi cc trng hp
shutdown hoc startup database.
Tu thuc vo vic qun tr database trn cng mt my hay my khc m ta c th s
dng c ch xc nhn quyn truy nhp database bi h iu hnh hay hay password files.
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Hnh v 13. Phng thc xc nhn quyn

5.2.2. Xc nhn quyn bi h iu hnh
Vic xc nhn quyn bi h iu hnh c tin hnh theo cc bc:
1. Trong h iu hnh Windows NT to mt users group vi tn ORA_<SID>_DBA v
mt nhm khc ORA_<SID>_OPER vi <SID> tng ng vi tn ca instance, hoc
ORA_DBA v ORA_OPER (khi ny ta khng quan tm ti instance).
2. Thm mt user vo group khi truy cp vo h iu hnh, user c th t ng
c xc nh quyn DBA.
3. t tham s REMOTE_LOGIN_PASSWORDFILE trong parameter file l NONE.
4. Kt ni ti database vi mc quyn SYSDBA hay SYSOPER:
CONNECT / AS { SYSDBA|SYSOPER }
Ghi ch:
NET8 c ci t trn cc h iu hnh Windows 95, Windows NT gip cho vic
xc nhn quyn.
Cc phin bn trc ca Oracle s dng lnh: CONNECT INTERNAL vi c php:
CONNECT INTERNAL/pw AS SYSDBA. Lnh: CONNECT INTERNAL hin ti vn
c s dng.
Vi vic xc nhn quyn truy nhp bi h iu hnh, ta khng cn quan tm ti cc
mc quyn (privilege) thay vo , ta cn quan tm ti hai quyn c cung cp bi
h iu hnh l OSDBA v OSOPER

OSOPER: l quyn cho php user c th STARTUP, SHUTDOWN, ALTER DATABASE
OPEN/MOUNT, ALTER DATABASE BACKUP, ARCHIVE LOG, v RECOVER, ngoi ra cn c
thm c quyn RESTRICTED SESSION.
OSDBA: l quyn cho php user c th c c tt c cc quyn ca OSOPER, ngoi ra cn
c thm mt s mc quyn phc v qun tr database l ADMIN OPTION, v CREATE
DATABASE

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5.2.3. Xc nhn quyn bng file mt khu
Oracle h tr cc tin ch password cho php kt ni ti Oracle Server s dng username v
password. Vic truy cp vo database s dng password file c h tr bi lnh GRANT.

S dng file mt khu:
1. To file mt khu bng lnh:
orapwd file=<fname> password=<password> entries=<entries>
Vi:
fname l tn file mt khu
password l mt khu ca SYS hay INTERNAL
entries l s lng ti a cc qun tr vin c
php
2. t tham s REMOTE_LOGIN_PASSWORDFILE l EXCLUSIVE hoc SHARED.
Vi:
EXCLUSIVE ch mt instance c th s dng file mt
khu
SHARED nhiu instance c th dng file mt khu
3. Gn quyn cho user
GRANT SYSDBA TO admin;
GRANT SYSOPER TO admin
4. Kt ni ti database theo c php:
SVRMGRL>CONNECT internal/admin AS SYSDBA

Xem thng tin v cc member trong file mt khu
Thng tin v cc member trong file mt khu c lu trong view: V$PWFILE_USER. N
cho bit c nhng user no c gn quyn SYSDBA hay SYSOPER.
Din gii mt s ct trong V$PWFILE_USER:
USERNAME Tn user
SYSDBA Ct ny nhn gi tr TRUE th User ny c
gn quyn SYSDBA
SYSOPER Ct ny nhn gi tr TRUE th User ny c
gn quyn SYSOPER

Khi kt ni vi database theo mc quyn SYSDBA hay SYSOPER, user s c kt ni ti
cc schema mc nh, vi SYSDBA th shema mc nh l SYS, vi SYSOPER th shema
mc nh l PUBLIC.

5.2.4. Thay i mt khu internal
S dng tin ch ORADIM to li file mt khu.
C:\>ORADIM -NEW -SID sid [-INTPWD internal_pwd][SRVC
svrcname][MAXUSERS n][STARTMODE auto, manual][-PFILE
filename]
Vi:
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sid tn instance
internal_pwd mt khu internal account
svrcname tn service
n s lng ti a file mt khu
auto or manual ch khi ng service l: manual hay
automatic
filename cho php s dng file mt khu khng phi l
mc nh

thay i mt khu INTERNAL ta thc hin theo cc bc sau:
1. Xo mt khu c
C:\> ORADIM -DELETE -SID sid
2. To mt khu mi
C:\> ORADIM -NEW -SID sid -INTPWD internal_pwd - MAXUSERS N

5.3.TO PARAMETER FILE

Hnh v 14. Khi to tham s
File tham s thng thng c tn init<SID>.ora.
Theo mc nh, file tham s c t trong th mc %ORACLE_HOME%\DATABASE.
File tham s ch c c mt ln khi khi ng instance. Khi thay i ni dung ca file
tham s, s dng c cc gi tr mi cn shut down ri sau restart li instance.

5.3.1. S dng cc tham s
Cc tham s c th nh hng ti hiu qu s dng database. Cc thng s trong file tham
s bao gm:
Kch thc ca vng System Global Area (SGA) ti u hiu sut.
t mc nh cho database v instance.
t cc hn ch i vi user hay process.
t cc hn ch i vi ti nguyn database.
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Xc nh cc thuc tnh vt l ca database, nh kch thc ca block.
Ch ra cc control files, archived log files, Alert file, v trace file locations.

5.3.2. Mt s quy tc i vi cc tham s
Cc gi tr c ch ra theo khun dng: <Keyword> = <Gi tr>.
Mt s tham s u l tu chn v mt s khc l bt buc v d nh DB_NAME.
Server u c gi tr mc nh i vi mi tham s. Cc gi tr ny l tu theo h iu
hnh v tu theo tham s.
Cc tham s c th c ch ra khng cn phi tun theo mt th t no c (t
trc, sau khng quan trng).
Phn ch dn c bt u bng k hiu #.
Cc tham s l k t c t trong du nhy kp.
Cng c th included cc file bi t kho IFILE.
Cc gi tr l tp hp c t trong du ngoc n (,)v c ngn cch nhau bi
du phy (,).

5.3.3.
5.3.4. Cc tham s c bn
Tham s Din gii
CONTROL_FILES
Tn ca cc control files.
DB_BLOCK_BUFFERS
S lng cc data blocks c cach trong SGA.
DB_BLOCK_SIZE
Kch thc ca mt data block. Kch thc ny nn c
chn bng s s nguyn ln m 2, c th l 2K, 4K, 8K,
16K v 32K tu theo phin bn ca Oracle v ca H iu
hnh.
DB_NAME
nh danh database t 8 k t tr xung. Tham s ny
ch cn thit khi to mi mt database.
IFILE
Tn ca file tham s c include vo file tham s hin
thi. Cho php c th c lng ti a l ba cp.
LOG_BUFFER
S byte c cp pht cho redo log buffer trong SGA.
MAX_DUMP_FILE_SIZE
Kch thc ti a ca trace files, c xc nh bng s
lng block ca h iu hnh.
OPEN_CURSOR
S lng cursor ti a c ng thi m.
ROLLBACK_SEGMENTS
S lng rollback segments c s dng cho mi
instance
PROCESSES
S lng ti a cc tin trnh h iu hnh c th kt ni
vi instance.
SHARED_POOL_SIZE
Kch thc ca Shared Pool

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V d mt parametersfile:

Hnh v 15. File tham s v d

5.4.START V SHUT DOWN DATABASE
5.4.1. Cc bc Start v Shut down database
Start Instance ch Nomount
Ta c th khi ng mt Instance m khng cn thit phi gn vi mt database c th. Khi
khi ng Instance, cc cng vic sau y s c thc hin:
c file tham s : init<SID>.ora
Thu xp vng b nh SGA
Khi ng cc background process
M cc trace file v cc Alert file
Lu : Tn database nm trong tham s DB_NAME ca file tham s.
Cu lnh:
STARTUP NOMOUNT;

Start Instance ch mount
thc hin mt vi thao tc c bit khi vn hnh database, ta c th khi ng mt
instance v mount database nhng cha m database.
V d nh:
i tn datafiles
Enable hoc Disable cc redo log files
Thc hin phc hi d liu (recovery).
Cc cng vic khi mount database:
Gn database vi mt instance khi ng
nh v v m cc control files theo nh thng s c trong file tham s
c ni dung ca control file v xc nh trng thi cho cc data files v cc redo log
files.
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Cu lnh:
STARTUP MOUNT;
Start Instance ch open
Sau khi databsae c m, nhng ngi s dng hp l c th kt ni ti database v
thc hin cc thao tc truy nhp vo database.
Vic m database din ra theo hai bc:
M cc online data files
M cc online redo log files.
Cu lnh:
STARTUP OPEN;

Hnh v 16. Cc bc khi ng v dng Instance
Khi phc Instance
Trong mt s trng hp Instance c th gp li v khng th lm vic c. V d nh: c
li h thng xy ra. Vic khi phc Instance s c thc hin theo cc bc sau:
Khi phc li tt c cc d liu c th khi phc c (d liu cha c lu vo data
files nhng lu vo trong online redo log files)
M database.
Khi phc li tt c cc transaction cha c commit.

Close database
y l bc u tin khi tt hn mt database. Sau khi ng database, tt c cc d liu
cn trong b m (redo log buffer cache) s c ghi ra file (online redo log file). Cc
control file vn c m.

Dismount database
Dissmount database s ng nt cc control file thuc database ang m.

Shoutdown Instance
y l bc cui cng, intance s c tt hn. Cc trace file v Alert file ca instance b
ng. Cc background process b dng v vng nh SGA cp cho instance b thu hi.
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5.4.2. Start database
C php:
STARTUP [FORCE] [RESTRICT] [PFILE=filename]
[EXCLUSIVE | PARALLEL | SHARED]
[OPEN [RECOVER][database]|MOUNT |NOMOUNT]
Vi:
OPEN cho php cc users truy cp vo database.
MOUNT mounts database sn sng cho cc thao tc DBA,
ngi s dng cha truy cp c database.
NOMOUNT B tr SGA v khi ng cc background
process, cha sn sng cho DBA.
EXCLUSIVE ch cho php instance hin thi truy cp vo
database.
PARALLEL cho php nhiu instances cng c gn vi
database (s dng Oracle Parallel Server)
SHARED tng t nh PARALLEL.
PFILE=parfile cho php s dng file tham s khng phi l
mc nh xc nh cu hnh cho instance.
FORCE hu b cc instance ang chy trc , khi
ng instance bnh thng.
RESTRICT ch cho php cc users truy cp vi ch
RESTRICTED.
SESSION quyn truy nhp vo database.
RECOVER bt u khi phc d liu khi database.

5.4.3. Thay i tnh sn dng ca database hin thi
Khi ng database ch NOMOUNT
Thc hin sa i database theo lnh:
ALTER database { MOUNT | OPEN |
OPEN READ ONLY | OPEN READ WRITTE}
Vi:
MOUNT Gn database vi instance. Lc ny ta ch c
th thc hin cc thao tc qun tr trn
database m cha th s dng database c.
OPEN READ WRITE M database, sn sng cho vic s dng
database, c c ln ghi.
OPEN READ ONLY M database nhng ch cho c database nh s
dng cc cu lnh truy vn chng hn. Cc thao
tc ghi khng th thc hin c. Tu chn ny
c s dng khi ta cn sao chp cc redo log
files ca database.
OPEN Tng t nh OPEN READ ONLY, y l biu din
mc nh ca OPEN READ WRITE.

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5.4.4. Shut down database
C mt s ch tt database tng ng vi cc kh nng khc nhau.

Hnh v 17. So snh cc ch tt database
C php:
SHUTDOWN [NORMAL | TRANSACTIONAL | IMMEDIATE | ABORT ]
Vi:
NORMAL Khng cho to thm cc connection ti
database, ch cho connection hin thi kt
thc th shutdown database.
TRANSACTION Khng cho pht sinh thm cc transaction, ch
cho transaction hin thi kt thc th
shutdown database.
IMMEDIATE Kt thc lun transaction hin thi nhng vn
ch h thng commit hay rollback ri mi
shutdown database.
ABORT Shutdown database tc thi khng i hi bt
c iu kin g.

Tng ng vi cc cch tt database trn, ta c biu v thi gian nh sau:
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Hnh v 18. So snh thi gian gia cc cch tt database
Hnh v trn so snh tiu tn v thi gian khi thc hin mt thao tc chuyn i d liu:
1. Thc hin truy vn ly d liu
2. Thc hin lnh INSERT v DELETE cp nht v chuyn i d liu
3. Pht lnh COMMIT cp nht d liu vo database
4. Hu b lin kt ti database.

5.4.5. Thay i trng thi ca database
C php:
ALTER system { SUSPEND | RESUME }
SUSPEND a database vo trng thi treo. Tm thi
khng cho php thc hin cc thao tc vo ra
i vi datafiles v control files. Thao tc
ny c thc hin khi ta chun b backup
database.
RESUME Ngc li vi SUSPEND, thao tc ny s a
database tr li trng thi bnh thng sau
khi backup xong database.
V d:
SQL> ALTER SYSTEM SUSPEND;
System altered
SQL> SELECT database_status FROM v$instance;
DATABASE_STATUS
---------
SUSPENDED

SQL> ALTER SYSTEM RESUME;
System altered
SQL> SELECT database_status FROM v$instance;
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DATABASE_STATUS
---------
ACTIVE

5.4.6. Tm treo v phc hi Database
Oracle9i cung cp chc nng suspend/resume. Qun tr vin s dng lnh ALTER SYSTEM
SUSPEND tm treo database, dng mi thao tc truy xut vo ra i vi cc datafiles v
control files. Khi database trng thi tm treo, cc thao tc vo ra (I/O operations)
ang thc hin s c kt thc v nhng truy cp vo database mi pht sinh s c y
vo queue. Thc hin lnh ALTER SYSTEM RESUME khi phc li tnh trng bnh thng
ca database.
Ta s dng lnh ALTER SYSTEM SUSPEND tm treo mt database, ngn thc hin cc
thao tc vo ra (I/O) i vi cc datafiles v control files. Do , cho php database c th
d dng thc hin cc thao tc back up. Khi thc hin vic treo database tt c cc thao tc
vo ra ang c s c tip tc cho php thc hin cho n khi hon tt, cc php thao tc
vo ra mi pht sinh sau ny s c tm thi a vo queue ch x l sau.
Lnh suspend (tm treo) database c thc hin i vi database ch khng phi ch i
vi instance. Do vy, trong mi trng Oracle Real Application Clusters, mt khi lnh
suspend c pht ra th sau mt c ch kho s c thit lp v chn tt c cc yu
cu gi ti instance.
S dng lnh ALTER SYSTEM RESUME phc hi (resume) li cc hot ng thng
thng ca database. Ta cng c th ch r SUSPEND v RESUME t cc instances khc
nhau. V d, nu cc instances 1, 2, v 3 ang chy, v ta pht lnh ALTER SYSTEM
SUSPEND t instance 1, sau ta cng c th pht lnh RESUME t cc instances
1, 2, hay 3 u nh nhau.
Kh nng suspend/resume l rt hu ch cho h thng n cho php ta thc hin mirror
mt a hay mt file ri sau s dng vo vic sao lu, phc hi d liu cho ton b h
thng. .
Tuy vy, c im suspend/resume khng thay th cho cc thao tc normal shutdown
database v khi vic sao chp database c suspend c th cha c cc d liu cp
nht cha c commit.
Cau lnh sau minh ho vic s dng lnh ALTER SYSTEM SUSPEND/RESUME. S dng
thng tin cung cp trong V$INSTANCE bit c trng thi ca database.

SQL> ALTER SYSTEM SUSPEND;
System altered
SQL> SELECT DATABASE_STATUS FROM V$INSTANCE;
DATABASE_STATUS
---------
SUSPENDED

SQL> ALTER SYSTEM RESUME;
System altered
SQL> SELECT DATABASE_STATUS FROM V$INSTANCE;
DATABASE_STATUS
---------
ACTIVE

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5.4.7. t ch hot ng tnh cho database
Oracle9i cho php a database vo ch hot ng tnh (quiesced state), Theo
ch co cc DBA transactions, queries, v cc lnh PL/SQL l c php thc hin.
Trng thi ny cho php ngi dng thc hin cc thao tc qun tr mt cch an ton. S
dng cu lnh ALTER SYSTEM QUIESCE RESTRICTED a database v ch hot
ng tnh.

5.5. T TRNG THI TNH CHO DATABASE
C nhiu khi ta cn phi a database vo trng thi m ch c cc DBA transactions,
queries (truy vn), fetches (tm kim d liu), hay cc cu lnh PL/SQL l c php
thc hin. Ch ny c gi l quiesced state - tm dch l ch tnh. Ch ny cho
php qun tr vin c th thc hin mt s thao tc khng an ton lm trn database bao
gm cc thao tc sau y:
Cc thao tc c th gp li nu ng thi c mt user transactions truy cp vo cng
mt i tng. V d nh khi thay i table, thm mi ct d liu vo mt table ang
c v khng yu cu kho (no-wait lock is required).
Cc thao tc khng mong mun gy nh hng tc th gia cc user
transactions xy ra ng thi. V d khi c mt th tc cha nhiu bc thao tc
trn mt table chng hn nh table ban u c export d liu, ri b xo i v cui
cng li c import d liu tr li. Cng lc c user khc mun truy cp vo table
v ngay ti thi im table va b hu. Khi ny s pht sinh li h thng.
Nu khng p dng trng thi tnh cho database, th ta cn phi shutdown database ri
open li n ch restrict. V vic ny s tr nn nghim trng hn khi h thng yu cu
phi chy lin tc 24 x 7. p dng ch tnh cho database s gim bt i cc hn ch v
restriction v n loi bt i c cc xu xy ra vi database.

5.5.1. a Database vo trng thi tnh
a database vo trng thi tnh, n gin ta ch cn s dng lnh:
ALTER SYSTEM QUIESCE RESTRICTED

Tt c cc non-DBA active sessions s c tip tc x l cho ti khi chng chuyn
sang trng thi inactive. Mt session c xem l active nu lc n ang c cc php
thc nh transaction, query, fetch, hay ang x l mt cu lnh PL/SQL; hoc cng c th
l session ang nm gi phn ti nguyn chia s (shared resources).
Khi tt c cc non-DBA sessions chuyn sang trng thi inactive, cu lnh ALTER SYSTEM
QUIESCE RESTRICTED kt thc v database c xem nh l chuyn sang trng thi tnh
quiesce state. Trong mi trng Oracle Real Application Clusters, cu lnh ny
c nh hng ti tt c cc instances, ch khng ch l i vi instance ni pht ra cu lnh.
Lnh ALTER SYSTEM QUIESCE RESTRICTED c th phi ch trong mt thi gian kh di
cho active sessions chuyn sang trng thi inactive. Nu ta hu b yu cu, hoc nu
session b kt thc mt cch t ngt v nhiu l do khc nhau th Oracle s t ng phc
hi li (undo) trng thi trc khi thc hin lnh.
Nu mt truy vn c a ra bi cc Oracle Call Interface (OCI), th cu lnh ALTER
SYSTEM QUIESCE RESTRICTED s khng ch fetch ht tt c cc d liu m ch ch
fetch xong dng d liu hin thi m thi.
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Khi trng thi quiesce state, ta khng s dng h iu hnh sao chp cc file trong h
thng ging nh khi thc hin backup lnh i vi database, cho d ta c cc checkpoint ti
mi mt instance. L do l v khi trng thi quiesce state th cc file headers ca online
datafiles vn lun c lin tc truy cp.

5.5.2. Phc hi h thng tr li hot ng nh bnh thng
Thc hin cu lnh sau:
ALTER SYSTEM UNQUIESCE

Khi ny tt c cc non-DBA activity s c tip tc thc hin. Trong mi trng Oracle Real
Application Clusters, ta c th pht lnh ny t bt k mt instance no c kt ni ti server
khng nht thit phi l instance pht lnh t trng thi tnh. Trong trng hp session
pht lnh ALTER SYSTEM UNQUIESCE gp li, Oracle database server s lun m bo vic
thc hin unquiesce s kt thc.
5.5.3. Xem trng thi ca database
Ta c th xem trng thi ca database qua cc thng tin c trong V$INSTANCE . Cc thng
tin ny c lu trong ct ACTIVE_STATE vi cc ni dung nh sau:
ACTIVE_STATE Din gii
NORMAL Trng thi thng thng
QUIESCING ang trng thi tnh quiesce state, nhng cc
active non-DBA sessions vn c thc hin
QUIESCED trng thi quiesce state, v khng c bt k mt
active non-DBA sessions no c php thc hin

5.6.LY CC THNG TIN V H THNG
Cc thng s h thng c t trong cc tables h thng. Ta c th quan st v truy xut
ti chng thng qua cc view gi l Dynamic performance views. Cc view ny thng c
tn vit u l V_$. Oracle thng to ra cc Sysnonym tng ng vi cc view ny vi tn
c u l V$.
Khi khi ng database ch NOMOUNT, user qun tr c th c c cc d liu c
trong cc view ny. Thng tin trong view ny l cn thit cho vic mount database.
View V$FIXED_TABLE cha tn ca tt c cc view V$ c trong h thng.
Biu di y din t cc mc truy cp cc view ca h thng
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Hnh v 19. Cc mc truy cp view h thng

5.6.1. Mt s views cn quan tm
Dynamic Performance View Din gii
V$PARAMETER
Thng tin v cc tham s khi to
V$SGA
Thng tin tng hp v SGA
V$OPTION
Cc tu chn cho Oracle server c ci t
V$PROCESS
Thng tin v cc hot ng ca process hin thi
V$SESSION
Thng tin v session
V$VERSION
Thng tin v phin bn ca cc thnh phn Oracle
V$INSTANCE
Thng tin v trng thi ca Instance hin thi
V$THREAD
Thng tin v cc thread trong h thng
V$CONTROLFILE
Lit k tn ca cc control files
V$DATABASE
Thng tin v database
V$DATAFILE
Thng tin v cc data file c s dng
V$DATAFILE_HEADER
Thng tin header ca cc data file c s dng
V$LOGFILE
Thng tin v cc online redo log files

5.6.2. Hin th gi tr ca cc thng s h thng
Ta c th xem thng tin h thng bng hai cch:
S dng lnh xem tham s ca Server manager.
SVRMGRL> SHOW PARAMETER control
Truy xut trc tip vo view h thng
SELECT name, type from v$control WHERE name like
%control%;
Vi hai cch trn ta u thu c mt kt qu:
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SVRMGR> SHOW PARAMETER control
NAME
TYPE VALUE
------------------------------- ------- --------------------
control_file_record_keep_time integer 7
control_files string /DISK1/control01.con

5.6.3. Tham s h thng ng (c th thay i)
Trong cc tham s h thng, c mt vi tham s l ng v ta c th thay i c cc
tham s ny. Thng qua cc lnh:
ALTER SESSION: ch thay i gi tr ca cc tham s trong session hin thi
ALTER SYSTEM: thay i gi tr trong ton b h thng ni chung.
ALTER SYSTEM DEFERRED: ch thay i tham s h thng ca cc session s kt ni
vo database sau ny, k t sau thi im thay i.
C php:
ALTER SESSION SET parameter_name = value
ALTER SYSTEM SET parameter_name = value [DEFERRED]
V d:
ALTER SESSION SET SQL_TRACE=true;
ALTER SYSTEM SET TIMED_STATISTICS=true;
ALTER SYSTEM SET SORT_AREA_SIZE=131072 DEFERRED;
Xem li thng tin m ta va thay i:
SVRMGR> SELECT isses_modifiable,issys_modifiable,
3> ismodified, name
2> FROM v$system_parameter
4> WHERE ismodified != 'FALSE';
ISSES ISSYS_MOD ISMODIFI NAME
----- --------- -------- ------------------------------
TRUE IMMEDIATE MODIFIED timed_statistics
1 row selected.

5.6.4. Qun l session
Restrict session
Restrict session cn thit khi bo tr c s d liu, import, export v sa i cu trc ca
database.
Ta c th t ch cho restrict session cho database thng qua lnh:
ALTER SYSTEM {ENABLE|DISABLE}RESTRICTED SESSION
Vi:
ENABLE RESTRICTED
ch cho php cc users c quyn
RESTRICTED SESSION truy nhp
DISABLE RESTRICTED SESSION
cho php tt c cc users truy nhp vo
database
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Kt thc session
Ta c th kt thc (Terminate) cc session ca mt Instance trong ch restrict,
trc khi thc hin cc thao tc qun tr.
C php:
ALTER SYSTEM KILL SESSION integer1,integer2
Vi:
KILL SESSION tn session cn kt thc
integer1 gi tr ca ct SID trong view v$session
integer2 gi tr ca ct SERIAL# trong view v$session
Ch : hai gi tr integer1 v integer2 dng xc nh session
Vi lnh KILL SESSION background process PMON s thc hin cc cng vic sau:
Rollback transaction hin thi ca user
Gii phng tt c cc lock trn cc table thc hin bi user
Gii phng cc ti nguyn s dng bi user

5.6.5. Trace file v ALERT file
Trace file lu tr cc thao tc bi background process. Cc thng tin v li trong h thng s
c lu vo y. iu ny l rt hu ch khi thc hin d tm v khc phc li xy ra trong
h thng.
Trong khi chy Oracle Instance, tt c cc message pht ra i vi h thng u c lu
vo Alert file. Trong qu trnh khi ng database, Oracle s t to ra Alert file nu n cha
tn ti.
Trong trng hp c li xy ra, cc background process s thc hin ghi li cc thng tin
dump vo trace file.
Ta c th t li ch ghi li ra trace file thng qua lnh:
SQL>ALTER SESSION SET sql_trace=TRUE;
ng dn ti cc trace file v Alert c th c ch ra bi cc tham s:
BACKGROUND_DUMP_DEST
Xc nh ni t ca cc trace file v ALERT.
USER_DUMP_DEST
Xc nh ni to cc trace files.
MAX_DUMP_FILE_SIZE
S lng block ca h iu hnh quy nh kch
thc ca trace files.
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Chng 6. DATA DICTIONARY, VIEWS V PACKAGES
6.1.DATA DICTIONARY V VIEWS
6.1.1. Data Dictionary
Data dictionary hay t in d liu h thng l phn rt quan trng trong Oracle database.
l mt tp hp cc table v cc view s dng cho vic tham chiu n cc thng tin lin
quan ti database. Data dictionary c to bi file script sql.bsq trong qu trnh to
database.
Data dictionary bao gm cc thng tin trung tm ca Oracle server.
Data dictionary c Oracle server t ng cp nht mi khi thc hin lnh nh ngha d
liu (Data Definition Language DDL).
Data dictionary t trong tablespace SYSTEM do User SYS qun l. Data dictionary bao gm
hai loi sau:
Base tabes
Data dictionary Views

Hnh v 20. Dictionarytrong database

Base tables
Thng tin trong data dictionary c xc nh t cc thng tin c trong cc base tables
(bng c s). Ni dung ca cc bng ny do Oracle server cp nht. User thuc database
hu nh khng th cp nht cc thng tin ny do chng l cc thng tin c chun ho
v c m ho. V d: ta ch c th truy xut ti cc thng tin c trong bng IND$ bit
c cc thng tin v cc indexes c nh ngha trong database, hoc ly cc thng tin
trong bng OBJ$ bit c cc objects c nh ngha trong database.
Ta khng th s dng cc cu lnh thao tc d liu nh INSERT, UPDATE, hay DELETE
thay i ni dung thng tin trong cc bng c s mt cch trc tip ngoi tr bng AUD$
(Xem thm phn kim tra - Auditing).

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Data Dictionary Views
Data dictionary views c to ra bi cc cu lnh c trong file script catalog.sql. Cc views
ny gii m v tng hp cc thng tin c trong cc base tables. d dng truy xut cc
thng tin ny, cc data dictionary thng c to cc synonyms tng ng.
Phn ln cc thng tin h thng c User ly v t cc data dictionary views hn l ly trc
tip t cc base tables.

6.1.2. Data Dictionary views

Hnh v 21. Dictionary views

Data dictionary views c phn ra lm ba loi cha cc thng tin tng t nhau nhng
cc mc khc nhau. Cc loi data dictionary views ny c phn bit bi cc tip u
ng khc nhau.

Tip u ng USER
Cc views c tip u ng USER cha thng tin v cc objects do User hin thi s hu. V
d: USER_TABLES s cha thng tin v cc bng d liu ca User hin thi.

Tip u ng ALL
Cc views c tip u ng ALL cha thng tin v cc objects c th truy cp bi User hin
thi, bao gm c cc i tng do User s hu v c cc i tng khc m User c
gn quyn truy nhp. V d: ALL_TABLES s cha thng tin v cc bng d liu m User
hin thi c th truy nhp.

Tip u ng DBA
Cc views c tip u ng DBA cha thng tin v cc objects c trong database. Cc views
ny l cn thit cho qun tr vin database. Mt User bt k cng c th xem c thng tin
trong cc views DBA nu user c cp quyn SELECT ANY TABLE.

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Phn loi mt s loi views
Tn View Din gii
DICTIONARY
DICT_COLUMNS
Thng tin chung
DBA_TABLES
DBA_OBJECTS
DBA_LOBS
DBA_TAB_COLUMNS
DBA_CONSTRAINTS
Thng tin lin quan ti cc i tng ca User nh: table,
Column, Constraint,...
DBA_USERS
DBA_SYS_PRIVS
DBA_ROLES
Thng tin v mc quyn ca User

Tn View Din gii
DBA_EXTENTS
DBA_FREE_SPACE
DBA_SEGMENTS
Tnh hnh cp pht khng gian cho cc i tng trong
database.
DBA_ROLLBACK_SEGS
DBA_DATA_FILES
DBA_TABLESPACES
Thng tin v cu trc database
DBA_AUDIT_TRAIL
DBA_AUDIT_OBJECTS
DBA_AUDIT_OBJ_OPTS
Cc thng tin kim tra

V d: ly cc thng tin chung trong t in d liu, ta c th truy vn trong Cc views
DICTIONARY hoc DICT_COLUMNS.
SVRMGR>SELECT *
2> FROM dictionary
3> WHERE table_name LIKE %TABLE%;
TABLE_NAME COMMENTS
-------------------- ---------------------------------------
ALL_ALL_TABLES Description of all object and relational
tables accessible to the user
ALL_NESTED_TABLES Description of nested tables in tables
accessible to the user
ALL_OBJECT_TABLES Description of all object tables
ALL_PART_TABLES
ALL_TABLES Description of relational tables
ALL_UPDATABLE_COLUMNS Descriptionofallupdatablecolumns
DBA_ALL_TABLES Description of all object and relational
tables in the database
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DBA_NESTED_TABLES Description of nested tables contained
in all tables
DBA_OBJECT_TABLES Description of all object tables in the
database
...

Xy dng dictionary views
Sau khi to database, ta truy cp vo database theo user: SYS v chy cc scripts:
catalog.sql v catprog.sql to cc dictionary views. Thng thng, cc scripts ny nm
trong th mc: %ORACLE_HOME%\RDBMS80\ADMIN

Catalog.sql
CATALOG.SQL script dng to cc view da trn cc base tables (bng c s) ca
database. Cc view ny s c to synonym (mt tn khc vi tn ca objects c dng
truy cp objects) tng ng d dng truy vn cc d liu t hn. Scripts ny cn
gi ti cc scripts khc to cc views v cc i tng khc phc v cho cc tin ch
Server Manager, cho vic kim tra, cho cc tin ch Export v Import d liu,... Scripts
STANDARD.SQL c gi n trong to cc mi trng PL/SQL tun theo chun.

V d: Scripts to mu giao tip cho 01 hm built-in c tn BITAND:
function BITAND (LEFT binary_integer, RIGHT binary_integer)
return binary_integer;

Catproc.sql
CATPROC.SQL script dng to cc hm PL/SQL, cc packages PL/SQL s dng trong
RDBMS. Ngoi ra, CATPROC.SQL script cn to Cc views m rng khc.

6.1.3. Sripts qun tr
Cc scripts qun tr c t trong th mc: %ORACLE_HOME%\RDBMS80\ADMIN
Cc scripts ny c phn nhm v t trong tng file ring bit.
Cc quy nh v tn c trong Script qun tr
Quy c Din gii
Cat*.sql Cc thng tin Catalog v t in d liu
Dbms*.sql Phn khai bo (specification) ca cc packages trong
database
Prvt*.plb Phn thn cua packages c m ho v ng gi
Utl*.sql Cc views v table tin ch trong database

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6.2.STORED PROCEDURES V CC PACKAGES CHUN
6.2.1. Gii thiu chung
Stored procedures v cc packages l cc i tng trong database, l tp hp cc on
m lnh PL/SQL thc hin mt chc nng no .
Stored procedures bao gm c cc procedures (th tc), functions (hm) v cc packages
c vit gp thnh mt program unit (n v chng trnh).
Stored procedures c th c to v hu bi cc lnh CREATE v DROP

Hnh v 22. Stored procedures v cc Packages chun
Li ch ca Stored procedures
Cc Stored procedures c np vo shared pool, do c th gim bt vic truy
xut a khi thc hin th tc.
m bo an ton cho d liu, ngn khng cho cc users truy cp trc tip vo d liu
m phi thng qua cc th tc v hm giao tip c cung cp.
Cho php nhiu users c th cng s dng cc bn sao ca Stored procedures
thc hin.

6.2.2. Stored procedures
Stored procedures l cc functions hay procedures c to lp v lu ngay trong dictionary
ging nh mt schema object. y l tp hp cc cu lnh SQL v PL/SQL. Sau khi Stored
procedures c bin dch, n s c gn tn v c th thc hin trc tip m khng cn
phi bin dch li thm bt c mt ln no na.
S dng Stored procedures, ta c th np trc tip vo ngay biu thc thuc cu lnh SQL
ging nh l cc hm built-in c sn ca Oracle nh UPPER hay SUBSTR.
Cc functions v procedures cho php s dng tham s di dng tham s vo (IN) v
tham s ra (OUT) hoc cng c th s dng tham s va vo va ra (IN OUT). Theo mc
inh, cc tham s c xc nh ch vo IN.

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6.2.3. Packages chun
Mt packages thng thng gm hai phn: specification (phn c t hay cn gi l phn
khai bo) v body (phn thn). Chng c lu ring bit trong cng mt database.
Phn specification l phn giao tip vi cc ng dng. Phn ny cha cc li khai bo,
cc kiu, bin, hng, exceptions, cursors, v cc khai bo hm s dng.
Phn body l phn ci t c th (implementation) ca cc khai bo trong phn
specification.
Chc nng ca packages cng tng t nh Stored procedures. Mt khi packages c bin
dch, packages c th c s dng bi nhiu ng dng khc nhau. Tuy nhin, c mt li
ch ln nht khi s dng packages l ngay ln u tin gi n packages, ton b packages
s c np vo trong b nh.

Hnh v 23. Packages trong c s d liu

6.2.4. Gii thiu mt s packages chun do Oracle cung cp
Oracle cung cp mt s packages chun, ngay sau khi to database:
DBMS_LOB: cung cp cc th tc cho php lm vic trn kiu d liu BLOB v CLOB,
c nh ngha trong file script catprog.sql.
DBMS_SESION: cung cp cc cu lnh SQL lin quan n session nh ALTER
SESSION, SET ROLE, ... packages ny c nh ngha trong file dbmsutil.sql v
prvtutil.sql
DBMS_UTILITY: cha cc th tc tin ch, c t trong file dbmsutil.sql v
prvtutil.sql
DBMS_SPACE: cung cp cc thng tin v khong trng ca segment.
DBMS_ROWID: cung cp cc thng tin v ROWID
DBMS_SHARE_POOL: lu tr v hu b cc thng tin c trong share pool.

Packages Th tc trong packages Din gii
DBMS_SESSION SET_ROLE
Kch hot vic thc hin Roles ca
user
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SET_SQL_TRACE
Thit lp ch d tm thc hin
lnh
SET_NLS
Chn chun h tr ngn ng
CLOSE_DATABASE_LINK
ng database link.
UNIQUE_SESSION_ID
Tr v m duy nht c cc session
hin ang connect ti database.
IS_ROLE_ENABLED
Xc inh xem role c c kch
hot trong session khng.
IS_SESSION_ALIVE
Xc nh xem session c cn hay
khng.
SET_CLOSE_CACHED_OPEN_CU
RSORS
Bt hoc tt
close_cached_open_cursors
FREE_UNUSED_USER_MEMORY

Gii phng vng b nh khng
cn s dng
ANALYZE_SCHEMA
Phn tch cc objects trong
schema nh: functions,
procedures, packages, triggers,..
COMPILE_SCHEMA
Bin dch cc objects trong
schema
DBMS_UTILITY
DB_VERSION
Xc nh phin bn ca database
DBMS_ROWID ROWID_INFO
Thng tin v dng d liu
UNUSED_SPACE
Vng khng gian khng s dng
DBMS_SPACE
FREE_BLOCKS
Cc blocks ri
KEEP
Lu tr cc object trong shared
pool
UNKEEP
Thi lu gi cc object
DBMS_SHARED_P
OOL
SIZES
Kch thc b nh trong shared
pool
OPEN_CURSOR
Tr v s hiu cursor (ID number)
PARSE
Phn tch cu lnh
BIND_VARIABLE
Binds mt gi tr bin.
BIND_ARRAY
Binds mt gi tr bin mng.
EXECUTE Function

Executes a given cursor.
EXECUTE_AND_FETCH
Thc hin lnh v ly v cc dng
d liu.
FETCH_ROWS
Ly v cc dng d liu ca mt
cursor.
COLUMN_VALUE
Ly v d liu ca ct
DBMS_SQL
IS_OPEN
Xc nh Cursor m hay cha.
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CLOSE_CURSOR
ng cursor v gii phng b
nh.
LAST_ERROR_POSITION
Tr v li thc hin cu lnh SQL
LAST_ROW_COUNT
Tr v s lng dng d liu ly
v
LAST_ROW_ID
Tr v m dng d liu x l
ROWID
LAST_SQL_FUNCTION_CODE
Tr v m hm SQL

6.2.5. Package DBMS_METADATA
Mt PL/SQL package mi, DBMS_METADATA, c a vo Oracle 9i cho php ta ly c
cc siu d liu (metadata) Cc thng tin tng hp v cc schema object.
DBMS_METADATA l package mi b sung, n cho php thc hin cc thao tc DDL
trn objects trong database.
Package ny lm vic c vi cc tables, indexes, views, packages, functions,
procedures, triggers, synonyms, v types.
DBMS_METADATA c cc hm c bn:
DBMS_METADATA.GET_DDL(object_type, name, schema)
DBMS_METADATA.GET_XML(object_type, name, schema)

V d:
SELECT DBMS_METADATA.GET_DDL(TABLE, EMP, SCOTT) from dual;
CREATE TABLE "SCOTT"."EMP"
( "EMPNO" NUMBER(4,0),
"ENAME" VARCHAR2(10),
"JOB" VARCHAR2(9),
"MGR" NUMBER(4,0),
"HIREDATE" DATE,
"SAL" NUMBER(7,2),
"COMM" NUMBER(7,2),
"DEPTNO" NUMBER(2,0),
CONSTRAINT "PK_EMP" PRIMARY KEY ("EMPNO")
USING INDEX PCTFREE 10 INITRANS 2 MAXTRANS 255
STORAGE(INITIAL 65536 NEXT 1048576 MINEXTENTS 1 MAXEXTENTS
2147483645 PCTINCREASE 0
FREELISTS 1 FREELIST GROUPS 1 BUFFER_POOL DEFAULT) TABLESPACE
"USERS" ENABLE,
CONSTRAINT "FK_DEPTNO" FOREIGN KEY ("DEPTNO")
REFERENCES "SCOTT"."DEPT" ("DEPTNO") ENABLE NOVALIDATE
) PCTFREE 10 PCTUSED 40 INITRANS 1 MAXTRANS 255 LOGGING
STORAGE(INITIAL 65536 NEXT 1048576 MINEXTENTS 1 MAXEXTENTS
2147483645 PCTINCREASE 0
FREELISTS 1 FREELIST GROUPS 1 BUFFER_POOL DEFAULT) TABLESPACE
"USERS"

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SELECT DBMS_METADATA.GET_XML(TABLE, EMP, SCOTT) from dual;
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<ROWSET>
<ROW>
<TABLE_T>
<VERS_MAJOR>1</VERS_MAJOR>
<VERS_MINOR>0</VERS_MINOR>
<OBJ_NUM>5543</OBJ_NUM>
<SCHEMA_OBJ>
<OBJ_NUM>5543</OBJ_NUM>
<DATAOBJ_NUM>5543</DATAOBJ_NUM>
<OWNER_NUM>25</OWNER_NUM>
<OWNER_NAME>SCOTT</OWNER_NAME>
<NAME>EMP</NAME>
<NAMESPACE>1</NAMESPACE>
<MINEXTS>1</MINEXTS>
<MAXEXTS>2147483645</MAXEXTS>
<EXTSIZE>128</EXTSIZE>
<EXTPCT>0</EXTPCT>

6.2.6. Package dbms_redefinition
Package ny cung cp 05 th tc cho php chnh sa cc objects online .
CAN_REDEF_TABLE
START_REDEF_TABLE
FINISH_REDEF_TABLE
ABORT_REDEF_TABLE
SYNC_INTERIM_TABLE

6.3.THNG TIN V CC STORED PROCEDURES
Khi lu tr cc Stored procedures hay packages, Oracle s t ng lu li trng thi ca n
l VALID hay INVALID.
VALID: Stored procedures hay packages c trng thi l VALID nu n c bin
dch v khng c li xy ra. Khi ny, n sn sng cho vic s dng.
INVALID: l trng thi ngc li vi trng thi VALID. Stored procedures hay
Packages vn cn li khi bin dch. Khi ny, ta cha th s dng c ngay.

C php lnh yu cu bin dch li Stored procedures:
ALTER PROCEDURE [schema_name].<procedure_name> COMPILE [DEBUG];
Vi:
schema_name tn schema cha procedure cn bin dch li
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procedure_name tn ca procedure bin dch li.
COMPILE ch nh yu cu bin dch li procedure
DEBUG ch nh chng trnh bin dch m lnh PL/SQl
ca procedure s sinh m lnh ph hp
chng trnh PL/SQL debugger c th c. User
c th s dng chng trnh ny d tm v
g li cho procedure.
V d:
ALTER PROCEDURE henry.close_acct COMPILE;

Tng t nh i vi procedure, c php lnh yu cu bin dch li Stored function c dng:
ALTER FUNCTION [schema_name].<function_name> COMPILE [DEBUG];
V d:
ALTER FUNCTION merriweather.get_bal COMPILE;

i vi package, lnh yu cu bin dch li cng tng t nhng c thm mt b sung l
user phi khai bo r tng phn ca package s c bin dch li.
C php:
ALTER PACKAGE [schema_name].<package_name>
COMPILE [DEBUG] <PACKAGE | SPECIFICATION | BODY>;
Cc khai bo b sung cho php user yu cu bin dch li phn SPECIFICATION hay phn
BODY hoc l bin dch li c hai phn trn.
V d:
ALTER PACKAGE blair.accounting
COMPILE PACKAGE;

Hoc:
ALTER PACKAGE blair.accounting
COMPILE BODY;
xc nh c trng thi ca cc Stored procedures, ta c th thc hin truy vn da
trn dictionary DBA_OBJECTS.
SVRMGR> SELECT object_name, object_type, status
2> FROM dba_objects WHERE object_name like DBMS_%
OBJECT_NAME OBJECT_TYPE STATUS
-------------------- --------------- --------
DBMS_ALERT PACKAGES VALID
DBMS_ALERT PACKAGES BODY VALID
DBMS_ALERT_INFO TABLE VALID
DBMS_APPLICATION_INF PACKAGES VALID
DBMS_APPLICATION_INF PACKAGES BODY VALID
DBMS_AQ PACKAGES VALID
DBMS_AQ PACKAGES BODY VALID
...

Hoc ta cng c th s dng lnh DESCRIBE ly thng tin
SVRMGR> DESCRIBE dbms_session.set_role
procedure SET_ROLE (ROLE_CMD VARCHAR2);
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svrmgr> describe dbms_session
packages dbms_session is
------------
-- OVERVIEW
-- This packages provides access to SQL "alter session"
-- statements, and other session information from, stored
-- procedures.
----------------------------
-- PROCEDURES AND FUNCTIONS
procedure set_role(role_cmd varchar2);
-- Equivalent to SQL "SET ROLE ...".
-- Input arguments:
-- role_cmd
-- This text is appended to "set role " and then executed as
-- SQL.
procedure set_sql_trace(sql_trace boolean);
-- Equivalent to SQL "ALTER SESSION SET SQL_TRACE ..."
-- Input arguments:
-- sql_trace
-- TRUE or FALSE. Turns tracing on or off.
procedure set_nls(param varchar2, value varchar2);

Stored procedures hay Packages nhn trng thi INVALID khi cc cu lnh trong Stored
procedures hay Packages b li.
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Chng 7. QUN TR CONTROL FILES
7.1.CONTROL FILES
7.1.1. Gii thiu control file
Control file l file thng tin dng nh phn c s dng cho vic khi to v vn hnh
database mt cch hiu qu.
Mi khi instance c MOUNT (gn) vi mt Oracle database, cc thng tin trong control file
s c c ra, t xc nh cc data files v cc online redo log files.
Control file c cp nht lin tc vo database trong sut qu trnh s dng v n lun
trng thi sn sng (available) mi khi database c OPEN (m) hay c MOUNT (gn)
vi instance.
Control file cung cp cc thng tin mt cch ng nht trong database c s dng trong
qu trnh khi phc (recovery).
Mi control file ti mt thi im ch phc v cho mt database. Khi c mt database s
dng control file th cc database khc s khng th truy cp ti control file na.

7.1.2. Cch thc t tn control file
Tn control file c xc nh trong tham s CONTROL_FILES ca parameter file. Tn ca
cc control files c t phn cch bi du phy (,). Instance phc v database s m cc
control file v ly cc thng tin t c th iu khin hot ng ca database. Trong
qu trnh hot ng, Instance cng s ghi li cc tnh trng ca database.
m bo an ton, mt database cn t nht 02 control files v c t ti hai ch khc
nhau. Cc control files nn c t tn khc nhau sao cho c th phn bit d dng.
Tn ca Control files nn c t km vi tn ca database cho d nh, nh sau:
CTL<n><database_name>.ORA
Vi:
Trong parameter file, cc tn ca control files c t phn cch nhau bi cc du phy.
V d:
control_files = (C:\ORANT\DATABASE\CTL1KTKB.ORA,

7.1.3. Kt hp nhiu control files
Khi to database, ta c th s dng cng lc nhiu control files thng qua vic ch r tn cc
control files trong tham s khi to CONTROL_FILES. Oracle server to v cp nht tt c
danh sch cc file lin quan mi khi to database.
Oracle khuyn co s dng t nht 02 control files. Cc control files nn c t ring bit
trn cc a khc nhau phng s c. Nu mt control file b hng, ta c th sao chp li
file ny ri khi ng li instance.
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Hnh v 24. Kt hp s dng nhiu control file

thm mi mt control file hoc thay i s lng cng nh ni t cc control file, ta
thc hin theo cc bc sau:
1. Shutdown database.
2. S dng lnh ca h iu hnh sao chp thm mt bn sao ca control file v
nn lu tr trn mt thit b khc.
3. Sa i hoc thm mi tham s CONTROL_FILES v tn (c ng dn) tng ng
vi cc control files.
4. Khi ng li database.

7.1.4. Ni dung ca control file
Cc thng tin cha trong control file bao gm:
Tn database v cc nh danh (identifications)
Tn v ni cha cc data files, cc redo log files
Tn cc tablespaces trong database
Nhn thi gian tng ng lc to database
Gi tr s hiu ca log sequence hin thi
Thng tin v checkpoint
Cc thng tin lch s (log history)
Cc thng tin sao lu ca tin ch Recovery Manager
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Hnh v 25. Ni dung control file
Control file c th c chia lm hai loi chnh:
C th ti s dng (reused)
Khng th ti s dng (unreused)

7.1.5. Cc tham s nh hng ti kch thc ca control file
C mt s tham s h thng lin quan ti kch thc ca control file
MAXLOGFILES
MAXLOGMEMBERS
MAXLOGHISTORY
MAXDATAFILES
MAXINSTANCES
Cc control files c xc nh t ng da theo cc tham s khi to ti thi im to lp
database:
CONTROL_FILES = (C:\ORANT\DATABASE\CTL1KTKB.ORA,
Tn file km theo ng dn c t lun trong tham s to database.
Cc tham s c ch ra trong database c nh hng ti control file. Qun tr vin database
c th to li cc control file hay thay i cc tham s trong database c th tng, gim
kch thc ca control file.
Vic to mi control file i hi phi thay i kch thc ca control file. Control file lu tr
cc thng tin cn thit cho Recovery Manager. V th, khi s dng Recovery Manager nhng
phn khng ti s dng c trong control file c th c m rng da theo s lng cc
thnh phn.

7.2.QUN TR CONTROL FILE
7.2.1. To mi control file
Vic to mi control files i vi database i khi l cn thit. Ta hy xt cc tnh hung:
Tt c cc control files ca database hin thi u b li v ta khng c bn backup
ca chng.
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Ta mun thay i mt hay nhiu tham s c thit lp i vi database m cc
tham s ny c ch ra ngay t cu lnh CREATE DATABASE nh tn database,
MAXLOGFILES, MAXLOGMEMBERS, MAXLOGHISTORY, MAXDATAFILES, v
MAXINSTANCES.
V d, ta mun i tn database khi xy ra xung t vi mt database ang c trong h
thng nhng trng tn.
Ta c th to mi control file cho mt database thng qua cu lnh SQL.
C php:
CREATE CONTROLFILE [REUSE]
[SET] DATABASE database
LOGFILE [GROUP integer] filespec [, [GROUP integer]
filespec] ...
{RESETLOGS | NORESETLOGS}
DATAFILE filespec [, filespec] ...
[MAXLOGFILES integer]

[MAXLOGMEMBERS integer]
[MAXLOGHISTORY integer]
[MAXDATAFILES integer]
[MAXINSTANCES integer]
[ARCHIVELOG | NOARCHIVELOG]
Vi:
REUSE Cho bit CONTROL_FILES c th c ti s
dng, ta khng cn quan tm ti cc tham s
thuc loi tu chn.
SET DATABASE Thay i tn ca database. Lu : <Tn>
DATABASE Tn ca database.
LOGFILE danh sch tn ca cc redo log file groups
MAXLOGFILES S lng ti a cc redo log file groups
MAXLOGMEMBERS S lng ti a cc members trong mt redo
MAXLOGHISTORY S lng ti a cc archived redo log file
groups
MAXDATAFILES S lng ti a cc datafiles
MAXINSTANCES S lng ti a cc instances c th kt ni
ti database.
ARCHIVELOG Thit lp ch archiving lu tr cc redo
log files
V d:
CREATE CONTROLFILE
SET DATABASE prod
LOGFILE GROUP 1 ('logfile1A', 'logfile1B') SIZE 50K,
GROUP 2 ('logfile2A', 'logfile2B') SIZE 50K
NORESETLOGS
DATAFILE 'datafile1' SIZE 3M, 'datafile2' SIZE 5M
MAXLOGFILES 50
MAXLOGMEMBERS 3
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MAXDATAFILES 200
MAXINSTANCES 6
ARCHIVELOG;

7.2.2. To mi control file cho mt database c sn
Vic to mi control file c thc hin theo cc bc sau:
1. Thit lp danh sch cc datafiles v online redo log files s dng trong database.
Trong trng hp backup database, ta c th d dng xc nh c danh sch cc
file ny da vo thng tin trong dictionary view: V$CONTROLFILE, V$DATAFILE,
V$LOGFILE. Trong trng hp database b li, qun tr vin database cn c gng
xc nh y cc datafiles v online redo log files. Nu thiu bt k mt trong s
cc file trn th tablespace SYSTEM s khng th khi phc li c v do ta
khng th khi phc li c database.
2. Shut down (tt) database nu n ang c m. Thc hin shut down ch
normal. Trong trng hp khng th tt normal c th hy tt database theo ch
IMMEDIATE hoc ABORT.
3. Sao lu (Backup) tt c cc datafiles v online redo log files ca database.
4. Startup instance tr li ch nomount.
5. To mi control file thng qua lnh to CONTROL FILES. Khi to mi control file, s
dng tu chn RESETLOGS nu database b mt bt k mt no online redo log
groups. Trong trng hp ny ta cn khi phc li cc redo logs b mt. Ngc li, ta
s dng tu chn NORESETLOGS.
6. Sao lu control file mi to.
7. Sa i cc tham s trong parameter file m c s dng n trong cc control files
bao gm tham s CONTROL_FILES v DB_NAME.
8. Thc hin khi phc database nu cn. Ta s b qua bc ny trong trng hp
khng cn phi khi phc database. Nu control file mi to c s dng tu chn
NORESETLOGS, th ta c th khi phc li ton b database. Trong trng hp tu
chn s dng l RESETLOGS, ta cn ch ra thm mt tu chn na l USING BACKUP
CONTROL FILE. Th tc ny s thc hin khi phc li cc online hoc archived
redo logs hoc datafiles.
9. Open database vi control file va to. Nu khng thc hin recovery th c th open
database ch normally.
10. Nu c s dng RESETLOGS trong lc to control file, th cn s dng thm cu lnh
ALTER DATABASE , vi tu chn RESETLOGS.

7.2.3. Mt s li i vi cc Control Files
Sau khi thc hin lnh CREATE CONTROLFILE, ta c th ta gp mt s li c bn sau:
Thiu file
Sau khi to mt control file v s dng n m database, kim tra alert log bit liu
Oracle c xc nh c c thng tin g khng ng nht gia data dictionary v control file
hay khng? V d nh datafile c km theo c data dictionary nhng khng c danh sch cc
data dictionary i km.
Nu mt datafile tn ti trong data dictionary nhng cha c trong control file mi to,
Oracle s to mt placeholder entry trong control file vi tn l MISSINGnnnn (trong
nnnn l mt con s vit di dng thp phn).
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Ta xt hai trng hp c th xy ra nh sau:
S dng tu chn RESETLOGS trong cu lnh CREATE CONTROLFILE s cho php
m database m khng cn ti tu chn RESETLOGS. iu ny ch c th xy ra
nu tt c cc online redo logs ang trong tnh trng sn sng.
S dng tu chn RESETLOGS trong cu lnh CREATE CONTROLFILE bt buc
phi m database cng vi tu chn RESETLOGS, datafile tng ng vi
MISSINGnnnn ch ch c hay OFFLINE.

Khi m database c s dng tu chn RESETLOGS, v MISSINGnnnn tng ng vi datafile
khng ch ch c hay offline, ta s khng th truy xut vo datafile . Trong trng
hp ny, tablespace cha datafile cn c hu b (DROP).

X l li xy ra i vi lnh CREATE CONTROLFILE
Oracle gi tr v m li(cc m li hay xy ra l ORA-01173, ORA-01176, ORA-01177,
ORA-01215 hoc ORA-01216) khi ta c gng thc hin mount v open database sau khi
to mi mt control file. Tnh hung hay xy ra nht l trong cu lnh CREATE
CONTROLFILE m ta qun mt file hoc c a vo tn file nhng n vn cha c trong
danh sch. Trong trng hp ny, ta cn phi khi phc (RESTORE) li cc files c
backup bc 3 (pha trn) v lp li cc th tc bc 4 (pha trn) lu s dng ng
tn cc files.

7.2.4. Hu b Control Files
Ta c th hu b cc control files khi database. V d, ta thc hin vic ny khi ng dn
ti cc control file khng cn ph hp na. C mt iu lu l ti bt k thi im no
database cng cn phi c t nht l 2 control files.
Cc bc thc hin
1. Shut down (tt) database.
2. Sa li tham s CONTROL_FILES trong parameter file, xo tn control file c v
thay vo tn control file mi.
3. Restart (khi ng li) database.

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7.3.THNG TIN TRNG THI CA CONTROL FILES
Ta c th xem c cc thng tin v control file da trn dictionary views c trong database.

V d:
SVRMGR> SELECT name
2>FROM v$controlfile;
NAME
-----------------------
/DISK1/control01.con
2 rows selected.

SVRMGR> SELECT value
2>FROM v$parameter WHERE name =control_files;
VALUE
------------------------
2 rows selected.

V$CONTROLFILE_RECORD_SECTION cha cc thng tin v cc section.
V d:
SVRMGR>SELECT type, record_size, records_total, records_used
2> FROM v$controlfile_record_section
3> WHERE type=DATAFILE;
TYPE RECORD_SIZ RECORDS_TO RECORDS_US
------------- ---------- ---------- ----------
DATAFILE 180 30 4
1 row selected.
Ct d liu RECORDS_TO ch ra s lng cc bn ghi c cp pht cho mt section.
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Chng 8. QUN L REDO LOG FILES
8.1.S DNG CC REDO LOG FILES
8.1.1. Redo log file
Oracle server s dng cc online redo log files gim thiu vic mt mt d liu trong
database. Redo log files ghi li tt c cc thay i trong database buffer cache tr mt vi
ngoi l ghi d liu trc tip.
Redo log files c s dng n khi instance gp s c v ta mun khi phc li cc d liu
commit nhng cha kp ghi ln data files. Redo log files ch c s dng trong trng
hp khi phc d liu.
Qun tr vin cn thit lp cc bn sao cc online redo log files ca database trnh vic
mt mt thng tin trong database do vic s dng mt file duy nht.

Hnh v 26. Nhm cc redo log

8.1.2. Online Redo Log Groups
L nhm cc bn sao ring bit ca cc online redo log files c gi l online redo
log group.
Background process LGWR thc hin vic ghi ng thi cc thng tin tng t nhau
vo cc member thuc cng mt group. Khi mt group y s tip tc chuyn sang
ghi d liu trn group tip theo.
Oracle server, thng thng, cn t nht 02 online redo log file groups c th vn
hnh mt database.

8.1.3. Online Redo Log Members
Mi mt online redo log file trong mt group c gi l mt member (thnh vin).
Mi member trong mt nhm c mt s th t (log sequence numbers) phn bit v
cc member ny c cng mt kch thc. S th t c gn mi khi Oracle server
bt u ghi d liu vo log group c th phn bit c cc redo log file duy nht.
S log sequence number c lu tr trong control file v trong phn header ca tt
c cc data files.

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8.1.4. Ni dung ca Online Redo Log Files (Members)
Online redo log files lu tr cc redo records hay cn c gi l cc redo entries. Mi redo
record l mt nhm cc change vectors (vector thay i d liu), trong mi vector c
trng cho mt s thay i trn mt block d liu thuc database. V d, khi ta thay i gi
tr lng trong bng employee, Oracle s to ra mt redo record lu tr li vic thay i d
liu ca data segment block, rollback segment block v transaction table tng ng vi thay
i d liu ni trn.
Cc redo entries lu tr li cc d liu t ta c th ti to li cc thay i d liu trong
database, bao gm c rollback segments. Khi thc hin phc hi (recover) database s dng
redo data, Oracle s c cc change vectors c trong cc redo records ri p cc thay i
ny vo cc blocks tng ng.
Cc redo records c lu tr trong b nh m SGA. Mi khi thc hin commit mt
transaction, LGWR s ghi li cc redo records ca transaction t cc redo log buffer thuc
SGA vo mt online redo log file, v gn mt s hiu system change number (SCN) cho
transaction c commit . Chi khi cc redo records thuc transaction c lu tr
an ton trn a th user process mi c nhn thng bo: transaction has been
committed.
Cc redo records c th c ghi vo online redo log file trc khi transaction tng ng
c commit. Khi redo log buffer y, hoc khi transaction commit, LGWR s y tt c cc
redo log entries trong redo log buffer ra online redo log file, ngay c khi redo records c th
cha c commit khi cn, Oracle c th khi phc (roll back) li cc thay i ny.

8.1.5. Active v Inactive Online Redo Log Files
Ti mi mt thi im, Oracle ch s dng mt trong s cc online redo log files lu tr
cc redo records c trong redo log buffer. Online redo log file trng thi sn sng cho
vic ghi d liu, n c gi l current online redo log file.
Cc online redo log files cn thit cho vic khi phc instance c gi l active online redo
log files. Tri li, cc online redo log files khng cn thit cho vic khi phc instance c
gi l inactive.
Khi qun tr vin database t ch enable archiving, Oracle s khng th ti s dng hay
ghi ln cc active online log file cho ti khi ARCn lu tr ht cc ni dung ca n. Trong
trng hp disable archiving, khi online redo log file cui cng c in y, vic lu ra file
s c tip tc thc hin i vi active file u tin.

8.1.6. Thit lp cc Redo Log Files khi to
Vic khi to ban u tp hp cc online redo log file bao gm cc groups v cc members
c thc hin trong qu trnh to database.
Cc tham s di y xc nh cc gii hn v s lng ca online redo log files:
Tham s MAXLOGFILES trong lnh CREATE DATABASE xc nh s lng ti a cc
online redo log groups. S lng ti a cho MAXLOGFILES l 255.
Tham s MAXLOGMEMBERS trong lnh CREATE DATABASE quy nh s lng ti a
cc members c trong mi group.
Tham s khi to LOG_FILES xc nh s lng ti a cc log groups c th c
m trong database ti thi im hin thi. Gi tr ny khng c vt qu gi tr
MAXLOGFILES*MAXLOGMEMBERS.

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8.2.LGWR, LOG SWITCHES V CHECKPOINTS

Hnh v 27. T chc cc redo log files

8.2.1. Redo Log Buffer v Background process LGWR
Oracle Server s tun t ghi li cc thay i i vi database c trong redo log buffer. Redo
log buffer c s dng theo kiu xoay vng. Theo , cc redo entries s c tin trnh
nn LGWR ghi vo mt trong cc online redo log groups gi l online redo log group hin thi
(current) theo cc tnh hung sau:
Khi commit mt transaction
Khi redo log buffer y
Khi LGWR vt qu thi gian timeout (3 giy)
Trc khi DBWR ghi cc blocks b thay i trong database buffers cache vo trong cc
data files
Cc members trong mt redo log group c tin trnh LGWR ghi ln vi cng mt ni
dung d liu. Cho nn khng c khc bit gia cc members trong mt log group m ch c
s khc nhau gia cc members cc log group khc nhau.

8.2.2. Log Switches
LGWR ghi d liu ln cc online redo log files mt cch tun t, tc l mi khi online redo log
group c ghi y, LGWR s li chuyn sang ghi ln group tip theo. Khi online redo log file
cui cng c ghi y, LGWR s li quay tr v online redo log group u tin v li bt
u qu trnh ghi.
Log switch l s kin xy ra khi LGWR dng vic ghi trn mt online redo log group v
chuyn sang ghi trn online redo log group khc. Qun tr vin database cng c th thc
hin cc log switches bng tay. Mi khi xy ra log switch, LGWT s ghi d liu ln log group
mi v n gn mt s hiu duy nht xc nh c cc redo entries va lu gi.
Mi khi xy ra s kin log switch ng thi mt s kin checkpoint cng s c khi to.

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8.2.3. Checkpoints
Khi c checkpoints th:
Tt c cc d liu trong database buffers b thay i, tnh cho n thi im xy ra
checkpoint, s c Background process DBWR ghi ln datafiles.
Background process CKPT cp nht phn headers ca cc data files v cc control
files.
Checkpoints c th xy ra i vi tt c cc data files trong database hoc cng c th xy
ra vi mt data files c th.
Checkpoint xy ra theo cc tnh hung sau:
Mi khi c log switch
Khi mt shut down mt instance vi cc ch tr ch abort
Xy ra theo nh thi gian quy nh trong cc tham s khi to
LOG_CHECKPOINT_INTERVAL v LOG_CHECKPOINT_TIMEOUT
Khi c yu cu trc tip ca qun tr vin
Thng tin v checkpoint c lu tr trong Alert file trong trng hp cc tham s khi
to LOG_CHECKPOINTS_TO_ALERT c t l TRUE. V ngc li vi gi tr FALSE.

8.3.LN K HOCH S DNG REDO LOG FILES
8.3.1. Xc nh s lng Online redo log files
xc nh s lng cc online redo log files s dng cho ph hp vi database ta cn phi
kim tra vi nhiu cu hnh khc nhau.
Trong mt s trng hp, mt database instance ch cn ti 02 groups. Tuy nhin, trong
mt s trng hp khc, mt database instance li c th cn ti nhiu groups hn c
th lun m bo c cc groups sn dng cho LGWR. V d, khi cc thng ip ghi trong
trace file hay Alert file cho bit LGWR thng xuyn phi ch mt group do vn cha
kt thc c checkpoint, hoc do group vn cha c lu tr (archived) th lc ny l lc
ta cn thm mi cc groups.
Mc d Oracle server cho php s dng nhiu groups vi s lng members trong n l
khc nhau, ta vn nn c gng xy dng mt cu hnh cn i (s lng cc members trong
cc group nn l bng nhau).

8.3.2. Ni t cc Online Redo Log Files
Khi s dng ng thi nhiu online redo log files, ta nn t cc members ca mt group
trn cc phn a khc nhau. Mt iu lu l khi mt member no khng sn dng
(available) m cc members khc l sn dng th instance cng khng th shut down c.
Vic tch bit cc archive log files v online redo log files trn cc phn a khc nhau, c
th lm gim bt xung t gia cc background process ARCH v LGWR.
Cc data files v online redo log files nn t trn cc phn a khc nhau gim bt xung
t gia LGWR v DBWR hn ch vic mt d liu c data files v online redo log files trong
trng hp hng a.

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8.3.3. Xc nh kch thc cho cc Online Redo Log Files
Kch thc ti thiu ca mt online redo log file l 50 K cn kch thc ti a th tu thuc
vo h iu hnh. Cc members thuc cc groups khc nhau c th c cc kch thc khc
nhau; Tuy nhin ta nn t kch thc ging nhau gia cc members ny.
Vic s dng cc groups c kch thc khc nhau ch nn thc hin mt cch tm thi khi ta
mun thay i kch thc ca cc members. Trong trng hp ny, ta cn to cc online
redo log groups mi vi kch thc khc, ri sau loi b (remove) cc groups c i.
Mt s tnh hung nh hng ti cu hnh ca cc online redo log files:
S lng cc log switches v checkpoints
S lng v ln ca cc redo entries
ln ca vng khng gian lu tr th cp

8.3.4. Lu tr cc redo log files
Qun tr vin database cn phi quyt nh t ch ARCHIVELOG hay ch
NOARCHIVELOG cho database.

Ch NOARCHIVELOG
Vi ch NOARCHIVELOG, cc online redo log files s b ghi mi khi online redo log file
ghi y v xy ra log switches. LGWR s khng ghi ln redo log group cho ti khi kt
thc checkpoint ca group

Hnh v 28. Lu tr d liu ch NOARCHIVING

Ch ARCHIVELOG
Trong trng hp database c thit lp ch ARCHIVELOG, cc groups y, mc
d trng thi inactive s vn c lu gi. Do tt c cc thay i trong database u c
ghi li trong cc online redo log files, qun tr vin database c th s dng phng php
sao chp vt l (physical backup) v c th khi phc li cc d liu commit trong
database m khng s b mt d liu.

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Hnh v 29. Lu tr d liu ch ARCHIVING
C hai hnh thc lu tr cc online redo log files:
Thc hin lu tr bng tay (manually). Lu tr cc redo log file y theo lnh ca
qun tr vin database.
Lu tr t ng (automatically). Lu tr cc redo log file y mi khi xy ra log
switch.
Tham s LOG_ARCHIVE_START trong parameter file xc nh cc ch lu tr ny.
LOG_ARCHIVE_START = TRUE, thc hin lu tr ch t ng
LOG_ARCHIVE_START = FALSE, thc hin lu tr ch manually

8.4.IU KHIN LU TR SAU I VI PRIMARY/STANDBY
Oracle cung cp c ch iu khin switch cc online redo log group da theo thi gian
(time-based). Trong cu hnh primary/standby, tt c cc noncurrent logs ti primary
site s c lu tr ri vn chuyn ti standby database. Vic ny s hiu qu khi hn ch
s lng cc redo records.
Vic thc hin lu tr sau l v standby database cho tt c cc thay i trn online redo log
ti primary database c lu tr sau. iu khin vic lu tr sau ny, ta cn s dng
tham s ARCHIVE_LAG_TARGET. Vic thit lp tham s ny cho php ta hn ch, cng nh
xc nh c khong thi gian c s dng cho lu tr sau.

8.4.1. Thit lp tham s ARCHIVE_LAG_TARGET
Khi thit lp tham s khi to ARCHIVE_LAG_TARGET, Oracle s kim tra theo nh k thi
gian cc online redo log ca instance hin thi v pht sinh cc log switch theo cc iu kin
sau:
Gi s ban u, current log c to sau n giy v sau li mt m giy lu
current log ra a. Khi ny khong thi gian n + m s tng ng vi gi tr ca tham
s ARCHIVE_LAG_TARGET.
Current log cha cc redo records.
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Tham s ARCHIVE_LAG_TARGET cho bit gii hn trn v thi gian (tnh theo n v giy) m
current log cn s dng. Do thi gian lu tr khng chnh xc bng khong thi gian log
switch.
Tham s khi taon ny nn c thit lp vi gi tr khong 30 giy.
ARCHIVE_LAG_TARGET = 1800

Gi tr 0 tng ng vi vic khng thc hin chc nng log switching. y l gi tr thit lp
mc nh.
Ta c th t gi tr cho tham s ARCHIVE_LAG_TARGET ngay c khi database khng trong
ch sao lu (standby database). V d, tham s ARCHIVE_LAG_TARGET c th c thit
lp bt buc cc logs phi thc hin thao tc switch v lu tr ln a.
ARCHIVE_LAG_TARGET l mt tham s ng v ta c th thay i gi tr ca tham s ny
thng qua cu lnh ALTER SYSTEM SET.

8.4.2. Cc yu t nh hng ti tham s ARCHIVE_LAG_TARGET
C mt s yu t cn c xem xt khi ta thit lp gi tr cho tham s
ARCHIVE_LAG_TARGET.
Tng thi gian switch (xem nh l thi gian lu tr) cc logs
Tn sut thc hin switch cc log khi n y
Lng d liu c th redo b mt khi database lm vic ch standby
Tham s ARCHIVE_LAG_TARGET s tr nn khng hu dng khi log c switch trong mt
khong thi gian qu ngn. Tuy nhin, trong trng hp cc redo c to ra vi tc
khng u nh nhau, th khong thi gian ngt qung (interval) s a ra gii hn trn i
vi current log. Khi database trong trng thi ngh (idle) v redo records khng c to
ra th, sau khong thi gian interval, log switch s xy ra v y v ghi tt c cc redo
records ln standby database.
Trong trng hp ARCHIVE_LAG_TARGET c thit lp vi gi tr qu thp th cng khng
tt cho h thng v mt hiu sut. L v h thng lin tc phi thc hin cc log switches.
Do vy ta nn chn gi tr hp l nng cao hiu sut h thng.

8.5.XC NH CH LU TR
bit c cc thng tin v vic lu tr, ta c th s dng mt s cch sau:
8.5.1. S dng lnh Server Manager
Cu lnh ny cho bit ch log ca database.
V d:
SVRMGR> ARCHIVE LOG LIST
Database log mode No Archive Mode
Automatic archival Disabled
Archive destination ?/dbs/arch
Oldest online log sequence 688
Current log sequence 689

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8.5.2. S dng thng tin trong data dictionary
Ta cng c th s dng thng tin trong cc data dictionary views: V$DATABASE v
V$INSTANCE.
V d:
SVRMGR> SELECT name, log_mode
2> FROM v$database;
NAME LOG_MODE
--------- ---------
U15 NOARCHIVELOG
1 row selected.

SVRMGR> SELECT archiver
2> FROM v$instance;
ARCHIVE
---------
STOPPED
1 row selected.

Ta cng c th xem cc thng tin lin quan n cc groups v cc members thng qua
views data dictionary V$THREAD, V$LOG.
Cc thng tin cn quan tm:
V$THREAD: GROUPS, CURRENT_GROUP#, SEQUENCE#
V$LOG: GROUP#, MEMBERS, STATUS, SEQUENCE#, BYTES
V d:
SVRMGR>SELECT groups, current_group#,sequence#
2>FROM v$thread;
GROUPS CURRENT_GR SEQUENCE#
---------- ---------- ----------
2 1 689
1 row selected.

SVRMGR>SELECT group#,sequence#,bytes,members,status
2>FROM v$log;
GROUP# SEQUENCE# BYTES MEMBERS STATUS
--------- ---------- -------- --------- -------
1 688 1048576 1 CURRENT
2 689 1048576 1 INACTIVE
2 rows selected.

Trong cu lnh trn, gi tr ca ct STATUS c biu hin nh sau:
UNUSED ch ra online redo log group vn cha c s dng. Trng thi ny tng
ng vi vic online redo log file mi c thm vo.
CURRENT ch ra rng online redo log group ang c s dng. N cng ngm inh
lun trng thi active i vi cc online redo log group ny.
ACTIVE: trng thi ny ng vi the online redo log group vn ang c s dng
nhng khng phi l online redo log group hin thi.
INACTIVE ch ra online redo log group khng cn cn thit cho vic khi phc
instance.
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xc nh tn ca tt c cc member trong mt group, ta c th tra cu thng tin trong
V$LOGFILE: GROUP#, STATUS, MEMBER
V d:
SVRMGR>SELECT *
2>FROM v$logfile;
GROUP# STATUS MEMBER
---------- ------- -----------------------------
1 /DISK3/log1a.rdo
2 /DISK4/log2a.rdo
8.6.IU KHIN CC LOG SWITCHS V CHECKPOINTS
8.6.1. Thc hin log switches
Log switches v checkpoint l cc s kin xy ra mt cch t ng mi khi online redo log
group y. Tuy nhin, ta vn c th pht sinh cc Log switchs thng qua lnh ca Server
Manager.
SVRMGR>ALTER SYSTEM SWITCH LOGFILE;

Trong Oracle Enterprise Manager OEM, ta lm theo cc bc sau:
1. S dng Backup Manager
2. Chn Subsystem
3. Chn Logfile --> Switch logfile

8.6.2. Thc hin checkpoint
Ta cng c th pht sinh cc Checkpoints thng qua lnh:
SVRMGR>ALTER SYSTEM CHECKPOINT;

2. Chn Subsystem
3. Chn Logfile --> Force checkpoint

8.6.3. iu chnh cc ngt qung checkpoints
Trong trng hp database s dng cc online redo log files ln, ta c th iu chnh li cc
ngt qung i vi online redo log file thng qua cc tham s:
LOG_CHECKPOINT_INTERVAL: S lng blocks (tnh theo s block ca h iu
hnh) ln nht thc hin mt checkpoint
LOG_CHECKPOINT_TIMEOUT: Khong thi gian ln nht (tnh theo n v giy)
thc hin mt checkpoint.

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8.7.QUN TR CC REDO LOG FILES
8.7.1. B sung cc online redo log groups
Trong mt vi trng hp, ta c th cn ti vic np thm cc log groups hay cc log
members.
C php:
ALTER DATABASE [database]
ADD LOGFILE [GROUP integer] filespec
[, [GROUP integer] filespec]...]

Hnh v 30. B sung online redo log groups
Vi cu lnh trn, ta cn ch ra tn v ng dn ca cc members trong tng group c th.
Gi tr ca tham s GROUP c chn tng ng vi mi redo log file group. Trong trng
hp b qua tham s ny, Oracle server s t ng sinh ra cc gi tr thch hp.
2. Chn Subsystem
3. Chn Logfile --> Add Logfile Group

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8.7.2. B sung cc online redo log members

Hnh v 31. B sung online redo log members
Tng t nh cc group, ta cng c th thm mi cc member cho tng group bng cu
lnh SQL
ADD LOGFILE MEMBER
[ 'filename' [REUSE]
[,'filename' [REUSE]]...
TO {GROUP integer
|('filename'[, 'filename']...)
}
]...

Lu : tn file c ch ra cn km theo ng dn y . Trong trng hp khng c
ng dn, file s c xem nh c t trong th mc mc nh. Nu file thm mi
tn ti, ta cn thm vo tu chn REUSE.
2. Chn Subsystem
3. Chn Logfile --> Add Logfile Member

8.7.3. nh li ch cho cc redo log file
Trong mt vi trng hp, ta cn phi dch chuyn cc file redo log ti mt v tr khc,
m bo an ton chng hn. Khi ny, ta cn thc hin theo cc bc sau:
1. Tt database.
2. Sao chp cc online redo log files ti mt a im mi.
3. Restart database ch mount.
4. Thc hin lnh ALTER DATABASE RENAME FILE thay i con tr trong control
file, tr ti mt ng dn file mi.
5. M li database (Lnh: ALTER DATABASE OPEN).

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Cu lnh i tn file:
RENAME FILE 'filename'[, 'filename']...
TO 'filename'[, 'filename']...
Lu : Phi tn ti file ng dn mi ch ra.

2. Chuyn ti nt Logfile Group
3. Chn log file group tng ng
4. Thay i tn file trong trng thuc tnh.

8.7.4. Ngng s dng cc Online redo log groups
c th thay i kch thc cc online redo log groups, ta c th thm mi cc online redo
log group v xo b cc online redo log group c.
S dng lnh ca Server Manager ngng s dng online redo log group:
DROP LOGFILE
{GROUP integer|('filename'[, 'filename']...)}
[,{GROUP integer|('filename'[, 'filename']...)}]...

Hnh v 32. Ngng s dng Online redo log groups
4. Chn Logfile --> Drop Logfile Group
5. Bm nt OK.

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Mt s im cn lu khi xo log groups
Mt instance cn t nht hai nhm (group) cc online redo log files.
Khng th hu (drop) group ang trng thi active.
Khi hu mt online redo log group, thc cht ta ch hu v mt logic m thi. Oracle
s khng tip tc qun l n na. Tuy nhin, cc file s vn cn v khng b xo bi
h iu hnh.

8.7.5. Ngng s dng cc Online redo log members
Tng t nh cc log group, i vi cc log members ta cng c th ngng s dng.
S dng lnh ca Server Manager ngng s dng online redo log member:
DROP LOGFILE MEMBER 'filename'[, 'filename']...

Hnh v 33. Ngng s dng Online redo log members
4. Chn Logfile --> Drop Logfile Member
5. Bm nt OK.

Mt s im cn lu khi xo log members
Khng th ngng s dng member ca group m c trng thi l VALID.
Nu group ang trong trng thi active, ta cn phi thc hin log switch chuyn s
dng sang mt log group khc trc khi ngng s dng cc member ca group hin
thi.
Khi hu mt online redo log member, thc cht ta ch hu v mt logic cc file vn
khng b xo bi h iu hnh.

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8.7.6. Xo rng Online redo log file
Trong mt vi trng hp cc members b li, qun tr vin database c th x l bng cch
khi to li cc log file thng qua lnh SQL khi to li:
ALTER DATABASE CLEAR LOGFILE
C php:
CLEAR [UNARCHIVED] LOGFILE
{GROUP integer|('filename'[, 'filename']...)}
[,{GROUP integer|('filename'[, 'filename']...)}]...
S dng lnh ny cng tng ng vi vic thm mi cc online redo log file v xo b cc
redo log file hin thi.

Lu :
Khi xo rng logfile m n khng dng lu tr, ta cn b sung t kho UNARCHIVED.
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Chng 9. QUN TR TABLESPACES V DATA FILES
9.1.CU TRC CA DATABASE
Cu trc database bao gm cu trc logic v cu trc vt l.
Cu trc vt l bao gm tp hp cc control files, online redo log files v cc data files. Cu
trc logic bao gm cc schema objects tablespaces, segments, extents v data blocks.

Hnh v 34. Cu trc database

9.1.1. Quan h gia database vi cc tablespaces v data files
V mt logic, mt database c th phn nh thnh nhiu phn gi l cc tablespaces.

Tablespace
Mt tablespace ch thuc mt database.
Mi tablespace c th cha mt hay nhiu data file thuc h iu hnh.
Tablespaces c th t trng thi online hay offline trong lc database ang chy.
Ngoi tr tablespace SYSTEM hay tablespace cha rollback segments ang c trng
thi ACTIVE, cc tablespaces u c th chuyn v trng thi offline trong lc
database ang chy.
Cc tablespaces cng c th chuyn i trng thi read-write hay read-only.

S dng tablespace
iu khin vng khng gian cp pht v gn cho mi users
Vi vic t ch online hay offline cho cc tablespace, ta c th thay i tnh sn
dng (availability) ca cc d liu trong cc tablespace
Ta cng c th phn bit cc d liu lu tr gia cc thit b tng hiu sut s
dng database.
Thc hin sao lu v phc hi d liu tng phn, nng cao hiu sut h thng
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Hnh v 35. Quan h gia tablespace v datafile

Data files
Mi mt tablespace c th bao gm mt hay nhiu data files, l cc file thuc h iu hnh
dng lu tr d liu trong tablespace. Cc data files c mt s tnh cht chnh sau:
Mt data file ch thuc v mt tablespace.
Qun tr vin database c th thay i kch thc ca data file ngay c khi n c
to lp, lm tng tnh nng ng cho cc i tng c trong tablespace.

9.1.2. Quan h gia segment vi cc extent v cc blocks
Oracle cho php iu chnh khng gian a thng qua vic thay i kch thc ca cc cu
trc lu tr logic nh: tablespaces, segments, extents v blocks.

Setgments
Mt segment l vng khng gian cp pht tng ng vi mt kiu cu trc logic c trong
mt tablespace. Ta c th phn ra lm mt s loi segment chnh sau:
Data segments
Index segments
Temporary segments
Rollback segments
Mt segment c th l mt data segment c th c tri rng trn nhiu datafiles thuc
mt tablespace.

Extents
Extent l mt cp phn chia v mt logic tip theo ca databse. Mt extent l tp hp
lin tip cc blocks d liu. Mi kiu segment c quy inh bao gm mt hay nhiu
extents. Khc vi segments, mt extent ch c nm duy nht trn mt data file.
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Data Blocks
y l n v lu tr (lu khng phi l n v qun l) d liu nh nht trong database
Oracle. Mt block d liu s tng ng vi mt hay nhiu blocks ca h iu hnh. (V d:
h iu hnh Windows 32, 1 block h iu hnh = 32 kbytes = 32*1024 bytes). Kch thc
ca block d liu c xc nh bi tham s khi to DB_BLOCK_SIZE ngay khi database
c to. Block trong database cng l n v vo ra nh nht.

9.2.PHN LOI CC TABLESPACES
9.2.1. Tablespace SYSTEM v non-SYSTEM
Mt database gm c t nht mt tablespace l tablespace SYSTEM, l ni lu tr cc thng
tin ca h thng. Ngoi ra, database cn c th thm vo cc tablespace khc, l cc
non-SYSTEM tablespaces, cha d liu ca cc user.

Tablespace SYSTEM
C trong tt c cc database
Cha thng tin v cc data dictionary views, cc nh ngha ca stored procedures,
packages, v cc database triggers di dng PL/SQL program units.
Cha SYSTEM rollback segment
Khng nn cha d liu ngi dng trong tablespace ny mc d c th.

Hnh v 36. D liu ngi dng nn t trong tablespace ring

Non-SYSTEM Tablespace
Cha cc rollback segments
Cha cc temporary segments
Cha cc data segments
Cha cc index segments

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9.2.2. Tablespaces read-only / read-write
Tablespaces read-only
Mc ch chnh ca vic s dng cc tablespaces read-only (ch c) l hn ch cc th tc
cn thit khi thc hin sao lu v phc hi mt phn ln d liu khng b thay i (static)
ca database. Oracle khng thc hin cp nht cc files nm trong tablespace read-only, v
th cc files c th c t trong thit b ch c nh CD ROMs hay a WORM drives
(Write Once-Read Many).
Mi khi to mi mt tablespace, h thng s to cho ta mt tablespace c c quyn c
v quyn ghi. Ta c th thay i li thuc tnh tablespace thnh read-only thng qua mnh
READ ONLY trong cu lnh ALTER TABLESPACE. Vic ny s dn ti tt c cc datafiles
thuc tablespace s c t li thuc tnh l read-only.
Cu lnh ALTER TABLESPACE ... READ ONLY s t tablespace vo ch chuyn tip
(transitional read-only) v ch cho tt c cc transactions trn kt thc (commit hoc roll
back). Ch chuyn tip ny s khng cho php bt k mt thao tc ghi mi no c
thc hin trn tablespace ngoi tr vic rollback cc transactions hin thi v thay i d
liu trong cc blocks trong tablespace. Do , ch chuyn tip ca tablespace cng ht
nh tablespace read-only i vi cc cu lnh mi ca ngi dng ngoi tr lnh
ROLLBACK. Sau khi tt c cc transactions hin thi kt thc th cu lnh ALTER
TABLESPACE ... READ ONLY mi c xem l kt thc v tablespace c t ch
read-only.
t ch read-only cho tablespace khng lm nh hng ti trng thi offline hay online
ca tablespace . Cc Offline datafiles vn khng th truy xut c. Vic a mt datafile
trong tablespace read-only vo ch online s cho php user c th c d liu trong file
. File ny vn khng th vit d liu vo tr phi tablespace tng ng c t li ch
cho php c v ghi.
Read-only tablespaces khng th b sa i. cp nht d liu trong mt read-only
tablespace, trc tin ta cn t li ch cho tablespace l read-write. Sau , thc hin
cp nht d liu trong tablespace ri t li ch read-only cho tablespace .
Do cc read-only tablespaces khng b sa i nn ta cng khng cn thit phi thc hin
vic backup d liu trn n nhiu ln. V ta cng khng cn thit phi phc hi li cc read-
only tablespaces, do d liu trong khng b thay i.
Ta khng th b sung cc datafiles vo tablespace read-only, ngay c khi t ch cho
tablespace l offline. Bi v, khi b sung mt datafile, Oracle s phi cp nht phn thng tin
header trong khi thao tc ghi ln tablespace ny l khng c php.

Tablespace read-write
Tri vi tablespace read-only, vi cc tablespace read-wirte, ta c th thc hin cc thao tc
c v ghi trn .
Ta cng c th s dng mnh READ WRITE trong cu lnh ALTER TABLESPACE
thay i trng thi tablespace read-only thnh trng thi read-write.

9.2.3. Temporary tablespace / permanent tablespace
Temporary tablespaces c s dng dnh ring cho cc thao tc sp xp d liu. Trong
temporary tablespace khng c bt c segments d liu no nm trong .
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Sort segments c th cng c chia s s dng khi nhiu thao tc sp xp cng c thc
hin. Mt sort segment c s dng cho tt c cc instance c thc hin thao tc sp xp
trn mt tablespace.
Vic s dng cc temporary tablespaces cho php nng cao hiu sut thc hin mi khi c
nhiu thao tc sp xp c thc hin trn mt vng nh ln v khng ph hp vi kch
thc ca b nh trong ca my tnh. Sort segment thuc temporary tablespace c to ra
vo ngay thi im u ca thao tc sp xp. Sort segment s c cp thm vng nh v
m rng dn cho ti khi kch thc ca segment ngang bng hoc ln hn tng s kch
thc lu tr cn thit cho vic thc hin tt c cc thao tc sp xp ca instance.
Cc tablespaces khng phi l temporary tablespaces c gi l cc permanent
tablespaces. Cc permanent tablespace c s dng lu tr d liu trong database.

9.3.QUN L KHNG GIAN TRONG TABLESPACES
Tablespaces cp pht vng khng gian theo cc extents. Tablespaces s dng hai phng
php khc nhau cp pht v gii phng vng khng gian lu gi:
Qun l cc extents qua data dictionary (dictionary-managed tablespaces)
Qun l cc extents qua tablespace (locally-managed tablespaces)
Ngay khi to tablespace, ta cn la chn lun phng php qun l vng khng gian s
c p dng cho tablespace . Khi chn ri, ta khng th thay i phng php qun
l khng gian na.

9.3.1. Dictionary-Managed Tablespaces
Trong phng php ny tablespace s dng data dictionary qun l cc extents ca n.
Oracle cp nht tng tables trong data dictionary mi khi cp pht, gii phng hay s dng
li mt extent. Oracle cng lu li cc thng tin rollback ca vic cp nht cc dictionary
tables.
Theo mc nh, phng php qun l ny s c p dng cho cc tablespaces c trong
database. Trong cc phin bn Oracle 8.0 hoc sm hn, ch c mt phng php chnh
l phng php ny.

9.3.2. Locally-Managed Tablespaces
Bn cnh , tablespace cng c th qun l cc extents ca n thng qua mt bitmap (nh
x bit) trong tng datafile t xc nh c trng thi ca cc blocks trong datafile l
ang s dng hay c gii phng. Mi mt bit trong bitmap s tng ng vi mt block
hay mt nhm cc blocks. Mi khi c mt extent c cp pht, gii phng hay ti s dng,
Oracle s thay i gi tr ca bitmap theo ng nh trng thi mi ca cc blocks. Vic thay
i ny s khng lm pht sinh cc thng tin trong rollback do khng c thao tc cp nht
d liu no trong cc tables ca data dictionary (Ngoi tr trng hp c bit lin quan
n cc thng tin hn mc (quota) ca tablespace).
Locally-managed tablespaces c mt s u im hn so vi dictionary-managed tablespaces
l:
Qun l cc b cc extents trnh cc thao tc qun l khng gian theo kiu quy.
Vic ny c th xy ra khi s dng phng php dictionary-managed tablespaces nu
vic s dng hay gii phng khng gian l kt qu ca cc thao tc s dng hay gii
phng khng gian trong rollback segment hay data dictionary table.
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Qun l cc b cc extents mt cch t ng cc vng khng gian gii phng lin k
vi nhau. iu ny l cn thit khi thc hin cng vic hp nht cc extents ri.
Kch thc ca cc extents c qun l cc b c th c xc nh t ng bi h thng.
Mt khc, tt c cc extents c th c cng mt kch c nh nhau trong phng php
locally-managed tablespace.
Mnh LOCAL trong phn EXTENT MANAGEMENT ca cu lnh CREATE TABLESPACE s
ch r phng thc qun l khng gian:
Vi cc permanent tablespaces v temporary tablespaces, ta c th s dng mnh
EXTENT MANAGEMENT LOCAL.
Trong phin bn 8i, phng php qun l ny vn cha c p dng cho tablespace
SYSTEM. Nu p dng, h thng s pht sinh li 809225.
9.4.THIT LP TRNG THI CHO TABLESPACES
Qun tr vin database c th thit lp trng thi cho cc tablespaces l online (c th s
dng) hay offline (khng th s dng) ngoi tr tablespace SYSTEM mi khi m database.
Tablespace SYSTEM lun trng thi online mi khi database c m bi v Oracle lun
phi s dng cc d liu trong dictionary.
Mt tablespace thng thng ch online khi , cc d liu trong n l sn sng i vi
cc database users. Tuy nhin, qun tr vin database c th t ch offline cho
tablespace:
Khi ny mt phn ca database s khng th truy xut c, trong khi phn cn li
vn c th truy xut bnh thng.
Thc hin offline tablespace khi backup d liu (mc d ta vn c th backup d liu
ngay khi database ang chy v cc tablespace trng thi online).
Lu : ta khng th t ch offline cho tablespace nu n c cha cc rollback segments
ang c s dng.

t Offline cho tablespace
Khi mt tablespace c a ra offline, Oracle s khng cho php thc hin cc cu lnh
SQL c tham chiu ti cc objects lu tr trong tablespace ny. Oracle lu li cc d liu
rollback tng ng khi thc hin cu lnh SQL trong mt rollback segment khc c trong
tablespace SYSTEM thay v l rollback segment c trong tablespace c offline nu c.
Tablespace c a v online tr li, Oracle s p li cc d liu rollback ang c trong
tablespace SYSTEM vo tablespace .
Ta ch c th a mt tablespace thnh online trong chnh database m n c to, khng
th t online cho tabalespace trong mt database khc c. Vic ny c gim st bi
cc thng tin c trong dictionary.
Oracle t ng thc hin chuyn ch t online thnh offline i vi tablespaces mi khi
xy ra s c h thng. V d nh: tin trnh DBWn gp li.

9.5.TRAO I CC TABLESPACES GIA DATABASES
Ta c th s dng chc nng transportable tablespaces dch chuyn mt phn ca mt
database sang mt database Oracle khc. Vic trao i cc tablespaces gia cc database l
rt hu ch cho:
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Vic dch chuy d liu t h thng x l trc tuyn (OLTP online transaction
processing systems) sang thnh d liu ca h thng kho d liu (data warehouse
staging systems).
Cp nht kho d liu (data warehouses) v cc d liu thuc h thng.
Np cc d liu t cc kho c s d liu trung tm (central data warehouses).
Lu tr cc d liu ca h thng OLTP and data warehouse systems efficiently.
Cung cp d liu cho cc khch hng hoc ngi s dng ni b.

Dch chuyn d liu thng qua vic trao i cc tablespaces cho php di chuyn d liu
nhanh chng v hiu qu hn cc cch dch chuyn d liu khc nh export/import hay
unload/load i vi cng mt d liu, Do vic trao i cc tablespace ch i hi phi sao
chp cc datafiles ri tch hp thng tin v cu trc ca tablespace vo database mi. C th
s dng phng php trao i cc tablespaces dch chuyn cc index data, do ,
trnh vic ti to li (rebuilds) cc index, ta c th thc hin cng vic ny np d liu
trong cc bng.

9.5.1. Mt s hn ch trong vic trao i cc tablespace:
Database ngun v ch phi c chy trn cng mt nn phn cng (hardware
platform). V d, c th trao i cc tablespaces gia database Oracle chy trn h
iu hnh Sun Solari, hoc trao i cc tablespaces gia cc databases Oracle chy
trn h iu hnh NT. Tuy vy, ta khng th trao i cc tablespace gia database
Oracle chay trn SUN Solaris vi cc database Oracle chy trn NT.
Database ngun v ch phi c cng mt kch thc ca data block.
Database ngun v ch phi s dng cng mt tp k t s dng trong database
(national character set).
Khng th chuyn i tablespace sang database ch khi database ny c mt
tablespace c cng tn.
Vic chuyn i tablespaces khng c h tr:
o Snapshot/replication
o Function-based indexes
o Scoped REFs
o Domain indexes (Mt kiu index mi, cho php m rng vic nh ch s)

9.5.2. Cc bc thc hin chuyn i mt tablespace gia cc database
1. Ch c th thc hin trao i cc tablespaces m n khng cha cc tham chiu ti
tablespace khc.
2. To mt transportable tablespace set.
Transportable tablespace set cha cc datafiles ng vi tp cc tablespaces c s
dng chuyn i cc file c cha thng tin cu trc ca cc tablespaces dch
chuyn.
(Xem minh ho vic to mt transportable tablespace set phia di).
3. Chuyn i tablespace.
Sao chp cc datafiles v export file sang database ch. C th s dng cc cng c
sao chp file thng thng ca h iu hnh thc hin cng vic ny
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4. a tablespace vo s dng (plug-in).
Thc hin cng vic Import a cc tablespaces vo database ch.

Minh ho vic trao i tablespace
1. bit tablespace SALES_1 v SALES_2 c cha cc tham chiu trong n khng, ta
thc hin cu lnh:
EXECUTE dbms_tts.transport_set_check('sales_1,sales_2', TRUE);
Cu lnh ny sinh ra kt qu v lu trong view c tn l: TRANSPORT_SET_VIOLATIONS.
S dng cu lnh truy vn xem kt qu:
SELECT * FROM transport_set_violations;
Lnh truy vn kt xut kt qu rng cho bit tablespace khng cha cc tham chiu ti
tablespace bn ngoi.

2. To transportable tablespace set
Pht lnh thay i trng thi ca tablespace v trng thi read-only khng cho php cp
nht d liu vo tablespace ny, chun b cho vic trao i tablespace.
ALTER TABLESPACE sales_1 READ ONLY;
S dng cng c tin ch Export ca Oracle kt xut cc tablespace ny:
EXP TRANSPORT_TABLESPACE=y TABLESPACES=(sales_1,sales_2)
TRIGGERS=y/n CONSTRAINTS=y/n GRANTS=y/n FILE=expdat.dmp
TRIGGERS=Y cho php kt xut; N khng cho php kt xut.
GRANTS=Y kt xut c cc quyn trn mi bng thuc tablespace ; N khng kt xut.
CONSTRANTS=Y cc rng buc tham chiu s c kt xut; N khng kt xut cc rng
buc tham chiu.
3. Thc hin sao chp cc datafile ca tablespace va c kt xut ra mt v tr khc.
4. t li trng thi bnh thng cho tablespace va c xem xt.
ALTER TABLESPACE sales_1 READ WRITE;
5. a bn sao ca cc datafile va c sao chp vo v tr tng ng vi database ch.
6. Connect vo database mi vi mc quyn SYSDBA.
7. a cc tablespaces c kt xut vo database mi
IMP TRANSPORT_TABLESPACE=y
DATAFILES=('c:\db\sales_jan','c:\db\sales_feb',...)
TABLESPACES=(sales_1,sales_2) TTS_OWNERS=(dcranney,jfee)
FROMUSER=(dcranney,jfee) TOUSER=(smith,williams) FILE=expdat.dmp

9.6.TO TABLESPACE
9.6.1. Lnh to tablespace
Ta c th s dng cu lnh SQL to mt tablespace.
C php:
CREATE TABLESPACE tablespace
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DATAFILE filespec [autoextend_clause]
[, filespec [autoextend_clause]]...
[MINIMUM EXTENT integer[K|M]]
[DEFAULT storage_clause]
[PERMANENT|TEMPORARY]
[ONLINE|OFFLINE]

storage_clause:= =
STORAGE ( [INITIAL integer[K|M]]
[NEXT integer[K|M]]
[MINEXTENTS integer]
[MAXEXTENTS {integer|UNLIMITED}]
[PCTINCREASE integer]
)
Vi:
tablespace tn ca tablespace c to
DATAFILE tn data files ca tablespace c to
DEFAULT STORAGE
tham s lu tr mc nh cho tt c cc i
tng c to lp trong tablespace
MINIMUM EXTENT
kch thc ti thiu ca extent c s dng
value
ONLINE t ch s dng (Online) cho tablespace
ngay t khi to lp
OFFLINE t ch cha s dng (Offline) cho
tablespace ngay t khi to lp
PERMANENT tablespace c th s dng lu tr cc i
tng thng tr
TEMPORARY tablespace ch s dng lu tr cc i
tng trung gian (temporary objects). V d:
s dng lu tr d liu khi sp xp theo
cu lnh ORDER BY

V d:
CREATE TABLESPACE app_data
DATAFILE /DISK4/app01.dbf SIZE 100M,
/DISK5/app02.dbf SIZE 100M
MINIMUM EXTENT 500K
DEFAULT STORAGE (INITIAL 500K NEXT 500K
MAXEXTENTS 500 PCTINCREASE 0);

Cng tng t, ta c th thc hin trong Oracle Enterprise Manager OEM:
1. Chy Oracle Storage Manager.
2. Chn Tablespace>Create.
3. Trong General page ca bng thuc tnh, nhp vo tn tablespace ri chn ADD.
4. Trong bng thuc tnh Create Datafile, ch ra cc data file.
5. Trong phn Extents page, nhp vo cc thng tin lu gi
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6. Chn mc Create.

Hn ch
S lng ti a cc tablespaces trn mi database l 64.
S lng ti a cc data files trong mi tablespace l 1023.

9.6.2. Ch qun l cc tablespaces
Vi cu lnh to tablespace thng thng nh trn, Oracle server s to tablespace vi
ch qun l l Dictionary-Managed Tablespaces
thc hin qun l tablespace theo phng php Locally-Managed Tablespaces ta cn a
thm vo cu lnh mnh : MANAGEMENT LOCAL AUTOLOCATE.
V d:
CREATE TABLESPACE lmtbsb
DATAFILE 'c:\data\lmtbsb01.dbf' SIZE 50M
EXTENT MANAGEMENT LOCAL AUTOALLOCATE;

9.6.3. To temporary tablespace
Qun tr vin database c th to mt temporary tablespace s dng cho vic sp xp cc
d liu khng dng lu tr thng tr cc d liu.
to temporary tablespace, ta c th s dng lnh SQL ging nh lnh to tablespace
thng thng, nhng c thm t kho TEMPORARY cui.
V d:
CREATE TABLESPACE sort
DATAFILE /DISK2/sort01.dbf SIZE 50M
MINIMUM EXTENT 1M
DEFAULT STORAGE (INITIAL 2M NEXT 2M
MAXEXTENTS 500 PCTINCREASE 0)
TEMPORARY;
Vi Oracle Enterprise Manager, ta lm theo cc bc sau:
3. Trong General page, nhp vo tn tng ng ri chn ADD hin th mc Create
Datafile.
4. Trong Create Datafile ch ra tng data file c th.
5. Chn TEMPORARY trong nhm chn radio button.
6. Bm nt Create.

9.6.4. Cc tham s lu tr
Lng khng gian dng cho mt tablespace c xc nh trong mnh lu tr (storage
clause). Cc tham s ny c xc nh ngay ti thi im to tablespace. Trong trng hp
khng ch r cc tham s ny trong lnh to lp (CREATE), cc tham s s c s dng
cc gi tr theo mc nh.
C mt s tham s lu tr cn quan tm sau:
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INITIAL quy nh kch thc ca extent u tin. Kch thc nh nht ca
extent u tin l 02 block = (2*DB_BLOCK_SIZE). Mc nh, kch thc ny
l 5 blocks = (5* DB_BLOCK_SIZE).
NEXT ng vi kch thc ca extent th hai. Kch thc ti thiu l 01 block.
Mc nh, kch thc ny l 5 blocks = (5* DB_BLOCK_SIZE).
MINEXTENTS s lng extent c to lp mi khi segment c to lp. Mc
nh gi tr ny l 1.
PCTINCREASE phn trm tng kch thc extent. Kch thc ca mt extent
c xc nh theo kch thc:

Vi: Size
n
kch thc ca extent th n
V d: NEXT = 200K, PCTINCREASE = 50. Ta tnh c extent th hai =
200K, extent th ba = 300K, extent th t = 450K
MAXEXTENTS xc nh s lng ti a cc extents c trong mt segment. Gi tr
nh nht l 1. Gi tr ln nht theo mc nh ph thuc vo kch thc ca
block d liu. Gi tr ny cng c th c xc nh thng qua gi tr
UNLIMITED, tng ng vi gi tr l 2147483645.

9.7.CC THAY I I VI TABLESPACE
9.7.1. Chuyn i mt tablespace thnh mt temporary tablespace
Ta c th thay i cc tablespaces ang tn ti bin n thnh mt temporary tablespace.
V d:
ALTER TABLESPACE tbsa TEMPORARY;

9.7.2. Thm mi cc tablespace
m rng khng gian ca tablespace ta c th thc hin theo hai cch sau:
Thm mi cc data file vo tablespace
Thay i dung lng cc data files
Hoc ta cng c th s dng cu lnh SQL can thip nh sau:
ALTER TABLESPACE tablespace
ADD DATAFILE filespec [autoextend_clause]

Vi Oracle Enterprise Manager, ta lm theo cc bc sau:
3. Trong General page, nhp vo tn tng ng ri chn ADD hin th mc Create
Datafile.
4. Trong Create Datafile ch ra tng data file c th.

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9.7.3. M rng data files
Ta c th thc hin m rng (thay i) kch thc data file theo hai cch:
M rng theo ch t ng. S dng t kho: AUTOEXTENTED
M rng theo ch can thip trc tip (manually). S dng lnh ALTER
TABLESPACE, ALTER DATABASE

Thit lp ch AUTOEXTENT trong khi to file
C php:
ADD DATAFILE filespec [autoextend_clause]
V d:
ALTER TABLESPACE app_data
ADD DATAFILE
/DISK6/app04.dbf SIZE 200M
AUTOEXTEND ON NEXT 10M
MAXSIZE 500M;
Trong OEM ta thc hin cc bc sau:
2. Chuyn ti nt Tablespace.
3. ChnTablespace>Add Datafile.
4. Trong General page nhp vo cc thng tin ca file.
5. Trong Autoextend page nhp vo cc thng tin tng ng.
6. Bm nt Create.

Thit lp ch AUTOEXTENT khi data file tn ti
C php:
DATAFILE 'filename'[, 'filename']...
autoextend_clause
Trong OEM ta thc hin cc bc sau:
2. Chuyn ti nt Tablespace node.
3. Chn data file.
4. Trong phn Autoextend page, bm vo nt Enable Auto Extend.
5. Bm nt Apply.

9.7.4. Thay i kch thc data file
Thay v m rng kch thc ca database bng cch thm vo cc data file, qun tr vin
cng c th m rng bng cch iu chnh tng kch thc ca data file.
S dng cu lnh SQL sau thay i kch thc ca data file
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DATAFILE 'filename'[, 'filename']...
RESIZE integer[K|M]
Vi:
integer Kch thc tuyt i ca file data file

S dng cu lnh SQL sau thay i ni lu tr mc nh:
{MINIMUM EXTENT integer[K|M]
|DEFAULT storage_clause
}
V d:
MINIMUM EXTENT 2M;

DEFAULT STORAGE
(INITIAL 2M NEXT 2M
MAXEXTENTS 999);

9.7.5. Chuyn i ch ONLINE v OFFLINE
User ch c th truy xut vo tablespace nu n ang trng thi online. Trong mt vi
trng hp, qun tr vin database c th thay i trng thi database thnh offline vi mc
ch:
Di chuyn cc data files ti v tr khc
Ch cho php user truy xut phn d liu cn li trong database.
chuyn i ch ONLINE v OFFLINE, ta c th thc hin cu lnh SQL sau:
{ONLINE
|OFFLINE [NORMAL|TEMPORARY|IMMEDIATE]
}

Ch OFFLINE
Oracle server khng cho php thc hin cu lnh SQL i vi cc i tng c trong
tablespace c OFFLINE.
Oracle server thc hin checkpoint i vi tt c cc data files thuc tablespace trc khi
chuyn sang ch OFFLINE.
Mi khi database c m, qun tr vin database c th chuyn ch offline cho tt c
cc tablespace ngoi tr SYSTEM v cc tablespace tng ng vi cc active rollback
segments hay temporary segments.

Trong OEM ta c th thc hin theo cc bc sau:
3. Chn tablespace tng ng.
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4. Trong General page, t ch trong Offline radio button.
5. Bm nt Apply

9.7.6. Di chuyn cc data file
Tu thuc kiu tablespace, ta c th di chuyn cc data files theo cc phng thc khc
nhau.

Lnh ALTER TABLESPACE
Lnh ny ch p dng cho cc tablespace khng phi l SYSTEM tablespace, v khng cha
rollback segments hay temporary segments.
Cu lnh:
ALTER TABESPACE tablespace
RENAME DATAFILE 'filename'[, 'filename']...
V d:
ALTER TABLESPACE app_data RENAME
DATAFILE /DISK4/app01.dbf TO
/DISK5/app01.dbf;

Ta thc hin theo cc bc sau:
1. Chuyn ch offline cho tablespace.
2. Di chuyn cc data files tng ng bng lnh ca h iu hnh.
3. Thc hin lnh ALTER TABLESPACE RENAME DATAFILE.
4. Chuyn li ch online cho tablespace .
5. S dng lnh ca h iu hnh xo data file c nu cn thit.
Lnh ALTER DATABASE
Lnh ny ch p dng cho cc tablespace khng l SYSTEM v khng cha rollback segments
hay temporary segments.
Cu lnh:
RENAME FILE 'filename'[, 'filename']...
V d:
ALTER DATABASE RENAME FILE
/DISK1/system01.dbf TO
/DISK2/system01.dbf;
Ta thc hin theo cc bc sau:
1. Shutdown database.
2. Di chuyn data files bng lnh ca h iu hnh.
3. Mount li database.
4. Thc hin lnh ALTER DATABASE RENAME FILE.
5. M li database.

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Trong OEM ta lm nh sau
2. Chuyn ti nt Tablespace ri chn data file tng ng.
3. Trong phn General page, thay i li cc thng tin thch hp.
4. Bm nt Apply.

9.7.7. Tablespace ch c
S dng lnh SQL thit lp cc ch ny.
C php:
READ{ONLY|WRITE}
V d:
ALTER TABLESPACE app_data READ ONLY;

Trong OEM ta thc hin theo cc bc sau:
3. Chn tablespace.
4. Chn Tablespace>Make Read Only.
5. Bm nt OK.
Thit lp ch ch c cho tablespace
Ta c th thit lp ch ch c cho tablespace khi n m bo mt s iu kin sau:
Tablespace phi ang online
Khng c transaction no xy ra i vi tablespace
Tablespace khng cha cc rollback segments
Hin thi khng c online backup trn tablespace

9.7.8. Hu tablespace
Trong mt vi trng hp ta c th hu tablespace khi database.
Vic ny c th thc hin bi cu lnh SQL sau:
DROP TABLESPACE tablespace
[INCLUDING CONTENTS [CASCADE CONSTRAINTS]]
Vi
tablespace tn ca tablespace c hu
INCLUDING CONTENTS
hu lun cc segment c trong tablespace
CASCADE CONSTRAINTS
Hu lun c cc rng buc lin quan ti cc
bng bn ngoi c tham chiu duy nht ti cc bng
thuc tablespace b hu
V d:
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DROP TABLESPACE app_data
INCLUDING CONTENTS;

Trong OEM ta thc hin theo cc bc sau
2. Chuyn ti nt Tablespace chn tablespace tng ng.
3. Chn Tablespace>Remove.
4. Bm nt OK.

9.8.THNG TIN V CC TABLESPACES
Mt s views thng tin chung
Tn tham s Din gii
DBA_TABLESPACES, USER
TABLESPACES
Din gii ca cc tablespaces.
DBA_SEGMENTS,
USER_SEGMENTS
Thng tin v segment c trong cc tablespaces.
DBA_EXTENTS,
USER_EXTENTS
Thng tin v data extents c trong cc tablespaces.
DBA_FREE_SPACE,
USER_FREE_SPACE
Thng tin v free extents c trong cc tablespaces.
V$DATAFILE
Thng tin v tt c cc datafiles, bao gm c s hiu
tablespace v user s hu tablespace.
V$TEMPFILE
Thng tin v cc tempfiles, bao gm c s hiu tablespace
v user s hu tablespace.
DBA_DATA_FILES
Hin th cc datafiles thuc cc tablespaces.
DBA_TEMP_FILES
Hin th cc tempfiles thuc cc temporary tablespaces.
V$TEMP_EXTENT_MAP
Thng tin ca cc extents trong cc locally managed
temporary tablespaces.
V$TEMP_EXTENT_POOL
Thng tin ca cc locally managed temporary tablespaces
bao gm: trng thi ca temporary space cached (vng
khng gian m trung gian) c s dng bi mi
instance.
V$TEMP_SPACE_HEADER
Hin th vng khng gian used/free ca mi tempfile.
DBA_USERS
Cc tablespaces mc nh v temporary tablespaces ca
cc users.
DBA_TS_QUOTAS
Hn mc s dng tablespace ca cc users.
V$SORT SEGMENT
Thng tin v sort segment i vi mi instance.
V$SORT_USER
Vng khng gian sp xp trung gian c s dng bi
user v temporary/permanent tablespace.

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9.8.1. Xem thng tin tablespace
xem thng tin v tablespace, ta c th ly trong data dictionary views. View
DBA_TABLESPACES lu tr cc thng tin ny.
Mt s thng tin quan tm:
Tn tham s Din gii
TABLESPACE_NAME
Tn tablespace
NEXT_EXTENT
Kch thc ca cc extent m rng tnh theo bytes
MAX_EXTENTS
S lng ti a cc extents trong mt segment
PCT_INCREASE
Phn trm tng trng kch thc ca cc extents
MIN_EXTENTS
S lng ti thiu cc extents trong mt segment
STATUS
Trng thi ca tablespace l Online hay Offline
CONTENTS
Phn loi tablespace l permanent hay temporary
V d:
SVRMGR> SELECT tablespace_name, initial_extent, next_extent,
2 > max_extents, pct_increase, min_extlen
3 > FROM dba_tablespaces;

TABLESPACE_NAME INITIAL_EX NEXT_EXT MIN_EXTENT MAX_EXTENT PCT_I MIN_EXTLEN
--------------- ---------- -------- ---------- ---------- ----- ---------
SYSTEM 1240 10240 1 121 50 0
RBS 10240 10240 1 121 50 0
TEMP 262144 262144 1 999 50 131072
DATA01 204800 204800 1 999 50 51200
4 rows selected.

SVRMGR> SELECT tablespace_name, contents,status
2> FROM dba_tablespaces;

TABLESPACE_NAME CONTENTS STATUS
--------------- --------- ------
SYSTEM PERMANENT ONLINE
RBS PERMANENT ONLINE
TEMP TEMPORARY ONLINE
DATA01 PERMANENT ONLINE
4 rows selected.

9.8.2. Xem thng tin data files
xem thng tin v data files, ta c th ly trong dictionary views. View DBA_DATA_FILES
lu tr cc thng tin ny.
Mt s thng tin quan tm:
Tn tham s Din gii
FILE_NAME
Tn file (c km ng dn) tng ng vi datafile
TABLESPACE_NAME
Tn ca tablespace ng vi datafile
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BYTES
Dung lng tnh theo bytes ca tablespace hin thi
AUTOEXTENSIBLE
Ch t ng m rng dung lng ca datafile
MAXBYTES
Dung lng ti a
INCREMENT_BY
Ch s tng t ng trong h thng

V d:
SVRMGR> SELECT file_name, tablespace_name, bytes,
2> autoextensible, maxbytes, increment_by
3> FROM dba_data_files;

FILE_NAME TABLESPACE_NAME BYTES AUT MAXBYTES INCREMENT_BY
--------- --------------- -------- ---- -------- ----------
/DISK1/system01.dbf SYSTEM 31457280 NO 0 0
/DISK2/rbs01.dbf RBS 5242880 NO 0 0
/DISK3/temp01.dbf TEMP 5242880 NO 0 0
/DISK4/data01.dbf DATA01 5242880 NO 0 0
/DISK5/data02.dbf DATA01 512000 YES 15728640 512
5 rows selected.
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Chng 10. CU TRC LU TR
10.1.CC LOI SEGMENTS
Segments l cc vng khng gian ca cc objects (i tng) trong database. Di y, ta
s xem xt mt s loi segments c th.

10.1.1. Table
Table (bng), l ni lu gi d liu trong database. D liu trong mt table c lu gi
khng theo mt th t bt buc. Cc d liu trong mt table thuc loi nonpartitioned
(khng phn khu) s phi lu gi trong cng mt tablespace.

Hnh v 37. Cc loi segments

10.1.2. Table partition
C th c mt s table trong database c s lng truy cp ln v ng thi. Khi , d liu
trong table s c lu thnh nhiu partition (phn khu), mi partition c th nm trn
cc tablespace khc nhau. Oracle server h tr vic phn chia ny bng cc gi tr kho. Khi
mt table c phn khu, mi partition c xem nh mt segment.

10.1.3. Cluster
Cc dng d liu trong mt cluster c lu tr theo cc gi tr ca trng kho (key
column). Mt cluster c th cha mt hay nhiu tables v n c xem l mt kiu on d
liu (type of data segment). Cc tables trong mt cluster thuc v cng mt on v c
chung cc tnh cht lu tr.

10.1.4. Index
Tt c cc u mc (entries) ng vi mt index c th c lu tr trong mt index
segment. Mt table c ti bao nhiu indexes, th s c by nhiu index segments c s
dng. Mc ch ca segment ny l tm kim v nh v cc dng d liu trong mt table da
trn mt kho c ch ra.
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10.1.5. Index-Organized Table
Trong mt index-organized table, cc d liu trong mt index c lu tr da vo gi tr
kho. Mt index-organized table khng cn thit n mt table dng tm kim (lookup),
cc d liu c th c tr v ngay trc tip t cy index (index tree).

Hnh v 38. Cc loi segments (tip theo)

10.1.6. Index Partition
Mt index c th c partitioned (phn khu) v tri rng trn nhiu tablespaces khc nhau.
Khi , mi partition ca mt index s tng ng vi segment (on) v khng c php
nm di trn nhiu tablespaces. Mc ch chnh ca vic s dng index partition l gim
thiu nhng tranh chp vo ra I/O.

10.1.7. Rollback Segment
Rollback segment c s dng trong transaction (giao dch) to cc thay i trong
database. Trc khi thay i cc d liu hay cc index blocks, cc gi tr c s c lu gi
vo rollback segment. Vic lm ny cho php user c th phc hi li cc thay i.

10.1.8. Temporary Segment
Khi mt user thc hin cc lnh nh CREATE INDEX, SELECT DISTINCT, v SELECT
GROUP BY, Oracle s c gng thc hin cng vic sp xp ngay trong b nh. Khi cng vic
sp xp cn n nhiu khng gian hn, cc kt qu ny s c ghi trc tip ln a.
Temporary segments s c dng n trong trng hp ny.

10.1.9. LOB Segment
Khi mt hay nhiu ct trong table lu gi cc i tng ln (large objects - LOBs) nh cc
vn bn ti liu, hnh nh, hay videos. Cc ct cha d liu ln ny s c Oracle server
lu gi trong cc segments ring c bit n nh l LOB segments. Table s ch lu gi
cc gi tr dng nh v, xc nh ni lu gi cc d liu LOB tng ng.

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10.1.10. LOB Index
Mt LOB index segment c to ngm nh mi khi LOB segment c to lp. Cc tnh
cht lu gi ca LOB index c th c quy nh bi qun tr vin database. Mc ch ca
vic s dng LOB index segment l cho php tm kim cc gi tr c th trong ct d liu loi
LOB.

Hnh v 39. Cc loi segments (tip theo)

10.1.11. Nested Table
Ct d liu trong table c th c to lp t mt user-defined table (bng do ngi dng
nh ngha). Trong trng hp ny, bng d liu tng ng vi phn t thuc ct d liu
(inner table), c bit n nh mt nested table v c lu gi trong mt segment ring
bit.

10.1.12. Bootstrap Segment
Bootstrap segment, c bit n nh mt cache segment, c to bi file script sql.bsq
sau mi khi database c to. Segment gip cho vic khi to data dictionary cache mi
khi database c m bi mt instance. D liu trong bootstrap segment khng th xem
hay sa cha, cp nht c. Qun tr database cng khng cn thit phi quan tm ti
segment ny.

10.2.QUN L EXTENTS
10.2.1. Cp pht v thu hi cc extents
Vic cp pht cc extent xy ra mi khi segment c to mi, c m rng hay b thay
i (altered).
V n s b thu hi khi segment b hu, b thay i, b ct bt (truncated). Ring i vi cc
rollback segments, cc extent c th b t ng thu hi.

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10.2.2. S dng v gii phng cc extent
Khi mt tablespace c to, cc data files thuc tablespace s cha cc phn thng tin
sau:
Header block, tng ng vi block u tin ca file
Phn cn li ca data file l cc phn cn trng

Hnh v 40. S dng v gii phng cc extents
Mi khi segments c to lp, n s c cp pht mt vng khng thch hp t nhng
extents cn trng trong tablespace. Segment s c gng s dng nhiu nht cc vng khng
gian lin tip nhau. Sau khi cp pht, extent s c xem l used extent (extent c
s dng). Khi cc segments gii phng vng khng gian, cc extents tng ng vi n s
c gii phng v a vo vng free extents (extents ri) ca tablespace. Vi vic cp pht
v gii phng cc extents c th gy nn hin tng phn on vng d liu trong cc data
files ca tablespace.

10.2.3. Kt hp cc vng khng gian trng
Ta c th thc hin vic kt hp cc vng khng gian trng lin tip nhau mi khi cc
extents trong cng mt tablespace c gii phng. iu ny rt d xy ra, v d: khi c hai
table b hu (dropped). Cc extents trng ny c th c kt hp li thnh mt extent
trong cc iu kin:
Khi tin trnh SMON khi to mt space transaction kt hp cc extents trng.
Khi Oracle server cn phi cp pht vng trng m n cn ti lng khng gian trng
ln hn khng gian ca mt extent.
Kt hp theo yu cu ca qun tr vin database.
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Hnh v 41. Kt hp cc vng khng gian trng

Lu
Tin trnh SMON s ch kt hp cc extent trong cng tablespaces khi m PCTINCREASE ln
hn 0. Trong storage clause mc nh ca tablespaces, t PCTINCREASE=1 khi cc user
objects c th c t ng kt hp cc vng trng mi khi n c gii phng.

Yu cu kt hp vng trng
View DBA_FREE_SPACE_COALESCED c dng xem tablespace no c cc extents
rng c th kt hp c vi nhau. S dng cu lnh truy vn sau y ly cc thng tin:
SVRMGR> SELECT tablespace_name, total_extents,
2> percent_extents_coalesced
3> FROM dba_free_space_coalesced
4> WHERE percent_extents_coalesced <> 100;
TABLESPACE_NAME TOTAL_EXTE PERCENT_EX
--------------- ---------- ----------
RBS 3 33
DATA01 9 22
2 rows selected.
Thc hin kt hp cc vng khng gian trng trong tablespace bng lnh di y:
ALTER TABLESPACE tablespace COALESCE;

Trong OEM, ta thc hin theo cc bc sau
1. S dng cng c Oracle Tablespace Manager.
2. Chuyn ti nt Expand Tablespaces.
3. Chn tablespace tng ng.
4. Chn mc Tools>Coalesce Free Extents.

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10.3.BLOCK D LIU
10.3.1. Cu trc ca block d liu

Hnh v 42. Cu trc ca Block d liu

Cc Blocks d liu ca Oracle c cu thnh t cc phn sau:
Block header (vng u): Header cha a ch ca block d liu, thng tin v table
directory, row directory, v cc transaction slots. Thng tin trong Block headers s
tng dn theo hng t trn xung di.
Data space (vng d liu): Cc dng d liu c np vo block theo hng t di
ln.
Free space (vng trng): Vng trng trong block l vng nm gia vng header v
vng khng gian lu tr dng d liu. Ban u, vng khng gian trng l lin tip vi
nhau.Tuy nhin sau mt thi gian s dng, vng khng gian trng trong mt block
c th b phn on do vic xo v cp nht, thay i cc dng d liu. gii quyt
vn ny, Oracle server cho php thc hin kt hp cc phn on d liu.

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10.3.2. Cc tham s s dng khng gian trong block
Cc tham s s dng khng gian trong block c dng iu khin vic s dng vng
khng gian d liu v index trong cc segments.

Cc tham s iu khin song song

Hnh v 43. Cc tham s s dng khng gian trong block
Cc tham s INITRANS v MAXTRANS ch ra s lng khi to, s lng ln nht cc
transaction slots, c to trong mi index block hay data block. Cc transaction slots c
s dng lu gi cc thng tin v cc transactions lm thay i cc block ti cng mt thi
im. Mi transaction ch s dng mt transaction slot.
INITRANS c gn gi tr mc nh bng 1 cho data segment, v 2 cho index segment.
MAXTRANS c gn gi tr mc nh l 255, dng to ngng i vi cc transactions
ng thi c lm thay i cc block d liu hay index block. Khi thit lp gi tr ny, vng
khng gian cho cc transaction slots s c m bo c th thc hin cc transaction
mt cch hiu qu.

Tham s iu khin vng lu tr d liu
PCTFREE trong mt data segment ch lng phn trm vng trng trong mi data block
dnh cho vic tng ln ca d liu do vic cp nht cc dng d liu trong block. Theo mc
inh, PCTFREE l 10 phn trm.
PCTUSED trong mt data segment ch lng phn trm ti thiu ca vng khng gian s
dng, theo Oracle Server lu gi cc block d liu ca table. Mt block s c np li
vo free list (danh sch trng) mi khi PCTUSED gim xung. Free list ca mt segment l
danh sch cc blocks sn dng cho vic cp pht mi khi c dng d liu c insert. Theo
mc nh mi free list s c to tng ng vi mi segment. Tham s FREELISTS xc
nh s lng free list. Mc nh, PCTUSED bng 40 phn trm.
PCTFREE v PCTUSED c tnh ton theo phn trm vng khng gian ca d liu, tc l
vng khng gian ca Block cn li tr i vng khng gian header.

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10.3.3. S dng khng gian trong block
c th, ta theo di cc bc vic s dng cc vng khng gian trong block i vi mt
table c PCTFREE=20 v PCTUSED=40:
Phase 1: Cc dng d liu c np vo block cho ti khi 80% (100-PCTFREE).
Lc ny, ta khng th insert thm d liu vo Block.

Hnh v 44. S dng vng khng gian trong block

Phase 2: 20% khng gian cn li s dng cho vic tng kch thc ca cc dng d
liu do vic cp nht li cc dng d liu ny.
Phase 3: Khi xo dng d liu trong block, vng khng gian trng trong block s
tng ln. Tuy nhin, lc ny ta vn cha th insert d liu vo block c.
Phase 4: Khi vng trng trong block t ti mc PCTUSED, ta li c th insert d liu
vo Block. Ta li bt u t bc 01.

10.3.4. Phn loi mc phn on i vi tng loi segment
Tablespace Phn loi s dng Mc phn on
SYSTEM Data dictionary Khng xy ra
TOOLS Applications Rt t
DATAn Data segments t
INDEXn Index segments t
RBSn Rollback segments Nhiu
TEMPn Temporary segments Rt nhiu*
K hiu * c ngha l ch ng vi cc tablespaces thuc loi PERMANENT
Hin tng phn on d liu xy ra vi mc khc nhau i vi cc loi segments khc
nhau. Oracle khuyn co nn lu tr d liu trn nhiu tablespaces khc nhau gim thiu
vic s dng lng ph cc vng khng gian.

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Phn loi cc Objects v phn on
Cc loi objects khc nhau c lit k di y theo mc tng dn v phn on:
Cc data dictionary objects, ngoi tr cc audit table (bng kim tra), u khng bao
gi b dropped hay truncated. V th chng khng b phn on trong tablespace.
Vng khng gian s dng cho vic lu tr cc ng dng lun c cp pht v thu
hi trong qu trnh ti cu trc li b nh. V th, cc tables lu tr ny c mc
phn on l thp.
Data segment v index segements c s dng cho vic lu tr d liu ngi dng
thuc cc ng dng. Cc i tng ny thng c mc phn on cao.
Do cc rollback segments c phn b li extents mt cch t ng, chng d gy
ra hin tng phn on d liu trong h thng.
Temporary segments trong cc permanent tablespaces thng xuyn c b xy ra
hin tng phn on.

10.4.THNG TIN V CU TRC LU TR
10.4.1. Cc view lu tr thng tin
Thng tin v cc tablespaces, data files, segments, v extents (thng tin v c phn s dng
ln phn cn trng) u c th ly t cc t in d liu.
Thng tin v tablespace c th c lu trong DBA_TABLESPACES. Thng tin v cc file d
liu ca database c lu trong DBA_DATA_FILES. Thng tin v cc vng trng trong cc
data file, vng trng ca extent c lu trong DBA_FREE_SPACE. View DBA_SEGMENTS
lu gi thng tin v cc segment. Tng t nh vy, DBA_EXTENTS lu gi thng tin v cc
extent.

Hnh v 45. Cc views cha thng tin v cu trc lu tr

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10.4.2. Xem thng tin v cc segments
Thng tin c lu trong DBA_SEGMENTS.

Hnh v 46. Phn loi cc thng tin chnh c trong DBA_SEGMENTS

Ta c th ly thng tin v cc segments theo cc loi sau:
Thng tin tng hp: User s hu, tn segment, loi segment, tn tablespace.
Thng tin v kch c: extents, blocks.
Thng tin lu tr: INITIAL_EXTENT, NEXT_EXTENT, MIN_EXTENT,
MAX_EXTENT, PCT_INCREASE
V d: Xem s lng cc extents v blocks c cp pht cho tng segment do user SCOTT
s hu.
SVRMGR> SELECT segment_name,tablespace_name,extents,blocks
2> FROM dba_segments
3> WHERE owner='SCOTT';

SEGMENT_NAME TABLESPACE_NAME EXTENTS BLOCKS
------------ --------------- --------- --------
EMP DATA01 5 55
DEPT DATA01 1 5
BONUS DATA01 1 5
SALGRADE DATA01 1 5
DUMMY DATA01 1 5
5 rows selected.

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10.4.3. Thng tin v cc extents
Thng tin c lu trong DBA_EXTENTS.

Hnh v 47. Phn loi cc thng tin chnh c trong DBA_EXTENTS

Ta c th ly thng tin v cc extents theo cc loi sau:
Thng tin nhn dng: User s hu, tn segment, m hiu extent
Thng tin v kch c v ni t: TABLESPACE_NAME, RELATIVE_FNO, FILE_ID,
BLOCK_ID, BLOCKS

V d: Xem thng tin chi tit v cc extents c trong mt segment cho trc
SVRMGR> SELECT extent_id,file_id,block_id,blocks
2> FROM dba_extents
3> WHERE owner='SCOTT'
4> AND segment_name='EMP';

EXTENT_ID FILE_ID BLOCK_ID BLOCKS
--------- ------- -------- ------
0 4 2 5
1 4 27 5
2 4 32 10
3 4 42 15
4 4 57 20
5 rows selected.

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10.4.4. Thng tin v cc vng trng
Thng tin v cc vng trng c lu trong DBA_FREE_SPACE.

Hnh v 48. Phn loi cc thng tin chnh c trong DBA_FREE_SPACE
View ny cha cc thng tin v
V d:
SVRMGR> SELECT tablespace_name, count(*),
2> max(blocks), sum(blocks)
3> FROM dba_free_space
4> GROUP BY tablespace_name;
TABLESPACE_NAME COUNT(*) MAX(BLOCKS SUM(BLOCKS
--------------- -------- ---------- ----------
DATA01 2 1284 1533
RBS 3 2329 2419
SORT 1 1023 1023
SYSTEM 1 5626 5626
TEMP 1 2431 2431
5 rows selected.

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Chng 11. QUN L ROLLBACK SEGMENTS
11.1.GII THIU ROLLBACK SEGMENTS
11.1.1. Khi nim
Mi khi c s thay i d liu trong database, cc d liu c u c lu li c th khi
phc li trng thi ca d liu trc khi thay i. Rollback segment c dng lu tr
cc gi tr c . Rollback segment lu gi cc thng tin v block nh block ID, v cc d
liu sa i ca block.

Hnh v 49. Rollback segment

Phn u (header) ca mt rollback segment cha mt transaction table l ni lu gi thng
tin v cc giao dch hin thi c s dng ti rollback segment ang xem xt. Mi transaction
ch c th s dng duy nht mt rollback segment lu gi cc d liu dng khi phc.
Nhiu transactions c th ng thi ghi d liu ln rollback segment.

11.1.2. Mc ch s dng segment
Transaction rollback
Khi mt transaction thc hin cc thay i i vi cc dng d liu trong table, cc gi tr
ban u (old image) s c lu gi vo rollback segment. Khi transaction c rolled
back (ly li), cc d liu c lu trong rollback segment s c ly ra v ln d liu hin
ti trong block, phc hi li cc gi tr nguyn thu.
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Hnh v 50. Mc ch ca rollback segment

Phc hi cc Transaction
Trong trng hp mt instance gp li khi cc transactions ang thc hin, Oracle server
cn phi khi phc li cc d liu cha commit. Rollback trong trng hp ny c gi l
phc hi d liu. Vic ny ch thc hin c khi cc thay i i vi cc rollback segments
c kt hp bo v bi cc redo log files.

Nht qun trong vic c d liu
Khi mt thc hin cc transactions, cc users trong database s khng th thy c cc d
liu b thay i m cha c commit bi transactions. Cc d liu c lu trong rollback
segments s vn c s dng cung cp cho cc users khc nhm m bo nht qun
d liu cho cc user .

11.1.3. Phn loi rollback segment
SYSTEM Rollback Segment
SYSTEM rollback segment c to ngay trong SYSTEM tablespace mi khi mt database
c to lp. Rollback segment ny ch c s dng i vi cc thay i d liu ca cc
i tng nm trong SYSTEM tablespace.

Non-SYSTEM Rollback Segments
Mt database c th c nhiu tablespaces v nn c t nht mt non-SYSTEM rollback
segment. Cc non-SYSTEM rollback segment do qun tr vin database to lp c th c
s dng lu gi cc thay i trn cc i tng c trong cc non-SYSTEM tablespace
khc. C hai loi non-SYSTEM rollback segments.
Private: Private rollback segments l cc segments c s dng ring cho mi
instance.
Public: Public rollback segments l mt phn ca rollback segments c trong
database. Public rollback segments c th c s dng bi Oracle Parallel Server.

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11.2.S DNG ROLLBACK SEGMENT
11.2.1. S dng rollback segment trong cc transaction
Cp pht cc Rollback Segment
i vi cc transaction phi x l mt khi lng ln cc d liu, ta cn gn transaction ny
vi mt rollback segment ring chuyn lm nhim v lu gi cc trng thi ban u ca d
liu.
Ch gn rollback segments cho mt transaction:
Lng trc khi lng thng tin trong transaction cn rollback ph hp (fit) vi kch
thc ca vng trng (extents) hin thi ca rollback segment.
Cp pht va cc vng trng v khng cn cp pht b cc vng trng (extents)
cho rollback segments c gn cho transaction v iu ny c th dn n vic
gim hiu sut thc hin ca h thng.
gn mt transaction cho mt rollback segment mt cch tng minh th rollback segment
cn phi ang trng thi online. Cn thc lnh lnh SET TRANSACTION USE
ROLLBACK SEGMENT trc khi thc hin cc lnh trong transaction . Nu trng thi ca
rollback segment l offline hoc cu lnh SET TRANSACTION USE ROLLBACK SEGMENT
khng c t v tr u tin ca transaction th h thng s pht sinh mt li.
V d: s dng lnh gn rollback segment cho transaction ti thi im bt u transaction:
SET TRANSACTION USE ROLLBACK SEGMENT large_rs1;

Sau khi transaction c commit, rollback segment ny li c Oracle a v trng thi sn
sng s dng. Oracle s t ng gn transaction tip theo cho mt rollback segment bt k
no ang cn ri (available) tr phi transaction ny li c tip tc gn cho rollback
segment bng tay bi user.

S dng cc extents
Cc transactions s dng extents trong rollback segment theo mt trnh t xoay vng. Theo
, transaction s ghi d liu thay i vo extent hin thi, ri tip tc chuyn ti cc extent
k tip. Khi extent cui cng c s dng y, n li quay tr v extent 1.
r hn, ta xem xt mt v d sau:
C hai transaction cng s dng mt rollback segments c 04 extents.

Hnh v 51. S dng d liu trong rollback segment
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1. Ti thi im bt u, giao dch bt u ghi d liu vo Extent 3
2. Trong khi thc hin, cc transaction s ghi d liu vo Extent 3 cho ti khi y ri
tip tc chuyn sang ghi d liu ln Extent 4.
3. Khi Extent 4 cng y, n tip tc li quay tr li ghi d liu vo extent 1 nu extent
ny trng thi ri hoc inactive. Mt extent l ri hoc inactive nu hin thi n
khng b s dng bi bt k mt transaction no.

11.2.2. Tng trng i vi cc rollback segments
Rollback segment c con tr xc nh extent ang lm vic. Khi extent lm vic y, con
tr s chuyn sang extent k tip thc hin vic ghi d liu. C nh vy cho n extent
cui cng ri li quay tr v extent u tin nu extent ny ang ri. Tuy nhin, c nhiu
kh nng extent u tin ny cng ang khng ri. Khi , con tr khng th nhy cch m
b qua extent 1 chuyn sang extent 2 c. tip tc duy tr hot ng cho
transaction, cn phi b sung thm mt extent na vo sau extent cui cng. Vic ny to
nn s tng trng i vi cc rolback segments. Vic tng trng i vi cc rolback
segments s tip tc xy ra cho ti khi s lng cc extents tng kch khung quy nh trong
tham s MAXEXTENTS.

Hnh v 52. Tng kch thc Rollback Segment

Sau khi rollback segments c to lp, qun tr vin database vn c th thay i tham
s lu tr ca rollback segments. thay i, qun tr vin ch cn iu chnh cc tham s
OPTIMAL hay MAXEXTENTS cho ph hp.
V d: Cu lnh sau thay i s lng ti a cc extents cp pht cho rollback segments
RBS_01.
ALTER ROLLBACK SEGMENT rbs_01
STORAGE (MAXEXTENTS 120);

Vi cu lnh thay i ny, ta cng c th iu chnh vi rollback segment SYSTEM , bao gm
c tham s OPTIMAL.

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11.2.3. Ti u cc rollback segments
Khi kt thc hoc commit cc transaction, n s gii phng vng khng gian s dng
lu cc d liu dng phc hi. Cc extent trong rollback c a tr li trng thi
inactive. tit kim khng gian lu tr trong rollback segment, ta c th ti u li rollback
segment thng qua tham s OPTIMAL.

Hnh v 53. Gim kch thc ca Rollback segment

Oracle server s thu hi li cc extent cp pht khi:
Kch thc ca rollback segment hin ti c iu chnh ti gi tr ca tham s
OPTIMAL.
Khi c nhiu hn 02 extent ri lin tip cnh nhau.
Mt iu lu l khi thu hi li cc extent, Oracle server s thu hi extent cha d liu lu
nht trc .
Ta c th thc hin gim bt kch thc ca rollback segments thng qua vic s dng cu
lnh ALTER ROLLBACK SEGMENT. Lu , khi ny rollback segment c thu nh nht thit
phi ang trng thi online.
V d: Thu nh kch thc rollback segment RBS1 bng 100K:
ALTER ROLLBACK SEGMENT rbs1 SHRINK TO 100K;
Cu lnh pha trn thc hin rt bt kch thc ca rollback segment ti kch thc nh
c ch ra. Tuy nhin, vic rt gn s dng li khi c mt extent khng th b thu hi do
bt k nguyn nhn no.

11.3.QUN L ROLLBACK SEGMENTS
11.3.1. S dng rollback segment
Kch thc ca rollback segment
Kch thc ca rollback c xc nh tu thuc vo hai yu t sau:
Loi transaction c thc hin (insert, update, delete, ...)
Lng d liu c x l
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Thng thng, vic thm mi bn ghi vo bng cn t khng gian lu gi thng tin phc hi
hn l vic xo d liu khi bng. Vi thao tc thm mi, ch cn lu gi ROWID vo
rollback, trong khi thao tc delete li cn phi lu gi ton b dng d liu.
nh gi kch thc ca rollback segment cn c theo transaction di nht c s dng
rollback segment.

S lng cc Extents
Vi cc rollback segment c qu nhiu cc extents s gy ra lng ph khng gian lu tr d
liu, gim bt lng ph, ta c th iu chnh tham s MINEXTENTS cho ph hp.
Oracle khuyn ngh, thng thng, MINEXTENTS nn t gi tr l 20.

11.3.2. To rollback segment
Ta c th to rollback segment thng qua cu lnh SQL:
C php:
CREATE [PUBLIC] ROLLBACK SEGMENT rollback_segment
[TABLESPACE tablespace]
[STORAGE ([INITIAL integer[K|M]]
[NEXT integer[K|M]]
[OPTIMAL {integer[K|M]|NULL}]
)
]

Lu :
Mt rollback segment c th l PUBLIC hoc PRIVATE (mc nh) vic gn ny c
thc hin ngay lc to v khng th thay i sau ny.
MINEXTENTS>=2 i vi cc rollback segment.
PCTINCREASE c b qua i vi cc rollback segment v c gn bng 0.
OPTIMAL, nu c ch ra th khng c nh hn gi tr kch thc khi to ca
rollback segment c xc nh trong tham s MINEXTENTS.
INITIAL=NEXT m bo cc extent trong rollback segment c cng mt kch
thc.
Khng nn gn gi tr cho MAXEXTENTS l UNLIMITIED v nh vy s dn n vic
m rng cc extent mt cch khng cn thit.
Nn t rollback segment trong mt tablespace ring bit gim bt hin tng
phn on d liu trong database.

V d:
CREATE ROLLBACK SEGMENT rbs01
TABLESPACE rbs
STORAGE (
INITIAL 100K NEXT 100K OPTIMAL 4M
MINEXTENTS 20 MAXEXTENTS 100);

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Trong Oracle Enterprise ta thc hin theo cc bc sau:
2. Chn Rollback>Create.
3. Trong phn General page, nhp vo tn, tablespace, v kiu tng ng. Chn mc
Online trong radio button.
4. Trong phn Extents, nhp vo cc thng tin v rollback segments.
5. Bm nt Create.

11.3.3. Thay i trng thi ca Rollback segments
Rollback segments c th nhn mt trong hai trng thi ONLINE/OFFLINE
Khi rollback segment c trng thi online th n sn sng s dng cho cc transactions,
ngc li, trng thi offline cho bit n khng sn sng cho cc transactions. Thng thng,
rollback segments l online v sn dng cho cc transactions.
Trong mt s tnh hung nht nh, ta cn t trng thi online hay ofline i vi cc
rollback segments:
Khi trng thi ca tablespace l online, nu tablespace c cha cc rollback segments,
ta s khng th t trng thi tablespace thnh offline nu c bt k mt transaction
no vn cn ang s dng cc rollback segments thuc tablespace . x l c
tnh hung ny, ta cn thay i trng thi ca rollback segments thnh offline
ngn khng cho s dng cc rollback segments trc khi thay i trng thi ca
tablespace l offline.
Khi ta mun drop (hu) cc rollback segments, nhng khng th thc hin c do
vn cn transactions ang s dng n. x l c tnh hung ny, ta cn ngn
khng cho s dng rollback segment thng qua vic t li trng thi rollback
segments l offline.
Sau khi to mi mt rollback segment, n s c trng thi offline v cha th s dng ngay
c. c th sn dng cho cc transaction, rollback segment cn c chuyn trng thi
thnh online thng qua cu lnh ALTER ROLLBACK SEGMENT
C php:
ALTER ROLLBACK SEGMENT rollback_segment ONLINE | OFFLINE
Rollback segment s c trng thi online cho ti khi instance b tt (shutdown).

t trng thi online cho rollback segments ngay khi startup database
m bo cho cc rollback segments lun nhn trng thi online ngay khi khi ng
(startup) database, ta cn ch r tn ca rollback segments trong tham s
ROLLBACK_SEGMENTS ca parameter file.
V d:
ROLLBACK_SEGMENTS=(rbs01, rbs02, rbs03)

Lu : S lng ti a cc rollback segment online i vi mt instance c xc nh bi
tham s MAX_ROLLBACK_SEGMENT.

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2. Chuyn ti nt Rollback Segments.
3. Chn rollback segment tng ng.
4. Chn Rollback>Place Online/ Take Offline.
5. Trong hp thoi xc nhn, bm nt Yes.

11.3.4. Instance s dng rollback segment
c th, ta xem xt cc bc thc hin khi mt instance s dng rollback segment
1. Instance s dng tt c cc rollback segments c tn trong phn tham s
ROLLBACK_SEGMENTS.
2. Tham s TRANSACTIONS v TRANSACTIONS_PER_ROLLBACK_SEGMENT c s
dng tnh ton s lng rollback segments cn thit cho mt instance:

Vi:
N S lng rollback segment cn thit
T Gi tr tham s TRANSACTIONS
TRP Gi tr tham s
TRANSACTIONS_PER_ROLLBACK_SEGMENT
3. Trong trng hp N nh hn hay bng s lng non-SYSTEM rollback segments c
c, instance cng s khng cn ti nhiu rollback segments hn.
4. Khi gi tr ca N ln hn hay bng s cc non-SYSTEM rollback segments dnh cho
instance, khi i hi phi s dng thm c cc public rollback segments.

11.3.5. iu chnh kh nng lu tr ca rollback segment
Ta c th iu chnh cc tnh cht lu tr ca tng rollback segment thng qua lnh ALTER
ROLLBACK SEGMENT
C php:
ALTER ROLLBACK SEGMENT rollback_segment
[STORAGE ( [NEXT integer[K|M]]
[OPTIMAL {integer[K|M]|NULL}]
)
]

Trong OEM ta thc hin theo cc bc sau:
4. Trong phn Extents page, t li cc tham s tng ng.
5. Bm nt Apply.

11.3.6. Gim bt rng ca rollback segment
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Trong trng hp tham s OPTIMAL c ch r, Oracle server s c gng thc hin cp
pht v gii phng vng khng gian da theo gi tr ca tham s OPTIMAL. Ngc li, ta c
th thc hin cp pht khng gian thng qua lnh trc tip:
ALTER ROLLBACK SEGMENT rollback_segment
SHRINK [ TO integer [ K|M ]];
Trong trng hp tham s integer khng c ch r, Oracle s gim lng khng gian
rollback segment v ti gi tr OPTIMAL

4. Chn Rollback>Shrink.
5. Trong hp thoi Shrink Rollback Segment, chn Optimal Size rt gn kch thc
rollback segment theo kch thc c ti u. Hoc chn Size ri nhp vo gi tr
kch thc cho vng khng gian tng ng.
6. Bm nt OK.

11.3.7. Hy b rollback segment
Trong mt s trng hp khng cn s dng cc rollback segment, ta c th hy cc
rollback segment thng qua cu lnh SQL:
DROP ROLLBACK SEGMENT rollback_segment;

Trong OEM, ta lm theo cc bc sau:
1. Chn Oracle Storage Manager.
4. Chn Rollback>Remove. Ta ch c th hy cc rollback segment trng thi
offline.
5. Bm nt Yes trong hp thoi xc nhn.

11.3.8. Qun l undo t ng
Kh nng qun l undo t ng (Automatic Undo Management - AUM) l mt c im kh
mi ca Oracle 9i. Cung cp c ch tin cy hn cho DBA khi to, thay i kch thc v iu
chnh rollback segments trong database. Theo , Rollback segments c th c to, xo
hay iu chnh kch thc mt cch t ng bi instance.
D liu rollback data c qun l nh vo undo tablespace.
V d: to undo tablespace
CREATE UNDO TABLESPACE UNDO_TBS
DATAFILE /u01/oradata/freeney9/undo_tbs01.ora SIZE 100M
AUTOEXTEND ON NEXT 10M MAXSIZE 700M
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Mt s tham s khi to chnh:
UNDO_MANAGEMENT (MANUAL / AUTO): Cho bit database c s dng c ch AUM
hay khng. Default = MANUAL
UNDO_TABLESPACE (valid tablespace): Ch r tn undo tablespace s dng.
UNDO_RETENTION (in seconds default=30): Cho bit thi gian tr thc
hin committed undo.
UNDO_SUPPRESS_ERRORS (TRUE / FALSE): Cho bit h thng c tr v
exception hay khng khi SET TRANSACTION USE ROLLBACK SEGMENT pht li.
Default = TRUE

11.4.THNG TIN V CC ROLLBACK SEGMENT
Thng tin v cc rollback segment c lu gi trong t in d liu.
11.4.1. Xem thng tin chung v cc rollback segment
Thng tin chung v rollback segment c lu trong view DBA_ROLLBACK_SEGS.

Hnh v 54. Cc thng tin chnh v rollback segments
Cc thng tin bao gm:
SEGMENT_ID: M hiu ca segment
SEGMENT_NAME: Tn segment
TABLESPACE_NAME: Tn tablespace cha segment
OWNER (PUBLIC/SYS): Tn user s hu segment
STATUS (ONLINE/OFFLINE): Trng thi ca segment

V d: Xem thng tin chung v segment
SVRMGR> SELECT segment_name, tablespace_name, owner, status
2> FROM dba_rollback_segs;
SEGMENT_NAME TABLESPACE_NAME OWNER STATUS
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--------------- --------------- ------ --------
-------
SYSTEM SYSTEM SYS ONLINE
RBS1 RBS SYS ONLINE
RBS2 RBS SYS ONLINE
RBS3 RBS SYS OFFLINE
4 rows selected.

D liu trong ct OWNER nhn cc gi tr:
SYS: Rollback thuc loi private
PUBLIC: Rollback thuc loi public

11.4.2. Xem thng tin thng k v rollback segment
Ta ly c cc thng tin ny t cc view V$ROLLSTAT v V$ROLLNAME.

Hnh v 55. Cc thng tin thng k v segments
V d: Xem cc thng tin thng k v segments
SVRMGR> SELECT n.name, s.extents, s.rssize, s.optsize,
2> s.hwmsize, s.xacts, s.status
3> FROM v$rollname n, v$rollstat s
4> WHERE n.usn = s.usn;

NAME EXTENTS RSSIZE OPTSIZE HWMSIZE XACTS STATUS
----- ------- -------- -------- -------- ------ ---------
SYSTEM 43 2199552 2199552 0 ONLINE
RBS1 20 202752 204800 417792 0 ONLINE
RBS2 4 38912 38912 0 PENDING
OFFLINE
3 rows selected.

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Din gii mt s ct d liu trong view V$ROLLSTAT
Tn ct Din gii
USN
L s hiu ca rollback segment (Rollback segment number)
EXTENTS
S lng cc extents c trong rollback segment
RSSIZE
Kch thc ca segment hin thi tnh theo n v bytes
XACTS
S lng cc transaction s dng rollback segment
OTPSIZE
Gi tr OPTIMAL ca rollback segment
HWMSIZE
Hight warter mark; kch thc ti a tnh theo bytes, khi rollback
segment tng
AVEACTIVE
Kch thc ca extent hin thi,
STATUS
Trng thi ca rollback segment

11.4.3. Thng tin v rollback segment ang active
Ta c th kt hp thng tin trong hai bng V$TRANSACTION v V$SESSION.

Hnh v 56. Thng tin v cc thao tc trn cc segments

V d:
SVRMGR> SELECT s.username, t.xidusn, t.ubafil,
2> t.ubablk, t.used_ublk
3> FROM v$session s, v$transaction t
4> WHERE s.saddr = t.ses_addr;

USERNAME XIDUSN UBAFIL UBABLK USED_UBLK
----------- ---------- --------- ---------- ----------
SYSTEM 2 2 7 1
SCOTT 1 2 163 1
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2 rows selected.
Din gii mt s ct d liu
Tn ct Din gii
SES_ADDR a ch ca session, ly c t V$SESION.SADDR
XIDUSN
S hiu ca Rollback segment c s dng bi transaction
UBAFIL,
UBABLK,
UBASQN,UBAREC
V tr hin thi ca rollback segment m transaction s ghi vo
USED_UBLK
S hiu block undo c to ra bi transaction
START_UEXT,
START_UBAFIL,
START_UBABLK
S hiu ca extent (file, block) thuc rollback segment m
transaction bt u ghi d liu

11.5.CC VN LIN QUAN TI ROLLBACK SEGMENT
11.5.1. Thiu khng gian cho cc transactions
Nguyn nhn
Do mt transaction khng c s dng nhiu rollback segments nn c th xy ra tnh
trng thiu vng khng gian cho cc rollback segment v gy ra li (ORA-01562). Nguyn
nhn c th l mt trong cc trng hp sau:
Khng c khng gian trong tablespace (ORA-01560)
S lng cc extents trong rollback segment t ti gi tr MAXEXTENTS v khng
th b sung thm cc extent vo rollback segment (ORA-01628)
Gii php
Vi li ORA-01560:
M rng thm cc data files trong tablespace
t ch cho cc data files l AUTOEXTEND
B sung mi data file vo tablespace
Vi li ORA-01628:
Tng tham s MAXEXTENTS ca rollback segment
Hu v to li rollback segment vi kch thc ca extent ln hn

11.5.2. Li c d liu khng ng nht
Nguyn nhn
Oracle server c gng m bo cc cu lnh s ch x l trn cc d liu c commit. V
th, cc d liu cha commit s khng c s dng. Trong trng hp Oracle server khng
to c cc bn lu gi tr c cc d liu (read-consistent image of data), user s nhn
c li ORA-01555 snapshot too old. Li ny xy ra khi transaction thay i cc d
liu c commit v:
Transaction slot c trong phn rollback header ang c s dng
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Gi tr ban u (before-image) trong rollback segment c ghi ln bi mt
transaction khc

Gii php
Tng ch s MINEXTENTS
M rng kch thc extent
Tng gi tr OPTIMAL

11.5.3. Chn session

Hnh v 57. Chn session
Vn
Khi mt extent trong rollback segment c ghi y, Oracle server s tip tc s dng
extent k tip theo c ch xoay vng. Trong trng hp extent k tip vn ang trong tnh
trng active, transaction s khng s dng c n. Mt khc, n cng khng th b qua
extent k tip chuyn ti extent sau na nu n ri. Khi , rollback segment s c b
sung thm cc extent. Vic lm ny lm cho rollback segment ngy mt m rng v qun tr
vin cn phi can thip hn ch vic m rng ny.

Gii php
Qun tr vin database cn thc hin kim tra thng tin ca cc transaction ang c thc
hin thng qua vic ly thng tin t cc view V$ROLLSTAT, V$TRANSACTION, V$SESSION
pht hin cc transaction ang b cn tr, t thc hin vic iu chnh cho ph hp.
Cng vic kim tra v gim st ny c thc hin bng tay bi ngi qun tr database.

V d: Xem thng tin v cc transactions ang c thc hin
SVRMGR> SELECT s.sid, s.serial#, t.start_time, t.xidusn,
s.username
2> FROM v$session s, v$transaction t, v$rollstat r
3> WHERE s.saddr = t.ses_addr
4> AND t.xidusn = r.usn
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5> AND ((r.curext = t.start_uext-1) OR
6> ((r.curext = r.extents-1) AND t.start_uext=0));

SID SERIAL# START_TIME XIDUSN USERNAME
--- ------- ------------- ------ --------
9 27 10/30/97 21:10:41 2 SYSTEM
1 row selected.
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Chng 12. QUN L TEMPORARY SEGMENTS
12.1.TEMPORARY SEGMENTS
Temporary segments c s dng khi Oracle server thc cc hin cu lnh sp xp m
khng th s dng vng khng gian trong b nh do khng , v d nh:
SELECT. . . ORDER BY
CREATE INDEX
SELECT DISTINCT
SELECT. . . GROUP BY
SELECT. . . UNION
Dung lng b nh cn thit cho tin trnh sp xp c xc nh da trn tham s khi to
SORT_AREA_SIZE. Trong mt s trng hp, nhiu thao tc sp xp cng c s dng v
cn nhiu b nh hn. Khi ny b nh trong ca my l khng th p ng c v kt qu
ca vic sp xp cn phi c tm thi lu ln a. Vng a lu tr cc d liu trung
gian ny chnh l temporary segments.
Temporary segments trong tablespace c Oracle server to lp vi mc ch s dng lm
vng nh trung gian h tr thao tc sp xp.

Hnh v 58. Temporary segment

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12.1.1. Phn loi temporary segments
Cc temporary segments c th c to trn mt permanent tablespace hoc trn mt
temporary tablespace. User c th s dng mt trong cc kiu tablespaces ny sp xp.

Hnh v 59. Phn loi temporary segment

Temporary Tablespace
Mt temporary tablespace c s cho cc temporary segments tng ng v khng cha
bt k segment no c kiu khc. Ta c th to cc temporary tablespace theo cu lnh SQL
sau:
CREATE TABLESPACE tablespace_name TEMPORARY
DATAFILE filespec [autoextend_clause]
[ , filespec [autoextend_clause]] ...

Mt permanent tablespace c th chuyn i thnh dng temporary tablespace bng cch
s dng cu lnh:
ALTER TABLESPACE tablespace_name TEMPORARY

Lu : vi cu lnh trn, tablespace khng c php cha bt k mt i tng thng tr
no (nh: table, store procedure, ...). Mt temporary tablespace c th chuyn i li thnh
permanent tablespace thng qua cu lnh SQL di y:
ALTER TABLESPACE tablespace_name PERMANENT

Oracle server c th to mt temporary segment trong mt permanent tablespace vi s
iu kin sau:
User thc hin cu lnh sp xp cn n vng khng gian trn a.
User chy cu lnh m n c gn cho mt permanent tablespace thc hin
sp xp.
Khi mt permanent tablespace c s dng cho vic sp xp, mt instance c th c mt
hoc nhiu temporary segment trong tablespace.
Mt temporary segment s c hy bi tin trnh nn SMON khi kt thc cu lnh sp xp
v vng khng gian cp pht s c gii phng cho cc i tng khc ca database
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s dng. Permanent tablespaces c s dng cho vic sp xp, c ba vng khng gian
trong tablespace c th c phn vng khc nhau. Thng thng, mi tablespace nn
c s dng cho tng tin trnh sp xp khc nhau.
Khi mt temporary tablespaces c s dng cho cc temporary segments, Instance ch to
mt segment dng sp xp cho tablespace. Mt vi transactions cn n sp xp trn
a c th s dng cng segment. Tuy nhin, mt extent th khng th cng chia s ng
thi cho nhiu transactions khc nhau.

12.1.2. S dng cc Sort Segments
Sort segment c to bi cu lnh sp xp u tin s dng ti temporary tablespace cho
vic sp xp. V sort segment ch b hy khi tt (shutdown) database. Vic ny lm gim bt
s ln cp pht v thu hi cc sort segments phc v cho cng vic sp xp, lm tng nng
sut h thng. Oracle khng hn ch s lng cc extents cp pht cho mi sort segment
thuc mt temporary tablespace.

12.1.3. Sort Extent Pool
Oracle server lu li chi tit sort segment trong vng Sort Extent Pool ca vng nh SGA,
mi cu lnh cn ti cc vng trng thc hin sp xp c th tm cc extent ri trong
vng nh ny.

12.2.CP PHT KHNG GIAN CHO TEMPORARY SEGMENT
Temporary tablespaces c s dng tng hiu qu sp xp d liu. Kch thc ca cc
extents trong temporary segment c xc nh bi DEFAULT STORAGE clause ca
tablespace tng ng.

Do lng d liu ghi ln temporary segment bng phn nguyn ln gi tr
SORT_AREA_SIZE. Do vy, ta nn t INITIAL = NEXT = (n*SORT_AREA_SIZE)+
DB_BLOCK_SIZE
Gi tr PCTINCREASE=0, m bo cc extents c cng kch thc.

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12.3.THNG TIN V CC TEMPORARY SEGMENT

Hnh v 60. Thu nhn thng tin v database instance
Ta c th ly c cc thng tin v temporary segment trong mt s bng t in d liu:
DBA_SEGMENTS: cha thng tin v tt c cc loi segments trong database.
V$SORT_SEGMENT: cho bit trng thi ca cc sort extent pool (vng khng gian sp xp).
Vi t in d liu ny, ta c th bit c nhng thng tin sau:
Tn ct Din gii
TABLESPACE_NAME
Tn temporary tablespace
EXTENT_SIZE
Kch thc ca extent
TOTAL_EXTENTS
Tng s cc extents
TOTAL_BLOCKS
Tng s cc blocks
USED_EXTENTS
S lng extents s dng
USED_BLOCKS
S lng blocks s dng
FREE_EXTENTS
S lng extents cn trng
FREE_BLOCKS
S lng blocks cn trng
MAX_SORT_SIZE
Kch thc ti a ca vng d liu sp xp
MAX_SORT_BLOCKS
S lng blocks ti a dng sp xp d liu
V d:
SVRMGR> SELECT tablespace_name, extent_size,
2> total_extents, max_sort_blocks
3> FROM v$sort_segment;

TABLESPACE_NAME EXTENT_SIZ TOTAL_EXTE MAX_SORT_B
--------------- ---------- ---------- ----------
TEMP 128 1 128
1 row selected.
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MAX_SORT_SIZE v MAX_SORT_BLOCKS l s lng cc extents v cc blocks s dng bi
php sp xp ln nht. Thng tin ny l hu ch trong vic iu chnh kch thc ca
temporary tablespace

V$SORT_USAGE: cho bit thng tin v cc sp xp hin c ca instance, ta kt hp vi
V$SESSION bit thm cc thng tin:
V d:
SVRMGR> SELECT s.username, u."USER", u.tablespace,
2> u.contents, u.extents, u.blocks
3> FROM v$session s,v$sort_usage u
4> WHERE s.saddr=u.session_addr;

USERNAME USER TABLESPACE CONTENTS EXTENTS BLOCKS
-------- ----- ---------- --------- ------- ------
SYSTEM SYS TEMP TEMPORARY 1 128
1 row selected.

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