1

B XY DNG
--------
CNG HO X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM
c lp - T do - Hnh phc
S: 06 /2006/Q-BXD
H ni, ngy 17 thng 3 nm 2006

QUYT NH

Ban hnh TCXDVN 33 : 2006 " Cp nc - Mng li ng ng v cng trnh - Tiu
chun thit k "

B TRNG B XY DNG

Cn c Ngh nh s 36 / 2003 / N-CP ngy 4 / 4 / 2003 ca Chnh ph quy nh
chc nng, nhim v, quyn hn v c cu t chc ca B Xy dng;
Theo ngh ca V trng V Khoa hc Cng ngh v Gim c Cng ty nc v
mi trng Vit nam ti t trnh s 614/CV-NMT;

QUYT NH

iu 1. Ban hnh km theo quyt nh ny 01 Tiu chun xy dng Vit
Nam :
TCXDVN 33 : 2006 " Cp nc - Mng li ng ng v cng trnh - Tiu chun
thit k "
iu 2. Quyt nh ny c hiu lc sau 15 ngy, k t ngy ng cng bo
iu 3. Chnh vn phng B, V trng V Khoa hc Cng ngh v Th trng
cc n v c lin quan chu trch nhim thi hnh Quyt nh ny ./.


K/T B TRNG
TH TRNG
Ni nhn:
- Nh iu 3
- VP Chnh Ph
- Cng bo
- B T php k
- V Php ch
- Lu VP&V KHCN
Nguyn Vn Lin



B XY DNG
CNG TY NC V MI TRNG VIT NAM


2










TCXD ..................

CP NC - MNG LI NG NG V CNG TRNH
TIU CHUN THIT K

Water Supply - Distribution System and Facilities
Design Standard






















H Ni, 3/2006
B XY DNG
CNG TY NC V MI TRNG VIT NAM






3



TCXD ......................

CP NC - MNG LI NG NG V CNG TRNH
TIU CHUN THIT K

Water Supply - Distribution System and Facilities
Design Standard





C QUAN CH TR TI CH
NHIM TI







TS. Nguyn Nh H

C QUAN QUN L TI CH TCH HI NG
NGHIM THU TI











H Ni, 3/2006



THAM GIA SOT XT TIU CHUN TCXD 33:85

1. CH NHIM TI SOT XT TIU CHUN: TS. Nguyn Nh H
4
2. THAM GIA SOT XT TIU CHUN:
- TS. Trnh Xun Lai
- PGS.TS. Trn nh Khai
- PGS. TS. V Kim Long
- KS. inh Vit ng
- KS. Nguyn Ngc Tng
- KS. Nguyn nh Thng
- Cc k s thuc Cng ty Nc v Mi trng Vit Nam
























MC LC

1. Ch dn chung

1
2. S cp nc vng

4
3. Tiu chun v h s dng nc khng iu ho, lu lng nc cha
chy v p lc nc t do

6
5
4. Ngun nc

13
5. Cng trnh thu nc

15
6. Lm sch v x l nc

34
7. Trm bm

130
8. ng dn, mng li v cc cng trnh trn mng

140
9. Dung tch d tr v iu ho

152
10. Cp nc tun hon

159
11. Vng bo v v sinh

165
12. Trang b in, kim sot cng ngh t ng ho v iu khin

170
13. Nhng yu cu v cc gii php xy dng, kt cu nh v
cng trnh

178
14. Cc yu cu b sung i vi h thng cp nc trong nhng iu
kin kh hu thin nhin c bit

186
Cc Ph lc

197



















CP NC - MNG LI NG NG V CNG TRNH -
TIU CHUN THIT K
WATER SUPPLY - DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM AND FACILITIES -
DESIGN STANDARD
6


1. CH DN CHUNG

1.1. Tiu chun ny c p dng thit k xy dng mi hoc ci to m
rng cc h thng cp nc th, cc im dn c nng thn v cc khu
cng nghip.

Ghi ch: 1- Khi thit k cc h thng cp nc cn phi tun theo cc
tiu chun c lin quan khc c Nh nc ban hnh.
2- Tiu chun v cp nc cha chy ly theo TCVN 2622-
1995.

1.2. Khi thit k h thng cp nc cho mt i tng cn phi:
- Xt vn bo v v s dng tng hp cc ngun nc, phi hp
cc im tiu th nc v kh nng pht trin trong tng lai, ng
thi phi da vo s cp nc ca quy hoch vng, s quy
hoch chung v n thit k xy dng cc im dn c v khu
cng nghip;
- Phi hp vi vic thit k h thng thot nc.

1.3. H thng cp nc c chia lm 3 loi, theo bc tin cy cp nc, ly
theo bng 1.1.

1.4. Khi lp s cp nc ca cc x nghip cng nghip phi cn bng
lng s dng nc bn trong x nghip. tit kim nc ngun v
trnh s nhim bn cc ngun nc, nu iu kin kinh t k thut cho
php khi lm lnh cc my mc, thit b sn xut, ngng t nc v cc
sn phm cng ngh ni chung phi p dng s lm ngui nc bng
khng kh hoc nc tun hon li.

Khi s dng trc tip nc ngun lm ngui sau li x tr li ngun
phi da theo c s kinh t k thut v c s tho thun ca c quan
qun l v bo v ngun nc.

1.5. Khi thit k h thng cp nc cho mt i tng phi chn c cng
ngh thch hp v k thut, kinh t, iu kin v sinh ca cc cng trnh,
kh nng s dng tip cc cng trnh hin c, kh nng p dng cc thit
b v k thut tin tin.

1.6. H thng cp nc phi m bo cho mng li v cc cng trnh lm
vic kinh t trong thi k d tnh cng nh trong nhng ch dng nc
c trng.

1.7. Phi xt n kh nng a vo s dng ng ng, mng li v cng
trnh theo tng t xy dng. ng thi cn d kin kh nng m rng h
thng v cc cng trnh ch yu so vi cng sut tnh ton.
7

1.8. Khng c php thit k cng trnh d phng ch lm vic khi c s
c.

1.9. Khi thit k h thng cp nc sinh hot v h thng cp nc sinh hot -
sn xut hn hp, phi d kin vng bo v v sinh theo quy nh Mc
11.

1.10. Cht lng nc n ung sinh hot phi m bo yu cu theo tiu chun,
cht lng do Nh nc quy nh v Tiu chun ngnh (xem Ph lc 6).

Trong x l, vn chuyn v d tr nc n ung phi s dng nhng ho
cht, vt liu, thit b, khng gy nh hng xu n cht lng nc.

Cht lng nc dng cho cng nghip v vic s dng ho cht x l
nc phi ph hp vi yu cu cng nghip v phi xt n nh hng
ca cht lng nc i vi sn phm.

1.11. Nhng phng n v gii php l thut ch yu p dng thit k h
thng cp nc phi da trn c s so snh cc ch tiu kinh t k thut
bao gm:
- Gi thnh u t xy dng;
- Chi ph qun l hng nm;
- Chi ph xy dng cho 1m
3
nc tnh theo cng sut ngy trung bnh
chung cho c h thng v cho trm x l;
- Chi ph in nng, ho cht cho 1m
3
nc;
- Gi thnh x l v gi thnh sn phm 1m
3
nc.
Ghi ch: Cc ch tiu trn phi xt ton b v ring tng t xy dng
trong thi gian hot ng ca h thng.

1.12. Phng n ti u phi c gi tr chi ph quy i theo thi gian v gi tr
hin ti nh nht, c xt n chi ph xy dng vng bo v v sinh.

Ghi ch: Khi xc nh vn u t so snh phng n phi xt gi tr
thc t gia thit b, vt t nhp ngoi v sn xut trong nc.

Bng 1.1.

c im h dng nc Bc tin cy
ca h thng
cp nc
H thng cp nc sinh hot ca im dn c trn 50.000 ngi
v ca cc i tng dng nc khc c php gim lu lng
nc cp khng qu 30% lu lng nc tnh ton trong 3 ngy
v ngng cp nc khng qu 10 pht.

I
8
H thng cp nc sinh hot ca im dn c n 50.000 ngi
v ca cc i tng dng nc khc c php gim lu lng
nc cp khng qu 30% lu lng trong 10 ngy v ngng cp
nc trong 6 gi.

II
H thng cp nc sinh hot ca im dn c n 5000 ngi v
ca cc i tng dng nc khc c php gim lu lng
cp nc khng qu 30% trong 15 ngy v ngng cp nc
trong 1 ngy.

III

Ghi ch: 1 - Nhng c s sn xut c h thng cp nc tun hon th xp vo bc II.
2 - Cc h dng nc c bit do c quan c thm quyn xt duyt khng
p dng bc tin cy ni trn.



















2. S CP NC VNG

2.1. Phi lp s cp nc vng xc nh kh nng v s hp l v kinh t
trong vic s dng ngun nc cp cho cc i tng c yu cu khc
nhau v ch dng nc, v khi lng v cht lng nc chn
phng n cp, thot nc bn vng theo mc tiu pht trin ca vng.

2.2. Lp s cp nc vng theo hng dn Ph lc 1.

2.3. Tiu chun dng nc tng hp tnh theo u ngi gm nc cp cho:
n ung sinh hot; Cng nghip; Cng trnh cng cng; Ti cy, ra
ng; Tht thot; ly theo bng 2.1. (Chi tit cho tng loi nhu cu
dng nc ly theo bng 3.1-Mc 3).

9
Bng 2.1
i tng dng nc Tiu chun cp nc tnh theo
u ngi (ngy trung bnh trong
nm) l/ngi.ngy
Thnh ph ln, thnh ph du lch, ngh mt,
khu cng nghip ln.
300 - 400
Thnh ph, th x va v nh, khu cng
nghip nh
200 - 270
Th trn, trung tm cng - nng nghip, cng
- ng nghip, im dn c nng thn
80 - 150
Nng thn 40 - 60
Ghi ch: Cho php thay i tiu chun dng nc sinh hot ca im dn c 10 20%
tu theo iu kin kh hu, mc tin nghi v cc iu kin a phng khc.

2.4. Tiu chun dng nc cho nhu cu sn xut cng nghip phi xc nh
trn c s nhng ti liu thit k c, hoc so snh vi cc iu kin sn
xut tng t. Khi khng c s liu c th, c th ly trung bnh:
- i vi cng nghip sn xut ru bia, sa, hp, ch bin thc
phm, giy, dt: 45 m
3
/ha/ngy.
- i vi cc ngnh cng nghip khc: 22 m
3
/ha/ngy.

2.5. Khi cn i vi nhu cu cp nc vng phi u tin xc nh nhng ngun
nc hin c trong vng, sau mi xc nh ni dung v hiu qu kinh
t k thut ca cc bin php nh b sung lu lng t cc vng ln cn,
kh nng cp nc ca cc h ln khi iu ho dng chy.

2.6. Khi s dng tng hp cc ngun nc cho nhiu h tiu th c bc tin cy
khc nhau th vic cn i nhu cu cp nc phi c tin hnh vi ton
b bc tin cy tnh ton cho tt c cc h tiu th, ring i vi h tiu th
c bc tin cy thp hn cho php kim tra ring.

2.7. Khi s dng ngun nc mt m khng cn iu ho dng chy cn
i, cng trnh cp nc phi tnh ton theo tuyn lu lng nh nht.
Trng hp ny phi lp bng cn i cng trnh nc theo lu lng
trung bnh thng ng vi tn sut tnh ton ca ngun nc.

2.8. Trng hp nhu cu dng nc vt qu lu lng ca ngun nc mt
th cn nghin cu iu ho dng chy bng h cha.

2.9. C th iu ho dng chy bng cc bin php sau y:
- Xy dng h cha iu chnh theo ma khi nhu cu ly nc nh
hn hoc bng lu lng ca nm kit ng vi tn sut tnh ton k
c lu lng nc mt i h cha.
- Xy dng h cha iu chnh dng chy nhiu nm khi nhu cu ly
10
nc hng nm vt qu lu lng nc ca nm kit ng v tn
sut tnh ton nhng b hn lu lng ca dng chy trung bnh
nhiu nm.

2.10 Khi s dng tng hp cc ngun nc ngm v nc mt phi lp bng
cn i s dng cc ngun nc theo ma xt vic s dng cc ngun
nc mt theo cc iu khon trn. Cn cc ngun nc ngm khi cn b
sung lu lng phi p dng theo Mc 5. Lu lng s dng v b sung
cho 2 loi ngun nc phi xc nh tng hp trn c s kinh t k thut.















3. TIU CHUN V H S DNG NC KHNG IU HO, LU
LNG NC CHA CHY V P LC NC T DO

3.1. Cng sut ca h thng cp nc sinh hot v cha chy th v cc
im dn c tu theo iu kin a phng phi c tnh ton m
bo cp nc theo thi gian qui hoch ngn hn l 10 nm v di hn l 20
nm v phi tho mn cc yu cu sau:
- Nhu cu dng nc cho n ung sinh hot ca khu vc xy dng
nh v cc cng trnh cng cng;
- Ti v ra ng ph, qung trng, cy xanh, nc cp cho cc
vi phun;
- Ti cy trong vn m;
- Cp nc n ung, sinh hot trong cc c s sn xut cng nng
nghip;
- Cp nc sn xut cho nhng c s sn xut dng nc i hi
cht lng nh nc sinh hot, hoc nu xy dng h thng cp
nc ring th khng hp l v kinh t;
- Cp nc cha chy;
- Cp nc cho yu cu ring ca trm x l nc;
- Cp nc cho cc nhu cu khc, trong c vic sc ra mng li
ng ng cp, thot nc v lng nc tht thot trong qu trnh
11
phn phi v dng nc.

3.2. Tiu chun dng nc cho n ung sinh hot v cc nhu cu khc tnh
theo u ngi i vi cc im dn c ly theo bng 3.1.

3.3. Lu lng ngy tnh ton (trung bnh trong nm) cho h thng cp nc
tp trung c xc nh theo cng thc:

q
1
N
1
f
1
+ q
2
N
2
f
2
+ q
i
N
i
f
i

Q ngy.tb(m
3
/ngy)= ----------------------- +D=-------------- +D (3-1)
1000 1000

Trong :

- q
i
: Tiu chun cp nc sinh hot ly theo bng 3.1.
- N
i
: S dn tnh ton ng vi tiu chun cp nc qi.
- f
i
: T l dn c cp nc ly theo bng 3.1.
- D: Lng nc ti cy, ra ng, dch v th, khu cng
nghip, tht thot, nc cho bn thn nh my x l nc c tnh
theo bng 3.1 v lng nc d phng. Lng nc d phng cho
pht trin cng nghip, dn c v cc lng nc khc cha tnh
c cho php ly thm 5-10% tng lu lng nc cho n ung
sinh hot ca im dn c; Khi c l do xc ng c php ly
thm nhng khng qu 15%.

Lu lng nc tnh ton trong ngy dng nc nhiu nht v t nht ngy
(m
3
/ngy) c tnh theo cng thc:
Q
ngy.max
= K
ngy.max
x Q
ngy.t b

Q
ngy.min
= K
ngy.min
x Q
ngy.t b
(3-2)

H s dng nc khng iu ho ngy k n cch t chc i sng x
hi, ch lm vic ca cc c s sn xut, mc tin nghi, s thay i
nhu cu dng nc theo ma cn ly nh sau:
K
ngy max
= 1,2 1,4
K
ngy min
= 0,7 0,9

i vi cc thnh ph c qui m ln, nm trong vng c iu kin kh hu
kh nng quanh nm (nh: Thnh ph H Ch Minh, ng Nai, Vng
Tu,), c th p dng mc:
K
ngy max
= 1,1 1,2
K
ngy min
= 0,8 0,9

Lu lng gi tnh ton q m
3
/h, phi xc nh theo cng thc:

Q
ngy.max

q
gi. max
= K
gi.max
-------------
24

12
Q
ngy.min

q
gi. min
= K
gi.min
------------- (3-3)
24

H sng dng nc khng iu ho K gi xc nh theo biu thc:

K
gi max
= o
max
x b
max
K
gi min
= o
min
x b
min
(3-4)

A: H s k n mc tin nghi ca cng trnh, ch lm vic ca cc
c s sn xut v cc iu kin a phng khc nh sau:

o
max
= 1,2 1,5
a
min
= 0,4 0,6
b: H s k n s dn trong khu dn c ly theo bng 3.2.

Bng 3.1.

S i tng dng nc v thnh phn cp nc Giai on
TT 2010 2020
I. th loi c bit, th loi I, khu du lch, ngh mt

a) Nc sinh hot:
- Tiu chun cp nc (l/ngi.ngy): + Ni
+ Ngoi vi
- T l dn s c cp nc (%): + Ni
+ Ngoi vi
b) Nc phc v cng cng (ti cy, ra ng,
cu ho,); Tnh theo % ca (a)
c) Nc cho cng nghip dch v trong th; Tnh
theo % ca (a)
d) Nc khu cng nghip (ly theo iu 2.4-Mc 2)
e) Nc tht thot; Tnh theo % ca (a+b+c+d)
f) Nc cho yu cu ring ca nh my x l nc;
Tnh theo % ca (a+b+c+d+e)


165
120
85
80
10

10

22 45
< 25
7 10

200
150
99
95
10

10

22 45
< 20
5 8
II. th loi II, th loi III

a) Nc sinh hot:
- Tiu chun cp nc (l/ngi.ngy): + Ni
+ Ngoi vi
- T l dn s c cp nc (%): + Ni
+ Ngoi vi
b) Nc phc v cng cng (ti cy, ra ng,
cu ho,); Tnh theo % ca (a)
c) Nc cho cng nghip dch v trong th; Tnh
theo % ca (a)
d) Nc khu cng nghip (ly theo iu 2.4-Mc 2)

120
80
85
75
10

10

22 45

150
100
99
90
10

10

22 45
13
e) Nc tht thot; Tnh theo % ca (a+b+c+d)
f) Nc cho yu cu ring ca nh my x l nc;
Tnh theo % ca (a+b+c+d+e)

< 25
8 10
< 20
7 8
III. th loi IV, th loi V; im dn c nng thn

a) Nc sinh hot:
- Tiu chun cp nc (l/ngi.ngy):
- T l dn s c cp nc (%):
b) Nc dch v; Tnh theo % ca (a)
c) Nc tht thot; Tnh theo % ca (a+b)
d) Nc cho yu cu ring ca nh my x l nc;
Tnh theo % ca (a+b+c)

60
75
10
< 20
10

100
90
10
< 15
10



Bng 3.2.

S dn
(1000
ngi)
0,1 0,15 0,20 0,30 0,50 0,75 1 2
b
max



4,5 4,0 3,5 3,0 2,5 2,2 2,0 1,8
b
min

0,01 0,01 0,02 0,03 0,05 0,07 0,10 0,15
S dn
(1000
ngi)
4 6 10 20 50 100 300
> 1000
b
max



1,6 1,4 1,3 1,2 1,15 1,1 1,05 1,0
b
min


0,20 0,25 0,40 0,50 0,60 0,70 0,85 1,0

Ghi ch:
1. H s b
max
dng xc nh p lc ca my bm v chiu cao i m bo p lc
cn thit ca mng trong gi dng nc ln nht. H s b
min
dng xc nh p lc
d ca mng trong gi dng nc t nht.
2. Khi xc nh lu lng tnh ton cng trnh v mng li, k c mng li bn
trong khu nh , h s b phi ly theo s dn c phc v, cn trong h thng cp
nc phn vng phi tnh ton theo s dn ca mi vng.

3.4. Vic phn phi nc theo gi trong ngy ca h thng cp nc tp trung
ly theo cc biu dng nc tng hp ca th. Biu ny c lp
trn c s cc biu dng nc ca tng i tng hoc tham kho biu
thc t ca cc khu dn c tng t.
14

3.5. Tiu chun nc ti, ra trong khu dn c v khu cng nghip tu theo
loi mt ng, cch ra, loi cy v cc iu kin a phng khc cn
ly theo bng 3.3.

Bng 3.3.

Mc ch dng nc n v tnh
Tiu chun cho 1
ln ti (l/m
2
)
Ra bng c gii, mt ng v qung trng
hon thin
Ti bng c gii, mt ng v qung
trng hon thin.
Ti bng th cng (bng ng mm) va h
v mt ng hon thin
Ti cy xanh th
Ti thm c v bn hoa
Ti cy trong vn m cc loi.

1 ln ra

1 ln ti

1 ln ti

1 ln ti
-
1 ngy
1,21,5

0,50,4

0,40,5

34
46
1015

Ghi ch:
1. Khi thiu s liu v quy hoch (ng i, cy xanh, vn m) th lu lng nc
ti tnh theo dn s ly khng qu 8-12% tiu chun cp nc sinh hot tu theo
iu kin kh hu, kh nng ngun nc, mc hon thin ca khu dn c v cc
iu kin t nhin khc.
2. Trong khu cng nghip c mng li cp nc sn xut th nc ti ng, ti
cy c php ly t mng li ny, nu cht lng nc ph hp vi yu cu v
sinh v k thut trng trt.


3.6. S ln ti t 1 n 2 ln xc nh theo iu kin a phng.

3.7. Tiu chun nc cho nhu cu sinh hot trong c s sn xut cng nghip
phi ly theo bng 3.4.

Bng 3.4.

Loi phn xng Tiu chun dng nc sinh hot trong
c s sn xut cng nghip tnh cho 1
ngi trong 1 ca (l/ngi/ca)
H s khng
iu ho gi
Phn xng to nhit
trn 20 Kcalo/m
3
. gi
Cc phn xng khc

45

25
2,5

3


15
3.8. Lu lng gi mt nhm vi tm hng sen trong c s sn xut cng
nghip cn ly bng 300l/h. Thi gian dng vi tm hng sen ko di 45
pht sau khi ht ca. S vi tm hng sen tnh theo s cng nhn trong ca
ng nht v theo c im v sinh ca qu trnh sn xut theo bng 3.5.

Bng 3.5.

c im v sinh ca qu trnh sn xut S ngi s dng tnh
cho 1 nhm hng sen
a) Khng lm bn qun o v tay chn
b) Lm bn qun o v tay chn
c) C dng nc
d) Thi nhiu bi hay cc cht bn c
30
14
10
6

Ghi ch: Tiu chun nc cho chn nui gia sc, gia cm ly theo tiu chun
ca B nng nghip.


3.9. Lu lng nc cho nhu cu sn xut ca cc c s sn xut cng nghip
phi xc nh da trn yu cu cng ngh.

3.10. Khi cn xc nh lu lng tnh ton tp trung ca nh v nh cng cng
ng ring bit th tiu chun dng nc ly theo tiu chun thit k cp
nc trong nh.


LU LNG NC CHA CHY

3.11. Phi thit k h thng cp nc cha chy trong cc khu dn c, cc c s
sn xut cng nng nghip kt hp vi h thng cp nc sinh hot hoc
cp nc sn xut. Khi thit k cp nc cha chy cn theo tiu chun
phng chy v cha chy (TCVN-2622:1995).


P LC NC T DO

3.12. p lc t do nh nht trong mng li cp nc sinh hot ca khu dn c,
ti im ly nc vo nh, tnh t mt t khng c nh hn 10 m.

Ghi ch: i vi nh cao tng bit lp cng nh i vi nh hoc nhm
nh
t ti im cao cho php t thit b tng p cc b.

3.13. p lc t do trong mng li bn ngoi ca h thng cp nc sinh hot
ti cc h tiu th khng nn qu 40 m.

16
Ghi ch:
1. Trng hp c bit c th ly n 60 m.
2. Khi p lc trn mng li ln hn p lc cho php i vi nhng
nh bit lp hoc nhng khu bit lp c php t thit b iu ho
p lc hoc phi phn vng h thng cp nc.

3.14.
H thng cp nc cha chy phi dng p lc thp. Ch c xy dng
h thng cp nc cha chy p lc cao khi c y c s kinh t k
thut.
Trong h thng cp nc cha chy p lc cao, nhng my bm cha
chy c nh phi c thit b bo m m my khng chm qu 3 pht sau
khi nhn tn hiu c chy.

3.15. p lc t do trong mng li cp nc cha chy p lc thp khng c
nh hn 10 m tnh t mt t v chiu di ng vi rng dn nc cha
chy khng qu 150 m.

Ghi ch: cc tri chn nui p lc t do cha chy cn tnh vi iu
kin
vi rng ti im cao nht ca tri chn nui mt tng.



























17











4. NGUN NC

4.1. Chn ngun nc phi cn c theo ti liu kim nghim da trn cc ch
tiu la chn ngun nc mt, nc ngm phc v h thng cp nc sinh
hot TCXD-233-1999; Ti liu kho st kh tng thu vn, a cht thu
vn; Kh nng bo v ngun nc v cc ti liu khc. Khi lng cng
tc thm d, iu tra cn xc nh tu theo c im, mc ti liu hin
c ca khu vc; Tu theo lu lng v cht lng nc cn ly; Loi h
dng nc v giai on thit k.

4.2. Trong mt h thng cp nc c php s dng nhiu ngun nc c
c im thu vn v a cht thu vn khc nhau.

4.3. m bo lu lng trung bnh thng hoc trung bnh ngy ca cc
ngun nc mt phi ly theo bng 4.1, tu theo bc tin cy.

Bng 4.1.

Bc tin cy cp nc m bo lu lng thng hoc ngy ca cc
ngun nc mt (%)
I
II
III
95
90
85

Ghi ch: Bc tin cy cp nc ly theo iu 1.3.

4.4. Vic nh gi kh nng s dng ngun nc vo mc ch cp nc v
vic chn khu vc xy dng h cha cn thc hin theo ch dn ca
Ph lc 2.

4.5. Chn ngun nc phi theo nhng quy nh ca c quan quy hoch v
qun l ngun nc. Cht lng ngun nc dng cho n ung sinh hot
phi m bo Tiu chun TCXD-233-1999. Cht lng ngun nc dng
cho sn xut phi cn c vo yu cu ca tng i tng dng nc la
chn.

18
4.6. Cn tit kim trong vic s dng ngun nc ngm. Khi c ngun nc
mt m bo Tiu chun TCXD-233-1999 th u tin s dng ngun nc
mt.

4.7. Khng c php dng ngun nc ngm cp cho cc nhu cu tiu th
nc khi cha c php ca c quan qun l ngun nc.

4.8. Cn nghin cu kh nng b sung tr lng nc ngm bng cc cng
trnh b cp nhn to khi c iu kin trong trng hp ngun nc ngm
t nhin khng tr lng khai thc.

4.9. c php x l nc khong hoc nc bin cp cho h thng cp
nc n ung, sinh hot, nhng phi so snh kinh t - k thut vi cc
ngun nc khc.

4.10. Cho php dng nc a nhit cp cho n ung, sinh hot v sn xut nu
m bo nhng quy nh iu 4.5.
Nhit cao nht ca nc cp cho n ung sinh hot khng c qu
35C.

4.11. Cc phng n chn ngun nc phi c nh gi ton din v kinh t
bao gm cc chi ph xy lp, qun l, tiu th in nng, ng thi phi
xt n nh hng ca vic khai thc ngun nc i vi nhu cu s dng
nc ca cc ngnh kinh t khc.

4.12. Chn bin php iu ho dng chy v dung tch h cha phi da vo
nhng c trng tnh ton thu vn v nhng qui nh v s dng ngun
nc ca c quan quy hoch v qun l ngun nc.

4.13. H cha cp nc n ung sinh hot nn xy dng ngoi cc khu dn
c, trong cc lu vc tha dn, c nhiu rng, khng c b g v nc
bn x vo.















19




5. CNG TRNH THU NC

CNG TRNH THU NC NGM

CH DN CHUNG

5.1.
Chn v tr, kiu v s cng trnh thu nc ngm phi cn c vo ti
liu a cht, a cht thu vn, cng sut ca cng trnh, loi trang thit
b, iu kin thi cng v iu kin bo v v sinh ca khu vc; ni chung
phi xt n:
- c im ca tng cha nc v iu kin b cp nc ngm.
- iu kin bo m v sinh v t chc vng bo v v sinh, bo v
ngun nc khng b nhim bn bi nc thi sinh hot, nc thi
sn xut v khng b nc c khong ho cao hoc c cht c hi
thm vo.
- Khu t khng b xi l, trt hoc cc loi bin dng khc gy ph
hoi cng trnh.
- C sn hoc c th lm c ng thi cng, ng phc v cho vic
qun l cng trnh v ng ng dn nc.
- Ging khoan phi cch xa cc cng trnh kin trc ti thiu 25m.

5.2.
S dng ngun nc ngm vo mc ch cp nc phi c s ng
ca c quan v sinh dch t, c quan qun l ngun nc.

Cng trnh thu nc c cng sut ln phi c c quan c thm quyn
v qun l ngun nc ph duyt.

Ti liu xc nh tr lng thit k ging khai thc phi do Hi ng
tr lng quc gia ph duyt.

Vic khoan thm d kt hp vi khoan khai thc phi do c quan c
chc nng v thm quyn quyt nh.

5.3.
Khi thit k cc cng trnh thu nc mi v m rng cc cng trnh hin
c phi xt n iu kin hot ng phi hp vi nhng cng trnh thu
nc hin c hoc ang c xy dng khu vc ln cn.

5.4.
Cc loi cng trnh thu nc ngm c th s dng l:
1) Ging khi dng thu nc mch nng vo t xung quanh hoc
t y su thch hp.
2) Hng hay ging thu nc ngm chy l thin
20
3) ng hm hoc ng thu nc nm ngang dng khai thc tng
nc su khng qu 8m, hoc thu nc cc lp t cha
nc nm gn cc dng nc mt (nh sng sui, h cha) thi
cng bng phng php o m, nu su hn v mc nc ngm
cao dng phng php khoan p, ng knh ging ng
khoan p ngang > 2m.
4) Ging khoan mch su c p hoc khng c p, hon chnh hay
khng hon chnh.
La chn dng loi cng trnh no phi da vo iu kin nu iu 5.1
v da vo tnh ton kinh t k thut m quyt nh.


GING KHOAN

5.5.
Trong n thit k ging phi ch r kt cu ging, phng php khoan,
xc nh chiu su, ng knh ging, kiu ng lc, loi my bm v v
bao che ca trm bm ging.

5.6.
Chn phng php khoan ging phi da vo iu kin a cht, a cht
thu vn, su v ng knh ca ging, ly theo ch dn Ph lc 4.

5.7.
Chiu su ging ph thuc vo su a tng, chiu dy tng cha nc
hoc h thng cc tng cha nc, lu lng cn khai thc v mc nc
ng tng ng.

5.8.
Xc nh ng knh v chiu di on ng vch u tin ca ging,
ng knh cui cng ca l khoan ging phi cn c vo lu lng cn
khai thc, loi v c my bm, chiu su t gung bm nu dng bm
chm v bm trc ng hoc chiu su t ng ht nu dng bm trc
ngang, nghing cho php ca ging, thit b o mc nc ng
trong qu trnh khai thc bm

Ghi ch: ng knh on ng vch u tin ca ging l ng knh
trong ca ng m trong t bm hoc cc b phn ht ca bm.

5.9.
Kch thc v kt cu ng lc cn xc nh trn c s iu kin a cht
v a cht thu vn tu theo liu lng v ch khai thc, theo ch dn
Ph lc 5.

5.10.
Chiu di phn cng tc ca ng lc, nu thu nc trong tng cha nc
c p v chiu dy tng cha nc di 10m th ly bng chiu dy tng
cha nc; nu thu nc trong tng cha nc khng p c chiu dy
di 10m, th chiu di phn cng tc ca ng lc ly bng chiu dy
tng cha nc tr i h mc nc trong ging khi khai thc (ng lc
phi t ngp di mc nc tnh ton). Khi chiu dy tng cha nc
ln hn 10m th chiu di phn cng tc ca ng lc phi c xc nh
tu thuc vo h s thm ca t, lu lng khai thc v kt cu ng lc.
21

5.11.
Phn cng tc ca ng lc phi t cch nh v y tng cha nc t
nht 0,5-1m.

5.12.
Khi khai thc trong nhiu tng cha nc th phn cng tc ca ng lc
phi t trong tng tng khai thc v ni cc phn cng tc ca ng lc
li vi nhau bng ng khng khoan l.

5.13.
Nhng ch chuyn tip thay i ng knh ca cc on ng vch, hay
ch chuyn tip t ng vch sang ng lc c th cu to bng cch ni
ng hn lin (dng cn chuyn tip) hoc ni lng. chng thm ti
ch ni lng c th dng b phn ni p (ng bao bn trong dng si ay
du).

u mt trn ca ng lc phi cao hn chn ng vch khng t hn
3m khi ging su n 30m v khng t hn 5m khi ging su trn 50m.

5.14.
ng knh trong ca ng vch ti ch ni lng vi ng lc khi khoan
p phi ln hn ng knh ngoi ca ng lc t nht 50mm, nu phi
si quanh ng lc - phi ln hn t nht 100mm.

Khi khoan xoay, nu khng gia c thnh ging bng ng th ng knh
cui cng ca l khoan ging phi ln hn ng knh ngoi ca ng lc
t nht 100mm.

Kt cu ming ging phi m bo kn tuyt i ngn nga nc
mt thm xung ging.

5.15.
Khong trng gia cc ng vch hoc gia ng vch v thnh ging phi
c chn k bng btng hay t st vin (|30mm) m k trnh
nc mt thm qua lm nhim bn ging.

Trong mt ging khoan nu bn trn ng nh hng ca tng cha
nc d kin khai thc c mt tng t b ri cha nc, th khong
gia thnh ging v mt ngoi ng vch phi chn k bng btng hoc
t st vin. Trong trng hp cn thit phi cu to nhiu lp ng chng
hn ch mc nc tng trn rt xung di mang theo ht mn lm
rng t gy st l nn ging.

5.16.
Chiu di ng lng cn ly ph thuc tnh cht ca t nhng khng qu
2m.

5.17.
Phn ng vch ca ging phi cao hn mt sn t my bm t nht
0,3m. Sau khi hon thnh vic khoan ging v lp t ng lc, cn tin
hnh sc ra ging v bm th. Vic thau ra ging v bm th cn thc
hin theo cc ch dn Ph lc 3.

5.18.
Ging khoan trc khi a vo khai thc phi m bo cc yu cu cht
22
lng sau y:
- su ng thit k; mc nc ng, mc nc tnh, bo m khai
thc lu di k c khi c nh hng ca nhng ging khai thc xung
quanh.
- nghing ca ging nh hn 1:1500
- Hm lng ct ca nc bm ln < 5mg/l
- Lu lng bm th cao hn lu lng khai thc ti thiu 7%.

5.19.
Khi t bm c ng c trn ming ging (bm ging trc ng); hoc
nu dng my bm chm th ng knh khai thc ca ng vch phi ln
hn ng knh qui c ca my bm t nht l 50mm.

5.20.
Tu theo iu kin c th v kiu thit b, ming ging phi t trong nh
hoc trong h chm. Khi dng my bm c ng c t trn ming ging
nht thit phi c v bao che.

5.21.
khai thc nhm ging khi mc nc ng khng qu 8-9m cho php
dng ng thu kiu xi phng.

5.22.
Trng hp khng dng c cc thit b ly nc khc hon chnh hn,
nu c c s kinh t k thut th c php dng my nn kh, nhng
phi ly khng kh cao cch mt t t nht 4m. Ca ht khng kh
phi c li lc v khng nc ma ri vo, ng thi phi m bo
lc sch du cho khng kh sau my nn.

5.23.
Chiu cao trm bm ging tnh t mt t phi ly theo kch thc thit
b nhng khng di 3,5m. Din tch trm bm ti thiu phi bng 12m
2

t my, thit b iu khin dng c o lng kim tra v m bo
thng thong.

Ca ra vo ca trm bm ging phi m bo a my ra vo d dng.
Phi c ca s thng gi, cc ging phi c gi tho lp my
hoc t lu ng t trn mi bng ca ging. Trn mi trm bm phi
c l v cn d kin thit b nng ti tho lp ng c v my bm.

5.24.
gi cho cc tng t cha nc khng b nhim bn th nhng ging
b hng hoc b nhim bn khng th s dng c na phi lp b bng
t st hoc btng. Nht thit phi lp b nhng ging thm d nu
chng khng c dng lm ging khai thc hoc ging quan trc.

5.25.
S lng ging d phng cn ly theo bng 5.1.

Ghi ch:
1- Tu theo iu kin a cht thu vn v khi c l do xc ng c th
tng s ging d phng nhng khng qu 2 ln ghi trong bng 5.1.
2- i vi bt k loi cng trnh thu nc no cng phi c bm d
23
phng t trong kho. Khi s bm cng tc di 10 ly 1, trn 10 ly bng
10% s my bm cng tc.
3- Bc tin cy ca cng trnh thu nc cn ly theo mc m bo v
cp nc theo iu 1.3.


Bng 5.1

S ging lm vic
S ging d phng theo bc tin cy
Bc I Bc II Bc III
1 - 2
3 - 9
10 tr ln
1
1 - 2
20%
0
1
10%
0
0
0


GING KHI

5.26.
Chiu su ca ging khi khng qu 15m. ng knh ca ging xc
nh theo ti liu thm d, yu cu b tr thit b v thi cng thun tin,
ti thiu l 0,7m v khng qu 5m. Ging c th lm hnh tr trn hay
hnh chp ct; thnh ging c th xy bng gch, bng hay btng ct
thp lp ghp.

5.27.
Nc vo ging khi c th vo t thnh, t y hoc va t thnh v
y, hoc c thm cc ng thu hnh nan qut. Chn kiu no l tu theo
ti liu a cht thu vn, yu cu dng nc v tnh ton kinh t k thut
m quyt nh.

5.28.
Cc l nc vo ging khi c th thit k bng tng lc si mt lp hay
hai lp, mi lp dy ti thiu 100mm. ng knh ht ca lp lc tip
gip vi tng cha nc ly theo Ph lc 5. T l ng knh tnh ton
ca cc ht gia 2 lp vt liu lc tip gip khng nh hn 5. C th
chn cc l thu nc bng nhng vin btng rng c sn, cp phi ly
theo iu 5.29

5.29.
Chn thnh phn ht si, t l nc xi mng cho tng lc bng b tng
rng phi da vo tnh ton theo loi nham thch ca tng cha nc bn
ngoi. S b chn thnh phn ht nh sau:

C si bng 16d50 (d50 l ng knh ht trung bnh ca lp t cha
nc, tc l c mt sng cho lt qua 50% s ht em th nghim).
- Lng xi mng mc 400 ly 250 kg cho 1m
3
btng
- T l nc/ximng = 0,3 - 0,35 cho c ht 7-10mm
= 0,3 - 0,4 cho c ht 2 - 6mm.
= 0,35 - 0,45 cho c ht 2 - 3mm.
24

5.30.
Khi ly nc t y th y ging khi phi lm mt tng chn ngn
nga ct n ln gm 3 - 4 lp ct si c ng knh ht ln dn t di
ln trn. Mi lp c chiu dy ti thiu khng nh hn 100mm, thnh
phn ca ht vt liu chn xem Ph lc 5.

5.31.
Khi thit k ging khi phi tun theo cc iu sau y trnh nhim
bn nc:
1 - Thnh ging cao hn mt t ti thiu 0,8m. Phi c ca thm
ngi qun l c th ra vo trng nom hoc sa cha.
2 - Xung quanh ming ging phi c mt dc thot nc bng vt liu
khng thm nc rng 1,5m, c dc i = 0,05 hng ra ngoi, xung
quanh thnh ging cn p vng ai t st chiu rng 0,5m v chiu su
khng t hn 1m.
3 - Ging kn phi lm ng thng hi, u ng thng hi phi c chp
che ma v c bt bng li.

5.32.
Khi thit k mt nhm ging, nu c iu kin th nn dng kiu xi
phng tp trung nc, khi mc nc ng trong ging tp trung
phi cao hn u ht nc ca xi phng 1m. su ng dn khng qu
4m. su tnh t tim ng n mc nc ng trong ging khng qu
7m.

5.33.
Tc nc chy trong ng xi phng ly bng 0,5-0,7m/s. dc ca
on ng t ging n ging tp trung khng nh hn 0,001.

CNG TRNH THU NC KIU NM NGANG

5.34.
Cng trnh thu nc kiu nm ngang c xy dng trong cc tng cha
nc khng p nm su khng ln (< 8m) v gn ngun nc
mt.

Cng trnh thu nc kiu nm ngang c th thit k di dng mng
h, rnh thu bng , dm; ng hm hoc ng thu.

5.35.
Cng trnh thu dng rnh dm ch nn dng cp nc tm thi. i
vi cng trnh ny nc c thu qua rnh ngm y hoc hc
kch c 0,1 - 0,15m, chung quanh hai, ba lp dm hoc cui c ht
b hn - to thnh tng lc ngc, chiu dy mi lp t nht l 150mm.
ng knh ht gia cc lp k nhau ly theo Ph lc 5. Kch thc
phn rnh ly ph thuc vo cng sut cn khai thc v iu kin
a cht thu vn ca tng tng t cha nc. Pha trn tng lc cn ph
mt lp t st trnh nc trn mt t thm trc tip vo rnh.

5.36.
i vi h thng cp nc c bc tin cy loi I, loi II phi thit k
ng hm thu nc. ng hm ngang thu nc lm bng btng c
cha l hay khe h hoc bng btng rng cp phi tu thuc a tng
bn ngoi, ly theo iu 5.29. Bn ngoi ca ng hm cn c mt lp
25
si dy 150mm, c si ly theo ch dn Ph lc 5.

5.37.
i vi ng hm thu nc lng sng hay bi bi cn tu theo tnh
hnh xi mn ca dng sng m c bin php bo v cho b phn trn
ca tng lc. Khi thit k ng hm thu nc nm ngang di lng
sng cn tu theo cht lng nc sng kt hp vi nin hn s dng m
ly h s d tr mt cch thch ng.

5.38.
Tit din ng hm thu nc cn tnh ton thu lc vi iu kin nc
chy khng y, ng thi tho mn cc iu kin sau:
- Tc chy trong ng hm ly bng 0,5 - 0,8m/s.
- Chiu dy lp nc ly bng 0,4D (D l ng knh ng hm thu
nc).
- ng knh trong ca ng hm thu nc D>200mm.

5.39.
ng thu nc nm ngang c thit k khi su nh tng cha nc
nh hn 5m. Phn thu nc c th l ng snh, ng b tng ct thp hoc
ng cht do, c l trn, hay khe h 2 bn sn v phn trn ng. Phn
di ng (khng qu 1/3 chiu cao) khng khoan l hoc khe h, ng
knh nh nht ca ng l 150mm.

Ghi ch:
1) Cho php dng ng bng kim loi khi c l do chnh ng.
2) ng bng cht do ch c dng loi m bo v sinh, khng
nh hng n cht lng nc.

5.40.
Xung quanh ng thu nc t trong rnh phi t tng lc ngc. Thnh
phn c hc cc lp ca tng lc ngc phi c xc nh bng tnh
ton. Chiu dy mi lp khng nh hn 150mm. Cp phi xem Ph lc
5.

5.41.
ng knh ng dn nc ca cng trnh thu nc kiu nm ngang phi
xc nh ng vi thi k mc nc ngm thp nht. y tnh ton
bng 0,5 ng knh ng.

5.42.
dc ca ng v pha ging thu khng c nh hn:
0,007 khi D = 150mm
0,005 khi D = 200mm
0,004 khi D = 250mm
0,003 khi D = 300mm
0,002 khi D = 400mm
0,001 khi D = 500mm
Tc nc chy trong ng khng nh 0,7 m/s.
26

5.43.
Phi t cc ging thm quan st ch lm vic ca ng thu v
ng hm thu nc cng nh thng gi v sa cha; ng thu c
ng knh t 150mm - 600mm, th khong cch gia cc ging thm
ly khng qu 50 m. Khi ng knh ln hn 600mm th khong cch
gia cc ging thm ly bng 75m. i vi ng hm khong cch gia
cc ging ly trong khong 100 - 150m. Ti nhng im ng thu hoc
ng hm thu nc i hng theo mt bng hay mt ng cng u
phi t ging thm.

5.44.
Ging thm phi c ng knh 1m. Ming ging cao hn mt t ti
thiu 0,5m. Xung quanh ging phi lng lp chng thm rng 1m v
chn t st. Ging thm phi c ng thng hi.

5.45.
Trm bm trong cng trnh thu kiu nm ngang phi kt hp vi ging
tp trung. Trng hp c l do chnh ng c php t trm bm
ring.


THU NC MCH

5.46.
Cng trnh thu nc mch (h hoc ging thu nc c su khng ln)
c dng thu cc ngun nc mch chy l thin. i vi mch
nc i ln phi thu nc qua y, i vi mch nc i xung cn thu
nc qua l trn thnh ngn thu.

5.47.
Kch thc mt bng, ct y v ct mc nc (ct ng trn) trong ngn
thu phi da vo iu kin a cht, a cht thu vn v lu lng khai
thc m quyt nh.

5.48.
thu nc mch t cc lp t c khe nt cho php khng dng
tng lc, cn thu nc t cc lp t b ri phi c tng lc ngc.

5.49.
Ngn thu phi t ng trn, ct ming ng trn cn tnh theo lu lng
ca mch; nu t cao qu, p lc tnh trc ming phun tng ln, lu
lng mch chy ra b gim v c th xy ra trng hp mch chuyn ra
ni khc c p lc thp hn. Nu t ct ming ng trn thp qu s
khng tn dng ht lu lng phun ra ca mch. ng cho nc vo ngn
thu c ng knh khng nh hn 100mm.

5.50.
lng cn khi nc c nhiu cn ln phi cu to tng trn chia ngn
thu lm 2 ngn, mt ngn lng v mt ngn thu nc.

5.51.
Ngn thu phi c bo v khi s nhim b mt v phi m bo iu
kin bo v v sinh nh ghi iu 5.31.


B SUNG NHN TO TR LNG NC NGM
27

5.52.
Khi cn thit c th b sung tr lng nc ngm bng cc ngun nc
mt qua nhng h thng cng trnh c bit, hot ng lin tc hay nh
k. Ngoi cng trnh thm, cng trnh thu v bm nc, tu theo iu
kin c th cn d kin cng trnh lm sch v kh trng nc.

5.53.
B sung nhn to tr lng nc ngm c p dng :
- Tng cng sut cp nc v m bo s lm vic n nh ca cng
trnh thu nc hin c hoc c xy dng mi.
- Nng cao cht lng ngun nc ngm thm lc v ang c khai
thc.
- Bo v mi trng xung quanh (ngn nga h thp mc nc
ngm xung di gi tr cho php gy nh hng n thm thc vt
trong vng).
- Bo v tng cha nc khi b nhim mn, nhim bn do nc thi
sn xut, nc thi sinh hot ngm xung.

5.54.
Khi dng ngun nc thm cho nhu cu n ung sinh hot, cht lng
ngun nc mt b sung phi m bo tiu chun v sinh do Nh nc
qui nh. Khi c l do v c s nht tr ca c quan v sinh dch t, c
th dng nc lm ngui v cc loi nc khc b sung nc ngm.

5.55.
Cng trnh b sung tr lng nc ngm phi do c quan c thm quyn
v qui hoch, qun l ngun nc v s dng nc ph duyt.

5.56.
Trong tt c cc cng trnh b sung nhn to nc ngm cn t thit b
v dng c iu tit lng nc c cung cp v quan st qu trnh
lm vic ca cng trnh v s thm nc qua b dy tng cha nc.

5.57.
Cng trnh b sung nhn to tr lng nc ngm cp nc sinh hot
nht thit phi c vng bo v v sinh (theo ch dn Mc 11).


CNG TRNH THU NC MT

5.58.
Kt cu cng trnh thu phi m bo:
- Thu c t ngun nc lu lng tnh ton
- Khng to nn s lng cn cc b ti khu vc khai thc
- Khng cho rc, rong to, c lt vo cng trnh.

5.59.
Kt cu cng trnh thu nc mt cn cn c vo:
- Lu lng nc tnh ton
- Bc tin cy ca cng trnh thu
- c im thu vn ca ngun nc, c k n mc nc cao nht v
28
thp nht.
- Yu cu ca c quan v sinh dch t, c quan qun l ngun nc,
giao thng ng thu.





5.60.
Cng trnh thu nc chia lm 3 bc tin cy theo bc tin cy ca h thng
cp nc (xem iu 1.3).

5.61.
Cp thit k ca cng trnh thu nc ch yu c xc nh theo bc tin
cy ca chng.
Ghi ch:
Cp thit k ca p dng nc v cha nc c trong thnh phn ca
cm cng trnh thu nc mt phi ly theo tiu chun thit k cng trnh
thu li, nhng khng thp hn:
- Cp II vi bc tin cy cp nc I
- Cp III vi bc tin cy cp nc II
- Cp IV vi bc tin cy cp nc III

5.62.
Vic thit k cng trnh thu nc cn tnh n kh nng tng nhu cu
dng nc trong tng lai.

5.63.
V tr t cng trnh thu nc mt cn phi m bo yu cu sau:
a. u dng nc so vi khu dn c v khu vc sn xut,
b. Ly lng nc yu cu cho trc mt v cho tng lai,
c. Thu c nc c cht lng tt v thun tin cho vic t chc bo
v v sinh ngun nc,
d. Phi ch c b, lng sng n nh, t b xi l bi p v thay i
dng nc, su; ch c iu kin a cht cng trnh tt v trnh
c nh hng ca cc hin tng thu vn khc: sng, thu triu
e. T chc h thng cp nc (bao gm thu, dn, x l v phn phi
nc) mt cch hp l v kinh t nht,
f. gn ni cung cp in,
g. C kh nng phi hp gii quyt cc yu cu ca cng nghip, nng
nghip v giao thng ng thu mt cch hp l.

5.64.
Cc cng trnh thu nc mt ni chung phi c kh nng lm sch nc
s b khi cc vt ni, rc ri v khi cn thit c ph sa. t cng trnh
thu ni m trong ma l c vt ni ln (g, tre, na) phi c bin
php hng vt ni di chuyn trnh cng trnh thu hoc phi ro pha
thng ngun cng trnh thu. Khi thit k cng trnh thu nc mt ln
trong iu kin a cht thu vn phc tp cn phi tin hnh th nghim
trn m hnh.

29
5.65.
Khng c php t cng trnh thu trong lung i li ca tu b, trong
khu vc c ph sa di chuyn di y sng, thng lu st h cha,
vng c ng ca sng v ni c nhiu rong to.

5.66.
Khng nn t cng trnh thu h lu st nh my thu in, trong khu
vc ngay di ca sng.

5.67.
Cng trnh thu h cha phi t:
- su khng nh hn 3 ln chiu cao tnh ton ca sng trong iu
kin mc nc thp nht.
- Trong vng kn sng
- Ngoi di t (doi t) chy song song gn b hoc ni vi b gy
gin on dng chy.

5.68.
Cng trnh thu nc ven bin hoc h ln phi t trong vnh, sau cng
trnh chn sng hoc trong vng khng c sng v.

5.69.
iu kin thu nc t ngun nc c phn loi theo mc phc tp
ca vic thu nc, s n nh ca lng sng, b sng; ch thu vn v
mc nhim bn ca ngun nc theo cc ch tiu trong bng 5.2

5.70.
S cng trnh thu nc cn ly theo bng 5.3 tu theo bc tin cy yu
cu v phc tp ca iu kin thu nc.

5.71.
m bo bc tin cy cp nc cn thit trong iu kin thu nc kh
khn phi dng cng trnh thu phi hp vi cc kiu khc nhau, ph hp
vi cc c im t nhin v phi c bin php chng ph sa v khc
phc cc kh khn khc. Trong trng hp ny, cn phi t cng trnh
thu 2 v tr khng b ngng cp nc cng mt lc. Cng sut ca mi
cng trnh thu c bc tin cy cp nc I cn ly bng 75% lu lng tn
ton; vi bc tin cy cp nc II ly bng 50% lu lng tnh ton. Cng
trnh thu c bc tin cy cp nc II v III trong iu kin thu nc d
dng hay trung bnh c php tng 1 bc.












Bng 5.2

30
c im iu kin
thu nc
iu kin thu nc
Ph sa v s n nh ca b
v y
Cc yu t khc
D dng



Trung bnh








Kh khn









Rt kh khn

Cht l lng P s 0,5 kg/m
3

lng, b sng (h) n nh,
khng c l.

Cht l lng s 1,5 kg/m
3

(trung bnh trong ma l).
Lng, b v bi sng n nh.
dao ng mc nc theo
ma s 1m. Ph sa dch
chuyn dc theo b khng
lm nh hng n s n nh
ca b.

Cht l lng P s 5 kg/m
3

Lng sng di chuyn cng vi
s bin ng b v y, gy
nn s thay i ct y sng
t 1-2 m trong nm. B sng
b bin i vi s di chuyn
ph sa dc theo b vi mi
dc c dc thay i.

Cht l lng P > 5 kg/m
3
.
Lng sng khng n nh thay
i hnh dng ngu nhin hay
c h thng. B sng thay i
nhiu, c kh nng gy trt.

Trong ngun nc khng c
s, rong to, c t rc v cht
bn.

C t rong rc v cht bn
khng gy tr ngi cho cng
trnh thu. C b mng v tu
thuyn qua li.





C vt ni ln (g, tre) khi
c l. C rc v cht bn gy
kh khn nhiu cho cng trnh
thu v x l.






C vt ni ln (g, tre) khi
c l. C rc v cht bn gy
kh khn nhiu cho cng trnh
thu v x l.











Bng 5.3.

Bc tin cy ca cng trnh thu nc
iu kin t nhin ca vic thu nc
Cng trnh thu nc D dng Trung bnh Kh khn
S cng trnh thu nc
31
a b c a b c a b c
Cng trnh thu nc st b
khng ngp vi cc ca
thu nc d tip cn
qun l v c cc cng
trnh bo v v h tr cn
thit

I I II I I
Cng trnh thu nc ngp
cc loi, nm xa b, thc t
khng th tip cn c
vo cc thi k trong nm
I II I III II I
Cng trnh thu nc di
ng: - Dng ni
- Dng ray trt

II
III


I
II

III

III

II

Ghi ch:

1) Bng trn c lp cho 3 s cng trnh thu nc:
- S a c 1 ca thu nc
- S b, tng t nh trn nhng bao gm mt s ngn thu nc c trang
b phng tin ngn nga ph sa v khc phc kh khn khc.
- S c c 2 ca thu nc nm cch nhau mt khong cho php loi tr kh
nng b gin on cng mt lc trong vic thu nc.

2) i vi cng trnh thu nc bc tin cy I v II phi chia cng trnh thu nc
lm nhiu ngn. S ngn lm vic c lp khng nh hn 2.



5.72.
Khi su gn b sng m bo thu nc bnh thng hoc c th tng
thm su bng cc cng trnh iu chnh, ng thi c iu kin v
a cht cng trnh v kh nng thi cng th cn thit k cng trnh thu
nc kiu kt hp.

Trong trng hp iu kin a cht cng trnh, iu kin thu vn, kh
nng thi cng cho php v khi cng trnh thu c cng sut nh th c th
t hng thu nc gn b, trm bm t ring v ni vi nhau bng ng
ht.

5.73.
Khi su b sng khng thu nc v dao ng mc nc n
6m, th i vi cng trnh thu c cng sut nh cn cu to:
- Hng thu ngp t lng sng;
- Ngn thu c li chn rc t trn b;
- ng t chy hoc ng xi phng ni hng thu vi ngn thu;
32
- Trm bm t ring hoc kt hp vi ngn thu.

Khi mc nc dao ng trn 6m v khi dng my bm trc ng th nn
b tr trm bm kt hp vi ngn thu c li chn rc b.

5.74.
i vi cng trnh thu bc tin cy I c cng sut trung bnh hoc ln phi
xt kh nng dng vnh hoc mng c b cao dn nc t lng sng
vo trong trng hp:
- Cn thu lu lng ln khi khng su.
- Trong ngun nc c nhiu ph sa v ct bi.

5.75.
Chn kiu, cu to v hnh dng vnh thu phi da trn kt qu nghin
cu thc nghim bng m hnh thu lc trong phng th nghim.

5.76.
Khi s dng ngun nc sng m khng su cn xt kh nng xy
dng:
- Cng trnh thu kiu kt hp hay kiu c bit m bo thu nc
mt cch tin cy.
- Cng trnh iu ho cc b dng chy hay lng sng tng kh
nng thu nc hoc tng su cc b, lm cho vic vn chuyn ph
sa li y sng c tt hn.
- p dng nc.

5.77.
i vi nhng cng trnh thu nc c cng sut trung bnh hoc nh
nhng con sng do c nhiu ph sa m vic thu nc gp nhiu kh
khn, cng nh trong trng hp khng th t cng trnh thu nc
lng sng v phi m bo giao thng ng thu, th phi nghin cu
kh nng xy dng pha trc cng trnh thu vnh thu nc st b, cho
php ngp nc v ma l, nhng khng tch t ph sa hoc ct bi.

5.78.
i vi cng trnh thu nc sng min ni hoc trung du phi gii
quyt vic vn chuyn cc vt cng vng qua cng trnh thu bng cch:
- Xy dng cng trnh hng dng di chuyn ph sa, ct bi khi khng
c p.
- X ph sa, ct bi qua thit b thau ra ca p dng nc.
- Dng b lng t u cng trnh thu.
- Di chuyn dng bn, ct, theo dng sng.

5.79.
Khi kt hp cng trnh thu nc vi p dng nc, phi d kin kh
nng sa cha p trong khi cng trnh thu vn hot ng bnh thng.

5.80.
Khi t cng trnh thu trong h nc nui c phi c thit b bo v c
di dng mt b phn ca hng thu hoc di dng mt cng trnh
ring bit trn mng dn nc. Vic t v chn thit b bo v c phi
33
c s ng ca c quan thu sn.

5.81.
c php khng t thit b bo v c trong cc trng hp:
- Cng trnh thu kiu thm.
- Hng thu nc t ngp di sng v tc dng chy ca sng khi
i qua hng thu v ma cn ln gp 3 ln tc nc chy vo hng
thu.
- Ti hng thu ca cng trnh thu nc c cng sut nh v vo thi k
c , song chn rc c thay th bng li chn rc c mt li nh
v c d kin vic ra li bng dng nc ngc.

5.82.
Kch thc cc b phn ch yu ca cng trnh thu (ca thu nc, li,
ng, mng dn) cng nh cao trc my bm cn xc nh bng
tnh ton thu lc vi lu lng tnh ton v mc nc thp nht (theo
bng 5.2), c xt n vic ngng mt ng ng ht hoc mt ngn thu
sa cha hoc kim tra.

5.83.
Kch thc ca thu nc xc nh theo tc trung bnh ca nc chy
qua song hoc li chn rc c tnh n yu cu bo v c.

Tc cho php ca nc chy vo ca thu nc (cha k n yu cu
bo v c) trong iu kin thu nc trung bnh v kh khn cn ly nh
sau:
- Vo hng thu nc b khng ngp: V = 0,6 - 0,2 m/s
- Vo hng thu nc ngp: V = 0,3 - 0,1 m/s.

Khi c yu cu bo v c (trng hp dng li chn rc phng c mt
li 2 - 3 mm t trc ca thu nc) nhng khng k n s phc tp
ca iu kin thu nc trong cc con sng c tc dng chy > 0,4
m/s, th tc cho php ca nc chy qua ca thu l 0,25 m/s. Nu thu
nc dng sng c tc dng chy khng vt qu 0,4 m/s v thu
nc h th ly tc nc chy qua ca thu bng 0,1 m/s.

Ghi ch:
- Tc qui nh trn y tnh vi tng din tch l ca song hoc li
bo v c.
- Trong iu kin thu nc d dng t h nui c, tc cho php
c chn tu theo yu cu bo v c v thit b chn c.
- i vi cng trnh thu kiu t su, thu nc theo tng lp, tc
tnh ton phi xc nh ring.

5.84.
Kch thc v din tch ca thu nc xc nh cho tt c cc ngn lm
vic ng thi (tr ngn d phng) theo cng thc:

34

K
v
Q
25 , 1 = O
(5-1)

O - Din tch ca thu ca mt ngn thu (m
2
)
v - Tc nc chy vo ca thu (m/s), tnh vi din tch thng
thu ca ca.
Q - Lu lng nc tnh ton ca mt ngn thu (m
3
/s)
K - H s k n s thu hp din tch do cc thanh song chn
hoc li.

+
=
a
c a
K
i vi song chn

( )

+
=
a
c a
K
2
i vi li

c - Chiu rng khe h ca song chn hoc li (cm)
a - Chiu dy thanh song chn hoc li (cm)
1,25 - H s tnh n din tch l b thu hp do rc.

5.85.
Trong cc cng trnh thu nc kiu thm th din tch lp thm cng xc
nh theo cng thc (5-1), nhng ly h s K= P
1
trong P l rng
ca lp thm, ly bng 0,3-0,5 (i vi lp thm c tng lc l si v
dm) v bng 0,25-0,35 (vi lp thm l b tng rng).

Ghi ch: Khng c p dng cng trnh thu nc kiu thm i vi
cng trnh thu c nh t cc ngun nc b nhim bn m khng m
bo vic sa lp thm b nhim bn.

5.86.
Cc cng trnh thu phi c bo v khi s xi l bi cc dng chy
vng bng cch xy nn su v gia c y xung quanh cng trnh.

5.87.
Cng trnh thu phi c bo v khi s ph hoi bi vt ni v neo tu
thuyn. Tu theo bc tin cy t ra i vi h thng cp nc v mc
phc tp ca cc iu kin thu nc, cng trnh thu phi m bo cc
phng tin chng s bi p y. Ch t cng trnh thu phi c
ro bng cc phao ni.

5.88.
Cc cng trnh thu b phi c bo v chng xi l do cc tc dng
ca dng nc v sng bng cch gia c b v y.

5.89.
Mp di ca thu nc phi t cao hn y sng h ti thiu 0,5m.
Mp trn ca ca thu hay ca cc cng trnh t ngp th phi t thp
hn lng trng ca sng 0,3m.

ngp ca ca thu khi thu nc thnh tng lp cn phi xc nh theo
35
tnh ton i vi n nh phn tng ca khi nc trong h cha.

5.90.
Khi xy dng cng trnh thu nc cn tnh ton n kh nng nghu s
v rong to lm tc nghn cc b phn thu nc c bin php phng
chng (V d Clo ho,) theo cc ch dn iu 10.13.

5.91.
Cho php dng ng dn xi phng cc cng trnh thu nc c bc tin
cy cp nc loi II v loi III. i vi cc cng trnh thu nc thuc
bc tin cy cp nc loi I phi c l do xc ng mi c php dng
ng dn xi phng.

5.92.
ng ng t chy c cc im tho nc phi c thit k bng ng
hay mng ngm lm bng vt liu khng r. (ng btng ct thp, ng
gang, mng ngm btng ct thp).

5.93.
ng ng dn nc t chy v ng xi phng th di nc cho php
dng ng thp hn thnh ng ni lin c cc mi ni tng cng v c
nn n nh.

5.94.
Phi kim tra ni ca ng t chy v ng xi phng lm bng thp v
phi cu to lp cch ly chng r, khi cn thit phi p dng bin php
bo v cathode hay bo v b mt.

5.95.
ng ng xi phng v t chy t trong gii hn lng sng phi c
bo v mt ngoi khi s bo mn ca bn ct y v khng b neo tu
thuyn lm h hng bng cch t su chng di y tu theo iu kin
thc t nhng phi su t nht 0,5m hoc p bng b tng tm hoc
dm c gia c chng xi l.

5.96.
Kch thc tit din ca ng ht v ng xi phng t chy phi xc nh
bng tnh ton thu lc i vi ch lm vic bnh thng ca cng
trnh thu theo cc tr s tc sau y:
- i vi ng t chy 0,7 - 1,5 m/s.
- i vi ng ht 1,2 - 2 m/s.

Trong trng hp ny, tit din ngang ca ng xi phng hay ng t chy
c xc nh theo tc cho php, phi c kim tra v kh nng xi
ra cc ht lng ng trong ng ng.

5.97.
Mc nc tnh ton ti thiu trong cc ngn thu nc phi xc nh bng
tnh ton thu lc, ng vi cc trng hp:
- Mc nc ti thiu trong ngun nc.
- Khi mt ngn ca cng trnh thu nc khng lm vic.
- Khi xut hin cc iu kin bt li khc (tc li chn rc, tc ng
dn)
Ghi ch:
36
Khi thy c kh nng lm tc ng dn bi nghu s th cn tnh ton tn
tht trn ng ng dn vi tr s nhm bng 0,02 - 0,04.
Khi ng dn xi phng c chiu di ln phi d kin t thit b m t
t van x ti my bm.

5.98.
Chn li lm sch s b nc ngun phi ch n c im cu
sng h cha nc v cng sut ca cng trnh thu.

Trong iu kin sng h b nhim bn mc trung bnh, nghim trng
v rt nghim trng m cng sut thu nc ln hn 1 m
3
/s th phi dng
li quay.

5.99.
Din tch cng tc ca li phng hay li quay phi xc nh theo mc
nc ti thiu trong ngn t li v tc qua mt li v c chn
nh sau:
a. Khng ln hn 0,6 m/s trong trng hp c c th i vo ngn t
li.
b. 0,8 - 1,2 m/s khi c thit b ngn c pha ngoi ngn thu t
b.

5.100.
i vi cng trnh thu buc phi dng my bm li tm trc ng th phi
chn s lng ca chng l t nht.

i vi cng trnh thu cng sut nh cho php dng cc my bm ging.

5.101.
c th tng cng sut ca cng trnh thu phi c d kin t trong
trm bm mt t my bm b sung hoc thay th bng my bm c cng
sut ln hn cng nh phi c d kin t trc vo trm bm cc on
ng lng c th u thm vo trm cc ng xi phng hoc t chy

5.102.
Trm bm (t mt) ca cc cng trnh thu phi thit k theo ch dn nu
trong Mc 7.

Khi thit k trm bm phi c d kin t bm thot nc d r bm ht
bn t cc ngn thu nc v bm ra li (trong trng hp khng th
dng nc ly t cc ng ng p lc).




6. LM SCH V X L NC

CH DN CHUNG

6.1. Phng php x l nc, thnh phn v cc thng s tnh ton cng trnh,
liu lng tnh ton cc ho cht phi xc nh theo: Cht lng nc
37
ngun, chc nng ca h thng cp nc, cng sut trm x l nc, iu
kin a phng, iu kin kinh t k thut v da vo nhng s liu
nghin cu cng ngh v vn hnh nhng cng trnh lm vic trong iu
kin tng t. i vi nhng cng trnh x l nc c cng sut ln, hoc
cht lng ngun nc phc tp, cn phi lp m hnh th nghim xc
nh dy chuyn cng ngh x l nc v cc thng s k thut cn thit.

6.2. Khi la chn cc phng php x l ho hc phi tun theo ch dn iu
6.1. tnh ton s b, c th ly theo bng 6.1.

6.3. Khi thit k trm x l nc cn cn nhc vic dng li nc ra lc.
Nc ra lc, nc x t b lng, nc thi t nh ho cht, t cc cng
trnh ph tr khng c x trc tip ra sng h dng lm ngun cp
nc m phi a vo cc cng trnh cha x l trc khi thi ra
ngun tip nhn hoc thu hi li. Vic x nc thi ca cc nh my x l
nc sau khi x l vo ngun tip nhn phi tun th nhng yu cu
ca cc c quan bo v mi trng.

6.4. kim tra qa trnh cng ngh x l v kh trng nc, trc v sau
mi cng trnh (b trn, b lng, b lc, b cha, trm bm) u phi
t thit b ly mu nc phn tch.

6.5. Phn loi cc ngun nc mt nh sau:

a) Theo hm lng cn:
- Nc t c: n 50 mg/l
- Nc c va: t 50 mg/l n 250 mg/l
- Nc c: t 250 mg/l n 1500 mg/l
- Nc rt c: trn 1500 mg/l

b) Theo mu
- Nc t mu : di 35 TCU
- Nc c mu trung bnh: 35 TCU n 120 TCU
- Nc c mu cao: ln hn 120 TCU

6.6. Cng sut tnh ton cc cng trnh lm sch phi tnh cho ngy dng nc
nhiu nht cng vi lu lng nc dng ring cho trm; ng thi phi
kim tra iu kin lm vic tng cng m bo lng nc b sung
khi c chy.

6.7. Lu lng nc dng ring cho trm lm trong, kh mu, trm kh st,
ly bng 3 - 4% lng nc cp cho h tiu th nu c dng li nc ra
b lc; Ly bng 5 - 10% khi khng dng li nc ra lc. i vi trm
lm mm v kh mui th ly bng 20 - 30% v phi xc nh chnh xc
li bng tnh ton.

6.8. Trm lm sch v x l nc phi tnh cho iu kin lm vic iu ho
sut ngy m vi kh nng ngng tng cng trnh kim tra, thau ra
38
v sa cha. i vi trm cng sut n 3000 m
3
/ngy th c php lm
vic mt phn ngy m.







Bng 6.1

Ch tiu
cht lng nc
Phng php
x l ho hc
Ho cht s dng
Nc c c ln Keo t, ph tr keo t Phm nhm, phn st; cht
ph tr keo t (axit siliic
hot tnh, poliacrilamit )
Nc c mu cao, c
nhiu cht hu c v ph
du sinh vt

Ozn ho trc, clo ho,
keo t, ph tr keo t,
kim ho
Ozn, clo dioxide, phn
nhm, phn st; cht ph
tr keo t (poliacrilamit,
axit siliic hot tnh); vi,
xt, sa
kim thp lm kh
khn cho vic keo t.
Kim ho Vi, xt, s a
C mi v v Ozn ho, clo ho, hp
ph qua than hot tnh
Ozn, clo dioxide, than
hot tnh,
Nc c nhiu mui cng Lm mm bng vi -
xa, trao i ion, thm
thu ngc
Vi, s a, mui n, axt
sunfuric

Hm lng mui cao hn
tiu chun

Trao i ion, in phn,
chng ct, thm thu
ngc
Axt sunfurc, xt
C hyr sunfua (H
2
S) Clo ho. Lm thong NaOCl
Nhiu oxi ho tan Phn ng xy ho - kh Natri thiosunfite, Hyrazin

Nc khng n nh, c
ch s bo ho m
Kim ho Vi, xt, sa
Nc khng n nh, c
ch s bo ho dng
Axt ho, pht pht ho axt sunfuric, pht pht
natri.
Nc c vi trng Clo ho, ozn ho

Clo, clo dioxite, clojaven
ozn
Nc c nhiu st Lm thong, xy ho,
kim ho, keo t, trao i
cation
Clo, clojaven, clo dioxide,
ozn, kali permanganate,
vi, xt, sa, cht keo t



6.9. Cc cng trnh cng ngh ch yu ca trm x l nc nn ly theo bng
6.2 v ch dn iu 6.1
39








Bng 6.2

Thnh phn cc cng trnh
ch yu
iu kin s dng
Cht lng nc ngun Cng sut ca
trm
m
3
/ngy
Cht l lng
(mg/l)
mu
()
X l nc c dng phn:
1- Lc mt t

a. Lc p lc n 30 n 50 n 3.000
b. Lc h n 30 n 50 n 5.000
2- Lng ng - lc nhanh n 1.500
s 120
n 5.000
3. Lng ngang - lc nhanh n 1.500
s 120
> 30.000
4. Lc hai t. t I lc tip
xc; t II lc nhanh
n 300
s 120
bt k
5. Lng trong c lp cn l
lng - Lc nhanh
50 n 1.500
s 120
bt k
6. Lng hai bc, lc nhanh >1.500
s 120
bt k
7. Lc tip xc n 100
s 120
bt k
8. Lng ngang hoc lng trong
c lp cn l lng lm sch
mt phn
n 1.500
s 120
bt k
9. Lc ht ln lm sch
mt phn
n 80
s 120
bt k
10. Lng lp mng Lc
nhanh
n 1000
s 120
bt k
X l nc khng dng
phn:

11. Lc chm. n 50
s 120
bt k
12. Lc s b - Lc chm n 1000
s 120
bt k
13. Lc ht ln lm sch
mt phn
n 150
s 120
bt k
X l nc c st:
14. Phun ma - Lc mt t Fe < 5 mg/l;
pH > 7;
H
2
S < 0,2 mg/l
s 120
bt k
15. Lm thong t nhin -
Lng tip xc - Lc nhanh
Fe < 10 mg/;l
pH > 6,8;
H
2
S < 0,2 mg/l
s 120
bt k
16. Lm thong cng bc
(qut gi) Lc nhanh
Nh im 15
s 120
bt k
40
17. My nn kh - Lc p lc Nh im 14
s 120
< 3.000
18. Lm thong t nhin hoc
cng bc - Pha ho cht -
Lng - Lc nhanh
pH < 6,8;
kim thp;
St dng keo;
dng hu c ;
Hm lng Fe
ln
s 120
Bt k

Ghi ch:
1. Trong ct cht l lng l tng lng cn ti a k c do pha cht phn ng vo
nc v do qu trnh thu phn phn to ra.
2. Khi chn thnh phn cc cng trnh trong dy truyn cng ngh cn xt n s liu
theo di nhiu nm v s thay i cht lng nc ngun trong nm v khong thi
gian c hm lng cn v mu cao nht.
3. B lng trong c lp cn l lng ch p dng khi nc a vo cng trnh c lu
lng iu ho hoc thay i dn dn trong phm vi khng qu 15% trong 1 gi, v
nhit nc a vo thay i khng qu 1C trong 1 gi.
4. Khi x l nc rt c, lm sch s b c th dng b lng ngang, h lng t
nhin hay cc cng trnh khc.
5. Ti cc cng trnh thu nc v lm sch nc cn phi t li vi c mt li 5 -
7mm loi tr rc ni l lng trong dng nc. Khi lng ph du sinh vt trong
nc vt qu 1000 con/ml th ngoi li phng hoc li quay ti cng trnh thu
nc nn b tr thm microphin.


CHUN B HO CHT

6.10. Liu lng ho cht c tnh ton theo cc thi k trong nm ph thuc
vocht lng ngun nc th v s c iu chnh chnh xc khi vn
hnh nh my sao cho hm lng ho cht cn li trong nc sau x l
nm trong phm vi cho php theo Tiu chun v sinh i vi cht lng
nc n ung v sinh hot (Ph lc 6).

6.11. Liu lng phn tnh theo Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
, FeCl
3
, Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
. Sn phm khng
cha nc c chn s b nh sau:
a. X l nc c (theo bng 6.3)
b. Khi x l nc c mu tnh theo cng thc:

P
p
=
M 4
(mg/l) (6-1)
Trong
- P
p
: Liu lng phn tnh theo sn phm khng cha nc.
- M : mu ca nc ngun tnh bng theo thang mu Platin-
Cban.
41

Ghi ch: Trong trng hp ngun nc th va c va c mu th lng
phn c xc nh theo bng 6.3 v theo cng thc (6-1) ri chn ly gi
tr ln nht.






Bng 6.3. Liu lng phn x l nc

Hm lng cn (mg/l) Liu lng phn khng cha nc
dng x l nc c (mg/l)
n 100
101 - 200
201 - 400
401 - 600
601 - 800
801 - 1.000
1.001 - 1.500

25 - 35
30 - 40
35 - 45
45 - 50
50 - 60
60 - 70
70 - 80


Ghi ch:
1. Tr s nh dng cho nc c nhiu cn ln
2. Khi dng b lc tip xc hay b lc lm vic theo nguyn l keo t trong lp vt liu
th lng phn ly nh hn cc tr s bng 6.3 v cng thc 6.1 khong 10 - 15%.

6.12. Liu lng cht ph tr keo t nn ly nh sau;
a) Poliacrylamid (PAA):
- Khi cho vo nc trc b lng hoc b lng trong c lp cn l lng,
ly theo bng 6.4.
- Khi cho vo nc trc b lc s lng 2 bc ly bng 0,05 - 0,1
mg/l
- Khi cho vo trc b lc tip xc hay b lc s lc 1 t ly bng
0,2 - 0,6 mg/l.
b) axt silic hot tnh (theo SiO
2
)
- khi cho vo nc trc b lng hay b lng trong c lp cn l lng ly
bng 2 - 3 mg/l.
- Khi cho vo nc trc b lc s lm sch 2 bc ly bng 0,2 - 0,5
mg/l.
- Khi cho vo nc trc b lc tip xc hay b lc s lm sch mt
bc ly bng 1 3 mg/l.

6.13. Liu lng ho cht cha Clo (theo Clo hot tnh) khi Clo ho trc xc
tin qu trnh keo t, qu trnh kh mu v kh trng, cng nh m bo
42
yu cu v sinh cho cc cng trnh cn ly bng 2 - 6mg/l.






Bng 6.4. Liu lng PAA cho vo nc

Hm lng cn (mg/l) mu () Lng PAA khng cha
nc (mg/l)
n 10
11 n 100
101 - 500
500 - 1.500
> 50
30 - 100
20 - 60
-
1 1,5
0,3 - 0,6
0,2 - 0,5
0,2 1


6.14. Khi trong nc ngun c Phnol cn phi cho amonic hoc mui amni
(tnh theo NH
3
) vi liu lng bng 20 - 25% liu lng Clo, trc khi Clo
ho nc.

6.15. Liu lng ho cht kim ho D
K
(mg/l) cn xc nh theo cng thc:

D
K
= K
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ 1 k
e
P
p
(6-2)
Trong
+ P
P
: Liu lng phn ln nht trong thi gian kim ho (mg/l)
+ e: ng lng ca phn (khng cha nc) tnh bng mgl/l.

i vi Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
e = 57
FeCl
3
e = 54
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
e = 67

+ k: kim nh nht ca nc tnh bng mgl/l
+ K: ng lng gam ca cht kim ho

i vi vi (theo CaO) K =28
i vi Sa (Na
2
CO
3
) K = 53

6.16. kh v v mi c th s dng thm cc ho cht sau:
a. Than hot tnh dng bt
b. Kali Pecmanganat
c. zn
Liu lng cc ho cht trn xc nh theo thc nghim
Ghi ch: Khi x l nc b nhim bn nng, c th dng phi hp zn,
43
hoc Kali Pecmanganat v than hot tnh, lc than hot tnh cho vo
nc sau khi cho Kali Permanganat hoc zn.


6.17. Trnh t cho ho cht vo nc v khong cch thi gian gia nhng ln
cho cc ho cht ly theo bng 6.5.

Nu khng th m bo khong cch thi gian cn thit gia nhng ln cho
ho cht vo ng ng dn nc th trc trm lm sch v trong b
trn th cho php t b trn v b tip xc ph, nhng cu to ca chng
khng c php cho ho cht cho vo nc di dng huyn ph b
lng xung.

Bng 6.5

c im
nc ngun
Ho cht x l Trnh t cho ho cht vo nc
1. Khi khng
c mi v
Clo, phn u tin cho clo, sau 1 - 3 pht cho phn.

2. C mi, v
v c mi
Clophenol

3. C hm
lng cht
hu c cao,
c mi v
nhng khng
c phenol

Phn, zn


a) Clo, hoc
KMnO
4


b) Clo, than hot
tnh, phn




Phn; zn trc hoc sau b lc.


u tin pha clo hoc KMnO
4
. 2 - 3 pht
sau th pha phn.

a) Pha clo u tin, sau 10 - 15 pht cho
than hot tnh, sau 2 - 3 pht pha phn.
b) u tin pha clo, sau 1 - 3 pht pha
phn, than hot tnh vi liu lng n 5
mg/l trc b lc.

3 -Nh trn,
c mi
clophenol khi
clo ho.
a) Amnic, clo,
phn

b) Phn, zn

c) KMnO
4
, phn

d) Amnic, clo
KMnO
4
, phn.

e. KMnO
4
, clo,
than hot tnh,
phn.
Amnic, sau 2 - 3 pht pha Clo, sau 1 - 3
pht na pha phn.

Phn; zn trc hoc sau b lc.

KMnO
4
, sau 1 - 3 pht cho phn.

Amnic, sau 2 - 3 pht pha clo, sau 10
pht KMnO
4
, sau 1 - 3 pht cho phn.

KMnO
4
, sau 2 - 3 pht than hot tnh, sau 1
- 3 pht na cho phn.


Ghi ch:
44
1. Khi kim khng keo t phi cho thm vi hoc xa ng thi vi phn.
2. kh trng phi cho clo vo nc lc.
3. Cht ph tr keo t cho vo nc sau khi cho phn 2 - 3 pht.
4. kh v v mi, cho php dng b lc vi lp lc bng than hot tnh dng ht (t
sau b lc lm trong nc) hoc dng b lc 2 lp: lp trn l tham hot tnh.
5. Phi d tnh n kh nng thay i thi gian tip xc v ho trn nc vi ho cht.

6.18. Ho cht cn c iu ch v nh lng di dng dung dch hay huyn
ph. Vic nh lng ho cht phi m bo chnh xc bng 5% liu
lng nh. S thit b nh lng cn phi ly theo s im cho ho
cht vo nc, nhng khng nh hn 2 (1 d phng).

Ghi ch:
1. c php nh lng ho cht dng kh trong trng hp c
bit.
2. Cc thit b nh lng cn t ni d quan st, nh sng v
phi c dng c kim tra.

6.19. Trc khi cho vo nc, cc cht phn ng phi ho thnh dung dch qua
cc giai on ho tan, iu chnh nng ri cha trong cc b (hoc
thng) tiu th.

a. Dung tch b ho trn tnh theo cng thc:

) m (
. b 000 . 10
p . n . q
W
3
h
1

=
(6-3)
Trong :
q: Lu lng nc x l (m
3
/h)
p: Liu lng ho cht d tnh cho vo nc (g/m
3
)
n: S gi gia 2 ln ho tan i vi trm cng sut:
n 1200 m
3
/ngy; n = 24 gi
1200 -10.000 m
3
/ngy; n = 12 gi
10.000 -50.000 m
3
/ngy; n = 8 - 12 gi
> 50.000 m
3
/ngy; n = 6 - 8 gi

b
h
: Nng dung dch ho cht trong thng ho trn tnh bng %.
: Khi lng ring ca dung dch ly bng 1T/m
3
.
b.Dung tch b tiu th tnh theo cng thc:


) (
.
3 1
2
m
b
b W
W
t
h
=
(6-4)

Trong : b
t
= Nng dung dch ho cht trong thng tiu th, tnh bng
%.

45
6.20. Nng dung dch phn trong b ho trn ly bng 10 - 17%; trong b
tiu th 4-10% tnh theo sn phm khng ngm nc.

6.21. Cu to b ho tan phi m bo kh nng dng phn sch v phn khng
sch. S b tiu th khng c nh hn 2, s b ho tan cn chn tu
theo phng php vn chuyn phn n trm x l, loi phn cng nh
thi gian ho tan phn.

6.22. ho tan phn cc v trn dung dch phn trong b nu dng khng kh
p th cn ly cng tiu chun nh sau:

- ho tan phn: 8 - 10l /s.m
2
.
- trn u khi pha long n nng cn thit trong b tiu th: 3 - 5
l/s.m
2
.

phn phi khng kh cn dng ng c l bng vt liu chu axt.

Tc khng kh trong ng phi ly bng 10 - 15 m/s. Tc khng kh
qua l bng 20 - 30 m/s. ng knh l 3 4 mm; l phi hng xung
di, p lc khng kh p ly t 1 - 1,5 at.

Cho php s dng my khuy hoc bm tun hon ho tan phn bt v
trn dung dch phn. Khi dng my khuy s cnh qut khng c nh
hn 2, s vng quay ly bng 20 - 30 vng/pht. i vi trm x l cng
sut di 500 m
3
/ngy c th ho trn phn bng phng php th cng.

6.23. B ho tan v trn phn phi c thit k vi tng y nghing mt gc
45-50 so vi mt phng nm ngang. x cn v x kit b phi b tr
ng c ng knh khng nh hn 150mm.

Khi dng phn cc trong b ho trn phi t ghi c th tho d, khe h
ca ghi 10 - 15mm.

Khi dng phn bt trn ghi phi t li c kch thc l l 2mm. ra
cn v ho tan phn phn b di ghi (phn t ng thu nc) cn phn
c thit b cho nc v khng kh vo b.

6.24. y b tiu th phi c dc khng nh hn 0,005 v pha ng x. ng
x phi c ng knh khng nh hn 100 mm. ng dn dung dch iu
ch phi t cch y 100 - 200mm. Khi dng phn khng sch phi ly
dung dch phn lp trn bng ng mm.

6.25. Mt trong b ho trn v tiu th phi c bo v bng lp vt liu chu
axt chng tc dng n mn ca dung dch phn.

6.26. Khi dng phn st dng dung dch th c th cho ngay vo thng trn ri
46
iu chnh nng . Khi dng phn st kh th phn trn ca b ho trn
phi t ghi v dng tia nc phun ho tan. Cc b ny phi t trong
mt phng ring c thng hi tt.

6.27. bm dung dch phn phi dng bm chu c axit hoc Eject.
Tt c ng ng ho cht phi lm bng vt liu chu axit. Kt cu ng
dn ho cht phi m bo kh nng sc ra nhanh.

6.28. Polyacrylamid phi dng dng dung dch c nng 0,1-0,5%.
iu ch dung dch polyacrylamid (PAA) dng gel phi tin hnh trong b
c my khuy cnh qut v s vng quay ca trc 800-1000 vng/pht.
Khuy lin tc trong 25 n 40 pht. i vi PAA dng kh, thi gian
khuy trn l 2 gi v nng ca dung dch 0,5-1%.

6.29. S lng my khuy cng nh th tch b tiu th phi xc nh theo thi
hn d tr dung dch PAA khng qu 2 ngy khi nng 0,1-0,3%; khng
qu 7 ngy khi nng l 0,4-0,6% v khng qua 15 ngy khi nng t
0,7-1%.

6.30. iu ch dung dch axit silic hot tnh (AK) c thc hin bng cch x
l thu tinh lng vi dung dch nhm sunfat hoc clo.

6.31. Vic hot ho bng dung dch nhm sunfat tin hnh trong thit b hot
ng lin tc hay hot ng nh k. Cch tnh ton thit b iu ch
axit silic hot tnh c trnh by Ph lc 7.

6.32 kim ho v n nh nc phi dng vi; xt hoc sa.



6.33. Khi chn s cng ngh ca qu trnh chun b vi phi xt n cht
lng v dng sn phm ca vi do nh my sn xut, nhu cu v vi, v
tr cho vi vo nc

Ghi ch: Khi lng vi s dng di 50 kg/ngy (theo CaO) th c
php dng s s dng dung dch vi gm c kho d tr t, thit b
ly vi ti, thng bo ho 2 ln v thit b nh lng.

6.34. S b cha vi sa hoc dung dch vi khng t hn 2, Nng vi sa
trong b tiu th ly khng qu 5% theo CaO.

6.35. Khi x l n nh nc, ho cht s dng khng c cha cht bn v
cht c hi.

lm sch vi sa khi x l n nh nc phi dng b lng ng hoc
siclon thu lc. Tc dng sa vi i ln trong b lng ng ly bng 2
47
mm/s.

6.36. trn lin tc vi sa c th s dng mt trong cc bin php sau:
Thu lc (my bm vi tun hon), my khuy hoc khng kh nn.

Khi trn thu lc, tc i ln ca vi sa trong b ly khng nh hn
5mm/s. B cn c y hnh chp, gc nghing khng nh hn 45 v ng
x c ng knh > 100mm.

Khi trn bng khng kh nn cng tiu chun cn ly bng 8-
10l/s.m
2
, p lc kh nn ly t 1-1,5at.

Tc khuy bng my khng nh hn 40vng/pht.

6.37. ng knh ng dn vi sa xc nh nh sau:
- ng p lc dn sn phm sch khng nh hn 25mm, dn sn phm
khng sch khng nh hn 50mm.
- ng t chy ly khng nh hn 50mm. Tc vi sa chy trong
ng khng nh hn 0,8m/s. Ch ngot trn ng ng dn vi sa
phi c bn knh cong khng nh hn 5D (D l ng knh ng).

ng ng p lc thit k vi dc v pha my bm khng nh hn
0,02, ng t chy phi c dc khng nh hn 0,03 v pha ming x.
Phi d kin kh nng thau ra v tho d cc ng ng ny thun tin.


6.38. chuyn vi sa phi dng my bm chuyn dng. Bm phi t di
mc nc. Khng t van 1 chiu.

6.39. Cng sut thng bo ho 2 ln ch dung dch vi phi xc nh t lu
lng vi tnh ton v ho tan ca vi ly theo bng 6.6.

Bng 6.6

Nhit nc 5 10 20 30
ho tan ca vi g/m
3
tnh theo CaO 1.430 1.330 1.230 1.120


Dung tch thng bo ho W
0
(m
3
) xc nh theo cng thc:

W
0
= K
1
.K
2
.Qc (6-5)
Trong :
- Qc: Cng sut ca thng bo ho (m
3
/h)
- K1: H s ph thuc nhit ca nc c bo ho ly theo bng
6.7.
- K
2
: H s ph thuc t s gia cng canxi vi cng ton phn.
48
- K
2
= 1, khi cng canxi ln hn 70% cng ton phn .
- K
2
= 1,3, khi cng canxi nh hn 70% cng ton phn.
- Din tch ngn lng ca thng bo ho phi c kim tra vi tc
i ln ca cht lng ghi trong bng 6.7

Bng 6.7.

Ch tiu Nhit nc, C
5 10 20 30
H s K
1


Tc cho php ca cht lng ngn lng
ca thng bo ho (mm/s)
7

0,15
6

0,2
5

0,26
4

0,33

6.40. Nng dung dch sa ly bng 5-8%. nh lng dung dch sa cn
theo ch dn iu 6.18.

6.41. nh lng than dng nho phi tm t than vi nc trong thi
gian 1 gi trong b trn bng thu lc hay c gii. My bm trn v
chuyn bt than nho phi chu c tc dng mi mn ca than. Nng
bt than ly bng 5-10%.

6.42. ng dn bt than nho cn tnh ton vi tc khng nh hn 1,5 m/s.
Trn ng phi c l thm c ra. Ch ngot phi c bn knh v c
dc theo ch dn iu 6.37.

6.43. Cu to thit b nh lng dung dch phi m bo khuy trn thu lc
v gi nng bt than nho mc c nh trong thit b.

6.44. Thit b cha, pha, nh lng bt than phi c thng gi cc b v c
bin php chng chy an ton.

6.45. Dung tch b iu ch dung dch Kali Permanganat KMnO
4
phi xc nh
xut pht t nng lm vic ca dung dch 0,5-2% (theo sn phm th
trng). Trong thi gian ho tan hon ton ho cht phi ly bng 4-6
gi khi nhit nc di 20C v bng 2-3 gi khi nhit nc bng
40C.

6.46. S b ho tan Kali Permanganat (ng thi cng l b tiu th) khng
c t hn 2 (mt d phng)

nh lng dung dch Kali Permanganat phi s dng thit b nh
lng dng cho dung dch lng trong v chu c n mn.


LI QUAY V MICRPHIN
49

6.47. Li quay dng tch vt ni v cht l lng. Micrphin dng tch
rong to v ph du sinh vt ra khi nc.

Li quay c c mt li 5-7mm t cng trnh thu nc. Micrphin
phi t ti trm lm sch. Khi c l do th c php t cng trnh
thu nc.

6.48. S li v Micrphin d phng qui nh nh sau:
Khi c t 1-5 ci lm vic th d phng 1 ci
Khi c t 6-10 ci lm vic th d phng 1-2 ci
Khi c nhiu hn 11 ci lm vic th d phng 2-3 ci.

6.49. Li v Micrphin phi c t trong cc ngn. Trong ngn cho php
t 2 ci, nu s ci lm vic ln hn 5. Phi ra li quay v Microphin
khi chnh mc nc trc v sau li t n 10 cm.



6.50. Ra li v Micrphin cn thc hin bng dng nc p lc, phun qua
li theo hng ngc chiu vi dng nc. Vi mc ch cn c
ng ng dn c p lc khng nh hn 1,5 bar.

Lu lng nc ra li bng 0,5%; ra micrphin ly bng 2%
lu lng nc dn vo trm.

H thng ng dn nc ra v thot nc ra phi tnh vi lu lng ti
a bng 3% cng sut i vi li v bng 5% cng sut i vi
Micrphin.


THIT B TRN

6.51. Thit b trn phi m bo trn ho cht vo nc ng trnh t cn thit
v thi gian, cng nh m bo phn phi u v nhanh ho cht trong
nc x l.

6.52. trn ho cht vi nc c th s dng cc thit b trn bng thu lc
(b trn c tm chn khoan l, b trn c tm chn ngang, b trn ng,
vnh chn, ng venturi).

Cho php trn ho cht vi nc trong ng dn v my bm nc n
cng trnh lm sch. Chiu di on ng trn phi xc nh bng tnh
ton; tn tht p lc trong on ng k c tn tht cc b khng c
nh hn 0,3-0,4m.

Ghi ch:
50
1. Kt cu b trn khng c cn v ho cht cho vo nc di
dng huyn ph b lng xung; khng nc b bo ho bi bt
khng kh.
2. Cho php s dng thit b trn c gii.
3. Cho php s dng my bm trn cc ho cht khng c tc
dng ph hoi my bm.
4. trn vi phi dng b trn ng.

6.53. B trn c tm chn khoan l, b trn c tm chn ngang, b trn ng
phi c t nht 2 ngn vi thi gian nc lu li khng qu 2 pht; trong
b c tm khoan l v tm chn ngang phi d kin kh nng tho vch
ra.

Khng cn thit k b d phng, nhng cn c ng ng dn tt khng
qua b trn.

6.54. B trn c tm chn khoan l phi c 3 vch ngn khoan l, tc nc
chy qua l ly bng 1m/s. Mp trn ca hng l trn cng phi ngp su
di nc 10-15cm. T s gia din tch cc l v din tch vch ngn c
th ly t 30-35%.

6.55. B trn c tm chn t trong mng ch nht to ra chuyn ng
ngot ca dng nc theo chiu ng v chiu ngang. S ln ngot ly t
6 n 10. Tn tht p lc qua mt ln ngot ly theo cng thc:

h = v
2

2g

Trong :
- l h s tn tht ly bng 2,9.
- v l tc nc trong b trn ly bng 0,5-0,7 m/s.
- g l gia tc trng trng ly bng 9,8 m/s
2
.

6.56. B trn ng, hnh dng mt bng c th trn hay vung. Phn di c
cu to hnh nn hay chp vi y 30-40 v cho nc chy t di ln.

Khi tnh ton phi ly tc nc ra khi ng dn vo y b bng 1-1,5
m/s. Tc ch thu nc pha trn bng 25 mm/s. Vic thu nc c
th thc hin bng dn ng hoc mng c khoan l. Tc nc cui
ng hoc mng thu ly bng 0,6 m/s.

6.57. Trong b trn h phi c ng trn v c ng tho v x cn. Khi xc
nh chiu cao b v v tr t ng phi xt yu cu theo iu 6.54 v
6.55.

51
Khi dng b trn kn, ng trn phi t trong ngn cha nc vo, ngn
to bng kt ta hoc nhng cng trnh khc gn b trn.

6.58. Tn tht p lc trong thit b trn kiu vnh chn cn ly bng 0,3-0,4m.
Trong b trn c kh, thi gian lu nc ly t 45 n 90 giy. Cng
khuy trn theo gradient tc t 500 - 1.500 s
-1
.

6.59. ng ng dn nc t b trn sang ngn kt bng, sang b lng trong
c lp cn l lng hay b lc tip xc cn tnh vi tc nc chy
trong ng t 0,8-1m/s v thi gian nc lu li trong ng khng qu 2
pht.

NGN TCH KH

6.60. Ngn tch kh cn c thit k khi s dng b lng c ngn phn ng t
bn trong; b lng trong c lp cn l lng v b lc tip xc.

Din tch ngn tch kh phi xc nh bng tnh ton vi tc nc i
xung khng ln hn 0,05 m/s v thi gian nc lu khng nh hn 1
pht.

Ngn tch kh c th thit k chung cho tt c cc cng trnh hoc thit k
ring cho tng cng trnh.

Trong nhng trng hp kt cu b trn m bo tch c bt kh v
trn ng nc i t b trn n cng trnh khc trnh c khng kh
lt vo nc th khng phi thit k ngn tch kh.


B LNG, NGN KT BNG, B LNG TRONG C LP CN L LNG

6.61. B lng v b lng trong c lp cn l lng c s dng lng cn
trc khi a nc vo b lc hoc a thng n ni dng nc cho nhu
cu sn xut.

Hm lng cn trong nc sau b lng v b lng trong khng vt qa
10 mg/l. Trng hp c bit c th n 12 mg/l.

6.62. Khi lm trong nc trong cc b lng, trong thnh phn cc cng trnh
lm sch phi c ngn kt bng t st hay t bn trong b lng.

Cc thng s tnh ton ngn kt bng ly theo ch dn cc iu 6.80 -
6.83.

Ghi ch:
1. Khi s dng b lng trong c lp cn l lng cng nh khi s dng
b lc tip xc th khng cn c ngn kt bng.
52
2. Khi s dng ngn kt bng t st bn cnh hay t ring r, tc
nc trong ng hay mng a nc ra khng c ln hn 0,1 m/s
i vi nc c v 0,05 m/s i vi nc c mu.

6.63. Khi s lng b lng hoc b lng trong t hn 6 th cn c 1 b d phng.


B LNG NG

6.64. B lng ng c s dng cho nhng trm x l c cng sut n
5.000m
3
/ngy.

6.65. Trong b lng ng phi c vng lng, vng cha v p cn, ng thi
phi c ngn phn ng kiu xoy hoc ngn phn ng kiu c kh t
gia b. Nc i vo ngn phn ng qua ng phun theo hng tip tuyn.
phn di ngn phn ng phi c khung chn kch thc 0,5x0,5m; cao
0,8m loi b chuyn ng xoy ca nc. Cng khuy trn trong
ngn phn ng c kh tnh theo gradient tc ly t 30 s
-1
i vi nc
c mu v n 70 s
-1
i vi nc c.

Tn tht p lc trong ng phun ca ngn phn ng xoy xc nh theo
cng thc:

h = 0,06V
t t
2
(6-6)
Trong :
- h : Tn tht p lc trong ng phun tnh bng mt
- V
t t
: Tc nc phun ra u ming phun ly bng 2-3m/s. Ming
phun phi t cch thnh bung phn ng xoy 0,2D. (D l ng
knh bung) v ngp su di mt nc 0,5m.

6.66. Din tch tit din ngang vng lng ca b lng ng c xc nh theo
cng thc:


) m (
N V . 6 , 3
q
F
2
tt

| =
(6-7)

Trong :
- Q: Lu lng nc tnh ton (m
3
/h)
- Vtt : Tc tnh ton ca dng nc i ln bng mm/s.
- Tc ny khng c ln hn tc lng ca cn ghi trong bng
6.9; iu 6.71
- N: S b lng.
- b: H s k n vic s dng dung tch b ly trong gii hn 1,3-1,5
(gii hn di t s gia ng knh v chiu cao bng 1, gii hn
53
trn t s ny l 1,5).


Din tch ngn phn ng t trong b c xc nh theo cng thc:


) (
. . 60
.
2
m
N H
t q
f =
(6-8)

Trong :

- t: Thi gian lu nc trong ngn phn ng ly bng 15-20 pht.
- H: Chiu cao ngn phn ng ly bng 0,9 chiu cao vng lng.
- Chiu cao vng lng tu thuc vo cao trnh ca dy chuyn cng
ngh c th ly t 2,6-5 m. T s gia ng knh b lng v chiu
cao ca vng lng ly khng qu 1,5.

Nu vng lng ca b lng ng lp khi lng lp mng to ra cc
lng hnh lc lng, bt gic, hnh trn hoc vung c ng knh tng
ng t 5-10 cm, cc lng di t 0,8-1 m t nghing mt gc 60
o
so
vi phng ngang, khong cch t nh lng n mp mng thu nc
trong ca b lng l chiu cao cng bo v, ly t 1,2-2 m; th din tch
ngang ca vng lng (vng t khi lng lp mng) c xc nh theo
cng thc:


) (
2
m
a
q
F =
(6-9)
Trong :
- q: Lu lng nc tnh bng m
3
/h.
- a: Ti trng b mt ca b lng i vi nc t c c mu ly t 3-3,5
m
3
/m
2
.h; i vi nc c va ly t 3,6-4,5 m
3
/m
2
.h v i vi nc
c ly t 4,6-5,5 m
3
/m
2
.h.

6.67. Phn cha v p cn ca b lng phi xy dng thnh hnh nn hay hnh
chp vi gc to thnh gia cc tng nghing 60-70.

6.68. X cn bng thu lc, khi x cn khng phi cho b ngng lm vic. Thi
gian lm vic gia 2 ln x cn T tnh bng gi (h) xc nh theo cng
thc:



) h (
) m c ( q
. N . W
T
. c

o
=
(6-10)


Trong :
54
- Wc: Dung tch phn cha cn ca b tnh bng m
3
.
- N : S lng b lng
- q: Lu lng tnh ton (m
3
/h)
- o: Nng trung bnh ca cn nn cht, tnh bng g/m
3
tu theo
hm lng cn trong nc v thi gian cha cn trong b, ly theo
bng 6.8.

C: Nng cn trong nc a vo b lng tnh bng g/m
3
xc nh theo
cng thc:

C = Cn + KxP + 0,25M + V(mg/l) (6-11)

Trong :

- Cn: Hm lng cn nc ngun (mg/l)
- P: Liu lng phn tnh theo sn phm khng cha nc (g/m
3
)
- K: H s vi phn sch ly = 0,5; Vi phn khng sch =1,0; Vi st
Clorua = 0,7.
- M: mu nc ngun tnh bng (thang mu platin-cban).
- V:Liu lng vi (nu c) cho vo nc (mg/l)
- m: Hm lng cn sau khi lng, 10-12 mg/l.

Thi gian lm vic gia 2 ln x cn khng c nh hn 3 gi. Khi hm
lng cn trn 1000 mg/l khng c qu 24 gi.

Lng nc dng cho vic x cn b lng tnh bng phn trm lu lng
nc x l, xc nh theo cng thc:



% 100 x
T . q
N . W . K
P
c K
=
(6-12)

Trong : Kp - H s pha long cn, bng 1,2 - 1,15.






Bng 6.8

55
Hm lng cn
trong nc ngun
Nng trung bnh ca cn nn
tnh bng g/m
3
sau thi gian

6 h 12 h 24 h
n 50
Trn 50 n 100
Trn 100 n 400
Trn 400 n 1.000
Trn 1.000 n 1.500
(Khi x l khng dng phn)
Khi lm mm nc (c cng Magi
nh hn 25% cng ton phn) bng
vi hoc vi vi sa.
Nh trn, nc c cng Magi ln
hn 75% cng ton phn.
9.000
12.000
20.000
35.000
80.000
200.000



28.000

12.000
16.000
32.000
50.000
100.000
250.000



32.000
15.000
20.000
40.000
60.000
120.000
300.000



35.000

6.69. Thu nc lng b lng ng cn thc hin bng mng hng tm hay
mng vng, c l chy ngp dc theo thnh mng hay chy h qua mp
trn rng ca.
- Khi din tch b lng n 12 m
2
th lm 1 mng vng xung quanh thnh
b.
- Khi din tch ln hn th lm thm cc mng hoc ng c c l hnh
nan qut tp trung vo mng chnh. Din tch n 30 m
2
lm 4 nhnh, ln
hn lm 6-8 nhnh. Nc chy trong ng hoc mng vi tc 0,5-0,6
m/s. Cc mng c l ngp, ng knh cc l ly bng 20-30 mm, tc
nc chy qua l ly bng 1m/s.

ng knh ng x ca b lng ly t 150-200 mm.


B LNG NGANG

6.70. Khi thit k b lng ngang phi d kin vic x cn c gii hoc x cn
thu lc (b lng khng ngng lm vic) hay x cn th cng khi tho kh
b; vic c ra tng v y b bng vi phun; vic s dng li nc
trong vng lng khi x kit.

Ni chung thng dng b lng ngang 1 tng. Khi cn thit c th lm b
lng ngang nhiu tng.

6.71. Tng din tch mt bng ca b lng ngang thu nc b mt phn na
cui ca b cn xc nh theo cng thc:

56

) m (
U . 6 , 3
q .
F
2
0
o
=
(6-13)
Trong :
q: Lu lng nc a vo b lng (m
3
/h)
a : H s s dng th tch ca b lng ly bng 1,3.
U
0
: Tc ri ca cn trong b lng (mm/s).
U
0
c xc nh theo ti liu th nghim hay theo kinh nghim qun l
cc cng trnh c trong iu kin tng t ly vo ma khng thun li
nht trong nm vi yu cu hm lng cn ca nc lng khng ln
hn 10 mg/l. tnh ton s b c th ly vn tc theo bng 6.9.

Bng 6.9.

c im nc ngun v phng php x l Tc ri ca cn U
0

(mm/s)
Nc t c, c mu x l bng phn
Nc c va x l bng phn
Nc c x l bng phn
Nc c, khng x l bng phn
0,35 - 0,45
0,45 - 0,5
0,5 - 0,6
0,08 - 0,15

Ghi ch:
Trong trng hp s dng cht ph tr keo t th cn ly tng tc ri
ca cn ln 15-20%.
Khi trong vng lng ca b lng ngang t cc khi lng lp mng dc
sut chiu di b, din tch mt bng vng lng ca b lng ngang tnh
theo cng thc 6.9 v tun th cc iu kin ghi trong iu 6.66.

6.72. Chiu di b lng L (m) xc nh theo cng thc:


L = Htb xVtb (6-14)
Uo

Trong :

- Vtb: Tc trung bnh ca dng chy phn u cu b lng, ly
bng 6-8 mm/s; 7-10 mm/s; 9-12 mm/s tng ng vi nc t c,
c va v c.
- Htb: Chiu cao trung bnh ca vng lng (m) ly trong gii hn t 3-4
m tu theo s chiu cao ca trm c k n ch dn mc 6.107.

B lng phi c vch hng dng chia b thnh nhiu ngn theo chiu
dc. Chiu rng mi ngn khng qu 6m. Khi s ngn nh hn 6 phi cu
to 1 ngn d phng.
57

6.73. i vi b lng x cn bng c gii, dung tch vng cha v nn cn t
u b phi xc nh theo kch thc ca thit b x cn v thi gian hon
thnh 1 chu k quay ca my co. i vi b lng x cn bng thu lc,
dung tch vng cha v nn cn Wc c xc nh theo cng thc (6.10)
vi thi gian lm vic gia 2 ln x khng ln hn 6 h, khi x cn bng
cch lm kh ri tho cn khi b khng nh hn 24 h.

Nng trung bnh ca cn khi x l nc c dng phn ly theo bng
6.8 iu 6.68.

6.74. i vi b lng x cn bng phng php thu lc ngay di vng lng
phi thit k h thng thu v nn cn bng cc hnh nn hay hnh chp
ct y nh hn 1m
2
; gc to thnh gia cc tng nghing t 60-70
o
.
tho cn, mi t 1 ng rt cn, lm vic theo nguyn tc x trc tip
hoc x theo xiphng. u ng t cch y 200 mm; van x t cui
ng phi l loi van ng m tc thi. p lc x cn ly bng chiu cao
ct nc tnh t ming x cui ng n mc nc h xung trong b
lng ti thi im cui ca mt ln x.

Vn tc ca cn cui ng hoc mng cn ly khng nh hn 1m/s. Thi
gian x cn t 10-20 pht.

6.75. Chiu cao b lng phi ly bng tng chiu cao vng lng, vng cha v
nn cn c ch n yu cu iu 6.107. Chiu cao xy dng phi cao
hn mc nc tnh ton t nht l 0,3m.

6.76. Lng nc x khi thau ra v x cn ra khi b phi tnh theo thi gian
lm vic ca b gia 2 ln x cn c k n h s pha long cn. H s
ny ly bng 1,3 khi x cn bng cch tho cn b v s dng li nc ca
vng lng. Nu khng s dng li th ly bng t s gia dung tch b
lng v dung tch vng cha nn cn. Khi x cn thu lc th ly h s
bng 1,5. Khi x cn bng c kh ly bng 1,2.

6.77. phn phi u trn ton b din tch mt ct ngang ca b lng cn t
cc vch ngn c l u b, cch tng 1-2 m.Vn tc nc qua l vch
ngn ly bng 0,5 m/s.

on di ca vch ngn trong phm vi chiu cao 0,3-0,5 m k t mt
trn ca vng cha nn cn khng cn phi khoan l.

6.78. y b lng ngang khi x v ra cn bng ng mm phi c dc dc
khng di 0,02 theo hng ngc vi chiu nc chy v dc ngang
trong mi ngn khng nh hn 0,05.

Thi gian x kit b lng khng qu 6h.

6.79. Khi dng b lng ngang v b lng lp mng phi d tnh vic thit k b
58
kt bng kiu vch ngn hoc kiu thng ng c hay khng c lp cn l
lng hoc b kt bng c kh.

6.80. B kt bng vch ngn phi thit k cho nc chy ngang hay chy thng
ng. Tc nc chy trong cc hnh lang Vh ly bng 0,2-0,3 m/s
u b v bng 0,05-0,1 m/s cui b do b rng hnh lang tng ln.

Thi gian nc lu li trong b kt bng ly bng 20-30 pht (gii hn
trn cho nc c mu, gii hn di cho nc c).

Chiu rng hnh lang khng c nh hn 0,7m. Nu c l do c bit
cho php dng b kt bng 2 tng.

6.81. Tn tht p lc trong b kt bng vch ngn h
k
cn xc nh theo cng
thc:

h
k
= 0,15. V
h
2
.S (m) (6-15)

Trong :
V
h
: Vn tc nc chy trong cc hnh lang, m/s.
S: S ch ngot ca dng nc trong b ly bng 8-10.

6.82 B kt bng thng ng khng c lp cn l lng phi thit k vi tng
thng ng hoc tng nghing (gc nghing gia 2 tng cn ly trong
khong t 50-70 tu theo chiu cao ca b. Thi gian nc lu trong b
cn ly bng 6-10 pht (Gii hn di cho nc c, gii hn trn cho
nc c mu).

Tc nc vo b ly bng 0,7 - 1,2 m/s. Tc nc i ln ti ch ra
khi b ly bng 4-5 mm/s.

B phn dn nc t b kt bng sang b lng phi tnh vi tc nc
chy trong mng, trong ng v qua l khng qu 0,1 m/s i vi nc c
v 0,05 m/s i vi nc mu.

6.83. i vi b kt bng c lp cn l lng t trong b lng ngang cn ly
tc trung bnh ca dng nc i ln ti tit din pha trn nh sau: Khi
lng nc t c c hm lng cn di 20 mg/l bng 0,9 mm/s; khi hm
lng cn trn 20 n 50 mg/l bng 1,2 mm/s; khi lng nc c va 1,6
mm/s; cn khi lng nc c ly bng 2,2 mm/s.

Lp cn l lng khng c nh hn 3 m, thi gian nc lu trong b
khng b hn 20 pht. Chiu rng ngn phn ng thng ly bng chiu
rng ngn lng ngang. Trong b kt bng t cc vch hng dng
khong cch khng ln hn 3 m. Chiu cao bng chiu cao lp cn l
lng. Vic phn phi nc vo b kt bng c lp cn l lng phi thc
hin bng mng t dc trn mt b kt hp lm ngn tch kh. Nc t
59
y mng phn phi u xung y b bng cc ng ng chc ba.
Khong cch gia cc ng ng dc y mng ly t 1,2-1,5 m. Cui mi
ng ng chc ba c 3 u ng phun nc. Khong cch gia cc u
phun trn mt ng ng t 1,2-1,5 m; ming u phun cch y b 0,2-
0,3 m. Tc nc chy u mng ly bng 0,5-0,6 m/s. ng knh
ng ng khng nh hn 25 mm. Nc t b kt bng sang b lng phi
chy qua tng trn ngn gia b kt bng v b lng, tc nc trn
khng qu 0,05 m/s. sau tng trn t 1 vch treo lng nhng ngp
xung 1/4 chiu cao b lng hng dng nc i xung pha di. Tc
nc chy gia tng trn v vch ngn lng ly khng qu 0,03m/s.

Khi dng b kt bng c lp cn l lng t trong b lng th tc lng
cn tnh ton trong b lng khi x l nc c c ly tng 30%; khi
nc c va ly tng 25%; khi nc c t ly tng 20% so vi s liu
cho trong bng 6.9; iu 6.71. B kt bng phi c ng x kit.

Ghi ch: Cho php dng b kt bng c b phn khuy trn bng c gii
vi gradient tc gim dn t 60-70 s
-1
xung 40-50 s
-1
ri xung 25-35
s
-1
tng ng vi nc c mu v nc c.


6.84. thu nc u trn mt b lng phi thit k cc mng treo nm ngang
hoc ng c l ngp, ng knh l khng nh hn 25 mm, tc nc
chy qua l ly bng 1 m/s; tc nc chy cui mng hoc ng ly
bng 0,6-0,8 m/s.

Mp trn ca mng phi cao hn mc nc cao nht trong b 0,1 m; ng
t ngp di mc nc, ngp ng phi xc nh bng tnh ton thu
lc. Mng v ng phi t trn 2/3 chiu di b lng tnh t tng hi cui
b. i vi b lng lp mng, mng thu nc phi t sut chiu di vng
lng. L mng cao hn y mng 5-8 cm, l ca ng hng nm
ngang. Nc t mng hoc ng phi chy trn t do vo mng thu chnh.
Khong cch gia cc trc mng hoc ng khng c vt qu 3 m.
Khong cch ti tng b khng nh hn 0,5 m v khng vt qu 1,5 m.

6.85. ng dn nc vo b, ng phn phi v ng dn nc ra khi b lng
phi tnh ton vi kh nng dn lu lng nc ln hn lu lng tnh
ton t 20-30%.


B LNG TRONG C LP CN L LNG

6.86. B lng trong c lp cn l lng ch s dng trong trng hp nc a
vo trm x l c lu lng v nhit n nh (theo ghi ch iu 6.9)
v phi c tnh ton vi s thay i hng nm ca cht lng nc s
x l.

Nu khng c cc s liu nghin cu cng ngh, tc nc i ln
60
vng lng trong v h s phn chia lu lng nc gia vng lng trong
v vng cha nn cn Kpp c th ly theo s liu cho trong bng 6.10
ng thi c xt n ch dn phn ghi ch ca bng 6.9.


Bng 6.10

Hm lng cht l
lng trong nc chy
vo b lng (mg/l)
Tc nc i ln trong vng
lng, pha trn lp cn l lng,
Vmm/s
H s phn chia
lu lng Kpp
Ma ng Ma h
n 50
50-100
100-400
400-1.000
1.000-1.500
0,4-0,5
0,5-0,6
0,6-0,8
0,8-1,0
1,0-1,2
0,6-0,7
0,7-0,8
0,8-1
1,0-1,1
1,1-1,2
0,65-0,6
0,8-0,70
0,75-0,7
0,7-0,65
0,65-0,6


6.87. Din tch vng lng v vng cha nn cn phi ly theo ga tr ln nht
sau khi tnh ton theo 2 phng n:
- i vi thi k c nh nht v lu lng nh nht (ma cn).
- i vi thi k lu lng ln nht ma l v c ln nht ng vi
thi k ny.

Din tch vng lng trong F
lt
(m
2
) tnh theo cng thc:


) m (
v . 6 , 3
q . K
F
2 pp
lt
=
(6-16)
Trong :
Kpp: H s phn chia lu lng nc gia vng lng trong v vng cha
nn cn ly theo bng 6,10, iu 6.86.
V: Tc nc dng ln trong vng lng bng mm/s ly theo bng 6.10,
iu 6.86.

Din tch vng cha nn cn Ftc (m
2
) tnh theo cng thc:


) (
. 6 , 3
). 1 (
2
m
V
q K
F
pp
tc

=
(6-17)

6.88. Chiu cao lp cn l lng (l khong cch t mp di ca thu cn hoc
mp trn ng thot cn n mt di vng cn l lng) phi ly t 2 m
n 2,5 m. Mp di ca thu cn hoc mp trn ca ng thot cn phi
t cao hn cnh chuyn t tng nghing sang tng ng ca vng cn
61
l lng 1-1,5m.

i vi b lng trong kiu hnh lang, gc gia cc tng nghing phn
di ca vng cn l lng phi ly trong gii hn 50-60.

Chiu cao vng lng trong (t lp cn l lng n mt nc) ly bng 2-
2,5 m (tr s ln cho nc c mu, tr s nh cho nc c).

Khong cch gia cc mng hoc ng thu trong vng lng ly khng qu
4,5 m.

Chiu cao ton phn ca b lng trong cn xc nh c ch ti yu cu
iu 6.107.

6.89. Dung tch vng cha v p cn cn tnh theo cng thc (6.10). Thi gian
nn cn phi ly bng 3-6 h (tr s nh hn cho nc c hm lng cn
trn 400mg/l. Tr s ln hn cho nc c mu v c t). Khi x cn t
ng, thi gian nn cn ly bng 2-3 h.

6.90. X cn ra khi ngn nn cn cn tin hnh nh k hay lin tc m b
khng c ngng lm vic.

Lng nc x theo cn xc nh theo s liu bng 6.8; iu 6.68 v c
xt n h s pha long cn, ly bng 1,2-1,5.

6.91. Phn phi nc trn din tch b lng trong cn thc hin bng mng c
cc ng ng chc ba, cch nhau khng qu 4,5 m.

Tc nc chy u h thng phn phi ly bng 0,5-0,6 m/s. Tc
nc ra khi u ng phn phi chc ba 0,3-0,4 m/s; khong cch gia
cc u ng khng c ln hn 1,5 m; u ng phi hng xung di
v cch y 200-300 mm.

Tc nc chy trong ng xung v trong khe gia mp di ca ng
xung v tng nghing ca b lng cn ly bng 0,6-0,7 m/s.

6.92. Khi tnh ca s thu cn, cn ly tc nc cng vi cn chy qua ca s
t 10-15 mm/s, tc nc cng vi cn trong ng x cn t 40-50 mm/s
(tr s ln dng cho nc cha cn v c ch yu). Khong cch thu cn
ly khng ln hn 5,5 m.

6.93. thu nc trong vng lng phi dng cc mng rng ca hoc mng
c l ngp, kt hp vi mng phn phi nc vo v thu nc ra bng h
thng rng ca hay l ngp c hai bn thnh mng.
Tc tnh ton nc chy trong mng, cu to l ngp, cch b tr v s
lng mng i vi b lng trong cn theo ch dn iu 6.69 v 6.88.

6.94. thu nc trong ngn cha nn cn cn dng ng c l ngp. i vi
62
ngn nn cn thng ng, mp trn ng thu khoan l phi t thp hn
mc nc trong b lng t nht l 300 mm v cao hn mp trn ca s thu
cn t nht l 1,5m.

Trn ng thu, ch ni vi mng thu nc chung phi t van.

chnh ct gia mp di ng thu v mc nc trong mng thu chung
ca b lng trong cn ly khng t hn 0,3 m.

6.95. Tn tht p lc trong ng ng phn phi c chc ba, trong ng v mng
thu, cng nh trong cc l chy ngp ca mng thu cn xc nh theo
cng thc;


g 2
V
Z h
2
=
(6-18)

H s sc cn Z ly nh sau:

i vi mng h c l chy ngp hai bn thnh mng:


3
2 . 3
7 , 1
+ =
W
Z

i vi ng thu c l lm vic y ng:


8 , 1
3 , 3
W
Z =


Trong :
W: T s gia tng din tch cc l trn ng (hoc mng) v din tch tit
din ngang cui ng (hoc mng). 0,15 s W s 2
V: Tc nc chy on u ng phn phi c l hoc cui ng
hoc mng thu tnh bng m/s.
Tn tht p lc trong ng nm pha trc v pha sau on ng hoc mng
c l phi tnh ring.
Tn tht p lc trong lp cn l lng ly bng 1-2 cm cho mt mt chiu
dy lp cn l lng.

6.96. ng x cn ngn cha nn cn phi tnh vi iu kin x ht cn trong
10-15 pht. ng knh ng x khng nh hn 150 mm. Khong cch
gia 2 ng k nhau khng c ln hn 4 m.

Tc trung bnh ca cn chy qua ng phi ly khng nh hn 1 m/s;
tc cui ng hay mng c l khng c nh hn 1 m/s. Van x cn
lp cui ng phi l loi van ng m nhanh.

63
Gc gia cc tng nghing ca ngn cha nn cn phi ly s 70.


CNG TRNH LNG S B

6.97. Cng trnh lng s b dng trong trng hp nc c nhiu cn (t
1.500mg/l tr ln) lng bt nhng cn nng lm kh khn cho vic x
cn, gim bt dung tch vng cha cn ca b lng v gim liu lng
cht phn ng.

C th dng b lng ngang, h lng t nhin hay kt hp mng dn nc
t sng vo trm bm I lm cng trnh lng s b.

6.98. Tnh ton cng trnh lng s b cn c nhng s liu th nghim lng
nc v kinh nghim qun l cc cng trnh c. S b c th theo
nhng qui nh sau:

Khi dng h lng lng nc x l khng dng cht phn ng th ly
chiu su t 1,5-3,5 m. Thi gian nc lu li trong h t 2-7 ngy (tr s
ln dng cho nc t cn v c mu cao); tc dng nc khng qu
1 mm/s. Cn d kin t 4 thng n 1 nm tho ra h 1 ln tnh c dung
tch vng cha cn.

Phi d kin cc bin php v thit b tho ra h nh: chia h thnh 2
ngn x ring bit, bm ht bn, ng ng ht trc tip t sng, tng
liu lng cht phn ng, gim tc lc B h phi cao hn mt t
bn ngoi 0,5 m; ming ht nc phi t cao hn mt bn d kin cao
nht 0,5 m.

Khi dng b lng ngang s lng th ly tc ri ca cn t 0,5-0,6
mm/s. Cc thng s tnh ton khc ly theo ch dn cc iu 6.71 v
6.76.

6.99. Kt cu b lng ngang lng s b c th lm bng b tng ct thp,
gch hay t p ni, na chm na ni hay o su di t. Khi lm
bng t cn c bin php gia c thnh, v trong trng hp cn thit phi
c bin php chng thm.

Kt cu h lng t nhin bng t p ni, na chm na ni, hay o su
di mt t, chn kiu no phi cn c vo ti liu thm d a cht
cng trnh cng nh iu kin a phng v thng qua so snh v kinh
t, k thut m quyt nh.

6.100. Khi thit k cng trnh lng s b bng t cn ch m bo iu kin
thau ra thun tin, chng xi l v bo v v sinh cho cng trnh.

B LC NHANH

64
6.101. B lc phi c tnh ton theo 2 ch lm vic, ch bnh thng v
ch tng cng.

Trong cc trm x l c s b lc n 20 cn d tnh ngng mt b lc
sa cha, khi s b ln hn 20 cn d tnh ngng 2 b sa cha ng
thi.

6.102. Tc lc ch lm vic bnh thng v ch lm vic tng cng
khi thiu s liu nghin cu cng ngh c th ly theo bng 6.11; iu
6.103 vi s tnh ton m bo thi gian ca 1 chu k lm vic ca b lc
ln hn12 h ch bnh thng, v khng nh hn 6h ch tng
cng hoc khi t ng ho hon ton vic ra lc. Thi gian ca mt
chu k lc ch tng cng Ttc khi s lng b lc trong trm ln
hn 20 phi xc nh t iu kin ra lin tc cc b lc theo cng thc:

Ttc > [N-(N
1
+a)] .t
2
(6-19)

Trong :
N - Tng s b lc ca trm x l
N
1
- S b lc ngng li sa cha
a - S b lc ra ng thi.
t
2
- Thi gian ngng b lc ra, ly bng 0,35h.

Ghi ch:
t c ch lm vic ti u ca b lc cn m bo t s
t
bv
=1,2+1,3 t
gh

t
bv
- Thi gian tc dng bo v ca vt liu lc, trong khong thi gian
cht lng nc lc quy nh c m bo.
t
gh
- Thi gian t c tn tht p lc gii hn cho php.

6.103 Din tch cc b lc ca trm x l c xc nh theo cng thc:

tb tb
V at aWt TV
Q
F
2 1
6 , 3
=
(m
2
) (6-20)
Trong :
Q - Cng sut hu ch ca trm (m
3
/ngy)
T - Thi gian lm vic ca trm trong mt ngy m (h)
V
t b
- Tc lc tnh ton ch lm vic bnh thng ly theo bng
6.11 v c tnh n vn tc lc tng cng tnh theo cng thc (6-21).
a - S ln ra mi mt b lc trong 1 ngy m ch lm vic bnh
thng (xem iu 6.102)
W
t l
- Cng nc ra (1/s.m
2
) xem iu 6.115 v 6.124.
65
t
1
- Thi gian ra (h) xem iu 6.115 v 6.124.
t
2
- Thi gian ngng b lc ra xem iu 6.102.

Bng 6.11.

c trng ca lp vt liu lc

Tc
lc
Tc
lc cho
Kiu
b lc
ng
knh
nh
nht
(mm)
ng
knh
ln
nht
(mm)
ng
knh
hiu
dng
d
10
(mm)
H s
khng
ng
nht
K
Chiu dy
ca lp vt
liu lc
(mm)
ch
lm
vic
bnh
thng
Vtb
(m/h)
php
ch
lm vic
tng
cng
Vtc
(m/h)
B lc
nhanh
mt
lp; vt
liu lc
l ct
thch
anh

0,5

1,25

0,6-
0,65

1,5-
1,7

700-800

5-6

6-7,5


0,7

1,60

0,75-
0,8

1,3-
1,5

1300-1500

6-8

7-9,5


0,8

2,0

0,9-1,0

1,2-
1,4


1800-2000

8-10

10-12

B lc
nhanh
c 2
lp vt
liu lc
0,5


0,8
1,20


1,8
0,6-
0,65


0,9-1,1
1,5-
1,7


1,5-
1,7
Ct thch
anh
700-800
Than
antraxit
400-500


7-10



8,5-12

Chi ch:
1. Tc lc tnh ton trong gii hn cho trong bng phi ly theo cht lng nc
ngun, cng ngh x l nc v cc iu kin c th ti a phng.
2. lc nc dng cho nhu cu sn xut c yu cu cht lng nc thp hn tiu
chun nc dng cho sinh hot th c th ly tc lc ln hn.
3. Khi dng vt liu lc khc cn phi chnh l cc thng s da trn cc s liu thc
nghim.
4. ng knh hiu dng d
eff
tnh bng ng knh mt sng d10.
5. H s khng ng nht K = d60/d10; d60 v d10 l ng knh mt sng (mm) c
60% v 10% lng ct lt qua.

6.104. Xc nh s lng v din tch mt b lc phi cn c qui m sn xut,
iu kin cung cp thit b, iu kin xy dng v qun l, v phi
thng qua vic so snh kinh t k thut. S lng b lc khng c nh
66
hn 2. Din tch mt b lc khng qu 120m
2
.

6.105 Tc lc tnh ton ch lm vic tng cng Vtc (m/h) cn xc inh
theo cng thc:

1
N N
N
V V
tb tc

=
(6-21)
Trong :
Vtb - Ly theo bng 6.11; iu 6.103
Ghi ch:
Tr s Vtc theo cng thc trn phi nh hn tr s cho php ghi trong bng
6.11; nu vt qu ch s cho php th phi gim Vtb cho thch hp.

6.106 Tn tht p lc trong b lc h ly bng 3-3,5 m, trong b lc p lc ly
bng 6-8 m.
Chiu cao lp nc trn mt lp lc trong b lc h cn ly khng nh
hn 2 m, ng thi phi ch n iu 6.107. Chiu cao xy dng ca b
phi vt qu mc tnh ton trong b lc t nht 0,3 m.

6.107. Khi ngng 1 hoc 2 b lc ra, tc lc trong cc b cn li c th
ly c nh hoc thay i, tc lc c php tng n 20%. Khi s b
lc trong trm t hn 6 th cn cho b lc lm vic vi tc lc c nh.
Khi cn d kin mt chiu cao ph Hph (m) pha trn mc nc bnh
thng trong cc cng trnh (b lc, b lng, b lng trong) c th
cha c lng nc d khi dng 1 hoc 2 b lc ra. Chiu cao lp
nc ny tnh theo cng thc:


) m (
F
W
H
ph
E
=
(6-22)
Trong :
W - Khi lng nc (m
3
) tch lu trong thi gian mt ln ra b lc.
F - Din tch tng cng ca nhng cng trnh tch lu nc (m
2
).

6.108. lm vt liu lc phi dng ct thch anh, antraxit nghin nh hoc vt
liu khc c bn c hc v bn ho hc cn thit. bn ho hc
v bn c hc ca vt liu lc phi ly theo Tiu chun TCXDVN
310:2004.

Than antraxit nghin nh phi c ht hnh lp phng hay gn trn, tro
khng qu 10%, hm lng lu hunh khng qu 3%.

Khng c php dng antraxit c cu to lp lm vt liu hc.

6.109 H thng phn phi tr lc ln phi thit k sao cho nc ra phun trc
tip vo b dy lp , ng thi phi d kin kh nng kim tra, sc ra
v sa cha h thng phn phi.
67

6.110. C ht v chiu dy ca lp khi dng h thng phn phi tr lc ln
cn ly theo bng 6.12.


Bng 6.12

C ht ca lp (mm) Chiu dy cc lp (mm)
40-20


20-10
10-5
5-2
Mt trn ca lp ny cao bng mt trn ca
ng phn phi nhng phi cao hn l phn
phi t nht 100 mm.
100-150
100-150
50-100

Ghi ch:
1. Khong cch t y ng phn phi n y b lc phi ly bng 80-100 mm.
2. Khi ra bng nc v khng kh phi hp th cn ly chiu dy lp c ht 10-5
mm v 5-2 mm bng 150-200 mm mi lp.
3. Vt liu c th dng si, dm hoc cc vt liu khc tho mn iu 6.108.


6.111. Din tch tit din ngang ca ng chnh, mng hoc ng dn ca h thng
ng phn phi tr lc ln phi ly c nh cho c chiu di. Tc nc
chy trong ng hoc mng dn nc ra n b lc cn ly t 1,5- 2 m/s;
u ng phn phi chnh 1 - 2m/s; u ng nhnh 1,6-2 m/s.

Trn dn ng phn phi phi khoan l c ng knh 10-12 mm. Tng
din tch ca cc l cn ly bng 0,25 n 0,5% din tch tit din ngang
ca b loc.

L phi b tr thanh 2 hng so le phn di ng v nghing 45
o
so vi
trc thng ng ca ng.

Khong cch gia cc trc ca ng nhnh cn ly bng 250-350 mm, gia
cc tim l ly bng 150-200 mm.

Tn tht p lc h(m) trong h thng phn phi bng ng khoan l ca b
lc cn xc nh theo cng thc:


) (
2 2
2 2
m
g
V
g
V
h
n c
+ = ,
(6-23)
Trong :
V
0
- Tc u ng chnh m/s.
Vn - Tc u ng nhnh m/s.
, - H s sc cn, chn tng ng vi s ch dn iu 6.95.
68

Tn tht p lc trong h thng phn phi tr lc ln khi ra b khng
c vt qu 7 m ct nc.

6.112. H thng phn phi bng chp lc c thit k khi p dng bin php
ra bng nc v ra nc kt hp vi gi; s lng chp lc ly khng
di 35-50 ci cho 1m
2
din tch cng tc ca b lc.

Tn tht p lc h(m) trong h thng phn phi c y trung gian v c
chp lc cn xc nh theo cng thc:


2
2
g 2
V
h

=
(6-24)

Trong :
V - Tc chuyn ng ca nc hoc hn hp nc v gi qua khe h
ca chp lc ly khng nh hn 1,5m/s.
H s lu lng ca chp lc: i vi chp lc khe h = 0,50.

Ch thch: Khi dng chp lc nn c lp si vt liu lc vi c ht t
2-4 mm dy 100-150mm.

6.113. thot khng kh trong ng dn nc ra b lc cc im cao phi t
ng ng thot kh ng knh 75-150 mm c van t ng x khng
kh. Trn ng ng chnh ca b lc phi t ng ng thot kh ng
knh u32 mm. Khi din tch b n 50 m
2
t 1 ng, khi din tch b ln
hn t 2 ng ( u v cui ng chnh). ng thot kh phi cao hn mt
b lc khng t hn 0,3 m.

ch cao nht ca b lc p lc phi t van x kh t ng v mt ng
x kh u20 c lp van ng m.

6.114. phc hi kh nng lc nc ca vt liu lc c th ra bng dng nc
i t di ln hoc s dng ng thi c nc v gi.

Cho php s dng phng php ra b mt bng h thng phn phi t
trn b mt lp vt liu lc.

6.115. Cng ra nc cn ly ph thuc vo n tng i cn thit ca
vt liu theo s liu trong bng 6.13; tng ng vi cc loi vt liu lc
ghi trong bng 6.11 v iu 6.103.


Bng 6.13.

Loi vt liu lc v n tng Cng Thi gian
69
b lc i ca vt
liu lc (%)
ra b lc
(l/s-m
2
)
ra b lc
(pht)
B lc nhanh 1 lp vt liu lc:
d
eff
= 0,6 - 0,65
d
eff
= 0,75-0,8
d
eff
= 0,9-1,1
B lc nhanh 2 lp vt liu lc

45
30
25
50


12-14
14-16
16-18
14-16


6-5

7-6

Ch thch:
1 - Cng ra ln ly ng vi thi gian ra nh
2 - Khi s dng thit b c nh ra trn b mt cn ly cng ra bng 3-4 l/m
2
, p
lc 30-40 m ct nc, ng phn phi t cch mt ct 60-80 mm. Khong cch gia cc l
ca ng phn phi hoc gia cc vi phun phi ly bng 80-100mm. Khi dng thit b quay,
cng ra cn ly bng 0,5-0,75 l/s.m
2
, p lc bng 40-50 m ct nc. Thi gian ra 7-8
pht, trong c 2-3 pht ra trc khi cho phi hp vi nc ra t di ln.


6.116. Dung tch i cha nc ra phi tnh cho 2 ln ra nu ra mt b; cho 3
ln ra nu ra 2 b ng thi.

My bm a nc ln i phi m bo bm y i trong thi gian
khng ln hn khong thi gian gia 2 ln ra ch lm vic tng
cng.

Nc do my bm a ln i phi ly t ng ng hoc mng dn
nc lc hoc t b cha nc sch.

ng ng dn nc t i xung b lc phi c bo v chng ht
khng kh vo.

Cng sut ca my bm nc ra b lc cn phi tnh ton cho vic ra
mt b. Nc phi ly t b cha nc sch, trong d tr nc cho
2 ln ra.

ra b lc phi t 1 hoc 2 my bm lm vic v 1 my bm d
phng.

6.117. thu v dn nc ra phi thit k cc mng c tit din na trn hay
nm cnh v cc thit b khc. Khong cch gia cc tim mng k nhau
khng c ln hn 2,2m. Chiu rng mng B (m) cn xc nh theo
cng thc:


( )
5
3
2
) m (
a 57 , 1
m q
K B
+
=
(6-25)

70
Trong :
Qm: Lu lng nc ra tho theo mng (m
3
/s).
a: T s gia chiu cao ca phn ch nht vi na chiu rng ca mng,
ly bng 1-1,5.
K: H s ly bng 2 i vi mng c tit din na trn, bng 2,1 i vi
mng c tit din 5 cnh.

Mp trn ca tt c cc mng phi cng mt cao v phi tuyt i
nm ngang.

y mng thu phi c dc 0,01 v pha mng tp trung.

6.118. Trong b lc c mng tp trung, khong cch t y mng thu n y
mng tp trung H tnh bng (m) phi xc nh theo cng thc:


3
2
2
73 , 1
A
=
g
q
H
+0,2 (6-26)
Trong
q - Lu lng nc chy vo mng tp trung m
3
/s.
A - Chiu rng mng tp trung ly khng nh hn 0,6m.
g = 9,81 m/s
2
.

Mc nc trong mng tp trung thp hn y mng thu 0,2 m.


6.119. Khong cch t b mt lp lc n mng thu nc tnh bng m xc nh
theo cng thc:


30 , 0
100
+ =
He
h
(6-27)
Trong :
H: Chiu cao lp vt liu lc (m)
e: n tng i ca lp vt liu lc ly theo bng 6.13; iu 6.115.

6.120. Kch thc ng dn hoc mng ca b lc phi tnh theo ch lm vic
tng cng vi tc nc chy trong nh sau:
- Trong ng dn nc vo b lc: 0,8-1,2 m/s
- Trong ng dn nc lc 1-1,5m/s
- Trong ng dn v thot nc ra 1,5-2m/s.

6.121. Vic x kit b lc cn thc hin qua h thng phn phi hoc qua ng x
c ng knh t 100-200 mm (tu theo din tch b lc) v c lp kho.
71
u ng ng x ch ni vi y b lc phi c bo v bng li
hoc tm chn c bit; tr trng hp b lc c y trung gian. y b
lc phi c dc 0,005 v pha ng x ny.

6.122. Khi ra bng nc kt hp gi; gi c chuyn qua h thng phn phi
c chp lc chuyn dng hoc theo h thng phn phi ring bit cho
nc v gi.

Din tch tit din ngang ca ng chnh, mng v ng dn trong h thng
phn phi gi phi ly c nh trn ton b chiu di.

H thng phn phi gi t trc tip vo lp trn ca cc lp trong b
lc. Trong ng chnh dn gi cn nm cao hn h thng phn phi
nc.

Tng din tch cc l phi bng 0,35-0,4 din tch tit din ngang ca ng
chnh.

Tc gi trong ng chnh v ng nhnh cn ly bng 15-20 m/s.

Khi c lp si , l phn phi trn ng c ng knh 2-5 mm, s chp
lc c th ly 36-40 ci trn 1 m
2
din tch lc. Nu khng c lp si
ly 50 ci v chiu rng khe ca chp lc ly km kch thc ca ht vt
liu lc nh nht 0,1mm, l phi t phn di ng thnh 2 hng so le
nhau v nghing mt gc 45 so vi trc thng ng ca ng.

Khong cch gia cc l hoc chp lc phi ly trong gii hn 140-180
mm. Khong cch gia cc ng nhnh ly bng 250-300 mm.

p lc gi ra khi l hoc khe h ca chp lc phi ly bng hai ln chiu
cao ct nc trong b lc khi ra tnh t tim l.

Tn tht p lc trong h thng ng phn phi gi phi ly bng 1m.

ng dn gi chnh phi t cao hn mc nc cao nht trong b lc v
phi c thit b chng kh nng nc di ngc vo my gi khi ngng
ra b lc.

6.123. Ch ra nc v gi phi ly nh sau: Ra gi vi cng 15-20
l/s.m
2
trong 1-2 pht sau ra kt hp nc + gi trong thi gian 4-5
pht vi cng gi 15-20 l/s.m
2
v nc 2,5-3 l/s.m
2
, sao cho ct
khng b tri vo mng thu nc ra. Cui cng ngng ra gi v tip tc
ra nc thun tu vi cng 5-8 l/s.m
2
trong khong thi gian 4-5
pht.

Ghi ch:
Cng nc v gi ln hn ly ng vi vt liu lc c ht ln hn.
Khi c s liu k thut xc ng, cho php p dng ch ra thay i so
72
vi ch dn.

6.124. Khi dng phng php ra kt hp bng nc v gi cn phi d tnh h
thng qut nc ra trn b mt theo chiu ngang c mng gi ct c
to thnh bi vch nghing trn nh tng trn ca mng.

Vch chn ct t trn nh tng trn nghing 45 v pha trong b lc.
B mt ca cc mp phi phng v tuyt i nm ngang.

Kch thc c bn ca cc b phn cu to mng gi ct cn phi ly theo
bng 6.14; tu theo lu lng nc ra trn 1m di ca vch trn v bng
Wl. Trong W(l/s.m
2
) l cng nc khi ra bng nc v gi kt
hp; l l khong cch t tng i din ti vch trn.

Mp di vch chn ct phi t cao hn mt lp vt liu lc 50-100mm.

thot cn bong ra trn mt lp lc, u dng chy ngang phi to
c tc khng km 3 mm/s nh mt b phn hng dng hoc ng
c l b sung thm lu lng nc cn thit.



Bng 6.14

Tr s Wl (l/s.m
2
) 25 20 15 10

Kch thc mng gi ct

Hiu s cao gia mp trn v mp di
vch trn v gi ct(mm)



180




140




120




100




Tc nc chy u mng v ng c l cn ly khng qu 1,2 m/s;
ng knh l ly bng 10-12mm, l t thnh mt hng v phi hng
v pha dng chy. Din tch tng cng ca l cn ly bng 0,35-0,5 din
tch tit din ngang ca mng v ng. Lu lng nc a vo cn ly
bng 1-1,5 l/s cho 1m chiu rng b.

y ng hoc mng phi t cao hn mt lp lc trn 100 mm. Nc a
vo ng v mng ny phi ly t mng hoc ng dn nc lng sang
b lc.



B LC CHM

6.125. Tc lc tnh ton trong b lc chm cn ly trong gii hn t 0,1-0,3
73
m/h tu theo hm lng cn trong nc a vo b lc v tc lc > 0,1
m/h ch lm vic trong khong thi gian ra cc b lc khc trong trm.

6.126. S b lc chm phi ly khng t hn 3. Khi ra ct lc ngay trong b lc,
b rng mi ngn ca b khng c ln qa 6 m; b di khng ln qu
60 m.

6.127. Kch thc ht v chiu dy lp vt liu lc trong b lc chm cn ly
theo bng 6.15.



Bng 6.15.

S
TT
Tn lp vt liu lc v
lp
C ht ca vt liu lc
(mm)
Chiu dy lp vt liu
lc (mm)
1
2
3
4
5
6

Ct
Ct
Si hoc dm
Si hoc dm
Si hoc dm
Si hoc dm

0,3-1
1-2
2-5
5-10
10-20
20-40
Tng cng:
500
50
50
50
50
100
800



6.128. Lu lng nc Wr (m
3
) cho mt ln ra mt ngn lc cn tnh theo cng
thc:

Wr = q
0
.b.tr (6-28)

Trong :
- q
0
: Lu lng nc n v ra mt gii mt ct rng 2m
ly bng 0,009 m
3
/s.
- tr: Thi gian ra mt gii di 60 m tnh bng giy ly trong
gii hn 20 pht.
- b: Chiu rng ngn lc (m)

6.129. Nc ra b lc phi do mt my bm ring hoc mt i ring cp.
c php ra b lc bng cch tng cng cng sut ca nhng my
bm ang bm nc vo trm x l hoc dng mt phn nc ca nhng
ngn b ang lun phin lm vic.

74
6.130. Lp nc trn mt ct lc phi ly bng 1,5m. Khi b lc c mi che
khong cch t mt ct lc n mi phi ly m bo vic ra v
thay th ct lc.

6.131. Trong cc b lc chm c din tch 10-15 m
2
phi thu nc trong bng
mng t chm di y b. Trong b lc c din tch ln hn phi c h
thng thu bng ng c l, bng gch hoc ng btng c khe h, ng
btng rng



B LC HT LN

6.132. B lc ht ln c dng lm trong mt phn nc cung cp cho sn xut
c s dng hoc khng s dng cht phn ng.

Lng cn c gi li trong b lc khi khng pha phn ly bng 50 -
70% hm lng cn trong nc ngun, khi c pha phn hm lng cn
cn li 5-10 mg/l.

6.133. B lc ht ln p lc phi tnh ton vi tn tht p lc gii hn trong lp
vt liu lc v trong h thng thu nc n 15 m ct nc. Trong b lc
h duy tr tc lc tnh ton cn ly chiu cao lp nc trn mt cc
lc bng 1,5 m; tn tht p lc 3,5 m.

6.134. B lc ht ln cn phi ra kt hp bng nc v gi. Cc h thng phn
phi nc v gi hoc h thng phn phi nc v gi kt hp phi tnh
theo ch dn nhng iu 6.111 - 6.113 - 6.115 - 6.117.

Cng nc v gi cho bng 6.16.


Bng 6.16

Vt liu
lc
C ht
vt liu
lc (mm)
H s
khng
ng nht
Chiu cao
lp vt
liu lc
(m)
Tc Cng ra (l/s.m
2
)
Nc Gi
Ct
thch
anh
1-2
1,6-2,5
1,5
1,7
1,5-2
2,5-3
10-12
13-15
6-8
6-8
15-20
18-25

6.135. lm vt liu lc phi s dng ct thch anh hoc cc vt liu khc c
bn c hc v ho hc cn thit. c im ca vt liu lc cho bng 6.16.

6.136. Vic thit k cc b phn thot nc ra b lc phi theo ch dn iu
6.123.

75
6.137. Khi tnh ton b lc ht ln phi ly ch ra nh sau:

Ra vt liu lc bng nc vi cng 6-8 l/s.m
2
trong mt pht; ra
bng nc v gi kt hp vi cng nc 3-4 l/s.m
2
, cng khng
kh 15-25 l/s.m
2
trong 5 pht, ra nc vi cng 6-8 l/s.m
2
trong 2
pht.

6.138. Din tch b lc ht ln F (m
2
) cn xc nh theo cng thc:

t 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 t
V nt ) T W T W T W ( W 6 , 3 TV
Q
F
+ +
=
(6-29)

Trong :
Q - Cng sut c ch ca cc b lc m
3
/ngy
T - Thi gian lm vic ca trm trong mt ngy (h)
Vt - Tc lc tnh ton (m/h)
n - S ln ra mt b trong mt ngy
W
1
t
1
- Cng (l/s.m
2
) v thi gian (h) sc vt liu lc giai on u.
W
2
t
2
- Cng nc (l/s.m
2
) v thi gian ra phi hp nc - gi (h).
W
3
t
3
- Cng (l/s.m
2
) v thi gian ra (h) giai on cui cng.
t
4
- Thi gian ngng b lc ra (h)

6.139. Khi s b lc n 10 th c php ngng mt b lc sa cha, khi s b
lc ln hn c php ngng hai b sa cha. Khi ra tc lc trong
cc b lc lm vic cn li khng c vt qu nhng gi tr ln nht cho
trong bng 6.16 iu 6.134.


B LC S B

6.140. B lc s b c s dng lm sch nc s b trc khi lm sch trit
trong b lc chm v trong b lc nhanh trong s lm sch bng lc
hai bc.

Tc lc tnh ton qua b lc s b cn ly trong khong 3-5m/h tu theo
c ca nc s lc.

6.141. S b lc s b trong mt trm khng c nh hn 2. C ht ca ct, si
v chiu cao cc lp vt liu phi ly theo bng 6.17.
Chiu cao lp nc trn b mt lp vt liu lc cn ly bng 1,5m.

6.142. H thng phn phi nc ra trong b lc s b phi l h thng tr lc ln
v cn phi tnh ton theo ch dn cho trong cc iu 6.109 - 6.124.

76
Ch ra phi ly nh sau: Cng nc 12-14 l/s.m
2
, thi gian ra 6-7
pht.

ra b lc phi s dng nc sch

Bng 6.17.

C ht vt liu lc (mm) Chiu cao mi lp (mm)
1-2
2-5
5-10
10-20
20-40
700
100
100
100
150





B LC TIP XC

6.143. B lc tip xc c s dng lm sch nc theo s lc mt bc.
Trong b lc tip xc qu trnh lc xy ra t di ln trn.

Nu khng c s liu kho st cng ngh th cn ly tc lc tnh ton
theo bng 6.18. Thi gian ca mt chu k lc vi tc lc tnh ton khng
c nh hn 8h.


Bng 6.18

S lng b lc tip xc 3 4 5 6 v ln hn
Tc lc tnh ton m/h 4 4,5 4,8 5


6.144. Khi sa cha mt b, nhng b cn li phi lm vic ch tng cng
vi tc lc khng qu 5,5 m/h v thi gian ca mt chu l lm vic
khng c km 6h.

Khi s lng b lc tip xc ln hn 20, thi gian ca chu k lm vic gia
hai ln ra ch tng cng phi xc nh theo iu 6.103.

Thi gian ngng b lc ra phi ly bng 0,33 h.

6.145. Din tch b lc tip xc phi xc nh theo cng thc 6-20 c k n thi
gian x nc lc u ly nh sau: Khi ra thun tu bng nc sch 5-10
pht; bng nc khng sch 10-15 pht; bng gi v nc phi hp, ly
tng ng bng 5-7 pht v 7-10 pht c k n yu cu ghi trong cc iu
6.102; 6.143 (bng 6.18); 6.151, 6.152 v 6.155.
77

6.146. B lc tip xc c th lm vic vi tc lc khng i trong sut mt chu
k lm vic hoc vi tc lc thay i gim dn n cui chu k sao cho
tc lc trung bnh bng tc lc tnh ton.

6.147. S b lc tip xc trong mt trm phi ly theo ch dn iu 6.104.

6.148. Vt liu lc dng cho b lc tip xc phi l ct thch anh v si hoc cc
loi vt liu khc p ng yu cu ghi iu 1.10 v 6.108 v khng b l
lng trong qu trnh lc.

6.149. Nu khng c s liu kho st cng ngh, cn ly chiu dy lp ct lc tu
theo loi b lc tip xc v h thng phn phi bng 2-2,3 m; ng knh
hiu dng ca ht bng 1-1,3 mm; h s khng ng nht n 2,0; c ht
vt liu lc ca b lc tip xc bng 0,7-2 mm.

6.150. Vic ra vt liu lc b lc tip xc phi thc hin bng dng nc i ln
hoc ra phi hp bng nc v gi.

phn phi nc ra ng u trn ton din tch b phi dng h thng
phn phi tr lc ln c hoc khng c lp si

6.151. C th dng nc sch hoc nc cha sch ra b lc. Khi s dng
nc sch ra phi m bo s lm vic n nh ca cc b khc bng
cch ly nc ra sau p trn t trc ca cho nc vo b cha.

Ra bng nc cha sch cho php trong iu kin: C x l s b bng
li quay hay microphin theo ch dn Ghi ch 5 ca bng 6.2; iu 6.9;
c khng qu 10 NTU, ch s cli khng qu 1000con/lt v c kh
trng.

Thit b cp nc ra phi ly theo ch dn trong cc iu 6.115 v iu
6.116.

6.152. Cng ra nc phi ly bng 13-15 l/s.m
2
, thi gian ra 7-8 pht.

6.153. Khi dng h thng phn phi tr lc ln, t s gia din tch l ca h
thng phn phi v din tch b lc phi ly bng 0,2% khi c lp si ;
ly bng 0,25-0,27% khi khng c lp si .

6.154. Tnh ton v cu to h thng phi tr lc ln c lp si v mng thu
ca b lc tip xc phi theo ch dn cc iu 6.111, 6.116, 6.119 v
6.124.

Chiu dy v c ht ca lp si phi ly theo bng 6.12; iu 6.110. Khi ra
phi hp bng gi v nc b lc c lp si th chiu cao lp si c 5-
10mm phi ly bng 150-200mm, lp si 2-5mm phi ly bng 300-
400mm.
78

Khong cch gia cc trc ng v l phi ly theo bng 6.19, gia cc chp
lc ly theo 6.122. x kit b lc tip xc cn t ng x c thit b li
bo v phng vt liu lc lt ra ngoi.

6.155. Khi ra vt liu lc bng gi v nc kt hp, phi d kin h thng thot
nc ra theo chiu ngang theo ch dn iu 6.124 vi khong cch t
mp di tng trn n mt ct l 200-300mm. Gi phi cho vo h thng
ng phn phi ring vi cng 18-20 l/s.m
2
. Khi qut ra b mt, c th
ly nc t mng hoc ng dn t lng sang.

Ch ra phi ly nh sau:

Thi gi trong 1-2 pht, ra phi hp gi v nc vi cng nc 2-3
l/s.m
2
trong 6-7 pht v sau cng ra bng nc vi cng 6-7 l/s.m
2

trong 4-6 pht.

6.156. m bo thu nc trong ng u trn ton din tch b, mp mng thu
phi c khe trn tam gic cao 40-60mm.

Khong cch gia cc tim khe trn khng c ln hn 100-150mm.


Bng 6.19

Kch thc h thng phn phi ca b lc tip xc

ng knh ng nhnh
(mm)
Khong cch gia tim cc
ng nhnh (mm)
Khong cch gia cc tim
l (mm)
75
100
125
240-260
280-300
320-340
130-140
140-160
160-180


6.157. Cc ng ng ca b lc tip xc phi tnh theo iu 6.120, ng thi mp
di ca ng dn nc ra khi b phi cao hn mc nc trong mng tp
trung khng km 0,3m.

6.158. Khi lm sch nc cho nhu cu sinh hot, mt thong lc tip xc phi bt
kn v phi c ng thng hi, ca ln xung.

6.159. p lc cn thit trc b lc tip xc tnh t cao ca mp mng trn phi
ly bng tng tn tht p lc trong lp vt liu lc trong lp (i vi ct
ly bng chiu dy lp ct) v trong cc ng dn k c mi tn tht cc b,
trong c tn tht qua thit b o xc nh tc lc. a nc vo
lc, trc b lc tip xc phi c ngn tch kh v n nh mc nc. Dung
tch ngn tch kh tnh theo thi gian lu nc 3 pht. Ngn chia lm 2
79
bung. Mi bung c ng trn v ng x kit. Trc khi vo b lc, nc
c trn u vi ho cht theo iu 6.17; bng 6.5.





KH TRNG NC

6.160. Chn phng php kh trng nc cn phi ch n yu cu cht lng
nc, hiu qu x l nc, tin cy ca bin php kh trng, c s kinh t
k thut, c gii ho vic lao ng v iu kin bo qun ho cht.

6.161. Ho cht cha Clo st trng nc cn phi cho vo ng ng dn nc
lc (ng ng dn nc trong khi chy vo b cha). Cn i vi nc
ngm c cht lng tt khng cn x l th cho Clo vo ngay trc b cha.

Ghi ch: Trong trng hp cn phi dng amnic th cho amnic vo
ng ng dn nc lc. Nu trong nc c Phnol th phi cho amnic
vo nc trc khi cho Clo t 2-3 pht.

6.162. Khi khng c cc s liu iu tra cng ngh, tnh ton s b thit b Clo
cn ly liu lng Clo kh trng nc nh sau: i vi nc mt 2-3
mg/l tnh theo Clo hot tnh, i vi nc ngm 0,7-1 mg/l.

Nng Clo t do cn li trong nc sau thi gian tip xc t 40 pht n
1 gi ti b cha nc sch khng c nh hn 0,3 mg/l v khng ln hn
0,5 mg/l hoc nng Clo lin kt khng nh hn 0,8 mg/l v khng ln
hn 1,2 mg/l.

Ghi ch: Khi d tr nc sinh hot cc b cha th trong thi gian cho 1
b ngng lm vic ra hoc sa cha cn phi ly tng liu lng Clo
cho vo cc b cha cn li ln gp i so vi lc bnh thng.

6.163. Clo ho nc cn phi c kho cha Clo tiu th hng ngy, thit b
Clo nc ho thnh hi (trong trng hp cn thit) v bung t Clorator
(thit b nh lng Clo).

Cn phi m bo kh nng Clo ho nc s b trc cng trnh x l v
kh nng Clo ho nc sau cng trnh x l kh trng.

Phi bo m khuy trn u Clo cho vo nc x l.

6.164. S ho hi ca Clo cn tin hnh trong cc bnh, thng hoc trong nhng
thit b bay hi ring. Nng sut bc hi ca Clo khi khng t nng thnh
bnh nhit khng kh bnh thng trong phng ly nh sau:
- i vi bnh ng Clo t 0,7-1,0 kg/h
- i vi cc thng ln: 3-4 kg/h
Cho 1m
2
b mt thnh bnh hay thng.
80

6.165. Cn phi c thit b x nh k v kh kh c Nit Clorua (NCl
3
) ra
khi thit b bay hi v v cc ng ng khng kh nn...

6.166. Bung t thit b nh lng Clo nu dng ring phi c 2 ca, 1 ca qua
bung m v 1 ca thng ra ngoi. Tt c cc ca phi m cnh ra pha
ngoi, cho php b tr kho cha Clo tiu th st vi bung nh lng Clo,
khi phi ngn cch vi nhau bng tng chng chy kn khng c ca
s. Kho cha Clo cn phi thit k theo tiu chun i vi kho cha cc
cht c hi mnh.

6.167. Bung nh lng Clo nu c thit k hp khi vi cng trnh x l th
cn c cch ly vi cc bung khc v phi c 2 ca, trong 1 ca qua
bung m, c 2 ca phi m cnh ra pha ngoi.

6.168. Trong bung nh lng Clo hp khi vi cng trnh x l cho php bo
qun Clo lng vi s lng khng qu 50 kg, nhng cn phi c bnh d
phng.

6.169. Cn phi m bo cung cp nc c cht lng nc sinh hot vi p sut
khng nh hn 3 kg/cm
2
cho bung nh lng Clo khi s dng Clorator
kiu chn khng.

Lng nc tnh ton cho Clorator lm vic ly bng 0,6 m
3
cho 1 kg
Clo.

Nc Clo x ra trong trng hp bung nh lng Clo c s c phi cho
qua b c cha cht kh axit.

p lc nc Clo sau Clorator v Ejector ly t 5-7m ct nc.

6.170. Vic nh liu lng kh Clo cn thc hin bng my Clorator chn khng
t ng hoc bng phng php cn. Cho php dng phng php kt hp:
Cn kt hp vi Clorator iu chnh bng tay. Cn phi c my o t ng
lng Clo d trong b cha nc sch.

Trc khi a vo my nh lng, kh Clo cn c lm sch s b qua
bnh trung gian v thit b lc kh.

6.171. S lng cc thit b cng ngh d phng trong bung nh lng Clo cn
ly:
- Khi c 2 Clorator lm vic - 1 Clorator d phng.
- Trn 2 Clorator lm vic - 2 Clorator d phng
- My phn tch Clo d trong nc - 1 my d phng khng
ph thuc vo s lng my phn tch lm vic.
- Ejector - 1 d phng, khng ph thuc vo s lng my lm
81
vic.

6.172. dn Clo lng v Clo kh phi dng cc loi ng m bo kn v chu
c p lc cn thit. Khi vn chuyn kh Clo t kho n my nh lng
cn ly s ng dn Clo khng t hn 2, trong c 1 ng d phng.

ng dn Clo v cc ph tng c tnh i vi p lc cng tc 16 kg/cm
2
v
p lc th nghim 23 kg/cm
2
.

Cc on ng dn Clo nm h ra ngoi khng kh cn c lp bo v chng
tc dng ca nh sng mt tri.

ng dn Clo t trong phng phi c gi gn vo tng, nu t ngoi
nh phi c tr .

Nu ni ng bng mng sng th phi hn 2 u mng sng, cn ni bng
mt bch th phi dng vng m chu Clo v bulng bng thp khng r.

ng dn Clo cn cn c dc chung 0,01 v pha thng ng Clo lng v
khng c php c cc mi ni c th to thnh vt chn thu lc hoc nt
kh.

ng knh ng dn Clo d
cl
(m) c chiu di n 500 m cn c tnh theo
cng thc:

d
cl
= 1,2
) m (
V
Q
(6-30)
Trong :
Q - Lu lng giy ln nht ca kh Clo hoc Clo lng (m
3
/s), ly ln hn
lu lng trung bnh gi t 3-5 ln, trng lng th tch ca Clo lng - 1,40
T/m
3
, ca Clo kh - 0,0032T/m
3
.
V - Tc trong ng ng, ly bng 2,5-3,5 m/s i vi Clo kh v 0,8
m/s i vi Clo lng. ng knh ng dn Clo khng c ly ln hn 80
mm.

6.173. ng dn nc Clo phi dng loi vt liu chu c nc Clo.

Sau Clorator v Ejector ng ring, cc ng dn nc Clo ch c php
ni hp nht li vi nhau qua thng cha c vch trn n nh mc nc.

ng dn nc Clo bn trong nh cn t trong rnh di nn nh hoc
gn vo tng bng mc ng, ngoi nh cn t trong rnh ngm hoc
trong ng lng.

6.174. Khi kho tiu th Clo t xa trn 100 m v lng tiu th Clo lng trong 1
ngy khng ln hn 3 bnh, th cho php b tr 1 gian trong bung nh
82
lng Clo bo qun lng Clo d tr trong 3 ngy, nhng cn c ca
ring thng ra ngoi. Gian phng ny cng phi p ng cc yu cu nh
i vi kho tiu th.

6.175. Mt n phng c v qun o bo h lao ng cho cng nhn cn c bo
qun t ring t trong phng m ca bung nh lng Clo. Bng iu
khin n chiu sng trong bung nh lng Clo cn t phng m.


6.176. pha v bo qun dung dch Hypoclorit Canxi dng bt phi dng b (s
b khng nh hn 2); dung tch ca cc b cn tnh theo iu kin nng
ca dung dch t 0,5-1% v pha 1-2 ln trong 1 ngy. B cn lm bng cc
loi vt liu chng n mn hoc c ph lp chng n mn v nht thit
phi c my khuy.

6.177. nh lng Hypoclorit Canxi, phi dng thit b nh lng vi dung
dch c lng trong. Phi c bin php x cn ra khi thng v thit b
nh lng.

6.178. in phn dung dch mui n thu Natri Hypoclorit phi tin hnh bng
cc bnh in phn. Khi c 1-3 bnh in phn lm vic th phi c 1 bnh
d tr.

Ghi ch: Khi cn thit t nhiu bnh in phn cng lm vic th cho php
xy dng b dung dch v b tiu th cng nh b cha chung. S lng b
mi nhm khng t hn 2.

6.179. Cc bnh in phn phi c t bung ring. n in chiu sng phi
c bc kn bng knh bo v kh Clo. Trc ca vo bung in phn
phi c bung m.

6.180. B pha dung dch bo ho mui n cn t trong khu vc cng trnh x l
hoc ti kho.

Dung tch b ho trn cn m bo cha c d tr cht in phn cho
bnh in phn lm vic lin tc t 24h tr ln. Vic bo qun mui cn
tun th ch dn ghi iu 6.338.

6.181. Cc b lm vic dng pha dung dch n nng qui nh (khng ph
thuc vo loi bnh in phn) ly theo s liu ghi trong l lch my v cn
c trang b b phn nh lng ring cho tng bnh in phn. Khi c
mt s bnh in phn th vic nh lng cn thc hin bng ngn n nh
mc. Cc b lm vic cn b tr sao cho dung dch cht in phn c th t
chy vo bnh in phn, cn dung tch cc b phi m bo cho cc bnh
in phn lm vic lin tc trong 12h.

6.182. B cha Hypoclorit cn t bn ngoi bung in phn trong mt phng c
h thng thng gi. Hypoclorit cho vo b cha phi bng t chy. Dung
83
tch ca b cha phi m bo s lm vic lin tc ca bnh in phn t 8-
16h.

6.183. i vi cc b ho trn, b tiu th v b cha cn phi c ng cp nc,
ng x cn v ra b.

6.184. Tt c cc b phn ca thit b tip xc vi dung dch mui v Hypoclorit
cn phi lm bng vt liu chng n mn.

6.185. Thit b cung cp in cho cc bnh in phn phi t phng ring kh
ro v c thng gi.

6.186. Khi kh trng nc bng Clo ho v khi cn phi ngn nga mi Clophenol
phi t thit b cho kh Amnic vo nc.

Amnic phi c bo qun trong bnh hoc thng t ti kho tiu th.
Liu lng kh Amnic phi c kim tra bng lu lng k, kim tra b
sung bng cn bn, ni cn va l ch t bnh hoc thng ng Amnic
cho vo nc.

Thit b Amnic ho c b tr trong bung ring, cch ly vi bung nh
lng Clo v phi c trang b c gii ho di chuyn cc bnh v thng.

Bung nh lng Amnic phi c thit k theo ch dn iu 6.166 v
6.167.

Tt c cc thit b ca h thng Amonic ho u phi s dng loi chng
n.

6.187. Thi gian tip xc ca Clo v Hypoclorit vi nc t khi pha trn n khi
s dng khng c nh hn 1 gi.

S tip xc ca cc hp cht cha Clo vi nc cn c thc hin trong
b cha nc sch hoc trong b tip xc ring. Khi khng phi cp nc
dc tuyn ng dn, cho php tnh thi gian tip xc trong ng ng.

6.188. Khi iu kin c s vt cht k thut cho php th c th dng bin php
kh trng bng zn. Liu lng zn cn thit kh trng nc ngm
ly bng 0,75-1 mg/l; i vi nc mt1-3 mg/l.

6.189. Lng khng kh tnh ton trung bnh iu ch 1 kg zn iu kin p
sut bnh thng v nhit 20c bng 70-80 m
3
.

Khng kh cn ly vng khng b nhim bn v cn t thit b ht khng
kh cao hn mi nh 4 m.

6.190. Trm zn bao gm thit b iu ch zn, v thit b khuy trn zn vi
nc.
84

iu ch zn cn c h thng vn chuyn khng kh, ngun in v
my to zn.

Trong h thng x l khng kh phi c thit b lc bi, thit b hp ph
bng Silicagen hoc keo nhm sy kh khng kh v cc thit b khc
ti sinh cc cht hp ph. H thng x l khng kh cn phi vn hnh t
ng.

6.191. m ca khng kh sau khi i qua thit b hp ph khng c ln hn
0,05g/m
3
, tng ng vi im nng - 45C.

i vi trm zn c cng sut ln hn 6 kg/h zn th khng kh phi
c sy kh 2 bc (bc I lm lnh nhn to khng kh bng thit b lm
lnh n nhit 7C v bc II sy kh khng kh trong thit b hp ph
n m d 0,05 g/m
3
).

6.192. Khi thit k thit b cung cp khng kh v hn hp zn - khng kh cn
phi tnh n tn tht p lc trong thit b, trong ng ng, trong b trn
v h thng phn phi.

6.193. Lng in nng cung cp cho trm iu ch zn ly bng 30-40 KW/h
cho 1 kg zn.

6.194. Thit b iu ch zn cn t trong phng ring hoc trong khi cng trnh
x l. Vic iu ch zn phi thc hin cch xa nhng ch c m
khng kh cao, (thp lm lnh, ging phun v cc b cha nc h) trn
200m.

6.195. My zn cn b tr bung ring c thng vi cc bung khc bng
ca kn. Thit b iu ch zn zn ho ln th nht v ln th 2 (theo
yu cu) cn c b tr trong 1 bung.

6.196. Khi b tr b cha nc zn di bung iu ch zn th trn v sn
phi c chng thm kh m.

6.197. Lng nc lm lnh thit b zn cn ly 3 m
3
cho 1kg zn (tnh
chnh xc thm theo s liu l lch my ca xng ch to).

6.198. S ho tan hn hp zn khng kh vi nc phi thc hin bng my
khuy trong ct ng, hoc bng cch lm si bt trong b cha v trong b
trn Eject.

Khi kh trng nc bng zn, nng zn d trong nc sau ngn trn
cn phi bng 0,1 - 0,3 mg/l.

6.199. Cho php kh trng nc bng chiu tia cc tm ti cc trm tng p v cc
trm cp nc cc b c mng li phn phi hon ton kn, c kh nng
85
loi tr hon ton vic xm nhp tr li ca cc loi vi khun vo h thng,
khi cc ch tiu l ho ca nc p ng tiu chun nc n ung, nng
St trong nc nh hn 0,3 mg/l v ch s Coliform nh hn 1.000 MPN/l.
S lng my pht tia cc tm v cch b tr xc nh theo cng sut ca
thit b, nhng khng c ly ln hn 5 (trong c 1 b d tr). im
kh trng phi nm trn ng y hoc ng ht ca my bm, bm nc vo
mng li tiu th.

X L N NH NC

6.200. Nhng ch dn mc ny p dng x l nc cho cp nc sinh hot v
sn xut, khng p dng i vi nc lm lnh cc thit b cng ngh.

Ghi ch:
1- Trong mc ny khng nghin cu phng php x l n nh nc cho
h thng cp nc nng v cp nhit.
2- X l nc tun hon d lm lnh phi thc hin theo ch dn Mc 10.

6.201. n nh ca nc c nh gi theo kt qu thu c t "Phng php
phn tch cng ngh-Xc nh n nh ca nc".

6.202. Nu khng c s liu phn tch cng ngh, c th xc nh n nh
nh gi cht lng nc theo ch s bo ho J.

J= pH
o
- pH
s
(6-31)

Trong :
pH
o
- pH ca nc, xc nh bng my o pH
pH
s
- pH ca nc sau khi bo ho Cacbont n trng thi cn bng
tnh theo cng thc:

pH
s
= f
1
(t) - f
2
(Ca
2+
) - f
3
(K) + f
4
(P) (6-32)

Trong : f
1
(t), f
2
(Ca
2+
),f
3
(K), f
4
(P) l nhng tr s ph thuc vo nhit
, nng canxi, kim, tng hm lng mui trong nc, xc nh
theo th trn hnh H-6.1.

Ghi ch: nh gi tc dng n mn ca nc i vi kt cu btng ct
thp, phi theo tiu chun v thit k bo v chng n mn cho kt cu xy
dng nh v cng trnh.

6.203. Phi x l n nh nc khi ch s bo ho ln hn +0,5 trong 8-10 thng
trong nm, hoc khi ch s bo ho m hn 3 thng trong mt nm.

6.204. i vi nc c x l bng phn v c (Nhm Sunft, St Clorua...) khi
tnh ch s bo ho phi k n gim pH v kim ca nc do pha
thm phn vo.
86

kim ca nc sau khi pha phn K
1
(mgdl/l) tnh theo cng thc:

e
Dp
K K =
0 1
(6-33)
Trong :
K
0
- kim ca nc ngun trc khi pha phn (tnh bng mgdl/l).
Dp - Liu lng phn tnh theo sn phm khng ngm nc (mg/l).
e- ng lng ca phn khng ngm nc, ly theo iu 6.15 (mg/mgdl).
Lng axit Cacbonic t do trong nc sau khi pha phn tnh theo cng
thc:

(CO
2
)= (CO
2
)
o
+ 44 e
D
p
(mg/l) (6-34)
Trong :
(CO
2
)
0
- Nng axit cacbonic trong nc ngun trc khi pha phn
(mg/l).
pH ca nc sau khi pha phn xc nh theo ton hnh H-6.2 theo
kim v hm lng axit Cacbonic sau khi pha phn.





















Hnh H-6.1: th xc nh pH ca nc bo ho Canxi
Cacbont n trng thi cn bng.

6.205. Nu ch s bo ho dng, phng lng cn Canxi Cacbont trong
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0.1
8.9
9
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
8.68
8.69
8.70
8.71
8.72
8.73
8.74
8.75
8.76
8.77
8.78
8.79
8.80
8.81
8.82
8.83
8.84
8.85
8.86
8.87
8.88
8.89
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.1 0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1500
2000
3000
4000
5000
2.7
2.8
2.9
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
200
300
400
500
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
2.6
2.5
2.3
2.2
2.1
2
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
m
u

i

t
o

n

p
h

n

(
m
g
/
l
)
m
u

i

t
o

n

p
h

n

(
m
g
/
l
)
K
i

m

(
m
g

l
/
l
)
N
h
i

f1 (t0)
f2 (Ca )
f2 (Ca )
f3 (W)
f4 (p)
f4 (p)
2+
2+
K
h

i

l

n
g

i
o
n

c
a


(
m
g
/
l
)
2
+
k
h

i

l

n
g

i
o
n

c
a


(
m
g
/
l
)
2
+
87
ng ng phi x l nc bng axit Sunfuric hoc axit Clohydric hay
Hexametaphotphat hoc Tripolyphospht Natri. Khi x l n nh bng
Phosphat cho nc dng n ung lng ho cht tha cn li khng
c vt qu 2,5 mg/l. Khi x l nc ch dng cho nhu cu sn xut,
lng Hexametaphosphat hoc Natri Tripolyphospht, ly bng 2-4 mg/l.

Lng axit D
ax
(mg/l), tnh theo sn phm th trng, phi tnh theo cng
thc:
D
ax
= a . K. e
1
. K
C
100
(6.35)
Trong :
a - H s xc nh theo th hnh H-6.3
K- kim ca nc trc khi x l n nh
e
1
- ng lng ca axit (mg/mgdl). i vi axit sulfuric e
1
=49; i vi
axit Clohydric e
1
=36,5)
C
K
- Hm lng hot cht trong axit th trng (%)

6.206. Khi ch s bo ho c gi tr m, to lp bo v bng Cacbont mt
trong thnh ng phi kim ho nc hay kh axit cacbonc bng cch lm
thong trn dn qut gi kt hp vi vic kh St trong nc.

Lng kim pha thm vo a nc v trng thi n nh (j=0) phi xc
nh theo mt trong nhng cng thc bng 6.20.
Trong :
K - kim ca nc trc khi x l n nh (mgdl/l)
pHo- pH ca nc trc khi x l n nh
D
k
- Liu lng cht kim (mgdl/l)

tnh chuyn D
k
thnh n v trng lng sn phm k thut (mg/l) phi
dng cng thc:

D
K
= D
K
. e
2
. K
C
100
(6-36)
Trong :
e
2
- ng lng ca hot cht trong kim mg/mgdl. i vi vi tnh theo
CaO =28.
C
K
- Hm lng hot cht trong sn phm k thut (%) Liu lng Sa tnh
theo Na
2
CO
3
(mg/l) phi ly bng 3-3,5 ln ln hn liu lng vi tnh theo
CaO (mg/l).

Bng 6.20

88
c im nc Cng thc xc nh liu lng kim

J<O, pH
o
< pH
s
< 8,4
J<O; pH
o
< 8,4 < pH
s

D
K
= b.K y b - theo th hnh H-6.4
D
k
= (_ + + _.) K y _ v - theo th hnh
H-6.5










































Ton xc nh pH hay nng
axt cacbont t do trong nc thin
nhin
10
60
50
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
7
400
300
200
150
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
16
9
8
6
5
4
3
2
1
6
6,5
7
7,5
8
8,5
8
7
6
5
4,5
4
3,5
3
2,5
2
1,5
1
0,5
800
750
700
650
600
550
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
C
O
2

t

d
o

p
H
T

n
g

h

m

l

n
g

m
u

i

P

(
m
g
/
l
)
o
N
h
i

(
T

C
)
p

(
m
u

i
)
N
h
i

a
5,5
5
1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6

k
i

m
pH CO2
b
T
h
a
n
g

p
h

T
h
a
n
g

p
h

k
i

m
Hnh 6 - 2 S ng dng
Ni t
o
vi hm lng mui, ct thang ph
ti a. Ni a vi kim tnh, ct thang
mui b. Ni b vi CO
2
c, tm c
pH
Hnh 6 - 3
th xc nh h s
khi tnh liu lng axt
pH
8,5
0,9
0,7
0,5
0,3
0,2
0,1
0,05
0,025
0,01
j = 2,5
j = 2
j = 1,5
j = 1
j = 0,5
j = 0,3
5 5,5 6
6,5 7
7,5
8
o
89




6.207. Khi x l n nh nc, phi d kin kh nng cho cht kim vo b trn,
trc v sau b lc, trc khi pha Clo t 2. Khi cho kim vo trc v sau
b lc phi bo m tinh khit ca ho cht kim v dung dch kim.
Vic iu ch v nh lng dung dch Vi v Sa, phi theo ch dn
iu 6.33-6.40.

Ghi ch: c php cho kim vo trc b trn v trc b lc trong
nhng trng hp khng lm xu hiu qu lm sch nc (ni ring l gim
hiu qu x l mu).

6.208. x l n nh nc, phi dng Vi v Sa.

Nu liu lng D
K
tnh theo cng thc ca bng 6.20 ln hn d
K
(mgdl/l)
tnh theo cng thc:

d
K
= 0,7
(

+ K
22
) CO (
2
(6-37)

th ngoi Vi vi hm lng d
K
(mgdl/l) phi cho thm Sa mt lng D
x

tnh theo cng thc:

D
x
= (D
K
- d
K
) . 100 (mg/l) (6-38)

6.209. Vic kh axit Cacbonic n nh nc phi thc hin trn dn kh kh
xp g hoc ng nha. pH ca nc trn dn kh phi xc nh theo
th hnh H-6.2. ng thi kim ca nc phi ly bng kim ca
nc ngun sau khi kh kh CO
2
xung cn 8-10 mg/l.

Cng ti trn dn kh kh xp g phi ly bng 40 m
3
/m
2
.h. Lu
lng khng kh 20 m
3
cho 1 m
3
nc.

6.210. Phng php x l nc bo v ng khng b n mn bng cch to nn
mt lp bo v bng Canxi Cacbont, hoc dng Polyphosphats ghi trong
Ph lc 8.









90







Hnh H-6.4: Biu xc
nh h s | theo nng
kim khi pHo < pHs < 8,4.




















Hnh H-6.5: Biu
xc nh h s _ v
theo nng kim
khi pHo < 8,4 < pHs.













FLO HO NC
J = 1,5
J = 2
J = 2,5
0,16
0,18
0,20
0,25
0,30
0,35
0,40
0,45
0,50
0,60
0,70
0,80
0,90
1
1,20
1,60
1,80
2,00
2,50
3,00
3,50
4,00
4,50
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
J = 0,2
J = 1
8 7,5 7 6,5 6 5,5 5
0,01
0,02
0,03
0,04
0,05
0,06
0,07
0,08
0,09
0,10
0,12
0,14
J = 0,5
R
m

| = f2 (pH) _ = f1 (pH)
0,1
0,09
0,08
0,07
0,06
0,05
0,04
0,03
0,02
0,01
10 9,5 9 8,5 8 7,5 7 6,5 6 5,5
5
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1
2
3
5
6
7
8
9
10
pH
0,008
0,007
0,006
0,005
0,004
0,003
0,002
0,001
0,2 20
30

4
91

6.211. Cn phi pha thm Flo vo nc cp cho nhu cu sinh hot v n ung
trong trng hp khi hm lng Flo trong nc cp thp hn 0,5 mg/l. Cho
ho cht cha Flo vo nc trc b lc, b lc tip xc hay l cho vo sau
cc cng trnh x l chung trc khi st trng. S cn thit phi cho thm
Flo vo nc trong mi trng hp c th do c quan v sinh phng bnh
quyt nh.

6.212. Flo ho nc c th dng cc ho cht sau: Silic Florua Natri, Florua
Natri, Silic Florua Amni.

6.213. Liu lng ho cht D
f
(g/m
3
) xc nh theo cng thc:

D
f
= [ma - (F
-
)] f
C
100
.
K
100
(6-39)

Trong :
m: H s ph thuc vo ch a Flo vo nc x l. Khi cho Flo vo sau
cc cng trnh lm sch m=1; khi cho Flo vo trc b lc hay b lc tip
xc m=1,1.
a: Hm lng cn thit ca Flo trong nc x l g/m
3
ph thuc vo iu
kin kh hu v thay i theo ma ly t 0,7-1,2 g/m
3
(gi tr nh ly cho
ma h v vng kh hu nng).
K: Hm lng Flo trong ho cht tinh khit tnh bng % i vi Silic Florua
Natri K =60; Florua Natri K =45; Silic Florua Amni K = 64.
F
-
: Hm lng Flo trong nc ngun g/m
3

C
f
: Hm lng ho cht tinh khit trong sn phm k thut %

6.214. Khi dng Silic Florua Natri cn p dng s cng ngh pha dung dch
khng bo ho trong cc thng tiu th hay dung dch ho cht bo ho
trong cc thit b ho tan bo ho.

Khi dng Florua Natri hay Silic Florua Amni cn p dng s cng ngh
pha dung dch bo ho trong cc thng tiu th.

Ghi ch: Cho php dng s cng ngh nh lng ho cht kh.

6.215. Cng sut ca thit b ho tan bo ho q
c
tnh bng l/h (theo dung dch bo
ho ca ho cht) xc nh theo cng thc:



np
Q D
q
f
c
.
=
(6.40)

92
Trong :
Q- Lu lng nc x l m
3
/h
n- S thit b ho tan bo ho
p - ho tan ca Silicflorua Natri (g/l) nhit 20C p = 7,3 g/l; 40C p
=10,3 g/l. Khi xc nh th tch ca thit b ho tan bo ho, thi gian lu
li ca dung dch trong thit b ly khng nh hn 5h. Tc i ln ca
dng nc trong thit b khng ln hn 0,1 mm/s.

6.216. Nng dung dch ho cht khi pha thnh dung dch bo ho trong thng
tiu th ly bng:
- i vi Silic Florua Natri: 2,5%
- i vi Silic Florua Amni: 7%

Dng khuy c kh hay khng kh nn khuy trn dung dch. Cng
khng kh nn ly bng 8-10 l/s.m
2
.

Tnh ton thng tiu th theo ch dn ca cc iu 6.21 v 6.24

6.217. Dung dch ho cht cha Flo phi lng 2 gi trc khi em dng.

6.218. Khi dng Silic Florua Natri v Silic Florua Amni cn c bin php chng
r cho thng, ng ng dn v thit b nh lng.

6.219. Phi bo qun ho cht cha Flo trong cc xitc ch to ti cc nh my v
t cc xitc vo kho. Tnh ton kho v s lng xitc phi theo ch dn
iu 6.326.

6.220. Nh t thit b nh lng Flo v kho ho cht cha Flo phi c cch
ly vi cc nh sn xut khc. Nhng ch c kh nng gy bi phi t cc
bm ht khng kh cc b.

6.221. Khi dng cc ho cht cha flo, v tnh c hi ca n cn phi c bin
php bo v chung v bo v cho cc cng nhn vn hnh.







KH FLO CA NC

6.222. Khi dng phng php lc nc qua xit Nhm hot tnh kh Flo th
hm lng cn ca nc trc khi i vo b lc khng c qu 8 mg/l v
tng hm lng mui khng c ln hn 1000 mg/l.

6.223. Chn vt liu hp ph l cc ht c ng knh 2-3 mm, trng lng th
93
tch 0,5 tn/m
3
.

6.224. Chiu cao lp vt liu hp ph trong b lc p lc ly nh sau: Khi hm
lng Flo trong nc n 5 mg/l ly 2 m; t 8-10 mg/l ly 3 m. Trong b
lc h ly 2 m khi hm lng Flo trong nc n 5 mg/l v 2,5 m khi hm
lng Flo trong nc8-10 mg/l.

6.225. Chiu cao b lc p lc c xc nh bng cch cng chiu cao lp vt
liu hp ph vi khong khng gian t do trn b mt lp ny. Chiu cao
khong khng gian t do ly khng nh hn 60% chiu dy lp hp ph.

6.226. Trong cc b lc, dng h thng phn phi nc ra v thu nc lc bng
dn ng lm t vt liu khng r hoc dng cc chp lc c khe. Khi dng
h thng phn phi c khe (ng hay chp lc) phi di lp hp ph mt
lp ct thch anh chiu dy 150 mm ng knh ht 2-4 mm.

6.227. Tc lc bnh thng ly khng ln hn 6 m/h; tc lc khi lm vic
tng cng khng ln hn 8 m/h.

6.228. B lc lm vic trong thi gian u cho nc lc c hm lng Flo t 0,1 -
0,3 mg/l sau hm lng Flo trong nc lc nng cao dn.

6.229. Phi ngng b lc hon nguyn khi hm lng Flo trong nc lc qua
b l ln nht lm cho hm lng Flo trong ng gp chung dn i cho
ngi tiu th ln n 1 mg/l.

Thi gian lm vic ca b lc gia 2 ln hon nguyn T tnh bng gi xc
nh theo cng thc:



)
3
Ck
C ( q
K . H . F
T
o

=
(6-41)

Trong :
F- Din tch b lc, m
2

H- Chiu cao lp hp ph ,m
K - Dung tch hp ph ca vt liu hp ph tnh theo Flo ly bng 900-
1000g/m
3
.
C
0
- Hm lng Flo trong nc ngun, g/m
3

C
k
- Hm lng Flo trong nc lc cui chu k lc ly bng 1,5 g/m
3
.

6.230. Trc khi hon nguyn phi xi lp vt liu hp ph bng nc vi cng
4-6 l/s.m
2
; thi gian xi 15-20 pht).

94
6.231. Hon nguyn vt liu hp ph bng dung dch Sunpht Nhm nng 1-
1,5% tnh theo Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
. Dung dch hon nguyn cho qua lp hp ph t
trn xung di vi tc 2-2,5m/h.

Ghi ch: 70-80% th tch u tin ca dung dch hon nguyn x b i,
phn th tch cui (gn 25% th tch dung dch hon nguyn) c s dng
li hon nguyn vt liu hp ph. Trong trng hp ny bt u hon
nguyn bng dung dch thu hi li.

6.232. Lng tiu th Sunpht Nhm tnh theo Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
ly 40-50 gam cho 1
gam Flo c kh ra khi nc.

6.233. Sau khi hon nguyn phi ra lp vt liu hp ph bng dng nc i t
di ln trn vi cng 4-5 l/s. m
2
. Lng nc tiu th ra lp vt liu
hp ph 10 m
3
cho 1 m
3
vt liu hp ph.


KH ST V MANGAN

6.234. Phi kh St trong nc cp cho nhu cu sinh hot v n ung khi hm
lng St trong nc ngun ln hn 0,3 mg/l v kh Mangan khi hm
lng ln hn 0,2 mg/l.

Ghi ch:
1- Trong trng hp c bit c s tho thun vi c quan v sinh phng
dch khi hm lng St trong ngun nc ngm n 0,5 mg/l c th khng
cn kh St.
Mc cn thit phi kh St trong nc cp cho cc nhu cu k thut phi
do yu cu v cht lng nc ca tng loi sn xut quy nh.
2- Phng php kh Mn xem Ph lc 10

6.235. Vic kh St trong nc mt cn tin hnh ng thi vi lm trong v kh
mu. Thnh phn cc cng trnh trong trng hp ny tng t cc cng
trnh lm trong v kh mu nc. Tnh ton v cu to cc cng trnh
phi tun theo cc ch dn iu 6.9 - 6.17.

6.236. Vic chn cc phng php kh St nc ngm, chn cc thng s tnh
ton v liu lng cc ho cht phi c tin hnh trn c s kt qu
nghin cu cng ngh thc hin trc tip ti ngun cp nc.

6.237. C th kh St trong nc ngm bng cch lc nc qua b lc Cationit.
Trong trng hp ny phi m bo khng lt xy v cc cht xy ho
khc vo trong nc trc khi a n vo b lc Cationit. B lc Cationit
gim hm lng St trong nc n 0,5mg/l vi iu kin nu nh tt c
St c trong nc u tn ti dng ion ho tr 2 v phi ch rng b lc
Cationit khng kh c St tn ti di dng keo Hydroxit St v hp
cht St hu c.
95

6.238. C th p dng mt trong cc phng php sau y kh St:
a) Lm thong n gin ri lc trong (ch cn ly xy ca khng kh vo
nc xy ho St, khng cn kh CO
2
nng pH ca nc).
b) Lm thong ly xy v kh CO
2
nng pH ca nc, lng hoc lc tip
xc, lc trong.
c) Lm thong ly xy v kh CO
2
sau lc qua b lc tip xc c lp
vt liu lc c hot tnh xc tc kh st v mangan ri lc trong.
d) Kim ho nc bng vi kt hp vi lm thong, lng ri lc trong.
e) Keo t bng phn (c Clo ho trc ph v cc hp cht St hu c
hoc khng) lng trong ri lc.
g) Lc qua b lc Cationit. Dng phng php kim ho bng vi v
phng php lc qua b lc Cationit c li khi ng thi vi vic kh St
phi lm mm nc.

6.239. thit k trm kh st cn c nhng s liu sau:
a) Cng sut hu ch ca trm, m
3
/ngy
b) Yu cu i vi cht lng nc sau khi kh St
c) Bng phn tch ho hc nc cn x l phi c cc ch tiu sau:
c; mu; cng ton phn v cng cacbont; kim; pH;
oxy ho; Tng hm lng St v hm lng ion St ho tr hai, St ho tr
ba; Hm lng ion Clorua v Sunpht.
d) Kt qu kh St ti ch bng cc phng php ghi iu 6.246.

6.240. Nu khi th nghim kh St theo cc im a, b, c, ghi trong iu 6.246
khng t th vic chn phng php kh St phi c tin hnh bng
cch so snh gi thnh gia cc phng php kh St vi nhau (kim ho,
keo t, Clo ho, Cationit) chn phng php kinh t nht.

6.241. Khi thiu ti liu v kt qu th nghim kh St ti ch, chn phng
php kh St cho giai on lp bo co nghin cu kh thi, c th da vo
cc tiu ch sau: Khi nc ngm c hm lng St ho tr hai khng ln
hn 10 mg/l; mu ca nc o trc tip khi bm nc ra khi ging
khng vt qu 15; xy ho khng vt qu [0,15 (Fe
2+
) + 5] mg/l O
2
;
NH
4
< 1 mg/l; tng hm lng St khng vt qu hm lng ca ion St
ho tr 2 v St ho tr 3 n 0,3 mg/l; pH ca nc sau kh St > 6,8;
kim nc ln hn
)
28
Fe
1 (
2+
+
mgdl/l th dng phng php lm thong n
gin.

6.242.
Nu kim nc ngm ln hn tr s gii hn
)
28
Fe
1 (
2+
+
mgdl/l; pH ca
nc sau khi thu phn st c tr s < 6,8 th p dng phng php lm
96
thong kh kh CO
2
tng pH ca nc ngm.

Khi lm thong cng bc trong cc thng c qut gi c th gim 85-90%
lng CO
2
.

Khi lm thong trn cc dn tip xc t nhin c th kh c 75-80%
lng CO
2
c trong nc.

Khi lm thong bng cch phun trc tip trn mt nc (chiu cao phun
khng thp hn 1m, cng ti khng ln hn 10 m
3
/m
2
.h). C th kh
c 30-35% lng CO
2
c trong nc.

6.243. Tnh ton tr s pH ca nc sau khi lm thong v thu phn St tin hnh
nh sau:

Theo tr s kim v pH bit ca nc (ghi trong bng phn tch) tra
biu hnh H-6.2 tm hm lng CO
2
t do trong nc ngun trc khi
lm thong. Sau cng thm vo lng CO
2
t do ny mt lng CO
2
b
sung do thu phn St to ra. C 1mg/l St b thu phn to ra 1,6 mg/l CO
2

v lm gim kim ca nc xung mt lng bng 0,036 mgdl/l.

Khi tnh c hm lng mi ca CO
2
v kim ca nc, theo biu ,
tm tr s pH ca nc sau khi thu phn St. Nu pH ca nc sau thu
phn > 6,8 v kim cn li > 1mgdl/l th p dng phng php lm
thong n gin.

Nu lm thong n gin khng c m sau khi tr i 80% lng CO
2
,
tm c tr s pH > 6,8 v kim > 1 mgdl/l th p dng bin php lm
thong trn cc dn tip xc t nhin kh kh CO
2
.

Nu lm thong trn cc dn tip xc t nhin khng t m sau khi tr i
90% lng CO
2
, tm c tr s pH > 6,8; kim > 1 mgdl/l th p dng
bin php lm thong cng bc bng thng qut gi. Din tch tip xc
cn thit trong cc dn lm thong xc nh bng tnh ton theo nguyn tc
kh kh CO
2
trong nc.

6.244. Nu cc ch tiu cht lng nc ngun ghi iu 6.249 m bo nhng
pH ca nc sau khi lm thong kh CO
2
c tr s vn < 6,8; kim gim
xung <1 mgdl/l th trc b lc trong phi d kin cho nc qua b lc
tip xc bn trong c cht lp vt liu lc l cht xc tc kh St (ct ph
mt lp xit Mangan) hay cc loi qung Piroluzit t nhin, sau qua b
lc trong.

6.245. Khi cc bin php lm thong khng t kt qu phi p dng bin php
dng ho cht kh St.

a) Dng cc cht xy ho mnh l Clo hoc Kali Permanganat. kh
1mg/l St tiu th 0,70 mg/l Clo v kim gim 0,018 mgdl/l. kh 1
97
mg/l St cn kh tiu th 1 mg/l KMnO
4
.

b) Khi kim ho nc bng vi, liu lng vi c xc nh theo cng
thc sau:

D
v
= 28
l / mg
22
CO
28
Fe
2
2
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
(6-42)
Trong :
- Fe
2+
l lng St ho tr hai trong nc ngm, mg/l
- CO
2
l hm lng CO
2
t do trong nc ngun, mg/l.

6.246. Thnh phn cc cng trnh kh St bng phng php lm thong bao gm:

1- Cng trnh lm thong (lm thong n gin, lm thong t nhin trn
cc dn tip xc, lm thong cng bc bng thng c qut gi).
2- B lng hay b lc tip xc
3- B lc trong
Cc thng s tnh ton cng trnh lm thong nh sau:

a) Lm thong n gin: C th phun nc trc tip trn mt b lc, cng
ti khng ln hn 10 m
3
/m
2
.h. Chiu cao tnh t mc nc n l dn
ng phun khng t hn 0,6 m hoc c th cho nc trn qua mng dn vo
b lc. Chiu cao trn t mc nc h lu n nh trn khng t hn 0,5-
0,6 m.

Cng trn 10 m
3
/1m di ca mp mng. Khi dng b lc p lc phi
a khng kh vo trc b lc tip xc hay trc b lc bng bm nn kh
hay Ejector. Lng khng kh cn a vo nc ly 2 lt cho 1 gam St cn
kh. Sau ch a khng kh vo phi t b trn trn u khng kh vi
nc. B trn lm hnh tr hay hnh cu; trong t cc vch ngn thay
i hng chuyn ng ca hn hp nc - kh. B trn c th tch nc
lu li trong khng di 1 pht.

b) Dn lm thong t nhin c vt liu tip xc l cc than x hay cui si
ng knh trung bnh 30-40 mm hoc ng nha D25-50 xp vung gc to
thnh c 25x25 hoc 50x50; lp n chng lp kia sao cho cc khng
trng nhau.

Vt liu tip xc thnh lp c chiu cao 30-40 cm. Lp n cch lp kia
0,8 m. S lp vt liu tip xc do l chiu cao dn ma ly theo tnh ton
t yu cu kh kh CO
2
trong nc. Cng ma 10-15 m
3
/m
2
.h.

Dn ma gm: Mng phn phi l cc mng rng ca. Khong cch trc
cc mng nhnh 30 cm. Khong cch trc cc rng ca 35 mm. Chiu su
98
rng ca 25 mm. Nu dng sn phn phi bng tn, th l khoan c ng
knh 5 mm. S l theo tnh ton lp nc trn sn dy 5-7 cm, m bo
phn phi u trn ton din tch. Nu dng dn ng, th l khoan trn ng
thng t 5-10 mm. Tnh ton dn ng nh tnh b ng phn phi nc ra
trong b lc. Sn tung nc t di mng phn phi 0,6 m lm bng vn
g rng 20 cm t cch nhau 10 cm hay bng na cy tre xp cch mp
nhau 5 cm. Di sn tung nc l cc sn lp tip xc kh kh, cui
cng l sn thu nc bng btng. Thit b dn ma gm ng dn nc ln
mng phn phi, vn tc 0,8-1,2 m/s. ng a nc t sn tung nc xung
b lng tip xc vi vn tc 1,5m/s. ng dn nc sch c ra D=50
mm; ng x cn D = 100-200 mm.

c) Thng qut gi: Vt liu tip xc bn trong hoc dng vn g rng 200
mm dy 10 mm t cch nhau 50 mm thnh mt lp, lp n xp vung gc
vi lp kia v cch nhau bng cc sn l thnh g tit din 50x50 mm,
hoc dng ng nha xp lp n vung gc vi lp kia v mp cc ng nha
cch nhau 50 mm. Khi lng vt liu tip xc xc nh theo tnh ton v
yu cu kh kh CO
2
.

Chiu cao ca lp tip xc trong thng qut gi s b c th ly theo
kim nh sau:
kim trong nc ngun 2 mgdl/l, ly H = 1,5 m
2-4 mgdl/l, ly H = 2,0 m
4-6 mgdl/l, ly H = 2,5 m
6-8 mgdl/l, ly H = 3,0m

Din tch mt bng chn theo cng ti 40-50 m
3
/m
2
.h.
Lng khng kh thi vo ly 10 m
3
cho 1 m
3
nc, p lc my gi s b
ly t 100-150 mm ct nc.

Trang b cho thng qut gi gm ng dn nc ln dn ng phn phi, ng
dn nc xung b lng tip xc, ng gi, ng x cn khi c ra lp vt liu
tip xc.

Dn ng phn phi dng h phn phi tr lc ln hoc sn phn phi bng
tn khoan l.

Chiu cao tnh t nh lp vt liu n tim l h ng phn phi ly khng t
hn 0,8 m; di sn lp vt liu tip xc l ngn tp trung nc dn
xung b lng tip xc. Trong ngn ny t ming ng cp gi, ng a
nc xung b lng v ng x cn. Chiu cao ngn ny ly ph thuc vo
ng knh ng gi, nhng khng b hn 0,5 m.

6.247. Th tch b lng tip xc hon thnh qu trnh xy ho v thu phn St
trong nc sau khi qua dn lm thong ph thuc vo pH ca nc sau
lm thong, ly theo bng 6.21.

99
Trong b lng tip xc cn cu to cc vch ngn hng dng m bo
s dng c ton b th tch khng to thnh vng nc cht trong b.


Bng 6.21

pH 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 7.0 7.5 8
Thi gian tip xc
cn thit (pht)
60 45 30 25 20 15 10 5

6.248. Thay cho b lng tip xc trong s dng my nn kh, Ejector thu kh v
b lc p lc c th t b lc tip xc.

Din tch lc tip xc xc nh theo cng thc:

F
t x
= 20
Q
n
m
2
(6-43)
Trong :
Q
n
- Cng sut trm kh St, m
3
/h
20- Tc lc tip xc 20 m/h

6.249. Trong trng hp nc sau khi lm thong c tr s pH < 6,8; kim < 1
mgdl/l m kim ho nc bng vi kh khn v khng kinh t, th trc khi
vo b lc trong phi cho nc qua b lc tip xc c lp vt liu lc l ct
en (ct c ph mt lp xit Mangan trn b mt), c ht 1-3 mm. Qu
trnh cy lp bc xit Mangan ln b mt ht ct xem Ph lc 9.

6.250. B lc tip xc (h hay p lc) cht ct thch anh hay ct en, c ht 1,5-2
mm. Chiu dy lp vt liu lc 2,5 m. Dng h thng phn phi tr lc ln
c lp si m. Ra b lc tip xc bng dng nc i t di ln cng
20 l/s.m
2
. Trc sc gi vi cng 25 l/s.m
2
. Khi tnh ton thi
gian ca mt chu k ra b lc tip xc, ly cha cn ca lp vt liu l
5 kg Fe(OH)
3
cho 1 m
3
ct.

6.251. Kt cu b lc kh St tng t nh b lc lm trong v kh mu
nc. c tnh lp vt liu lc v tc lc khi lm thong kh CO
2
v
khi kh St bng ho cht chn theo bng 6.11 iu 6.103.

Khi lm thong n gin th tc lc v c tnh lp vt liu lc chn
theo bng 6.22.

Bng 6.22

c tnh lp vt liu lc khi dng phng php
lm thong n gin
Tc lc tnh ton
m/h
ng ng ng H s Chiu cao Khi hot Khi lm
100
knh ti
thiu
(mm)
knh ht
ln nht
(mm)
knh hiu
dng
(mm)
khng
ng nht
lp ct lc
(mm)
ng bnh
thng
vic tng
cng
0,8
1,0
1,8
2
0,9-1
1,2-1,3
1,3-1,7
1,3-1,7
1000
1200
7
10
10
12

6.252. ko di chu k lm vic ca b lc phi tng cha cn ca lp vt
liu lc. Khi kh St c th dng b lc 2 lp. Lp di l ct thch anh,
lp trn l than Antrazite. c tnh cc lp vt liu lc v tc lc ca b
lc hai lp chn theo bng 6.11 iu 6.103.

6.253. Thnh phn cng trnh ca trm kh St dng ho cht nh sau:
1. Thit b pha dung dch v nh lng ho cht
2. Cng trnh lm thong v trn ho cht vi nc
3. B lng ngang, lng ng hoc lng trong c lp cn l lng
4. B lc

6.254. Chn ho cht v liu lng ca chng kh St phi da trn kt qu th
nghim kh St ti ch. B phn ho tan v nh lng ho cht c thit
k nh i vi cc trm lm trong v kh mu.

6.255. Nu cn kh St trong cc ngun nc mt (sng, h...) th p dng quy
trnh dng ho cht. Khi thit k nh ho cht phi d kin kh nng cho
vo nc nhng ho cht sau:

1) Phn nhm, liu lng tnh theo Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
ly ph hp vi cc ch dn
iu 6.11 tu thuc vo mu v c ca nc ngun.

2) Vi (CaO), liu lng vi D
v
mg/l tnh theo CaO xc nh bng cng
thc:

D
v
= 28
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
+
1
2
2
28 22 e
D
Fe CO
p
(6-44)

Trong :
CO
2
- Hm lng CO
2
t do trong nc ngun, mg/l
Fe
2+
- Hm lng Fe ho tr hai trong nc ngun, mg/l
D
p
- Liu lng phn, mg/l (tnh theo sn phm kh)
e
1
- Trng lng tng ng ca phn (khng ngm nc), mg/l

3) Clo hay Clorua Vi Ca(OCl)
2


Liu lng Clo hay Clorua Vi (tnh theo Clo hot tnh) xc nh theo cng
101
thc:


C
cl
= 2,25 [O
2
] (6-45)
[O
2
]: xy ho ca nc ngun mg/l

Ghi ch: Lng ho cht tnh theo cc cng thc trn dng cho giai on
D n kh thi. n giai on thit k k thut cn c s liu chnh xc thu
c t qu trnh nghin cu cng ngh kh St th ti ch.

6.256. Trm kh St bng Cationit gm b lc Cationit c vt liu lc l cht trao
i Cation. trnh lm tng hm lng St trong nc, thnh b lng v
b lc phi c ph mt lp chng r. H thng thu v phn phi lm bng
cht do.

6.257. Tc lc trong b Cationit ly bng 25 m/h. Chiu dy lp trao i Cation
ly bng 2,5 m. Tn s hon nguyn b lc xc nh bng cng ca nc
cn lm mm v hm lng St trong nc trc v sau qu trnh x l.

6.258. Hon nguyn b lc Cationit bng dung dch NaCl nng 5%. Cn phi
d tnh tng thi k (sau 15-20 ln hon nguyn) ra b lc Cationit bng
dung dch axit trc khi hon nguyn bng mui n.


LM MM NC

6.259. lm mm nc cn dng cc phng php sau:

kh cng Cacbonat dng Vi, Hydro Cationit.

kh cng Cacbonat v Khng Cacbonat cng phng php lm mm
bng Vi-Sa. Lm mm bng Natri Cationit hay Hydro Natri Cationit.

Ghi ch: Trong chng ny khng nghin cu vic x l nc cp cho ni
hi.

6.260. lm mm nc ngm nn dng phng php Cationit. i vi nc
mt, nu ng thi i hi phi lm trong nc th nn dng phng php
pha Vi hay Vi-Sa, cn khi cn phi lm mm nc trit th dng
phng php Cationit ni tip.

6.261. cp cho nhu cu sinh hot n ung, lng nc cn lm mm q
m
tnh
bng phn trm so vi tng lng nc xc nh theo cng thc:

q
100
2
1
x
C Co
C Co
m

=
(6-46)


102
Trong :
Co - cng ton phn ca nc ngun (mgdl/l)
C1- cng ton phn ca nc a vo mng li (mgdl/l)
C2- cng ca phn nc c lm mm (mgdl/l)


KHU CNG CACBONAT V LM MM NC BNG VI-SA

6.262. Trong thnh phn cng trnh kh cng Cacbonat v lm mm bng
Vi-Sa phi bao gm: nh ho cht, b trn, b lng, b lc v cc thit
b x l n nh nc.

6.263. Khi kh cng Cacbonat, cng cn li ca nc c th ln hn
cng Khng Cacbonat l 0,4-0,8 mgdl/l; cn kim t 0,8-1,2 mgdl/l. Khi
lm mm bng Vi-Sa, cng cn li di 0,5-1 mgdl/l v kim 0,8-
1,2 mgdl/l. Ly gii hn di khi nhit nc t 35-40
o
C.

6.264. Khi kh cng Cacbonat v lm mm bng Vi-Sa phi dng Vi
dng vi sa. Khi lng Vi dng hng ngy t hn 0,25 tn (tnh theo
CaO) th c php cho Vi vo nc dng dung dch vi bo ho iu
ch t cc thit b bo ho.

6.265. kh cng Cacbonat liu lng Vi Dv tnh theo CaO cn xc nh
theo cng thc:

a) Khi t s gia nng Canxi v cng Cacbonat trong nc
o
2
C
20
Ca
>
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
, th:


|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + + = 3 , 0
22
28
2
K
K
K v
e
D
C
CO
D
(6-47)

b) Khi t s gia nng Canxi v cng Cacbonat trong nc
o
C
Ca
<
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
20
2
, th:


|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + + =
+
5 , 0
20
2
22
28
2
2
K
K
v
e
D Ca
Cc
CO
D
(6-48)



Trong :
(CO
2
) - l nng axit Cacbonic t do trong nc, mg/l.
103
(Ca
2+
) nng ca Canxi trong nc, mg/l
C
c
- cng Cacbonat ca nc, mgdl/l
D
k
- Liu lng cht keo t FeCl
3
hoc FeSO
4
(tnh theo sn phm kh),
mg/l
e
k
- ng lng ca hot cht trong cc cht keo t. i vi FeCl
3
- 54;
FeSO
4
-76.

6.266. Liu lng Vi v Sa khi lm mm bng Vi-Sa cn xc nh theo
cng thc:

Liu lng vi tnh bng mg/l (tnh theo CaO)


|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + + + =
+
5 , 0
12 22
28
2
2
K
K
v
e
D Mg
Cc
CO
(6-49)

Liu lng Sa tnh bng mg/l (theo Na
2
CO
3
)
D = 53(C
kc
+
1 +
K
K
e
D
) (6-50)

Trong :
(Mg
2+
) - Hm lng Magi trong nc, mg/l
C
KC
- cng Khng Cacbonat ca nc, mgdl/l

Cc k hiu cn li xem iu 6.265.

6.267. Khi lm mm nc bng Vi hoc Sa, cht keo t phi dng l St(III)
Clorua hoc St(II) Sunfat.

Liu lng cht keo t (mg/l) D
K
tnh theo sn phm kh FeCl
3
v FeSO
4

ly t 25-35 mg/l v c xc nh chnh xc trong qun l.

6.268. Khi kh cng Cacbonat hoc lm mm nc khng cha cn l lng
bng Vi-Sa (nc ngm hay nc mt) lng s b tch cn Canxi
Cacbonat to thnh cn dng b phn ng xoay trong trng hp:
Khi kh cng Cacbonat, nu
C
2
C
20
) Ca (
>
+
v khi lm mm nc bng
Vi-Sa nu hm lng Magi trong nc ngun khng qu 15mg/l v
xy ho khng ln hn 10 mg/lO
2
. Cui cng cho nc tht trong phi
cho nc qua b lc.

6.269. Khi tnh ton b phn ng xoy phi ly tc nc vo b phn ng l
0,8-1 m/s. Gc nghing ca chp y l 15-20; Tc nc i ln tnh ti
mt ct ngang c b phn thu l 4-6 mm/s. Vt liu tip xc ca b phn
ng xoay phi dng ct thch anh hay bt c kch thc ht 0,2-0,3 mm.
104
Khi lng 10 kg trn 1 m
3
dung tch b. Vi phi cho vo phn di ca
b di dng dung dch hoc dng sa. Khi x l nc trong b phn ng
xoay khng c dng cht keo t.

Ghi ch: Khi
C
2
C
20
) Ca (
<
+
. Kh cng Cacbonat phi c tin hnh
trong b lng. Sau b lng l b lc.

6.270. Trong trng hp khng th dng b phn ng xoy do c nhiu Magi v
nc b nhim bn cn l lng, phi dng b lng trong c lp cn l lng
tch cn to ra khi lm mm nc.

Tnh ton v kt cu b lng trong cn theo ch dn cc iu 6.86 n 6.96
v theo cc quy nh sau:

H s phn phi Kpp trong cng thc 6-16 v 6-17 l 0,7-0,8.

Tc nc i ln vng lng trong V
lt
l 1,3-1,6 mm/s khi cng Magi
nh hn 25% v 0,8 mm/s khi cng Magi ln hn 25% cng ton
phn. Nc sau khi qua b lng c hm lng cn l lng khng ln hn 15
mg/l.

Chiu cao vng lng trong l 2-2,5m.

6.271. Vic phn phi nc trn din tch b lng trong phi dng cc ng dn cho
nc i t trn xung m bo c ra d dng cn Cacbonat Canxi ng li
trong ng. Din tch do mi ng phc v khng c vt qu 10 m
2
.

Tc nc chy trong ng xung khng c qu 0,7m/s. Tc nc
chy qua khe to nn gia mp di ca ng xung v tng nghing ca
b lng trong phi ly bng 0,6-0,7 m/s.

6.272. Nu cu to ca h ng trn b lng trong khng m bo kh c bt
kh th phn trn ca ng xung phi c ngn thot kh theo ch dn iu
6.60.

6.273. Nng ti a ca cn l lng trong nc i vo b lng (Cmg/l) cn xc
nh theo cng thc 6-52, 6-53 c tnh thm lng cn M do cc cht keo t
to nn.

Khi lm mm bng Vi-Sa, M = 1,6D
k
. Khi kh cng Cacbonat
M=,07 D
k
.

Thi gian nn cn T, khi nc c cng Magi nh hn 25% cng
ton phn ly bng 3-4 gi. Khi nc c cng Magi ln hn th ly
bng T=5-7 gi.

105
Nng trung bnh ca cc cht l lng trong lp cn ca ngn nn cn
(Stb) ly theo bng 6.8 iu 6.68.

6.274. Tn tht p lc trong lp cn l lng ly trong phm vi 5-10 cm cho mi
mt cn ty theo lng cn cha trong nc v cn to thnh khi lm mm
(ly gii hn trn khi lng cn ln v cn Canxi Cacbonat l ch yu).

6.275. B lc lm trong nc sau khi qua b phn ng xoay hoc b lng trong
phi l b lc mt chiu. Vt liu lc l ct c c ht 0,5-1,2 mm hoc b
lc 2 lp. B lc phi lp t thit b ra trn b mt. Thit k b lc phi
tun theo iu 6.101-6.124.

PHNG PHP LM MM BNG NATRI CATIONIT

6.276. lm mm nc ngm v nc mt c hm lng cht l lng khng
vt qu 5-8 mg/l v mu khng qu 15 TCU cn dng phng php
Natri Cationit. Khi dng phng php Natri Cationit, kim ca nc
khng thay i.

6.277. Khi dng phng php Natri Cationit mt bc, cng ca nc c th
gim n 0,03-0,05mgdl/l, cn khi dng hai bc th cng gim n 0,01
mgdl/l.

6.278. Khi lng Cationit W
CT
(m
3
) cho vo b lc mt bc cn xc nh theo
cng thc:


Na
Iv
tp
CT
E n
C q
W
.
. . 24
=
(6-51)

Trong :
q - Lu lng nc c lm mm, m
3
/h
Ctp - cng ton phn ca nc ngun, (gdl/l)
Na
Iv
E
- Dung lng trao i ca Cationit khi lm mm bng Natri Cationit,
(gdl/m
3
)
n - S ln hon nguyn ca mi b lc trong 1 ngy, ly t 1-3.

6.279.
Dung lng trao i ca Cationit khi lm mm bng Natri Cationit
Na
Iv
E
tnh
bng gdl/m
3
cn xc nh theo cng thc:


tp ht Na Na e
Na
Iv
C . qy 5 , 0 E . C E | o =
(6-52)

Trong :
a
e
: H s hiu sut hon nguyn c k n s hon nguyn khng hon
ton ly theo bng 6.23.
106
b
Na
: H s k n gim kh nng trao i Cationit i vi Ca
2+
v Mg
2+

do Na
+
b gi li mt phn, ly theo bng 6.24.
C
Na
: Nng Na trong nc ngun, gdl/m
3
. C
Na
= 23
) Na (
+

E
ht
: Dung lng trao i ton phn ca nha trao i Cation (gdl/m
3
) xc
nh theo s liu xut xng.
Qy: Lu lng n v nc ra Cationit tnh bng m
3
cho 1m
3
Cationit
ly bng 4-6.
C
t p
cng ton phn ca nc ngun tnh bng gdl/m
3
.


Bng 6.23

Lng mui n dng hon nguyn Cationit
tnh bng g cho 1gdl dung lng trao i
100 150 200 250 300
H s hiu sut hon nguyn Cationit a
e

0.62 0.74 0.81 0.86 0.9

Bng 6.24

tp
Na
C
C

0.01 0.05 0.1 0.5 1 5 10
b
Na

0.93 0.88 0.83 0.7 0.65 0.54 0.5


6.280. Din tch b lc Cationit bc mt F
ct
(m
2
) cn xc nh theo cng thc:

F
ct
= H
W
CT
(6-53)

Trong :
W
CT
- Xc nh theo cng thc 6-54
H- Chiu cao lp Cationit trong b lc, ly 2-2,5 m (tr s ln dng cho
nc c cng ln hn 10 mgdl/l)

6.281. Tc lc qua Cationit i vi b lc p lc bc mt iu kin lm vic
bnh thng khng c vt qu gii hn sau:
- Khi cng ton phn ca nc n 5 mgdl/l: 25 m/h
- Khi cng ton phn ca nc t 5 n 10 mgdl/l: 15 m/h
- Khi cng ton phn ca nc t 10 n 15 mgdl/l: 10 m/h

Ghi ch: Cho php tng tc lc thm10m/h so vi tiu chun ni trn khi
107
ngng b lc hon nguyn hoc sa cha trong thi gian ngn.

6.282. S b lc Cationit lm vic phi ly khng nh hn 2. S b d tr: 1.

6.283. Tn tht p lc trong b lc Cationit phi xc nh bng tng tn tht trong
ng ng ca b lc, trong h phn phi v trong Cationit.

Tng tn tht p lc ly theo bng 6.25.


Bng 6.25

Tc lc Tng tn tht p lc trong b lc Cationit, m
m/h Chiu cao lp Cationit: 2 m; c
ht 0,8-1,2 mm
Chiu cao lp Cationit: 2,5 m;
c ht 0,8-1,2 mm
5 4,0 4,5
10 5,0 5,5
15 5,5 6,0
20 6,0 6,5
25 7,0 7,5

6.284. Trong b lc Cationit h, lp nc pha trn mt Cationit phi ly 2,5-3 m,
tc lc khng c ln hn 15 m/h.

6.285. Cng nc xi Cationit cn ly bng 4 l/s.m
2
khi c ht Cationit l
0,5-1,1 mm v 5 l/s.m
2
khi c ht Cationit l 0,8-1,2 mm. Thi gian xi ly
20-30 pht. Nc cp xi Cationit tnh ton theo iu 6.115 v 6.116.

6.286. Hon nguyn b lc Cationit bng mui n. Lng mui n P (kg) dng
cho 1 ln hon nguyn b lc Natri Cationit bc 1 cn xc nh theo cng
thc:

P = 1000
a . HE . f
Na
Iv
(6-54)

Trong :
f- Din tch ca 1 b lc (m
2
)
H - Chiu cao lp Cationit trong b lc (m)
Na
IV
E
- Dung lng trao i Cation ca nha Cationit gdl/m
3
ly theo iu
6.279.
a- Lng mui dng cho 1 gdl ca dung lng trao i lm vic ly bng
120-150 g/gdl i vi b lc bc I trong s lm vic 2 bc v 150-200
g/gdl trong s lm vic 1 bc. cng ca nc lm mm vi cc
liu lng dng khc nhau biu din trn hnh H-6.6.

108
Nng ca dung dch hon nguyn khi cng ca nc lm mm
n 0,2 mgdl/l ly 2-5%.

Khi cng ca nc lm mm nh hn 0,05 mgdl/l phi hon nguyn
tng t. Ban u dung dch 2% khong 1,2 m
3
dung dch cho 1 m
3

Cationit. Sau lng mui cn li pha ch thnh dung dch 5%-8%.

Tc lc ca dung dch mui qua cationit ly 3-4 m/h.

































Lng mui tiu th tnh bng gam cho 1 gl cc cation Ca
++
; Mg
++
c hp th

Hnh H-6.6. Biu xc nh cng ca nc c lm mm
bng Natri Cationit


6.287. Sau khi hon nguyn, cn phi ra Cationit bng nc cha lm mm cho
5 mgl/l
7 mgl/l
10 mgl/l
15 mgl/l
20 mgl/l
NNG CATION
TRONG NC
0,03
400 350 300 250 200
150 100
50
0,05
0,10
0,15
0,20
0,25
0,30
0,00

n
g

c

a

n

c

l

c

(
m
g

l
/
l
)
109
n khi lng Clorua trong nc lc gn bng Clorua trong nc ra. Tc
nc i qua b lc khi ra ly bng 6-8 m/h.

Lu lng n v nc ra ly 5-6 m
3
cho 1m
3
Cationit.

6.288. B lc Natri Cationit bc 2 phi tnh theo ch dn iu 6.278- 6.308 vi
chiu cao lp Cationit bng 1,5 m. Tc lc khng qu 40m/h. Lng
mui n v dng hon nguyn Cationit ly 300-400g/cho 1 gdl ca
cng phi kh. Tn tht p lc trong b 13-15m. Ra b lc bc 2 bng
nc lc ca b lc bc 1. Nng dung dch hon nguyn ly bng 8-
12%.

Khi tnh ton b lc bc 2, cng ca nc i vo b ly bng 0,1
mgdl/l. Dung lng trao i ion ca cht Cationit ly theo ti liu ca Nh
sn xut.

PHNG PHP LM MM NC BNG HYDRO NATRI CATIONIT

6.289. Phng php Hydr Natri Cationit dng kh cc Cation (Mg v Ca) c
trong nc, ng thi lm gim kim ca nc. Dng phng php ny
x l nc ngm v nc mt c hm lng cc cht l lng khng qu
5-8 mg/l v mu khng ln hn 15 TCU.

Qu trnh lm mm nc phi c thc hin theo cc s sau:

B tr cc b lc Hydr-Natri Cationit lm vic song song cho php thu
c nc lm mm vi cng s 0,1 mgdl/l v kim cn li khng
qu 0,4 mgdl/l. Trong trng hp ny tng hm lng Sunfat v Clorua
trong nc ngun khng c ln hn 4 mgdl/l v Natri khng c ln
hn 2 mgdl/l.

B tr cc b lc Hydr-Natri Cationit lm vic ni tip khi hon nguyn
khng trit cho php thu c nc lm mm trit v c kim d
s 0,7 mgdl/l. Tu thuc vo mc lm mm nc m t b lc Hydr-
Natri Cationit mt hoc hai bc.

Ghi ch: Cho php khng t b lc Natri Cationit bc 2 nu nh khng
cn lm mm trit hoc duy tr pH ca nc trong mt gii hn nht
nh.

6.290. T s lu lng nc a vo b lc Hyr Cationit v Natri Cationit khi
lm mm theo s song song Hydr-Natri Cationit cn xc nh theo
cng thc :

- Lu lng nc a vo b lc Hyr Cationit:
K A
a K
q q
ht
H
ht
+

=
(m
3
/h) (6-55)
110

- Lu lng nc a vo b lc Natri Cationit:

H
ht ht
Na
ht
q q q =
(m
3
/h) (6-56)


Trong :
q
ht
- Cng sut hu ch ca b lc Hydr-Natri Cationit, m
3
/h
Na
ht
q
v
H
ht
q
- Cng sut hu ch ca b lc Natri Cationit v Hyr
Cationit, m
3
/h.
K - kim ca nc ngun, mgdl/l
a- kim cn thit ca nc sau khi lm mm, mgdl/l
A- Tng hm lng Anion ca axit mnh c trong nc lm mm (Sunfat,
Clorua, Nitrat...), mgdl/l.

Ghi ch:
1- B lc Hydr Cationit c th dng c nh b lc Natri Cationit do
cn phi d kin kh nng hon nguyn hai, ba b Hydr Cationit bng
dung dch mui n.
2- Tnh ton b lc v ng ng phi theo 2 phng n:
+ Phng n th nht: Tnh vi ti trng ln nht ca b lc Hydr
Cationit, kim K ln nht ca nc v hm lng nh nht ca Anion
axit mnh (A).
+ Phng n th hai: Tnh vi ti trng ln nht ca b lc Natri Cationit,
kim nh nht ca nc v hm lng ln nht ca cc Anion axit
mnh.

6.291. Th tch Cationit W
H
(m
3
) trong b lc Hydro Cationit cn xc nh theo
cng thc:


H
Lv
Na
H
ht
H
E . n
) C Co ( q . 24
W
+
=
(6-57)

Th tch Cationit W
Na
(m
3
) trong b lc Natri Cationit cn xc nh theo
cng thc:


Na
lv
Na
ht
Na
E . n
Co . q . 24
W =
(6-58)
Trong :
Co - cng ton phn ca nc ngun, gdl/m
3

n- S ln hon nguyn b lc trong 1 ngy theo ch dn iu 6.278.
111
H
lv
E
- Dung lng trao i ca Hydr Cationit, gdl/m
3
.
Na
lv
E
- Dung lng trao i ca Natri Cationit, gdl/m
3
.
C
Na
- Nng Natri trong nc (gdl/m
3
) c xc nh theo ch dn iu
6.288.

6.292.
Dung lng trao i
H
lv
E
gdl/m
3
ca Hydro Cationit phi xc nh theo
cng thc:


=
H
lv
E
a
H
. E
t p
- 0,5 q
lv
.C
K
(6-59)

Trong :
a
H
- H s hiu sut hon nguyn ca Hydro Cationit, ph thuc vo lu
lng n v ca axit tiu tn v ly theo bng 6.26.
C
K
- Tng hm lng cc Cation Canxi, Magi, Natri v Kali c trong nc
(gdl/m
3
).
q
lv
- Lu lng n v nc ra Cationit sau khi hon nguyn ly bng 4-5
m
3
cho 1 m
3
Cationit trong b lc.
E
t p
Dung lng trao i ca Cationit theo s liu xut xng trong mi
trng trung tnh gdl/m
3
. tnh ton E
t p
khi khng c s liu xut xng
phi ly theo ch dn iu 6.279.

Bng 6.26

Lu lng n v ca axit Sunfuric hon nguyn
Cationit (g/gdl)
50 100 150 200
H s hiu sut hon nguyn Hydro Cationit o
H


0,68 0,85 0,91 0,92

6.293. Din tch ca b lc Hydro Cationit v Natri Cationit F
H
(m
2
) v F
Na
(m
2
)
xc nh theo cng thc:

F
H

;
H
W
H
=
F
Na
H
W
Na
=
(6-60)
Trong : H - Chiu cao lp Cationit trong b lc ly theo ch dn iu
6.280.

6.294. Tnh ton v kt cu h phn phi trong b lc phi ly theo iu 6.109 v
6.113.

6.295. Tn tht p lc trong b lc Hydr Cationit, cng xi v tc lc
cn ly theo cc iu 6.281; 6.283 v 6.285.

6.296. S lng b lc Hydro Cationit v Natri Cationit cho mt trm khng c
t hn 2 nu trm lm vic sut ngy m. Ly 1 b lc Hydro Cationit d
112
phng nu s b lc trong trm t hn 6 v ly 2 b d phng nu s b lc
trong trm ln hn 6. Cc b lc Natri Cationit khng cn b d phng
nhng phi d kin kh nng dng b lc Hydro Cationit d phng lm
b Natri Cationit theo ghi ch iu 6.290.

6.297. Hon nguyn b lc Hydr Cationit bng dung dch axit Sunfuric 1-1,5%.
Cho php pha long axit Sunfuric n nng ni trn bng nc ly trc
tip trc b lc.

Tc chy ca dung dch axit Sunfuric hon nguyn qua lp Cationit
khng c nh hn 10 m/h sau ra Cationit bng nc cha lm mm
t trn xung vi tc 10 m/h.

Qu trnh ra c kt thc khi axit ca nc lc bng tng nng
Sunfat v Clorua ca nc ra. Na u ca lng nc ra cho x vo b
trung ho ri cho ra cng nc ma, phn cn li cho vo b xi
Cationit.

Ghi ch: Cho php dng axit Clohydric hon nguyn b lc Hydro
Cationit.

6.298. Lng axit (kg) tnh vi nng 100% dng cho mt ln hon nguyn b
lc Hydr Cationit phi tnh theo cng thc:

P
H
= 1000
. b HE f
H
lv
(6-61)

Trong :
f- Din tch 1 b lc Hydr Cationit (m
2
)
b- Lng axit hon nguyn Cationit (g/gdl) ph thuc vo cng ca
nc lm mm, xc nh theo th hnh H-6.7.







Hnh H-6.7: Biu
xc nh cng ca
nc khi lm mm
bng H- Cationit

n
g

c

a

n

c

l

c

(
m
g

l
/
l
)
15
10
7
5
Tng mui ca
nc ngun mgl/l
0
200
150 100 50
20
0,35
0,30
0,25
0,20
0,15
0,10
0,05
113




Lng tiu th H
2
SO
4
tnh bng mg cho 1 mgl
cc Cation Ca
++
, Mg
++
, Na
+
c hp th

6.299. Dung tch bnh cha axit m c v thng cha dung dch axit long (nu
khng pha long trc tip trc b lc) phi xc nh t iu kin hon
nguyn 1 b lc khi s b lc Hydr Cationit ca trm n 4 v hon
nguyn 2 b khi s b trong trm trn 4.

6.300. Thit b v ng ng nh lng v dn axit phi thit k theo quy
phm an ton lao ng khi lm vic vi axit.

Khi dng axit Sunfuric thit b v ng dn phi dng loi chu axit.

6.301. Kh kh CO
2
trong nc lm mm bng phng php Hydro Cationit
hoc bng phng php hn hp Hydro Natri Cationit phi thc hin trong
cc b kh kh.

6.302. Din tch tit din ngang ca b kh kh phi xc nh theo mt ti i
vi b c sn g xp l 40 m
3
/h trn 1 m
2
din tch b.

6.303. Qut gi ca b kh kh phi c bo m cung cp 20 m
3
khng kh cho 1
m
3
nc a vo kh kh. Xc nh p lc qut gi phi cn c vo sc cn
ca sn g, sc khng ly bng 10 mm ct nc cho 1 m chiu cao ca sn
g. Cc sc cn khc ly bng 30-40 mm ct nc.

6.304. Chiu cao lp vt liu cn thit gim hm lng CO
2
trong nc lc
qua Cationit cn xc nh theo bng 6.27 tu thuc vo lng CO
2
(mg/l)
ca nc a vo kh kh v c xc nh theo cng thc:

CO
2
= CO
2
ng + 44K (6-62)

Trong :
CO
2
ng- Lng CO
2
t do ca nc ngun a vo kh kh (mg/l).
K - kim ca nc ngun mgdl/l.

6.305. Khi thit k cng trnh lm mm nc bng b lc Hydr-Natri Cationit
t ni tip v hon nguyn khng trit cc b lc Hydro Cationit th ly
cc ch tiu nh sau:

a) cng ca nc lc:
H
L
C
mgdl/l qua b Hydro Cationit xc nh theo
cng thc:

114

( ) ( ) ( )
+
+ + = Na K SO Cl C
d
H
L
2
4 (6-63)

Trong :
Cl
-
v SO
4
2-
: Hm lng Clorua v Sunft trong nc lm mm
(mgdl/l).
Kd: kim cn li ca nc lc sau b Hydro Cationit bng 0,7 -1,5
mgdl/l.
(Na
+
): Hm lng Na trong nc lm mm (mgdl/l)

b) Lng axit dng hon nguyn khng trit ca b lc Hydro
Cationit l 50g tch 1 gdl cng Cacbonat.

c) Dung lng trao i ca Cationit trong b lc Hydro Cationit khi hon
nguyn khng trit l:
- Khi kim ca nc ngun n 1,5 mgdl/l: 200gdl/m
3

- Khi kim ca nc ngun t 1,5 3 mgdl/l: 250gdl/m
3

- Khi kim ca nc ngun t 3 4 mgdl/l: 300gdl/m
3



Bng 6.27

Hm lng CO
2
trong nc a
vo kh kh mg/l
Chiu cao lp vt liu trong b kh kh
(Thanh g hoc nha)
50 4
100 5,2
150 6
200 6,5
250 6,8
300 7


6.306. Nc sau khi qua b lc Hydro Cationit (khi hon nguyn khng trit )
phi qua dn kh kh, sau qua b lc Natri Cationit c thit k theo
ch dn iu 6.278-6.280).

Trong trng hp ny Ctp cng thc (6-54) phi ly bng
H
l
C
theo cng
thc (6-66).

6.307. ngn nga axit ri vo b lc Natri Cationit trong nhng trm t b lc
Hydro Natri Cationit lm vic ni tip, khi hon nguyn b lc Hydro
Cationit vi liu lng d ca axit, cn a thm nc trong cha lm
mm vo nc lc ca b Hydro Cationit ngay trc b kh kh.

6.308. Thit b ng ng v ph tng ca cc cng trnh lm mm nc c tip
115
xc vi nc axit hoc nc lc c St, k c khi hm lng St nm trong
tiu chun, phi c bo v chng n mn hoc lm bng cc vt liu
chng n mn.


KH MN V KH MUI TRONG NC

6.309. Kh mn nc c hm lng mui di 2 g/l nn dng phng php trao
i ion. Nc c hm lng mui 2-10 g/l nn dng phng php in
phn hay lc qua mng thm thu ngc. Nc c hm lng mui ln
hn 10 g/l phi dng phng php chng ct, ng lnh hay lc qua mng
bn thm.

Ghi ch: Kh mn l gim hm lng mui trong nc n tr s tho mn
yu cu i vi nc dng cho n ung. Kh mui l gim trit lng
mui ho tan trong nc n tr s tho mn yu cu cng ngh sn xut
quy nh.


KH MN V KH MUI TRONG NC BNG
PHNG PHP TRAO I ION

6.310. Dng phng php trao i ion kh mn v kh mui khi hm lng
mui trong nc ngun di 2000 mg/l, hm lng cn khng ln hn 8
mg/l, mu ca nc khng ln hn 15 TCU v xy ho KMnO
4

khng ln hn 7 mg/l O
2
. Khi xy ho ln hn phi lc nc qua b lc
than hot tnh trc.

6.311. Kh mn nc bng phng php trao i ion cn thc hin theo s
mt bc. Lc ni tip ca b lc Hydro Cationit c dung lng trao i ion
cao l b lc Anionit kim yu. Dng s ny cn phi kh kh Cacbonic
ra khi nc lc qua b Cationit. Hm lng mui cn li trong nc
sau khi lc qua cc b lc Ionit cn ly nh sau:
- Khi hm lng mui trong nc ngun 2.000mg/l: Khng ln hn
20 mg/l.
- Khi hm lng mui trong nc ngun 1.500 mg/l: Khng ln hn
15mg/l.
- Hm lng mui yu cu i vi nc cp cho nhu cu sinh hot v
n ung l 400 mg/l; trong hm lng Clorua khng ln hn 250
mg/l v Sunfat khng ln hn 250 mg/l, thu c bng cch trn ln
mt phn nc lc qua cc b lc Ionit vi hm lng nc ngun
cn li.

6.312. Kh mui trong nc ng thi vi kh axit silic phi thc hin theo s
hai hay ba bc. Trong thnh phn ca trm kh mui theo s hai bc
cn d kin cc cng trnh sau:

116
- B lc Hydro Cationit bc mt; b lc bng than hot tnh kh cht
hu c (nu mu ca nc ln hn 15 TCU v xy ho ln hn 7
mg/l O
2
); dn kh kh kh Cacbonic; b lc Anionit bc mt vi vt liu
lc bng Anionit kim yu.

- Hydro Cationit bc hai: cc b lc Anionit bc 2 vi vt liu lc bng
Anionit kim mnh kh axit Silic v cui cng qua cc b lc Hydro
Natri Cationit.

6.313. Nc sau khi x l theo s 2 bc khng c cha lng mui ln hn
0,5 mg/l v hm lng axit Silic khng c ln hn 0,1 mg/l.

6.314. S kh mui ba bc c s dng khi c tng hm lng mui trong
nc sau khi x l di 0,1 mg/l v hm lng axit Silic di 0,05 mg/l.
Khi thay b lc Hidro Natri Cationit trong s 2 bc bng b lc vi
vt liu lc hn hp Cationit v Anionit hay bng b lc Hidro Cationit bc
ba v sau b lc ny l b lc Anionit bc ba vi Anionit kim mnh.

6.315. Tnh ton b lc Hydro Cationit bc mt phi theo ng cc ch dn mc
6.291-6.300. Hm lng Cation Ca
2+
v Mg
2+
c trong nc sau khi lc
qua b lc Hidro Cationit bc mt xc nh theo biu hnh H-6.7. Khi
hm lng Na
+
ly bng 2 ln hm lng ca cc Cation Ca
2+
v Mg
2+
.

6.316. Khi chn vt liu hp ph kh cht hu c i vi mi ngun nc c
th phi c tin hnh da vo kt qu nghin cu cng ngh cc cht hp
ph.

6.317. i vi cc b lc Hidro Cationit bc hai v bc ba cn ly cc thng s
tnh ton nh sau: Tc lc 50-60 m/h. Chiu cao lp vt liu lc =1,5m.
Lng tiu th n v i vi axit Sunfuric nng 100% - 100 gam cho
1gdl Cation c hp th. Dung tch hp th ca cht trao i ion ly theo
s liu ca nh sn xut. Lng nc tiu th ra Cationit: 10 m
3
cho 1
m
3
Cationit.

6.318. Din tch lc F ca b lc Anionit (m
2
) phi xc nh theo cng thc:

F nTVt
Q
=
(6-64)

Trong :
Q- Cng sut ca cc b lc Anionit bc mt, m
3
/ngy
n- S ln hon nguyn b lc Anionit trong ngy ly bng 2-3 ln.
T- Thi gian lm vic ca mi b lc, gia hai ln hon nguyn tnh theo
cng thc:
T = n
24
- t
1
- t
2
- t
3
(6-65)
117
- t
1
- Thi gian xi Anionit = 0,25h
- t
2
- Thi gian bm qua Anionit dung dch kim hon
nguyn 1,5h.
- t
3
- Thi gian ra Anionit sau khi hon nguyn 3h
- Vt- Tc lc tnh ton m/h, ly khng nh hn 4 v khng
ln hn 30.

Th tch Anionit trong b lc bc mt W
1
m
3
xc nh theo cng thc:

W
1
= nElv
QCo
(6-66)
Trong :
Co- Hm lng cc ion Sunphat v Clorua trong nc ngun mgdl/l.
Elv- Dung lng trao i Anionit gdl/l ly theo ti liu xut xng.

6.319. hon nguyn b lc Anionit bc mt dng dung dch Sa nng 4%.
Lng tiu th n v ca Sa: 100g Na
2
CO
3
cho 1 gdl Anion c hp
th. nhng trm kh mui ng thi kh axit Silic, trong cc b lc bc
hai c cc Anionit kim mnh cho php hon nguyn cc b lc Anionit
bc mt bng dung dch xt s dng li sau khi hon nguyn cc b lc
Anionit bc hai.

Phi pha dung dch Sa v xt hon nguyn bng nc qua b
Hidr Cationit.

Ra b lc Anionit bc mt sau khi hon nguyn bng nc lc qua b
lc Hidr Cationit vi lu lng 10 m
3
cho 1 m
3
Anionit.

6.320. Vt liu lc ca b lc Anionit bc hai cn dng loi Anionit kim mnh
vi chiu dy lp lc l 1,5 m. Khi tnh ton b lc Anionit tc lc cn
ly bng 15-25m/h.

6.321. Dung lng trao i axit Silic ca Anionit ly theo ti liu xut xng ca
nh sn xut.

i vi Anionit kim mnh, hon nguyn bng dung dch xt vi nng
4%.

6.322. Lng tiu th n v ca xt (NaOH) hon nguyn Anionit kim mnh
ly t 120-140 kg cho 1 m
3
Anionit.

6.323. Cc thit b, ng ng dn v cc ph tng ca trm kh mn phi thit
k ph hp vi cc ch dn iu 6.308.

6.324. C th kh mn bng phng php in phn.
118


PHNG PHP X L NC C BIT

6.325. kh Sulfua (H
2
S) v Hydr Sunfide (HS
-
) trong nc cn dng cc
phng php sau: Clo ho, lm thong ri Clo ho, axit ho, lm thong,
keo t v lc.

Tnh ton cc thit b phi tin hnh theo Ph lc 11.

loi cc hp cht ca axit Silic trong nc cn dng cc bin php sau:
Keo t, lc nc qua cht hp ph xyt Magi. Tnh ton cc thit b theo
ch dn Ph lc 12.

kh xy ho tan trong nc cn dng cc phng php sau: Phun nc
trong chn khng. Lin kt gia xy v cht kh. Tnh ton cc thit b ch
dn trong Phc lc13.

6.326. Kh Asen trong nc
xy ha ton b lng Asen ha tr (III) thnh Asen ha tr (V) bng cht
xy ho mnh. Sau qu trnh oxy ha c th p dng mt trong cc bin
php sau loi b Asen.
- Keo t vi mui st v mui nhm ti pH =7 ri lng v lc.
- Kt hp vi qu trnh lm mm nc bng vi v phi m bo ton
b bng cn Magi kt ta hp th Asen c lng v lc ra khi
nc.
- Hp th Asen (V) bng phng php lc qua lp vt liu hp th
nhm hot tnh.
Trong bt c trng hp no cng phi tin hnh th trn m hnh th
nghim chn c quy trnh c kinh t - k thut nht.

6.327. Kh amni
C th kh amoni trong nc bng phng php ha l hoc sinh hc.
a- Phng php ha l:
- Dng Clo xy ha NH
4
+
n im t bin. Phng php ny ch
p dng khi hm lng NH
4
+
v xy ho trong nc nh.
- Kim ha a pH ca nc ln 11 chuyn ton b NH
4
+
thnh
kh NH
3
ri lm thong kh kh NH
3
. Phng php ny ch p dng
khi nc c hm lng amoni cao v ng thi phi kh cng
ccbont ca nc bng vi.
- Trao i ion: Lc qua b cationit. Hon nguyn bng mui n.

b- Phng php sinh hc: Qu trnh x l sinh hc phi thc hin ti cc
iu kin nhit nc > 12
o
C; pH = 7-7,5; trong nc khng c c
cc cht xy ho; hm lng hydrocacbon v phtpho nui dng
119
cc vi khun Nitrosomonas v Nitrobacter. Phi cp oxi qu trnh x
l sinh hc chuyn NH
4
+
thnh NO
3
-
din ra trit . Loi vt liu, thnh
phn cp phi vt liu lm mi trng cho cc vi khun hot ng; t l
kh - nc; liu lng ho cht cho vo nc; cc thng s cng ngh, k
thut ca cng trnh cn c xc nh qua thc nghim.

6.328. Kh nitrat
C th thc hin kh Nitrat bng phng php sinh hc hoc ha l.
a- Phng php ha l: Kh nitrat bng phng php trao i ion, in
thm tch, lc qua mng thm thu ngc. Phng php trao i ion c
thng c p dng trong thc t vi iu kin sau:
- Nc c hm lng cn < 1 mg/l.
- Hm lng SO
4
2-
trong nc thp.
b- Kh nitrat bng phng php sinh hc: ng hc ca qu trnh din rt
chm. Ch nn p dng khi nc c hm lng NO
3
-
ln hoc hm lng
SO
4
2-
trong nc cao.


KHO HO CHT V VT LIU LC

6.329. Kho ho cht phi tnh ton cha lng ho cht d tr cho 30 ngy
theo thi k dng nhiu ho cht nht.

Ghi ch:
1- Khi c l do thch ng th c php gim khi tch kho nhng khng
c di 15 ngy.
2- Khi c kho trung tm (kho chnh) th khi tch kho ca trm lm sch
c php tnh ti thiu 7 ngy.

6.330. Tu theo loi ho cht, kho phi c thit k d tr kh hay t di
dng dung dch m c hoc sn phm pha nc.

6.331. Ho cht d tr dng kh phi cha trong kho kn.

Khi xc nh din tch kho cha phn, vi, chiu cao lp phn ly bng
2 m, lp vi ly bng 1,5 m. Nu c gii ho chiu cao ny c th tng ln
n 3,5m cho phn, 2,5 m cho vi.

Poliacrilamit phi cha trong thng, thi gian khng qu 6 thng, ng thi
khng c php ng kt.

Thu tinh lng (Silicat Natri) phi cha trong thng kn bng g hoc bng
st.

Ho cht cha clo phi trong thng kn.

120
6.332. Khi d tr phn t trong b, nng dung dch ly 15-20% tnh theo sn
phm kh. Khng cn khuy trn dung dch trong b. B cha phn phi
t trong nh, khi c l do thch ng c php t ngoi nh. Trong mi
trng hp phi m bo trng nom v c li i xung quanh tng b v
phi d kin bin php chng kh nng dung dch thm xung t. Dung
tch b tnh theo 2,2-2,5 m
3
cho 1 tn phn cc th trng v 1,9-2,2 m
3
cho
1 tn phn cc dng tinh khit.

S b khng c di 4. Khi s b n 10 phi c 1 b d phng.

6.333. Khi c kh nng cung cp tp trung vi ti hoc vi sa phi d kin d
tr t bao gm: b cha, thit b ly v vn chuyn vi.

Nu cung cp vi cc hoc vi bt ng trong bao kn th c th d tr
dng kh hay t. Nu d tr kh th phi thit k kho sn phm kh c
my ti vi v ho tan vi; nu d tr dng t th phi c b cha, thit
b ly, vn chuyn v khuy trn c vi sa.

Khi khuy trn bng thu lc th cng sut my bm c xc nh trn c
s tun hon ton b khi lng sa vi khng di 8 ln trong 1 gi, tc
i ln ca sa vi trong b khng di 18 m/h.

H thng cp kh nn phi tnh ton theo iu 6.22.

c php p dng phng php trn bng c gii.

6.334. i vi bung cha than hot tnh khng c yu cu chng n, v
chng chy, bung ny xp vo hng 3.

6.335. Kho cha Cationit v Anionit phi tnh vi khi lng cha cho 2 b
lc Cationit, cho 1 b lc c Anionit kim yu, cho 1 b lc c Anionit
kim mnh.

6.336. Kho d tr ho cht (tr Clo v Amnic) phi t gn bung pha dung
dch.

6.337. Kho d tr axit, kho tiu th Clo v Amonic phi thit k theo cc qui
nh ring.

6.338. Nu kho tiu th Clo t trong phm vi nh my nc th Clo phi cha
trong chai hoc bnh. Khi lng Clo dng hng ngy trn 1 tn c php
dng thng ln ca nh my ch to vi dung tch n 50T, ng thi cm
rt Clo sang chai hay bnh ti khu x l nc.

6.339. ng dn Clo phi tnh vi iu kin gim p xung vt qu 1,5 -2
kg/cm
2
. Vn chuyn Clo hi t kho n ni s dng bng ng dn c chiu
di khng qu 300 m.

121
6.340. Clorua vi phi cha trong thng g t mt kho ring.

6.341. i vi mui n phi c kho d tr t. Nu lng mui dng hng ngy
di 0,5 tn c php dng kho d tr kh vi lp mui cao khng qu 2
m.

Dung tch b d tr t phi tnh vi iu kin 1,5 m
3
cho 1 tn mui. B
cha khng c su qu 2 m.

6.342. Trong trng hp khng m bo cung cp vt liu lc v si ng thi
gian yu cu, phi thit k mt kho ring cha, phn loi, ra v vn
chuyn vt liu b sung v d tr trong thi gian sa cha ln.

6.343. Tnh ton kho cha vt liu lc v chn thit b phi cn c t yu cu
hng nm b sung 10% khi lng vt liu lc v mt lng d tr thm
phng s c thay th cho 1 b lc khi s b lc trong trm n 20 v
cho 2-3 b lc khi s b lc trong trm ln hn.

6.344. Khi vn chuyn vt liu lc bng phng php thu lc (bm tia hoc bm
ct) th lu lng nc ly bng 10 m
3
cho 1 m
3
vt liu lc.
ng knh ng dn vn chuyn vt liu lc phi xc nh theo iu
kin tc chuyn ng 1,5-2 m/s nhng khng nh hn 50mm, nhng
ch ngot ca ng phi un ln u vi bn knh cong khng nh hn 8-
10 ln ng knh ng.

S DNG LI NC RA

6.345. gim lng nc dng cho nhu cu ca chnh trm x l cn s dng
li nc ra b lc, b lc tip xc v c khi nc pha trn trong cc b
lng khi x kit b lng.

6.346. nhng trm x l nc p dng s lng ri lc phi thu nc ra b
lc vo mt b cha iu ho ri bm u vo im u b trn.

6.347. Trong cc trm x l nc ch s dng b lc th phi lm sch nc ra
bng cc b lng hot ng theo chu k. Thi gian lng ly 1h, liu lng
cht ph tr keo t (axit Silic hot ho hoc Pliacrilamit) ly b hn liu
lng khi x l nc c mu v ln hn khi x l nc c.

6.348. Dung tch b cha iu ho v s ngn lng phi xc nh theo biu tp
trung nc ra vo b v bm nc ra tr li cng trnh. Nu nh my
khng dng Clo ho trc th phi st trng nc ra khi s dng li
chng. Th tch vng nn cn ly theo bng 6.8, iu 6.68.

6.349. Trong cc trm kh St, nc ra lc trc khi a vo b lng c pha
phn, trn u ri bm vo b lng. Liu lng phn xc nh theo kt qu
th nghim. Thi gian lng ly khng t hn 3h. S ngn lng xc nh ph
thuc vo s b lc v chu k ra cc b lc. Th tch mi ngn xc nh t
122
iu kin thu nc ca mt ln ra, sau khi lng phi s dng li nc
trong bng cch bm u vo im u ca cng trnh lm sch.

Th tch ngn nn cn cn xc nh theo hm lng St trong nc ngun
v nng cn sau khi nn. Cn St c nng sau khi nn l 35.000 g/m
3

khi p dng s lm thong v bng 7000 g/m
3
khi x l bng ho cht.

6.350. thu li ct b tri ra khi b lc hay b lc tip xc khi ra, trn h
thng thu nc ra phi t b lng ct, tnh ton b lng ly theo ch dn
trong tiu chun thit k thot nc.

6.351. Cn t b lng hay b lng trong c lp cn l lng, cn t h thng s
dng li nc ra phi c chuyn vo cng trnh cha v lm c c.
Phi dng my bm thot nc bm cn vo b phn lm kh hoc sn
phi bn. Vn tc cn trong ng ng khng c b hn 0,9m/s.


CC CNG TRNH PH TR TRONG TRM X L NC

6.352. Trong trm x l nc cn c phng th nghim, xng sa cha v cc
cng trnh phc v khc. Tiu chun din tch cho tng cng trnh ly theo
cng sut v iu kin a phng v c th chn theo bng 6.28.
Ghi ch:
1) Cc nh sinh hot v cng cng khc nh: Hnh chnh, ti v, k hoch,
k thut, cu lc b, nh tm, nh n, nh tr, nh v sinh...Tu theo s
ngi qun l m ly theo cc tiu chun thit k cng trnh kin trc dn
dng hin hnh.
2) Trong thnh ph c nhiu trm x l nc th cc phng th nghim,
kim nghim xy dng mt trm thun tin nht, nhng trong tng trm
phi c phng kim nghim ti ch vi din tch khng nh hn 6 m
2
.
3) Nu trong thnh ph c nhiu trm x l nc th ch cn xy dng mt
xng c kh v ng ng chung, trong trm c xng c kh v ng
ng chung th khng cn xy dng xng sa cha hng ngy.
4) Trong trng hp cc trm x l c cng sut b hn 3.000 m
3
/ngy xy
dng gn c quan y t a phng, nu c quan y t m nhn c vic
kim nghim nc th trm khng cn xy dng phng kim nghim.

6.353. Cc phng hnh chnh s nghip, cc phng sinh hot khc nn b tr
ngoi trm x l. Trong trng hp khng b tr ngoi c th nn b
tr trong mt nh t gn cng ra vo trm v cch xa khu vc sn xut.


Bng 6.28

Tn cng trnh Din tch (m
2
) phng th nghim v cc cng trnh ph
khc i vi cc trm x l nc cng sut tnh bng
123
m
3
/ngy.
Di
3.000
3.000 n
10.000
10.000
n
50.000
50.000
n
100.000
100.000
n
300.000
Phng TN ho hc 30 30 40 40 2 phng
40 v 1
phng 20
Phng t cn - - 6 6 8
Phng kim nghim
vi trng
20 20 20 30 2 phng
20
Phng nui cy mi
trng v nghin cu
thu, sinh vt
10 10 10 15 15
Phng lm kho
cha dng c chai l
v ho cht th
nghim
10 10 10 15 20
Phng iu khin
trung tm
Qui nh theo thit k iu khin tp trung v
t ng ho
Phng trc ca 8 10 15 20 25
Phng gim c 8 10 15 15 25
Xng sa cha 10 10 15 20 25
Xng c kh v
ng ng
20 30 30-40 40 40-50
Phng bo v cng
tng ro
8 10 10 15 20


B TR CAO CC CNG TRNH

6.354. Cc cng trnh phi t theo dc t nhin ca a hnh c tnh ton tn
tht p lc trong cc cng trnh, trong cc ng ni v qua cc thit b o.

6.355. Tr s chnh mc nc trong cc cng trnh v trong cc ng ni phi
xc nh theo tnh ton c th s b b tr cao cc cng trnh, tn tht
p lc c th ly nh sau:

Trong cc cng trnh:
B phn chia lu lng: 0,3-0,5 m
Trong b trn thu lc: 0,4-0,6 m
Trong b trn c kh: 0,1-0,2 m
Li tang trng v micophin 0,5-0,6 m
Li quay: 0,1-0,2 m
Trong b to bng thu lc: 0,4-0,5 m
Trong b to bng c kh: 0,1-0,2 m
Trong b lng: 0,4-0,6 m
Trong b lng trong c lp cn l lng: 0,7-0,8 m
124
Trong b lc: 3-3,5 m
Trong b lc tip xc: 2-2,5 m
Trong b lc chm: 1,5-2 m

Trong cc ng ng ni:
T b phn chia nc n b trn: 0,2-0,3 m
T b trn n b lng: 0,3-0,4 m
T b trn n b lng trong: 0,5 m
T b trn vo n b lc tip xc: 0,5-0,7m
T cc b lc n b cha nc sch: 0,5-1m
T b lc hay b lc tip xc n b cha nc sch: 0,5 m tn tht p lc
trong cc thit b o im nc vo v im nc ra khi trm, trong cc
thit b ch o lu lng b lng, b lng trong c lp cn l lng, b lc
v b lc tip xc ly t 0,2-0,3 m.

6.356. Trong cc trm x l nc phi thit k cc ng ng vng qua cc cng
trnh x l, phng khi trm hng c th chuyn c nc th cho ngun
tiu th, hoc khi c mt cng trnh no trong dy chuyn x l b hng
c th dn nc vng qua n sang cng trnh tip theo. i vi trm cng
sut di 10.000 m
3
/ngy phi d kin kh nng ngng khng ln hn
30% s cng trnh. i vi trm c cng sut 10.000-100.000 khng ln
hn 20%.

6.357. ng ng c p hoc khng p trong cc trm x l nc v ng ng
c p t trong khu vc trm phi dng ng thp hoc ng gang.

6.358. Nc x c axit trong cc trm Cationit hay nh ho cht trc khi x vo
h cha phi c trung ho.

6.359. Nc thi ca phng th nghim, nh qun l, nh v sinh... x vo h
thng thot nc thi sinh hot.

















125












7. TRM BM

7.1. Trong gian my ca trm bm c th t nhng nhm my c mc ch
khc nhau.

Ghi ch: Trong cc trm bm nc sinh hot khng cho php t my bm
dung dch c hi v c mi hi, ngoi tr trng hp dng my bm cp
dung dch to bt cha chy.

7.2. Tu theo mc an ton c th chia trm bm ra lm 3 loi theo bng 7.1

Bng 7.1

Bc tin cy ca
trm bm
c im h dng nc
Loi 1


Khng c ngng cung cp nc; h thng cp nc cha chy
ring v h thng cha chy kt hp.
Loi 2

c php ngng cung cp nc trong thi gian ngn ngi
iu khin m my d phng.
Khi h thng cha chy ring v h thng cha chy kt hp c
dung tch nc d phng cha chy v c p lc cn thit.
i vi trm bm cung cp nc cho khu dn c vi quy m trn
5.000 ngi.
Loi 3

c php ngng cung cp nc khc phc s c, nhng
khng qu 1 ngy
i vi h thng cha chy ring v h thng kt hp c nhu cu
nc cha chy n 20 l/s trong khu dn c ti 5.000 ngi.
H thng cung cp nc sinh hot cho khu dn c ti 5.000 ngi.
Cung cp nc ti cy ra ng.
Cung cp nc cho cc cng trnh ph ca nh my
126
Khi ti nc bng mt ng ng duy nht.
Ghi ch:
- i vi trm bm c bc xc nh th bc an ton cp in cng ly nh th theo
Quy nh b tr thit b in iu 12.1.
- Cc trm bm cha chy thit k theo tiu chun phng cha chy (TCVN 2262-1995).
- Cc trm bm cp nc phc v cho cng nghip th thit k theo yu cu ring ca sn
xut.


7.3. Vic chn kiu bm v s lng t my hot ng phi da trn c s tnh
ton lm vic ng thi ca trm bm, ng dn ca nh my v dung tch
iu ho, phi cn c vo biu tiu th nc hng ngy v hng nm,
iu kin cha chy, ch lm vic ti u ca my bm v giai on hot
ng ca cng trnh cp nc.

Khi la chn loi t hp bm phi m bo gi tr p lc d ti thiu trong
tt c cc ch lm vic ca trm bm, cho php s dng dung tch iu
ho, iu chnh s vng quay, thay i s lng v chng loi my bm,
gt bt hoc thay bnh xe cng tc tu thuc vo s thay i iu kin lm
vic trong thi on tnh ton.

7.4. Vic kt hp gia trm bm t I v cc cng trnh thu nc cn tun theo
cc quy nh phn cng trnh thu, khi xt thy c li v kinh t k thut
th c th thit k kt hp trm bm t I v trm bm t II. Ni chung cc
bm cha chy, cc bm gi v bm ra lc nn b tr kt hp trong trm
bm t II. Qut gi kh st thng t gn thng kh st cng bc.

7.5. Khi thit k cc trm cn phi d kin kh nng tng cng sut ca trm
bng cch thay th cc my bm c cng sut ln hn hoc trang b thm
cc my bm b sung.

7.6. S lng my bm d phng trong cc trm bm cp nc (i vi cc
bm cng chc nng) cho mt mng li hoc ng dn c chn theo
bng 7.2.

Bng 7.2

S lng t my hot ng
ca mt nhm my
S lng t my d phng t trong trm bm
Bc tin cy I Bc tin cy II Bc tin cy III
n 6
T 6 n 9
T 9 tr ln
2
2
2
1
1
2
1
-
-
Ghi ch:
127
1) Trong s t my hot ng c tnh c my bm cha chy. S lng t my hot
ng ca mt nhm my, ngoi tr bm cha chy, khng c t hn hai. Trong cc
trm bm bc II v III khi c c s cho php b tr mt t my.
2) Khi trong mt nhm my c c tnh khc nhau th s lng t my d phng ly
theo cc my c cng sut ln nh trong bng 7.2; i vi my c cng sut nh cho
php my bm d phng trong kho.
3) Khi trm bm ch lm nhim v cha chy hay trong trm bm sinh hot c h thng
cha chy kt hp p lc cao th t thm 1 t my d phng cha chy khng ph
thuc vo s lng t my hot ng.
4) Cho php khng t my bm d phng cha chy i vi khu dn c c nhu cu
cha chy <= 20 l/s v i vi x nghip cng nghip c mc nguy him chu la
loi D v Z, i vi nh cng nghip xp loi I v loi II v chu la, c mi, tng
v tng ngn khng chy.
5) Trong trm bm t I xy kt hp, vi cng trnh thu c bc tin cy II v III, vi s
t my hot ng t 4 tr ln th s lng t my d phng phi ly t i 1.
6) Trong cc trm bm bc II, khi s lng my bm t 10 tr ln, cho php mt
trong s t my d phng trong kho.
7) i vi trm bm cung cp nc cho khu dn c c s dn n 5.000 ngi, khi c 1
ngun cung cp in th cho php t my bm cu ho d phng vi ng c t
trong.
8) i vi trm bm ging khoan dng my bm trc ng hoc my bm ng c
chm. Khi c ging (c bm) d tr th khng cn my bm d tr.
9) Nu trm bm cn cp nc lin tc th i vi bm nc ra lc phi t 2 bm ra
1 hot ng 1 d tr.

7.7. Chiu rng nh nht ca li i gia cc phn nh ra ca my bm, ng
ng v ng c khng c nh hn:
- Gia cc t my m ng c c in th nh hn 1000 vn: 1m; c in
th trn 500 vn: 1,2m.
- Gia t my v tng ca trm bm chm: 0,7m
- Cc trm bm khc: 1m.
- Gia cc my nn kh: 1,5m
- Gia cc t my v bng phn phi: 2m
- Gia cc phn chuyn ng ca ng c nhit: 1,2m

Gia cc phn nh ra v khng chuyn ng ca thit b 0,7m. i vi my
bm c ng c in nh hn 1000 vn v ng knh ng y nh <=
100mm v cc thit b ph tng cho php:
- t t my st tng, khng c khong trng gia t my v tng, t
2 t my trn cng 1 b nhng phi c li i xung quanh my, vi chiu
rng nh nht 0,7m. Khi xc nh kch thc gian my cn tnh n din
tch tho lp my bm.
128
- gim kch thc trm bm trn mt bng, cho php b tr my vi
trc quay phi v quay tri nhng bnh xe cng tc ch c chuyn
ng v mt pha.

7.8. Kt cu bao che trm bm nn lm vng chc bng gch, b tng i vi
phn ni trn mt t; phn chm di mt t c th lm bng gch hay b
tng, tu theo tnh hnh a cht, a cht thu vn v quy m cng trnh m
thit k. Khi thit k trm bm nm di mc nc ngm hoc mc nc
cao nht ca sng h th phi c bin php chng thm cho y v thnh
trm bm. Lp vt liu chng thm phi cao hn cc mc nc trn l
0,5m. Cc trm bm u phi c bin php thot nc bn trong trm bng
th cng hay bng c gii. Mt b my bm phi cao hn mt nn trm
bm ti thiu 0,2-0,3m.

7.9. Trc cc my bm nn t theo quy nh t iu kin t mi ca bm (tnh
n nh my bm):

i vi b cha:
- Tnh t mc nc cao nht ca dung tch cha chy cho 1 m chy.
- Tnh t mc nc trung bnh ca dung tch cha chy i vi 2 m
chy tr ln.
- Tnh t mc nc d phng s c khi khng phi cha chy.
- Tnh t mc nc trung bnh khi khng cn cha chy v lng nc d
phng s c.

i vi ging khoan:
- Tnh t mc nc ng khi khai thc vi lu lng ln nht.

i vi sng, h:
- Tnh t mc nc thp nht trong sng, h, tu thuc vo bc tin cy
ca cng trnh ly nc.
- Khi xc nh cao trc bm phi tnh n chiu cao ht chn khng
cho php (tnh t mc nc tnh ton thp nht) hoc ct nc cn thit
t pha ht theo yu cu ca nh sn xut, cng nh phi tnh n tn
tht p lc trong ng ng ht, iu kin nhit v p sut bn ngoi.

Ghi ch:
- Trong cc trm bm bc II v III cho php b tr bm khng t mi,
nhng phi c bin php mi nc cho my bm (ly trc tip t ng
y chung ca mt nhm my bm, ly nc trc tip t b lc, dng
thng nc mi t trong trm bm hay dng i nc, dng bm chn
khng).
- Cao nn gian t my bm ca cc trm bm chm nn xc nh t
vic b tr cc bm c cng sut hoc kch thc ln.
129
- Trong cc trm bm bc tin cy III cho php t crpin trn ng ng
ht c ng knh n 200mm.

Khi trm bm c cng sut ln hn th phi dng bm chn khng v
khng cn t crpin. Thi gian mi nc ti a quy nh l 5 pht. i vi
my bm cha chy l 3 pht. i vi my bm lm vic khng lin tc
(loi 2,3) l 10 pht.

7.10. Chiu cao ca gian t my bm m khng c thit b nng th ly ti thiu
l 3m. Nu c thit b nng th xc nh theo tnh ton bo m khong cch
t y vt c nng n nh cc thit b t dui khng c nh hn
0,5m.

7.11. Kch thc ca ra vo ca trm bm phi rng vn chuyn cc thit
b my mc ra vo c d dng. Trm bm cn c b tr nhiu ca s
ly nh sng t nhin v thng hi thong gi tt. Khi cn thit c th b tr
h thng thng hi nhn to m bo cho nhit trong trm bm khng
ln hn 37
o
40
o
C.

7.12. Cn c vo trng lng nng nht ca cc b phn my bm hoc ng c
in m trm bm cn c trang b cc thit b nng sau y:
- Khi trng lng t 0,2-0,5T : dng gi 3 chn di ng
- Khi trng lng t 0,5-2,0T : dng palng ray ko tay hoc chy in
- Khi trng lng t 2,0-5,0T : dng cu chy kiu treo chy in
- Khi trng lng ln hn 5,0T : dng cu chy in

7.13. Khi s my bm t trong trm ln hn 3 (k c my bm cng tc v d
phng) nu dng ng ht chung th th s ng ht khng c t hn 2 v
nn t 2 ng ng y chung. Ngoi ra phi m bo iu kin: Khi 1
ng ht b hng th nhng ng ht cn li vn m bo c lng nc
tnh ton ca trm, ng ht ca my bm cn c dc ti thiu i = 0,005
cao v pha my bm. Ti v tr thay i ng knh ng cn t cn xin.

7.14. Chn ng knh ng v ph tng phi cn c vo vn tc nc chy trong
ng theo bng 7.3.

Ghi ch: Cho php thay i vn tc khng qu 20% my bm lm vic
ph hp vi yu cu.

7.15. Trn ng ng y ca my bm phi t van chn v van 1 chiu. V tr
van 1 chiu t gia my bm v van chn.

Trn ng ng ht th van chn cn t trong trng hp my bm t mi
hoc cc my bm ni vi ng ht chung.


130
Bng 7.3

ng knh ng
(mm)
Vn tc nc chy trong ng t trong trm bm (m/s)
ng ht ng y
Di 250
T 300800
Ln hn 800
0,6 - 1,0
0,8 - 1,5
1,2 - 2,0
0,8 - 2,0
1,0 - 3,0
1,5 - 4,0

7.16. B tr ph tng trn ng y v ng ht phi m bo kh nng thay th hay
sa cha bt k cc my bm, van 1 chiu cng nh cc ph tng khc m
vn pht c 70% lu lng nc cho nhu cu sinh hot i vi trm bm
bc tin cy I v II, v 50% lu lng i vi trm bm bc tin cy III.

7.17. Cc ng ng bn trong trm bm nn lm bng ng thp ni mt bch v
phi t trn gi ta; nu trm bm c cng sut nh cho php dng ng
gang. Phi qut sn bo v cc ng v ph tng trong phm vi trm bm
trc khi a vo s dng. Cc ng ng ht v ng y ca my bm c
th t ni trn sn nh hay t trong mng c np tho d dng. Khng
cho php t ng i ngm qua b my bm. Khi t ng trong mng th
phi c dc hng v h thu nc. Kch thc mng phi rng
tho lp ng ng c d dng, thng ly nh sau:

- i vi ng c ng knh n 400mm th chiu rng B = d + 600mm
Chiu cao mng H = d + 400mm
- i vi ng c ng knh t 400mm tr ln th B = d + 800mm
Chiu cao mng H = d + 600mm
- Ti cc v tr t cc mc mi ni th chiu rng ca mng ly theo
iu 8.47

Trong : d l ng knh ca ca ng t trong mng tnh bng mm.
Khi ng chui qua tng nu trong t kh th dng ay tm du v va xi
mng nht y l; nu trong t t phi c bin php ngn nc, tuyt i
khng cho nc thm qua l chui ca ng vo trm bm.

7.18. Cc my bm phi c trang b : ng h o p lc, van x kh ... Cc my
bm ln phi c trang b ng h chn khng. Trong trm bm cn b tr
cc thit b o lu lng, p lc, cc tn hiu mc nc trong cc cng trnh
lin quan, cc t in hoc cu dao in v.v...

7.19. Phi t my bm sao cho chiu cao ht chn khng khng c vt qu
chiu cao ht cho php ca my bm chn, c tnh n tn tht p lc
trong ng ht, iu kin nhit , p sut ring phn ca hi nc v khng
sinh ra hin tng bo mn cnh qut. i vi bm hng trc cn c
tr pha mt ht, phi tun theo ch dn ca nh my sn xut khi my
bm lm vic.

7.20. ng vo trm bm phi ri cp phi hay lm ng nha.
131

7.21. Chiu su gian t my (t mt t n nn) xc nh theo cc thng s k
thut. Khi b tr thit b trong gian my pha di sn cng tc hay ban
cng phi c li i li vi chiu cao khng nh hn 2,0m.

7.22. Trong cc trm bm t chm v na chm phi c bin php chng ngp
cho cc t my khi c s c trong gian t my i vi my bm c cng
sut ln cng nh i vi van v ng ng bng cch:
- t ng c cao hn nn gian my 0,5 m;
- X t chy lng nc s c vo h thng thot nc khi iu kin a
hnh cho php;
- Dng bm bm nc t h thu.

Khi cn thit b tr cc bm thot nc s c c cng sut c tnh ton
vi thi gian bm t hn 2 gi v chiu su lp nc trn mt nn 0,5m.

7.23. thot nc r r, sn v rnh trong gian bm phi thit k c dc n
h thu. Khi nc khng th t chy t h thu ra ngoi th phi b tr bm r
r.

7.24. Trong cc trm bm t chm lm vic theo ch t ng, khi su gian
my t 20m tr ln, cng nh trong cc trm bm c ngi vn hnh
thng xuyn khi su t 15 m tr ln phi xem xt b tr thang my.

7.25. Cho php b tr trm bm vi cc cng trnh khc ca h thng cp nc
nhng phi cch li bng cu kin khng chy v c ca trc tip ra ngoi.

7.26. Khng cho php xy dng tng chu lc ca trm bm t II v trm bm
tun hon ln thnh b cha v h thu.

7.27. Trong trm bm (khng ph thuc vo mc t ng ho) phi b tr khu
v sinh (b x v u tiu), phng giao ca v t ng qun o cho cng nhn
vn hnh.

Khi trm bm cch khu qun l (c bp, khu v sinh) di 50 m, cho php
khng b tr khu v sinh ring.

Trong trm bm ging khng cn phi b tr khu v sinh.

7.28. Vic vn hnh cc my bm phi tun theo quy trnh qun l k thut. Nu
cho my bm lm vic m van trn ng ng dn m sn phi da trn
c s tnh ton c k n c tnh ca my bm v ng c v kh nng
nc va trn ng ng.

7.29. Trm bm c kch thc gian t my 6 x 9 m v ln hn phi b tr ng
ng cha chy bn trong vi lu lng 2,5 l/s.

132
Ngoi ra cn xem xt b tr:
Hai bnh cha chy xch tay loi bt i vi ng c in c in p n
1000V
Bn bnh cha chy xch tay loi bt i vi ng c t trong cng sut
n 300 m lc.
Khi ng c in c in p trn 1000V hoc ng c t trong c cng
sut trn 300 m lc phi thm 2 bnh kh CO
2
cha chy, b cha nc
dung tch 250 lt.

Ghi ch:
- Hng cha chy nn ni vi ng y my bm
- Trong trm bm ging khng yu cu phi b tr ng ng cha chy

7.30. Trong trm bm c t ng c t trong cho php t b cha nhin liu
vi s lng nh sau: Xng 250 lt, madt 500 lt.

B cha nhin liu t cch ly vi gian my bng tng khng chy vi
gii hn chng la khng nh hn 2 gi.


THIT B THU KH NN

7.31. Thit b thu kh nn c p dng trong trng hp khi p lc khng n
nh cn iu ho p lc thay cho kt nc ln.

Khi p lc n nh m t thit b thu kh nn th phi c y cc c s
tnh ton.

7.32. Tr s p lc ti thiu trong bnh cha ca thit b thu kh nn c p lc
thay i phi m bo p lc tnh ton trong mng li khi mc nc trong
bnh cha thp nht.

7.33. Trong thit b thu kh nn vi p lc thay i cho php t 1 my nn kh
vi mt ngun cung cp in hoc dng chung vi h thng kh nn ca nh
my vi iu kin khng c ngng cp kh nn.

7.34. p lc ti thiu v ti a P (at) cng nh tng dung tch bnh cha V (m
3
)
trng hp p lc thay i xc nh theo cng thc:

Vn = (t x qb)/4 (7-1)

Trong :
t - thi gian ca mt chu k ng m bm
qb - lu lng ca my bm (bm vo bnh v vo mng)
133

Nu qb tnh bng m
3
/h th:

Vn = qb/(4z) (7-2)

Trong z: s ln m my cho php trong 1 gi (6-30 ln)


Th tch bnh iu p:

Vk = Vn/f (7-3)

Trong f l h s iu p:

f = (P
1
- P
2
)/P
1
(7-4)

a) P
1
: p lc tuyt i ln nht trong mng, bng p lc max yu cu +
p lc kh quyn (bar).
b) P
2
: p lc tuyt i nh nht trong mng, bng p lc min + p lc
kh quyn (bar).

7.35. m bo p sut khng i trong bnh cha nc phi t van iu chnh
trn ng ng dn kh ni bnh cha nc v bnh cha kh nn.

7.36. S lng my nn kh trong thit b thu kh nn, trng hp p lc n nh
khng nh hn 2, trong 1 my d phng. S lng ngun cung cp in
xc nh theo bc tin cy ca cng trnh.

7.37. Bnh cha ca thit b thu kh nn phi trang b ng x, van an ton, p lc
k. Bnh cha nc v bnh cha khng kh phi c thit b o lng bng
thu tnh, van phao phng nga kh nn lt vo mng li v nc chy
vo my nn kh.

7.38. Cn phi t ng ho qu trnh lm vic ca thit b thu kh nn.

7.39. Thit b thu kh nn t trong nh phi cch li vi cc phng khc bng
tng ngn chu la v c ca thng trc tip ra ngoi.

7.40. Khong cch t mt trn ca bnh cha n trn khng c nh hn 1m.
Khong cch gia cc bnh cha v t bnh cha n tng nh khng c
nh hn 0,5m.

7.41. Bnh cha ca thit b thu kh nn c tnh ton theo tiu chun k thut
ca cc bnh lm vic c p lc.



134





























8. NG DN, MNG LI V CC CNG TRNH TRN MNG

8.1. S lng cc ng ng chuyn ti nc phi ly c tnh n bc tin cy ca
h thng cp nc v trnh t xy dng thng khng c nh hn 2. ng
knh ng dn v cc ng ni phi thit k sao cho khi c s c trn mt on
ng no ca ng ng dn th lu lng nc chy qua vn m bo ti
thiu 70% lng nc sinh hot v mt phn nc cng nghip cn thit, khi
cn xt n kh nng tn dng cc b cha v cc my bm d phng.
Trong trng hp ch c 1 ng ng dn cn thit phi d tr nc vi dung
tch y bo m 70% lng nc sinh hot tnh ton, mt phn nc
cng nghip cn thit khi c s c; ngoi ra cn c d tr nc cha chy v
d kin v bin php cha chy thch hp.

8.2. Thi gian cn thit khc phc s c ng ng ca h thng cp nc bc I
ly theo ch dn bng 8.1. i vi h thng cp nc bc II v III, cc gi tr
trong bng c tng ln ln lt l 1,25 v 1,5 ln.


Bng 8.1
135


ng knh ng (mm)
Thi gian cn thit khc phc s c trn ng ng
(h) theo su t ng (m)
n 2,0 m Trn 2,0 m
< 400
T 400-1000
> 1000
8
12
18
12
18
24

Ghi ch:
- Tu thuc vo vt liu lm ng, tuyn v iu kin t ng, s c mt ca
ng, phng tin giao thng, phng tin khc phc s c m thi gian
nu trn c th thay i nhng khng c ly t hn 6 gi.
- Cho php tng thi gian khc phc s c trong iu kin thi gian ngng
cp nc v gim lu lng khng vt qu gii hn nu ra trong iu
1.3.
- Khi cn thit kh trng ng ng sau khi khc phc s c, thi gian nu
trong bng cn c tng thm 12 gi.


8.3. Mng li ng ng cp nc phi l mng li vng, mng ct ch c
php p dng trong cc trng hp:
- Cp nc sn xut khi c php ngng sa cha
- Cp nc sinh hot khi ng knh khng ln hn 100mm
- Cp nc cha chy khi chiu di khng qu 300m

Ghi ch:
- im dn c khi s dn di 5.000 ngi vi tiu chun cp nc cha
chy 10l/s c php t mng li ct nu chiu di khng qu 300m.
Nhng phi c php ca c quan phng chng chy, ng thi phi c
dung tch tr nc cho cha chy.
- c php t mng li ct theo phn t xy dng trc khi hon chnh
mng li vng theo quy hoch

8.4. ng knh ng dn xc nh theo kt qu tnh ton thu lc mng truyn
dn, phn phi nc. ng knh ti thiu ca mng li cp nc sinh hot
kt hp vi cha chy trong cc khu dn c v cc x nghip cng nghip
khng nh hn 100 mm.

8.5. Khi mt ng dn trn mng li vng, gp s c th lu lng cp cho sinh
hot ca mng li c php gim 30- 50%. i vi im dng nc bt li
nht c php gim < 75% lu lng, v p lc t do khng gim qu 5m.
i vi h thng cp nc cho sn xut th lu lng gim cho php tnh theo
trng hp nh my lm vic gp s c. Tng lu lng cp cho i tng
dng nc ph thuc vo s trm bm cp vo mng li nhng khng gim
136
qu 30%. Khi tnh mng li trong trng hp c chy th khng k trng
hp mng li gp s c.

8.6. t ng ng phn phi i km ng ng chnh chuyn ti c ng knh
600mm th lu lng ng ng phn phi 20% lu lng tng cng. Nu
ng ng chnh < 600mm vic t thm ng ng phn phi i km phi
c l do chnh ng. Khi ng qua ng c mt ng rng 20m cho php
t tch thnh 2 ng i song song.

8.7. Khng c ni trc tip mng li cp nc sinh hot n ung vi mng li
ng ng cp nc c cht lng khc nc sinh hot. Trng hp cn thit
phi ni th phi c bin php ngn nga nhim bn nc (nh lm 2 kho
nc, gia c van x) v phi c s ng ca c quan y t.

8.8. Trn cc ng ng dn v mng li ng phn phi, khi cn thit phi t
cc thit b sau y:
a) Kho chia on sa cha
b)Van thu kh
c) Van x kh
d) Van v ming x nc
e) Np vo ng ng khi ng knh ng ln hn 600mm
g) Thit b gim p khi c hin tng nc va.
h) Khp co gin
i) Trn ng ng t chy c p phi t cc ging tiu nng hay thit b bo
v khc ng ng lm vic trong gii hn p lc cho php.

8.9. Chiu di an ng ng c c lp sa cha quy nh nh sau:
- Khi c 2 hoc nhiu ng ng t song song v khng c s lin h gia
cc ng ly khng qu 5km.
- Khi c s lin h gia cc ng th ly bng chiu di on ng gia cc
im ni.
- Khi ch c mt ng ng dn ng knh < 600mm th chiu di khng
qu 3 km.

i vi mng li ng ng phn phi phi bo m:
- Chiu di on ng c c lp sa cha khng c vt qu 5 hng
cha chy.
- Khng lm ngng vic cp nc ti cc ni dng nc m khng cho
php gin on cp nc.

8.10. Van thu kh c th dng 2 loi: t ng v iu khin bng tay. Van thu, x kh
t ng t im cao gy gc ca ng ng theo trc dc v phn trn ca
on ng sa cha loi tr kh nng to thnh chn khng trong ng vi tr
137
s cao hn tr s tnh ton cho loi ng chn, cng nh x kh ra khi
ng ng khi b tch t. Khi i lng chn khng khng vt qu gi tr cho
php th c th dng van thu, x kh iu khin bng tay t phn trn ca
mi on ng sa cha v b tr trong cc ging t van kho chia on sa
cha.

8.11. Van x kh phi b tr ch t van thu kh, cng nh cc im gy gc ca
ng ng theo trc dc.

ng knh on ng tp trung kh ly bng ng knh ng dn, chiu cao
200-500mm tu thuc vo ng knh ng dn nc. ng knh van x kh
cn xc nh theo tnh ton hoc ly bng 4% lu lng nc tnh ton ln
nht trn ng ng, tnh theo th tch kh iu kin p lc kh quyn thng
thng, s b c th ly: d = 25mm i vi ng c ng knh s 500mm; d =
50mm i vi ng c ng knh ln hn 500mm.

8.12. ng ng dn v mng li phi t dc v pha x cn vi dc khng
nh hn 0,001. Khi a hnh bng phng th dc t ng cho php gim n
0,0005.

8.13. Phi t van x nc nhng im thp nht ca mi on ng sa cha cng
nh ti nhng ch do thit k quy nh ty ra ng ng trc khi a vo
s dng v trong qu trnh qun l. ng knh ng x nc v van thu kh
phi m bo tho sch nc trong on ng m n phc v vi thi gian
khng ln hn 2 gi.

ng knh ng x v ming x nc phi m bo sao cho tc nc chy
trong ng khi ty ra khng nh hn 1,1 ln tc tnh ton ln nht ca
ng ng. S dng van tay lm van x cn.

Ghi ch:
- Khi ra bng my nn kh nc th tc chuyn ng ca hn hp kh
nc phi khng nh hn 1,2 ln tc tnh ton ln nht ca ng ng.
- Khi ty ra bng my nn kh nc th lu lng nc ly bng 10-25%
tng lu lng hn hp.

8.14. Nc ra c th x vo cng nc ma, mng, mng dn. Nu khng x
bng t chy th cho x vo ging thu ri dng bm ht i.

8.15. Hng cha chy b tr dc theo ng t, cch mp ngoi ca lng ng
khng qu 2,5m v cch tng nh khng di 3,0m. Cho php b tr hng
cha chy trn va h.

Khong cch gia cc hng cha chy xc nh theo tnh ton lu lng cha
chy v c tnh ca hng cha chy. Khong cch ny phi ph hp vi yu
cu nu trong tiu chun cha chy nhng khng qu 300m.

138
Tn tht p lc trn 1m di ng mm cha chy xc nh theo cng thc:

H = 0,00385q
2
(8-1)

Trong : q l lu lng cha chy, l/s.

8.16. Khi thit k ng ng dn t chy khng p phi xy cc ging thm, nu a
hnh qu dc phi xy cc ging chuyn bc gim tc dng nc v
khng ch mc nc trong ng. Khong cch gia cc ging thm ly nh
sau:
- ng knh ng < 700mm th khong cch khng nh hn 200m.
- ng knh ng t 700-1400mm th khong cch khng nh hn 400m.

8.17. Cn t mi co dn trong cc trng hp:
- Cc mi ni trn ng ng khng co gin c theo trc ng khi thay i
nhit nc, khng kh v t.
- Trn ng ng bng thp t trong hm hay trn cu cn khong cch
gia cc mi co gin v cc trc bt ng xc nh theo tnh ton, c xt ti
cu to ca mi ni.
- Trn ng ng t trn nn t ln i vi ng bng thp hn; t di
t nhng ch c ph tng bng gang.

Ni chung, nu cn ph tng bng gang c bo v chng lc ko trung tm
bng cch ni cng ng vi thnh ging, xy tr hay ph trn ng bng lp
t nn cht th khng cn t mi co dn.

Phi t mi ni ng (ming bt ko di, mng sng ...) trc ph tng bng
gang khi ng ng t di t m cht.

Mi ni ng v mi co dn ca ng ng t di t phi trong ging
kim tra.

8.18. Vi nc cng cng phi b tr vi bn knh phc v khong 100m; khi c l
do thch ng bn knh phc v c th tng ln. Xung quanh ch t vi nc
cng cng cn xy g chn v phi bo m thot nc c d dng. Nn
thit k kt hp vi nc cng cng v hng cha chy cng mt ch.

8.19. Chn vt liu v bn ca ng da trn c s tnh ton kt hp vi iu kin
v sinh, n mn ca t, nc, iu kn lm vic ca ng v yu cu v
cht lng nc.

i vi ng lm vic c p, c th dng cc loi ng: gang xm, thp, b tng
ct thp, cht do, gang do, ng nha c ct si thu tinh tng cng.
ng gang xm ch nn dng khi khng c ng phi kim loi.
ng thp ch nn dng khi p lc cng tc cao (trn 8 kg/cm
2
) hoc nhng
139
ch:
- Khi ng qua ng t, xe la, qua chng ngi, m h hoc vt sng.
- ng t trn cu cn, trong ng hm
- Khi t ng a im kh xy dng, t ln, t khai thc m, vng c
hin tng Kast.

i vi ng b tng ct thp c th dng ph tng bng kim loi.

Vt liu lm ng trong h thng cp nc sinh hot phi m bo cc yu cu
nu trong iu 1.10.

8.20. Cn c bin php phng hin tng nc va thu lc trong cc trng hp:
- Tt c hay mt nhm my bm ngng t ngt do mt hay s c v in;
- ng mt trong s cc my bm hot ng ng thi trc khi ng van
trn ng ng y;
- Khi ng bm khi van trn ng ng y m sn;
- M van trn ng ng bng c gii ho;
- t ngt ng hoc m cc thit b thu nc.

cho ng ng lm vic an ton cn tnh ton tng p lc do hin tng
nc va thu lc v chn bin php bo v.

8.21. Cc bin php phng hin tng nc va thu lc khi ng my bm t
ngt:
- t van thu kh trn ng ng;
- t van mt chiu vi vic ng m c iu khin trn ng y;
- t van hoc bnh kh nc va trn ng ng y;
- X nc qua bm theo chiu ngc li khi bm quay t do hay dng li
hn;
- B tr bnh thu kh nn hay thp lm du qu trnh nc va.

Ghi ch: phng hin tng nc va cho php dng: van an ton, van
gim p, ng x t ng y vo ng ht, b sung nc vo nhng ni xy ra
hin tng tch dng, s dng t hp bm c qun tnh quay ln.

8.22. Bo v ng ng khng b h hng do tng p khi ng van bng cch tng
thi gian ng van. Nu bin php ny khng m bo th phi thm thit b
(van an ton, van x kh, bnh iu p ...)

8.23. Thng thng ng ng dn nc phi t di t. Nu c l do c php
t ng ni trn khng, trong ng hm hoc t chung vi cc cng trnh k
thut khc trong mt tuyn hm (ngoi tr cc ng ng dn cc cht lng v
kh d chy).

140
8.24. ng ng t trn nn t, phi cn c theo a cht c th v loi ng gia
c nn.
- Khi t trc tip trn nn t t nhin th phi gi nguyn cu to ca t
(tr , ct chy, bn).
- Nu l si th phi san phng v c lp m bng ct pha dy trn 10cm.
C th dng t nhng phi m k t t trng 1,5T/m
3
.
- Khi nn t yu phi t ng trn nn nhn to

8.25. Trong trng hp dng ng thp phi c bin php bo v ng khng b n
mn c bn trong v bn ngoi. Cn phi c c s s liu v tnh cht n mn
ca t, ca nc trong ng, cng nh kh nng chu n mn ca ng dn do
dng in lan trong t.

chng n mn v lng ng ca ng ng dn v phn phi bng thp c
ng knh t 300mm tr ln, cn p dng bin php bo v bn trong lng
ng bng: trng hoc ph lp bo v cch ly khng cho nc tip xc trc tip
vi thnh ng.

8.26. Xc nh su chn ng di t phi da vo ti trng bn ngoi, bn
ca ng, nh hng ca nhit bn ngoi v cc iu kin khc; trong trng
hp thng thng c th ly nh sau:
- Vi ng knh ng n 300mm, su chn ng khng nh hn 0,5m
tnh t mt t (mt ng) n nh ng.
- Vi ng knh ng ln hn 300mm, su chn ng khng nh hn
0,7m tnh t mt t (mt ng) n nh ng.

Ghi ch:
- Khi t ng trn va h th c th gim tr s trn nhng khng nh hn
0,3m.
- Khi xc nh su t ng cn xt n ct mt thit k theo quy hoch
san nn ca th v kh nng s dng ca ng ng trc khi hon
thnh cng tc san nn.

8.27. Xc nh ng knh ng dn v ng phn phi ca mng li trn c s tnh
ton kinh t k thut. ng thi cn d kin kh nng phi ngng mt s on
khi cn thit. ng knh ng dn, ng kt hp cha chy trong khu dn c v
x nghip cng nghip khng c nh hn 100mm; trong khu dn c nng
nghip khng nh hn 75mm.

8.28. Tnh tn tht p lc cho cc loi ng gang, thp, b tng ct thp, cht do ...
nhp ngoi theo Ph lc 14. Ngoi ra c th s dng bng tnh thu lc hin
hnh hoc cc biu lp sn trong cc ti liu ca cc nc khc . i vi
cc loi ng sn xut trong nc th cn c theo kt qu nghin cu khoa hc.
Ni chung tn tht p lc phi tng ln 1-5% tu theo tnh hnh c th ca mi
loi ng.
141

8.29. Khi ci to ng ng dn v mng li phi p dng cc bin php: (Thay
th, t km ng mi v ng c, ty ra ng c ...) khi phc li kh nng
dn nc ca ng ng. Trong trng hp c bit c php ly tn tht p
lc trong cc on ng ang hot ng v ci to bng p lc thc t o.

8.30. Khi tnh ton kinh t k thut v thu lc ca h thng phn phi nc cn c
theo c im ca h thng nhng phi c s chn phng n ti u.

La chn cc trng hp tnh ton theo ch lm vic phi hp ca trm
bm, ng ng dn, mng li phn phi dung tch iu ho ca i v b
cha cn c theo mc phc tp v yu cu c th ca h thng cp nc
trong mi thi k:
- Lu lng gi ln nht trong ngy dng nc nhiu nht.
- Lu lng gi nh nht trong ngy dng nc nhiu nht.
- Lu lng gi ln nht c xt ti lu lng cha chy.

Trng hp c s c trn mt s on ng nhng vn bo m yu cu nu
iu 8.1 v 8.5.

8.31. ng ng cp nc thng phi t song song vi ng ph v c th t
mp ng hay tt nht l va h. Khong cch nh nht theo mt bng t
mt ngoi ng n cc cng trnh v cc ng ng xung quanh, phi xc nh
tu theo ng knh ng, tnh hnh a cht, c im cng trnh v thng
khng nh hn cc quy nh sau y:
- n mng nh v cng trnh: 3m
- n chn dc ng st: 5m
- n mp mng hay chn mi dc ng t: 1,5-2,0m
- n mp ng ray xe in: 1,5-2,0m
- n ng dy in thoi: 0,5m
- n ng dy in cao th ti 35 KV: 1m
- n mt ngoi ng thot nc ma, ng cp nhit v ng dn sn phm:
1,5m
- n ct in n ngoi ng: 1,5m.
- n mp ct in cao th: 3,0m
- n hng ro: 1,5m
- n trung tm hng cy: 1,5-2,0m

Ghi ch:
Trong iu kin cht chi, b tr kh khn nhng ng knh ng nh v nm
cao hn mng ca cng trnh c th h thp cc quy nh trn.

142
8.32. Khi ng cp nc sinh hot t song song vi ng thot nc bn v cng
mt su th khong cch theo mt bng gia hai thnh ng khng c nh
hn 1,5m vi ng knh ng ti 200mm v khng c nh hn 3,0m vi
ng knh ng ln hn 200mm. Cng vi iu kin trn nhng ng cp nc
nm di ng thot nc bn th khong cch ny cn phi tng ln tu theo
s khc nhau v su t ng m quyt nh.

8.33. Khi ng cp nc giao nhau hoc giao nhau vi ng ng khc th khong
cch ti thiu theo phng ng khng nh hn 0,2m. Trng hp ng cp
nc sinh hot i ngang qua ng thot nc, ng dn cc dung dch c mi hi
th ng cp nc phi t cao hn cc ng khc ti thiu l 0,4m. Nu ng cp
nc nm di ng thot nc thi th ng nc phi c ng bao bc ngoi,
chiu di ca ng bao k t ch giao nhau khng nh hn 3m v mi pha, nu
t ng trong t st, v khng nh hn 10m nu t ng trong t thm, cn
ng thot nc phi dng ng gang.

Nu ng cp nc giao nhau vi ng dy cp in, dy in thoi th
khong cch ti thiu gia chng theo phng ng khng c nh hn
0,5m.

8.34. Khi ng ng i qua sng, khe sui... th c th t trn cu hoc t di
y sng, khe, sui v nn dng ng bng thp. ng i qua cu c th t
trong cc hp g, b tng hoc gn vo cu di dng kt cu treo v c th
tnh ton vi tc nc chy ln ti 2,3- 3,0m/s gim ti trng cho cu.
Nu chn ng di y sng th s lng ng khng nh hn 2. su t y
sng n nh ng phi xc nh theo iu kin xi l ca lng sng, ni
chung khng c nh hn 0,5m; khi ng nm trong vng tu b i li nhiu
th khng c nh hn 1m v phi c bin php phng nga lng sng b xi
mn. Hai bn b sng phi c ging kim tra v ct bo hiu cho thuyn b
qua li. Phi d kin cc bin php thau ra ng ng khi cn thit.

Thit k ng qua ng sng c tu b i li phi thng qua c quan qun l
ng thu.

Khong cch thng thu gia cc xi phng khng nh hn 1,5 m.

nghing ca xi phng nn ly khng ln hn 20
0
so vi phng nm
ngang.

8.35. Phi ht sc trnh khng cho ng ng cp nc i qua cc bi rc bn,
ngha trang. Khi ng i cnh nhng ni ny th phi c mt khong cch ti
thiu t 10- 20m ( khi ng trn mc nc ngm dng tr s nh, khi ng nm
di mc nc ngm ly tr s ln ). Trng hp phi bt buc i qua nhng
ni th phi tin hnh di chuyn m m, rc ri ng thi kh c hi ti
ch v dng t mi p vo hoc phi t ni ng trn mt t.

8.36. Ging thm trong b tr van kho, ph tng... c th xy dng bng gch
hoc bng b tng. Khi xy dng trong vng nc ngm cao hn phi c bin
143
php ngn nc cho y v thnh ging cao hn mc nc ngm cao nht l
0,5m, np ging thm c th lm bng b tng ct thp. Nu ging thm xy
ng ch xe chy qua li nhiu, c ti trng ln th np phi c cu to vng
chc trnh b v hoc thay bng np gang. Cn c bin php thot nc
ma v nc r r ging thm vo h thng thot nc ma hoc mng
rnh cnh . Nu cc thit b ca ph tng t trong ging qu nng th phi
b tr cc tr . Cn phi thit k cc tr , chng cui ng, ct v cc t
ch thp bt kn d kin pht trin cp nc.

8.37. Khi t nhiu ng ng song song vi nhau th khong cch gia mp ngoi
ca ng phi m bo iu kin:
- Tit kim khi lng o p.
- Lp t v sa cha thun li tu theo loi ng.
- Ph hp vi iu kin a cht v a hnh.
D < 250mm L 0,6m
D t 300- 600mm L 0,8m
D > 600mm L 1m

8.38. Khi t ng trong ng hm th khong cch gia mp ngoi ca ng n
tng hm khng c nh hn 0,2m. Nu c ph tng trn ng ng th
khong cch ly theo ch dn iu 8.47.

8.39. ng ng qua ng xe la, tu in, ng t ni chung phi t trong
ng lng. Khi cn thit c th t trong ng hm. Trong trng hp c bit
c th t trc tip (dng ng thp v khi cng bng phng php o m)
nhng trn c s tnh ton bo m an ton v tnh cht ca con ng (ng
giao thng a phng ...).

Ghi ch:
- Khng cho php t ng trong ng hm i b hoc cu vt.
- ng ng trong khu cng nghip khi qua ng cho php khng dng
ng bc nhng phi dng ng thp.

8.40. Trong trng hp c bit c hai u on ng qua ng phi c ging
kim tra v van chn.

8.41. Khong cch t t vt ng ray hoc mt ng n nh ng, ng bc hay
hm quy nh nh sau:
- Khi thi cng bng bin php o m - khng nh hn 1m.
- Khi thi cng bng bin php kn nh kch, khoan ngang - khng nh hn
1,5m.

8.42. Khong cch trn mt bng t mt ngoi ca tng ging thm ( hai u
on qua ng) n trc ng ray ngoi cng hoc n b va ng khng
nh hn 5 m, n chn taluy khng nh hn 3 m.
144

8.43. ng knh trong ca ng bc hoc kch thc bn trong ca ng hm quy
nh nh sau:
- Khi thi cng h, ly ln hn ng knh ngoi ca ng dn 200mm.
- Khi thi cng bng bin php kn th tu thuc vo ng knh, chiu di
ca on ng v iu kin an ton trong thi cng m xc nh.
- Khi t ng trong ng hm th kch thc bn trong ca ng hm phi
xc nh theo iu kin thi cng v sa cha.

Ghi ch: Cho php t nhiu ng hoc nhiu loi cng trnh k thut trong mt
ng bc hoc 1 ng hm theo nhng quy nh v khong cch.

8.44. t ng qua ng xe la chy in phi c bin php bo v ng chng n
mn do dng in kch hot.

8.45. Thit k ng qua ng st phi thng qua c quan qun l ng st.

8.46. Ti nhng im ngot theo mt bng v mt ng phi c gi ct khi c
lc xut hin, mi ni c th chu ng ni.


8.47. Xc nh kch thc ging thm phi m bo quy nh khong cch t tng
ging n cc ph tng nh sau:

- ng ng D n 300mm a = 0,2m
D t 300-600mm a = 0,3-0,5m
D trn 600mm a = 0,5-0,7m

- Mt bch D n 400mm a = 0,2m
D trn 400mm a = 0,4m

- Ming bt D n 300mm a = 0,4m
D trn 300mm a = 0,5m

- T y ng n y ging thm
D n 400mm a = 0,15m
D trn 400mm a = 0,25m

Khi c van trong ging thm, tu theo loi van, khong cch t tay quay ca
van n tng ging phi m bo thao tc thun li.

Ghi ch: Trong trng hp tht cn thit khong cch t ming bt n thnh
ging cho php nh hn quy nh.

8.48. Trong ging phi c thang ln xung, trong trng hp c bit cho php s
dng thang di ng. i vi nhng ging thm ln khi cn thit phi c sn
thao tc.
145

8.49. Nu ging thm t trong khu vc thm c th xung quanh np ging thm
phi c ri si hoc dm vi chiu rng 1m dc ra pha ngoi, cao hn
nn t 0,05m. Nu ging thm t trong khu vc t khng xy dng th np
ging thm phi cao hn mt t 0,2m.

8.50. Khi van x kh t trong ging thm phi b tr ng thng hi.













9. DUNG TCH D TR V IU HO

9.1. Kh xc nh dung tch cc b cha v i nc phi da trn biu
dng nc v bm nc trong ngy dng nc ln nht, ng thi phi
xt n lng nc d tr cho cha chy, d tr khi hng v dng cho
bn thn nh my nc, ngoi ra khi x l nc cho nhu cu sinh hot
phi d kin th tch cn thit theo thi gian tip xc vi cht kh trng.

Dung tch nc iu ho Wp, m
3
(b cha, i nc, b cui mng...) phi
xc nh theo biu tiu th nc, khi khng c biu th xc nh
theo cng thc:

Wp = Q
ng.max
[1 - K
H
+ (Kg 1)(K
H
/Kg)
Kg/(Kg-1)
], (9-1)

Trong :
Q
ng.max
Lu lng ngy dng nc ln nht, m
3
/ngy.
K
H
T s gia lu lng gi pht nc ln nht (cp vo dung tch iu
ho trong cc trm x l nc, cc trm bm hoc cp vo mng c i
iu ho) v lu lng gi trung bnh trong ngy dng nc ln nht.
Kg H s dng nc khng iu ho gi (ly nc ra t b iu ho
hoc mng ng ng c b iu ho) c xc nh bng t s gia gi
ly nc ln nht vi lu lng gi trung bnh trong ngy dng nc ln
nht.

Lng nc ly ra gi max cho cc i tng tiu th khng c dung tch
iu ho ly bng gi tiu th ln nht. Lng nc ly ra bng bm gi
max t b iu ho cp vo mng c i iu ho xc nh theo cng
146
sut gi bm ln nht ca trm bm.

Dung tch d tr trong cc trm lm sch nc cn b sung thm lng
nc dng ra cc b lc.

9.2. Th tch nc iu ho cc x nghip cng nghip ni lin vi h thng
cp nc trung tm, phi xc nh trn c s biu dng nc ca tng
x nghip v biu bm nc tng ng vi ch lm vic ca c h
thng.

9.3. Th tch nc iu ho trong thng ca thit b thu kh nn W (m
3
) c
xc nh theo cng thc:

W = Q (9-2)
4n

Trong :
Q Cng sut nh mc ca mt my bm hoc cng sut ca my bm
ln nht trong nhm my (m
3
/h)
n S ln m my bm ln nht trong 1 gi.

9.4. Xc nh th tch nc cha chy d tr trong b cha, i, thng thu
kh nn cc im dn c v khu cng nghip phi tun theo tiu chun
phng chy v cha chy khi thit k cc cng trnh xy dng.

9.5. Khi lu lng nc ngun khng b sung th tch nc cha chy
theo thi hn quy nh th c php ko di thi gian chon y b vi
iu kin to thm dung tch b sung Q (m
3
) xc nh theo cnh thc:

Q = Qx(K-1) (9-3)
K

Trong :
Q: Th tch nc d tr cha chy.
K: T s thi gian b sung lng nc cha chy vi thi gian
yu cu.

9.6. Nu ch c 1 ng ng dn nc vo b cha th trong b cha phi c
lng nc d phng s c trong thi gian sa cha ng ng, m
bo cp nc cho:
- Nhu cu sn xut trong thi gian s c.
- Nhu cu sinh hot t 70% lng nc tnh ton.
- Cha chy trong khong 2-3 gi khi lu lng cha chy n 25 l/s
ph thuc vo mc chu la ca ngi nh.

147
Ch thch:
- Thi gian sa cha ng ng phi ly tng ng vi ch dn trong
iu 8.2.
- Vic phc hi lng nc d phng cho s c c thc hin bng
cch gim tiu chun dng nc hoc s dng my bm d phng.
- Thi gian phc hi lng nc d phng s c ly bng 36-48 gi.
- Cho php khng xt n lng nc b sung cho cha chy khi chiu
di ng ng dn khng ln hn 500m n khu dn c vi s dn
n 5.000 ngi, cng nh n c s cng nghip v nng nghip vi
lu lng nc cha chy khng ln hn 40l/s.

9.7. Chiu cao i nc hoc b cha c p phi xc nh trn c s tnh ton
thu lc bo m cung cp nc trong nhng trng hp bt li nht. Vi
mc nc thp nht trong i, bo m p lc cha chy trn mng theo
iu 3.14 v 3.15.

9.8. S b cha trong mt trm cp nc khng c nh hn 2. Trong trng
hp cng sut nh my nh, c bin php cp nc lin tc khng phi
d tr nc cha chy hoc ch cn tip xc vi cht kh trng th cho
php thit k 1 b.

9.9. B cha c th xy dng bng b tng ct thp hay gch . Dng loi vt
liu no phi tu theo tnh cht ca b, iu kin a cht, thi cng, tnh
hnh nguyn vt liu a phng v thng qua so snh kinh t k thut
m quyt nh. Nu p t trn nc b cha th chiu dy nn ly khong
200- 300mm. i nc c th xy dng bng b tng ct thp, gch, kim
loi, composit. i gch p dng khi dung tch v chiu cao thp cn li
dng thn i b tr cc cng trnh ph ca nh my nh kho, xng,
vn phng...trong cc cng trnh ph ny khng c to ra khi, bi v
hi c.

9.10. B cha nc n ung, sinh hoat, phi m bo nc lu thng trong thi
gian khng qu 48 gi v khng nh hn 1 gi.

Ghi ch: Khi c c s thi gian lu thng nc trong b cha cho php
tng ln 3-4 ngy. Trong trng hp cn xem xt b tr bm tun hon,
m cng sut c xc nh t iu kin lu thng nc trong b cha
khng ln hn 48 gi c tnh c lng nc a vo t ngun cp.

9.11. B cha v bu i cn c b tr: ng a nc vo, ng dn nc ra
hoc ng ra vo kt hp, ng trn, ng x kit, thit b thng gi, l thm
bc ln xung hoc thang cho ngi ln xung v vn chuyn trang thit
b.

Tu theo chc nng ca b cha m nn xem xt b sung:
- Thit b o mc nc, thit b kim tra chn khng v p lc;
148
- Ca chiu sng ng knh 300 mm (trong b cha nc khng dng
cho sinh hot, n ung);
- ng ng ra b (di ng hay c nh);
- Thit b ngn nc trn khi b cha (thit b t ng hoc van phao
trn ng ng a nc vo);
- Thit b lc sch khng kh qua cc ng thng hi i vo b (trong b
cha nc dng cho sinh hot, n ung)

9.12. u cc ng ng dn nc vo b v bu i phi lm loe ming phu
vi ming nm ngang, mp phu cao hn mc nc ln nht trong b 50-
100 mm; hoc a nc vo ngn ring, mp trn ca ngn cao hn mc
nc ln nht trong b 50-100 mm. Khi t ng qua thnh b v bu i
phi t l chn thp trnh nc thm qua tng.

9.13. Trn ng ng dn nc ra, u ng t trong b cn b tr cn thu.
Khong cch t mp ming thu n y, tng hay rn b nn xc nh
theo tnh ton vn tc nc vo ming phu khng ln hn vn tc
chuyn ng ca nc ti tit din vo.

Mp nm ngang ca cn thu khi t trn y b cng nh mp g trn ca
rn b cn phi cao hn y b > 50 mm.

Trn cn thu dn nc ra hay rn thu cn b tr tm li chn dng c
loi tr cc xoy nc rt kh vo ng khi mc nc trong b hoc bu
i xung thp.

Trn ng ng dn nc ra (ng vo ra) pha ngoi b cha cn b tr
thit b xe tc v xe cu ho ly nc.

9.14. Thit b trn cn c tnh vi lu lng bng hiu s gia lng nc
vo ln nht v lng nc ra nh nht. Lp nc trn ming trn khng
c ln hn 100mm.

Trong b cha v i nc, trn thit b trn cn b tr xi phng thu lc
ngn nga cn trng chhui qua ng trn vo b cha v vo bu i.

9.15. ng knh ca ng x ly bng 100-200 mm tu thuc vo dung tch ca
b cha v i. y b cn c dc khng nh hn 0,005 v pha ng
x.

9.16. ng x v ng trn c th ni vi nhau (cc u ng x khng b ngp):
- Nc trn v nc x t b cha x vo h thng thot nc ma khu
vc hoc n cc mng h c dng chy gin on.
- Khi ni ng trn vi mng h, cn b tr li chn vi khe h 10mm
cui ng.
149
- Khi khng c kh nng hoc x t chy khng hp l, nn xem xt b
tr ging ht nc bng bm di ng.

9.17. Thu v x kh khi mc nc trong b thay i phi t cc ng thng hi,
loi tr kh nng to chn khng qu 80 mm ct nc.

Khong khng trn mc nc cao nht trong b cha n y np b ly
t 200-300 mm. Dm v gi ta ca cc tm an np c th ngp, trong
trng hp cn bo m vic thng kh gia cc khoang ca np b

9.18. L thm cn b tr gn v tr ng a nc vo, ng dn nc ra, ng trn.
Np l thm trong b cha dng cho sinh hot cn c thit b kho v
nh du. L thm ca b cha phi cao hn lp t p np b khng t
hn 0,2 m.

Cc l thm trong b cha dng cho sinh hot phi m bo c bt kn
hon ton.

9.19. B cha c p v i nc trong h thng cha chy p lc cao phi c
trang b cc thit b t ng, bo m ngt c chng ra khi mng tiu
th khi khi ng cc my bm cha chy.

9.20. Trong cc b cha ca trm cp nc, mc nc thp nht v cao nht
ca cc dung tch cha chy, s c, iu ho tng ng phi c cng mt
cao .

Khi ng 1 b, th trong cc b cn li phi d tr khng t hn 50%
lng nc cha chy v d tr khi c s c.

Trang b cho b cha cn bo m kh nng ng m c lp cho tng b
cha.

Trong trng hp khng phi d tr nc cho cha chy v s c, cho
php b tr 1 b cha.

9.21. Cu to cc h van b cha khng c lin kt cng vi b

9.22. Cho php thit k i nc vi li i hoc khng c li i xung quanh bu
i tu thuc vo ch lm vic ca i, dung tch ca bu, iu kin kh
hu v nhit ca ngun nc.

9.23. Cho php s dng thn i b tr cc cng trnh ph ca h thng cp
nc, cc cng trnh ph ny khng c to ra bi, khi v hi c.

9.24. Khi ngm cng ng vo y bu i trn ng ng ng phi t mi
ni co dn.

150
9.25. i nc phi c trang b thu li chng st ring, khi khng c chung
thit b chng st vi cc cng trnh khc.

9.26. Cho php d tr nc cha chy trong cc b cha c bit hoc h cha
h i vi cc x nghip cng nghip v im dn c.

9.27. Dung tch b v h cha nc cha chy phi xc nh t lu lng v
thi gian cha chy.

Ghi ch:
- Dung tch ca h cha h cn c tnh vi kh nng bc hi nc,
mp trn ca h cha phi cao hn mc nc cao nht trong h khng
t hn 0,5m.
- Phi c li vo thun tin n b, h cha, h thu cho xe cha chy.
- Ti nhng ni c b tr b v h cha phi tun th cc ch dn theo
quy nh hin hnh.

9.28. S lng b hay h cha nc cha chy khng c nh hn hai, trong
mi b (h) phi d tr c 50% lng nc dng cho cha chy.

Khong cch gia cc b hay h cha nc cha chy ly theo iu 9.29.
Vic cp nc vo bt k im chy no phi c bo m ly t 2 b,
hoc 2 h cnh nhau.

9.29. B hay h cha nc cha chy phi c b tr theo iu kin phc v
cc to nh vi bn knh:
- 200m khi c my bm t ng.
- 100-150m khi b tr my bm c ng c (tu thuc loi my).

tng bn knh phc v cho php t t b cha (hoc h cha) cc
nhnh ng ct c chiu di khng ln hn 200m c tnh n yu cu ca
iu 9.31.

Khong cch t im ly nc ca b cha (hay h cha) n cc to nh
c bc chu la cp III, IV v V v n cc kho vt liu d chy khng
nh hn 30m, n cc to nh c bc chu la cp I v II khng nh hn
10m.

9.30. Cn xem xt vic dng cc ng mm cha chy c chiu di n 250m
chuyn nc vo cc b hay h cha nc cha chy. Nu c s tho
thun vi c quan PCCC, chiu di ng c th n 500m.

9.31. Nu vic ly nc t b hoc h cha bng bm t ng hay my bm c
ng c gp kh khn, cn xem xt b tr cc h thu c dung tch 3-5 m
3
.
ng knh ng ni b cha hay h nc vi h thu ly theo iu kin ti
c lng nc tnh ton cho cha chy nhng khng nh hn 200mm.
151
Phi b tr van chn trn ng ng a nc vo ngay trc h thu. Ti
van phi c ko di ngay di np thm.

Phi b tr li chn rc trn ming ng pha h cha.

9.32. i vi b hay h cha nc cha chy khng yu cu phi b tr ng
trn hay ng x kit.



























10. CP NC TUN HON

CH DN CHUNG

10.1. Khi nghin cu s cp nc phi xt n vic tun hon nc chung cho
c x nghip cng nghip hoc di dng chu trnh kn cho mt cng on,
mt phn xng hay mt thit b ring. Tu theo mc ch dng nc phi
xt n yu cu lm sch, lm lnh, x l nc thi ra v dng li nc
theo cc mc cn thit khc nhau.

10.2. S lng h thng cp nc tun hon ti cc n v sn xut phi xc nh
theo yu cu cng ngh sn xut, mc ch dng nc, yu cu v cht
lng nc, nhit , p lc nc v cch b tr nhng im dng nc trn
tng mt bng cc t xy dng.
152

10.3. gim bt ng knh v chiu di ca mng li ng ng, trong x
nghip cng nghip cn p dng nhng h thng cp nc tun hon ring
bit cho cc cng on, phn xng, thit b ring v c gng t gn ni
dng nc.

10.4. Nc tun hon khng c gy n mn ng v thit b trao i nhit;
khng c gy nn s lng ng sinh hc; s lng ng tp cht v mui
khong trong ng v trn b mt trao i nhit.

t c cc yu cu , cn da trn kt qu phn tch cht lng nc
thin nhin b sung thm vo h thng; c im nc thi ra; cn cacbonat
v cn c hc; s pht trin ca vi sinh vt; iu kin n mn ng v thit b
trao i nhit c bin php x l nc b sung v nc tun hon bng
phng php thch hp.

10.5. Vic la chn thnh phn, kch thc cng trnh v thit b lm sch, x
l v lm lnh nc phi xut pht t ti trng ln nht ln nhng cng
trnh .


CN BNG NC TRONG H THNG

10.6. i vi h thng cp nc tun hon phi lp cn bng nc; phi tnh n
lng nc b hao ht, nc cn phi x b v lng nc cn c b
sung thm vo b li lng nc b mt i.

10.7. Khi lp bng cn bng nc, phn nc b gim st bao gm:
- Nc dng khng c hon li (nc ly t h thng cp nc theo
nhu cu cng ngh), phn nc hao ht ny ly theo tnh ton cng
ngh.
- Nc hao ht do bc hi khi lm lnh, Qbh m
3
/h tnh theo cng thc:

Q
bh
= K . At. Q
ll
(10-1)

Trong :
At = t
1
-t
2
: Mc gim nhit nc trc v sau khi lm lnh (lm lnh
trong h, dn phun hay dn ma).
Q
ll
: Lu lng nc c tun hon, m
3
/h.
K: H s k n phn tn tht khi to nhit do bc hi.

i vi dn phun v dn ma, K ph thuc vo nhit khng kh, ly
theo bng 10.1.

i vi h lm lnh v h lng nc tun hon, K ph thuc vo nhit
nc trong h, ly theo bng 10.2.
153

Khi lm ngui sn phm trong thit b trao i nhit kiu ti, lng nc
hao ht do bc hi tnh theo cng thc (10-1) phi tng ln 2 ln.

Trong dn phun, dn ma, trong thit b trao i nhit kiu ti, lng nc
hao ht do gi P
2
phi ly theo bng 10.3.

Nc hao ht trong cng trnh lm sch phi xc nh theo tnh ton ch dn
Mc 6.

Nc hao ht do thm ra khi h lng v h lm lnh c php b qua nu
h c y khng thm nc v c b quanh. Nu h ch c y khng thm
nc cn b bao quanh thm nc th phi tnh theo s liu kho st a
cht thu vn. i vi b phun v b lm lnh th khng tnh lng nc
thm qua.

Nc x ra khi h thng phi xc nh tu theo cht lng nc tun hon
v nc b sung tu theo phng php x l nc c la chn.


Bng 10.1

Nhit khng kh
0
C 0 10 20 30 40
K 0,001 0,0012 0,0014 0,0015 0,0016

Bng 10.2

Nhit nc trong lng
knh chy vo h
0
C
0 10 20 30 40
K 0,0007 0,0009 0,0011 0,0013 0,0015

Ghi ch:
- i vi nhng nhit trung gian, K xc nh bng phng php ni suy.
- Nc hao ht do bc hi t nhin trong h lm lnh phi ly theo tiu chun tnh ton h
cha nc.

Bng 10.3

Loi cng trnh lm lnh Nc hao ht do gi P
2
tnh
theo % lng nc lm lnh.
H phun cng sut n 500 m
3
/h
H phun cng sut trn 500 m
3
/h
Dn phun h c l chp
Dn ma khng c l chp v thit b trao
2 - 3
1,5 - 2
1 - 1,5
0,5 - 1,0
154
i nhit kiu ti.
- Dn phun c qut gi.
0,2 - 0,5

Ghi ch: H s nh dng cho cng trnh c cng sut ln hoc dng tnh ton x l
nc lm lnh phng lng cn cacbonat.


LOI B CC TP CHT C HC

10.8. Khi cn thit, phi loi b cc tp cht c hc trong nc tun hon v nc
b sung.

Vic tnh ton v chn cng trnh lm sch nc phi theo ch dn Mc 6.

10.9. Kh nng v cng hnh thnh cn c hc trong ngn cha ca dn
phun, trong ng ng v trong thit b trao i nhit phi xc nh trn c
s kinh nghim qun l h thng cp nc tun hon s dng ngun nc
cho trong khu vc, hoc cn c vo nng , thnh phn ht ca cn
trong nc xc nh.

10.10. ngn nga v loi b tp cht c hc trong thit b trao i nhit, cn b
tr cc thit b sc ra v tin hnh vic sc ra nh k. Trong trng hp
cn thit phi x l cc b nc tun hon.

Nc sc ra b nhim bn bi cc tp cht c hc phi x vo h thng
thot nc sinh hot hoc sn xut.


CHNG NC NHIM MU V LNG CN SINH HC

10.11. Trong h cha nc v trong h lm lnh phi dng sunft ng chng
nc nhim mu (bng 10.4).

Vic s dng Sunfat ng trong mi trng hp u phi c c quan
v sinh dch t v c quan bo v c cho php.

10.12. chng cc sinh vt pht trin trong cng trnh thu nc v trong ng
ng phi dng Clo hay dung dch Sunfat ng theo bng 10.4. Hoc nh
k x kit nc trong ng ng ri sc ra bng nc nng 45 - 50
0
C v
lm sch c hc. C th qut sn mu hoc ly cht do ngn nga s
pht trin ca sinh vt.

10.13. phng vi khun v sinh vt pht trin trong ng ng phi pha Clo
vo nc. Liu lng Clo c ly theo bng 10.4.

10.14. phng rong to pht trin trong dn ma, b phun v cc thit b
trao i nhit phi nh k x l nc lm lnh bng dung dch Sunfat
155
ng (bng 10.4).

Dung tch b pha dung dch Sunfat ng phi xc nh vi nng
dung dch t 2 n 4% theo ion ng.

10.15. phng sinh vt pht trin trong dn ma, b phun v thit b trao i
nhit (pht trin ng thi vi rong to) phi nh k pha thm Clo trc
khi dn nc n cng trnh. X l thm bng Clo phi tin hnh ng
thi hoc sau khi x l bng dung dch Sunfat ng.

10.16. Thit b pha Clo, b cha Clo hay cha Sunfat ng dng x l nc
trong h thng cp nc tun hon phi t trong cng mt nh (c phng
cch li) gn ni dn ho cht vo nc. B, mng, ng thit b tip xc
vi dung dch Clo v Sunfat ng phi lm bng vt liu khng b n mn.




Bng 10.4


Tc dng ca
Clo hoc Sunfat
ng
X l nc lm lnh
Clo Sunfat ng (tnh theo Cu)
Liu lng
(mg/l)
Thi
gian
tip xc
S ln liu
lng
(mg/lCu)
Thi
gian
tip xc
S ln
Ngn nga nc
nhim mu
trong h lm
lnh
(iu 10.11)
0,1-0,5 Theo s
liu
thc
nghim
2 ngy
1 ln
Ngn nga vi
trng v sinh vt
pht trin trong
thit b trao i
nhit v ng
ng (iu 10.13)

Liu lng Clo
d cn li trong
thit b v
ng ng phi
ln hn 1 mg/l
sau thi gian
tip xc 30-40
pht

40-60
pht
2-6 ln
trong
ngy

Ngn nga rong
to pht trin
trong dn ma,
b phun v cc
thit b trao i
nhit kiu ti
(iu 10.16)
1-2 1h 3-4 ln
trong 1
thng
Ngn nga sinh 7-10 1 h 3-4 ln 1 2 1h 3-4 ln
156
vt, rong to
pht trin trong
dn ma, b
phun v thit b
trao i nhit
kiu ti (iu
10.17)
trong 1
thng
trong 1
thng


LM NGUI NC TUN HON

10.17. Kiu v cng trnh lm ngui cn cn c vo:
- Lu lng nc tnh ton;
- Nhit tnh ton ca nc c lm ngui;
- Mc gim nhit trong h thng v yu cu cng ngh i vi vic
n nh hiu qu lm lnh;
- Ch lm vic ca cng trnh lm ngui (lin tc hay gin on);
- iu kin mt bng b tr cng trnh lm ngui; c im cc cng
trnh xy dng xung quanh; n cho php; nh hng ca gi lm
nc bn ra mi trng xung quanh;
- Thnh phn ho hc ca nc b sung v nc tun hon.

10.18. Phm vi s dng cng trnh lm ngui nc cn la chn theo bng 10.5.

Bng 10.5

Loi cng trnh
lm ngui
Phm vi s dng cng trnh lm ngui
Ti lng
nhit n v
(1000
kcal/m
2
.h)
Mc gim
nhit ca
nc,
o
C
Hiu s gia nhit
ca nc c
lm ngui v nhit
kh quyn

Dn ma c qut gi
Dn ma
B phun
B cha lm ngui
Phun ngoi tri
> 80100
6000
520
0,24
715
320
515
510
510
510
45
810
1012
68
1012





157
















11. VNG BO V V SINH

QUY NH CHUNG

11.1. Khi thit k mi hoc thit k ci to h thng cp nc phi thit k vng
bo v v sinh.

11.2. Vng bo v v sinh ca cng trnh cp nc phi bao gm: Vng bo v
ngun cp nc k c mng dn nc; vng bo v v sinh ng ng
dn nc v khu vc xy dng cng trnh x l nc.

i vi ngun cung cp nc phi thit k khu vc I v khu vc II; i
vi cng trnh thu v cng trnh x l phi thit k khu vc I; i vi ng
dn phi thit k khu vc II.

11.3. Vng bo v v sinh phi c thit k trn c s cc ti liu sau:
i vi ngun nc mt: Ti liu v v sinh v thu vn;
i vi ngun nc ngm: Ti liu v v sinh v a cht thu vn;
i vi cng trnh x l nc: Ti liu v v sinh, a cht cng trnh v
a cht thu vn.

11.4. Ranh gii khu vc I ca vng bo v v sinh phi c xc nh trn c
s kh nng m rng din tch xy dng cng trnh x l v t cc ng
dn trong tng lai.

11.5. Trong phm vi khu vc I ca vng bo v v sinh : Cm xy dng bt k
loi cng trnh no cho ngi , k c cng nhn qun l; cm x nc
thi, tm git, bt c, chn th tru b; cm s dng ho cht c, phn
hu c v cc loi phn khong bn cy.

11.6. Nh xy dng trong khu vc I ca vng bo v v sinh phi c h thng
158
thot nc. Nu khng c h thng thot nc th ngn thu ca nh v
sinh phi c chng thm v phi t v tr khng gy nhim khi ly
phn.

11.7. Khu vc I ca vng bo v v sinh phi c san bng v t chc thot
nc mt ra ngoi phm vi khu vc.

11.8. Cc nh , nh my hin c gn phm vi khu vc I ca vng bo v v
sinh phi c bin php chng nhim.

11.9. Khu vc I ca ngun cp nc, ca cng trnh x l nc v khu vc c
mng dn trong khu dn c phi c cch ly bng hng ro v cy xanh
theo ch dn cc iu 13.4 v 13.5.

ng bin mt nc ca khu vc I phi c phao tiu. Trn ming thu t
trong h cha nc c tu b qua li phi t phao c n chiu sng.

Trn ranh gii vng bo v v sinh ca mng dn nc ngoi khu dn c
phi c bin ch dn.

11.10. Khi thit k cc cng trnh cp nc trong khu vc I, vng bo v v sinh
phi c bin php chng nhim bn qua cng trnh thu, vch ging, np
y v ng trn ca b cha v thit b mi my bm.

11.11. Trn khu vc I vng bo v v sinh ca ngun cp nc v cng trnh x
l phi t chc tun tra bo v thng xuyn hoc t tn hiu bo ng
cng nh cc bin php bo v khc theo quy nh iu 13.6.

11.12. Khi thit k khu vc II vng bo v v sinh ca ngun cp nc phi xt
ti cc yu cu sau y:
- Nh my, nh , khu dn c phi c xy dng hon thin (c h
thng cp nc, thot nc bn v nc ma...) bo v t v
ngun nc khi b nhim;
- Nc thi sn xut v sinh hot trc khi x vo ngun nc trong
phm vi khu vc II vng bo v v sinh phi c lm sch m bo
yu cu v sinh;
- Cm phn, rc, ph thi cng nghip, ho cht c lm nhim bn
ngun nc v nhim mi trng;
- Khi s dng knh dn v h lm ngun cp nc phi nh k dn
rong to v bn lng ng y knh, h;
- Ch c php dng cc ch phm c c quan v sinh phng
dch quy nh kh rong to trong nc.

11.13. Cn t chc tun tra bo v trong khu vc II, vng bo v v sinh ngun
cp nc v khu vc t ng dn v knh dn nc.

159
NGUN NC MT

11.14. Tu theo iu kin v sinh, a hnh, thu vn a phng m quy nh
gii hn khu vc I vng bo v v sinh ca sng v knh dn nc. Cn
m bo cc quy nh sau y:
- Cch cng trnh thu v pha thng lu khng nh hn 200 m, v pha
h lu khng nh hn 100 m.
- Cch b sng pha c cng trnh thu tnh t mc nc cao nht, khng
nh hn 100 m.
- Cch b sng v pha i din vi cng trnh thu khng nh hn 50 m
tnh t mc nc cao nht khi chiu rng qua sng nh hn 100 m v
cch cng trnh thu khng nh hn 100 m khi chiu rng ca sng ln
hn 100 m.

11.15. Gii hn khu vc I vng bo v v sinh ca h cha lm ngun cp nc
cn quy nh theo iu kin v sinh, a hnh, thu vn, kh hu a
phng v phi m bo cc yu cu sau y:
- Theo mt nc, cch cng trnh thu v mi hng ln hn 100 m;
- Cch b h v pha c cng trnh thu khng nh hn 100 m tnh t
mc nc cao nht.

Ghi ch: i vi cng trnh thu vnh th gii hn khu vc I bao gm ton
b din tch mt nc ca vng vnh v din tch ca di t xung quanh
khng t hn 100m.

11.16. Khi quy nh gii hn khu vc II i vi sng v knh lm ngun cp
nc phi tnh n kh nng ngun nc b nhim bn bi cc cht bn
ho hc v phi m bo cc yu cu sau:
- Pha thng lu, xc nh theo thi gian nc chy t bin khu vc
n cng trnh thu t 3 n 5 ngy, tu theo iu kin a phng khi
m bo lu lng nc l 95%;
- Pha h lu cch cng trnh thu khng nh hn 280m;
- Hai bn b, tnh n ng phn thu.

Khi sng c hin tng nc dng hoc dng chy ngc th khong cch
pha h lu cng trnh cn xc nh theo iu kin thu vn v kh hu.

11.17. Gii hn khu vc II ca h lm ngun cp nc phi xc nh theo thi
gian chy ca nc t do n cng trnh thu vi tc ln nht c tnh
n tc ng ca gi v dng nc ma chy vo cng trnh thu trong thi
gian khng nh hn 5 ngy.

11.18. Gii hn khu vc II theo quy nh ca iu 11.16 v 11.17 phi m bo
cht lng nc ngun cp nc vi khong cch ti cng trnh thu nh
sau:
160
- i vi ngun nc lu thng - 1 km v pha thng lu
- i vi ngun nc khng lu thng - 1 km v c hai pha.

11.19. Khi thit k bin php bo v ngun nc mt khu vc II phi xt ti
iu kin v sinh khu vc, iu kin a hnh, thu vn v phi m bo
cc yu cu sau y:
- i vi h lm ngun cp nc trong phm vi 300 m tnh t mc nc
cao nht, cm s dng ho cht c, phn hu c v v c bn cy,
tnh theo mc nc cao nht ca h;
- Phi quy nh ch cho ngi tm, git qun o v ch ung nc cho
tru b;
- Khi c tu thuyn qua li phi c cc bin php chng nhim bn
ngun nc (tu phi c b tp trung nc thi, rc ri, trn cng
phi c thng cha rc...)
- Trong khong cch 500 m tnh t mc nc cao nht khng c xy
dng tri chn nui.

NGUN NC NGM

11.20. Gii hn khu vc I vng bo v v sinh i vi ngun nc ngm cn quy
nh theo mc bo v ca tng cha nc, iu kin a cht thu vn
v phi cch cng trnh thu:
- Khng nh hn 30 m i vi tng cha nc c bo v tt;
- Khng nh hn 50m i vi tng cha nc khng c bo v hoc
bo v khng tt.

Ghi ch: i vi cng trnh thu c cng sut nh t v tr khng b tc
ng nhim th khong cch t cng trnh thu n gii hn khu vc I
c php gim xung 15m.

11.21. Gii hn khu vc II, phi xc nh bng tnh ton trn c s iu kin v
sinh v a cht thu vn. ng thi phi tnh n iu kin b cp ca
tng cha nc do lin quan n nc mt hoc cc tng cha nc khc.

Nu c s lin quan thu lc ca tng cha nc vi nc mt (sng,
h...) th khu vc ngun nc b cp cho tng cha nc khai thc phi
nm trong khu vc II vng bo v v sinh.

11.22. Khi thit k bin php bo v ngun nc ngm trong khu vc II phi ch
n cc iu kin sau:
Loi tr hoc ci to cc ging khai thc khng ng quy cch v cc
ging c khuyt tt;
Khi khoan ging mi hay khoan thm d phi c s ng ca c quan
qun l ngun nc.

161
11.23. Trong phm vi khu vc II ca vng bo v v sinh nghim cm:
Xy dng chung tri chn nui cch ranh gii khu vc I di 300m
Xy bi chn th xc vt cch ranh gii khu vc I di 100m

KHU T XY DNG CNG TRNH X L

11.24. Gii hn vng bo v v sinh ca khu t xy dng cng trnh x l phi
tnh t hng ro bo v v theo cc quy nh sau:
- Cch tng b cha, b lc, b lng tip xc trm bm t nht 30m.
Cch tng cc cng trnh khc (b lng, nh sinh hot, kho ho cht,
kho cha Clo...) theo quy nh ring. Cch chn i nc t nht 10m.
Ghi ch: Nu cng trnh x l t trong khu vc x nghip cng nghip th
khong cch trn c th gim xung nhng khng di 10m.

11.25. Vng bo v v sinh gia trm x l v x nghip cng nghip phi theo
quy nh ring ca tng loi c hi sn xut.

Khi trn trm x l c kho tiu th Clo, th khong cch v sinh n nh
v nh cng cng phi khng nh hn 300m.

NG NG DN NC

11.26. Vng bo v v sinh i vi ng ng dn nc phi ly dc theo tuyn
ng khu vc cha xy dng c chiu rng c hai pha ng ng nh
sau:
- Nu khng c nc ngm, ly 7 m khi ng knh ng n 1000mm
v15 m khi ng knh ng ln hn 1000mm;
- Nu c nc ngm th ly ra mi pha ng ng 20 - 25m, m khng
ph thuc vo ng knh ng.

i vi trng hp ng ng dn cha nc t trong khu vc c xy
dng th khong cch trn cho php gim bt.

11.27. Nghim cm t ng ng dn nc i qua khu vc t st l, ngha
trang, cc x nghip cng nghip c hi v tri chn nui.

11.28. Nh x, h cha phn chung, h rc t cch ng ng dn nc
trong phm vi 20m phi chuyn i ni khc.


12. TRANG B IN, KIM SOT CNG NGH, T NG HO
V IU KHIN
CH DN CHUNG

12.1.
Bc tin cy cung cp in cho cc cng trnh tip nhn in ca h thng
162
cp nc cn tun theo Quy phm t thit b in TCVN.

Bc tin cy cung cp in cho trm bm cn ly ging nh bc tin
cy ca trm bm ( Theo iu 7.2 ca Tiu chun ny).

12.2.
in p ca ng c cn chn theo cng sut, s cung cp in s dng
v trin vng tng cng sut ca t my, cn kiu ng c cn chn theo
iu kin mi trng xung quanh v c im ca ngi nh t thit b in.

12.3.
Thit b phn phi in, trm bin th v t iu khin cn t trong nhng
bung nm trong gian my hay k bn gian my c tnh n kh nng m
rng tng cng sut ca chng. Cho php t cc thit b phn phi n v
trm bin th cc v tr ring bit.

12.4.
H thng kim tra cng ngh cn c:
- Phng tin , dng c kim tra thng xuyn.
- Phng tin kim tra nh k ( hiu chnh v kim tra s hot ng
ca cng trnh)

12.5.
Vic kim tra cc thng s cng ngh cht lng nc cn c kim tra
thng xuyn bng cc dng c o, my phn tch v bng cc phng php
th nghim.

12.6.
H thng iu khin cc qu trnh cng ngh v quy m, mc t ng
ho cc cng trnh cn c la chn theo iu kin qun l, lun c kinh
t - k thut, cng nh cn tnh n cc yu t c th v mt x hi
quyt nh.

CNG TRNH THU NC MT V NC NGM

12.7.
Trong cng trnh thu nc mt cn kim tra st gim mc nc qua song
chn v li chn rc, cng nh cn o mc nc trong ngn thu v mc
nc ca sng sui hay dng chy.

12.8.
Trong cng trnh thu nc ngm cn kim tra lu lng nc th c bm
ln t mi ging, mc nc trong ging, trong b tp trung nc cng nh
p lc ca cc my bm.

12.9.
i vi ging khoan thu nc mch su cn t ng ho vic ngt my
bm khi mc nc trong ging h thp xung di gi tr cho php.

12.10.
Trong cng trnh thu nc ngm, vic iu khin my bm cn c thit
k t ng ho theo mc nc ng trong ging (trong b tp trung) hoc
iu khin t xa t trm iu khin trung tm.

TRM BM

163
12.11.
Trong trm bm cn kim tra p sut trong ng ng p lc, cng nh
mc nc trong b cha, trong h thu nc r r, trong thng chn khng;
nhit trc my bm (nu cn); ngp mc nc trong trng hp xy
s c. Khi cng sut t my bng 100 kW tr ln cn tin hnh kim tra
nh k hiu sut ca t my vi sai s khng vt qu 3%.

12.12.
i vi cc trm bm c ch lm vic thay i cn c b phn iu
chnh p lc v lu lng nhm m bo tiu th in nng t nht. Vic
iu chnh c th tin hnh theo bc bng cch thay i s my bm cng
tc hoc thay i nhp nhng s vng quay ca my bm hoc bng cch
t thm cc my bin tn.

12.13.
B phn dn ng bng in phc v vic iu chnh cn trang b cho mt
t my bm nm trong nhm t 2- 3 t my bm cng tc.

Vic iu khin thit b bin tn cn c t ng ho theo p lc thc t
trn mng li, lu lng nc bm vo mng li v mc nc trong b
cha.

12.14.
i vi nhng t my bm c cng sut t 250 kW tr ln nn s dng
ng c in ng b, i vi nhng t my c cng sut nh hn nn s
dng ng c khng ng b ngn mch. i vi cc t my iu khin
theo s mch phn tng dng ng c khng ng b R-to pha.

12.15.
i vi trm bm t ng ho, cn thit k m t ng t my bm d
phng khi my bm cng tc b ngt do s c.

i vi trm bm iu khin t xa, vic m t ng t my bm d phng
cn c thc hin i vi trm bm c bc tin cy loi I.

12.16.
i vi trm bm c bc tin cy loi I, cn thit k m t ng cc t my
bm hoc m t ng cch qung khi khng th m cc my bm cng mt
lc do iu kin v cp in.

12.17.
Nu ti trm bm c s dng thng chn khng mi nc cho my bm
th my bm chn khng cn c t ng ho theo mc nc trong thng.

12.18.
Ti cc trm bm nc cn c s khng ch mc nc khng ng chm
n dung tch cha chy v dung tch nc d phng trong b cha.

12.19.
Cc my bm cha chy c th iu khin t xa, ng thi vi vic ra lnh
m my bm cha chy, cn khng ch khng cho dng nc d tr cha
chy v ct my bm ra.

Trong h thng cha chy p lc cao, ng thi vi vic ra lnh m my
bm cha chy cn t ng ct tt c cc my bm khc, ng kho trn
ng ng y dn nc n i nc p lc hay b cha nc p lc.

164
12.20.
My bm chn khng t ti cc trm bm ging thu nc bng xi-phng
cn c thit k t ng ho theo mc nc trong bnh cha khng kh
t trn ng xi-phng.

12.21.
Ti cc trm bm cn t ng ho cc qu trnh ph tr sau y:
- Ra li quay chn rc theo chng trnh nh trc (iu khin thi
gian hay theo chnh mc nc).
- Bm nc r r theo mc nc trong h thu.
- Chy qut thng gi theo nhit khng kh trong phng.

TRM X L NC

12.22.
Ti trm s l nc cn kim tra nhng thng s cng ngh sau:
Lu lng nc (nc ngun, nc x l, nc ra b lc, nc dng
li).
- Lu lng dung dch cht phn ng v lu lng khng kh.
- Mc nc trong b lc, b trn, thng cha cht phn ng v trong cc
thng cha khc.
- Mc cn trong b lng v b lng trong.
- Tn tht p lc trong b lc(nu cn).
- Hm lng Clo d hay zn.
- Nng dung dch cht phn ng.
- pH ca nc ngun v nc x l.
- Cc thng s cng ngh khc i hi s kim tra trc tip v m bo
bi cc phng tin k thut tng ng.

12.23.
Cn t ng ho:
- nh lng cht keo t (phn) v cc ho cht khc.
- Qu trnh kh trng bng Clo, zon v cc ho cht cha Clo.
- Qu trnh lc v Flo ho bng phng php ho cht.

Khi lu lng nc a vo x l thay i, vic nh lng dung dch cht
phn ng cn t ng ho theo lu lng nc x l v cht phn ng c
nng khng i vi vic hiu chnh ti ch hoc t xa t l ny. Nu c
c s xc ng, c th t ng ho theo ch tiu cht lng nc ngun v
cht phn ng.

12.24.
Tc lc cn iu chnh theo lu lng nc hoc theo mc nc trong
b lc vi vic m bo phn phi u nc cho cc b lc.

165
12.25.
Cn t ng ho vic ra b lc v b lc tip xc (khi s lng ln hn
10). Vic cho b lc ngng lm vic ra cn theo mc nc, tr s ct
nc trong lp lc hoc cht lng nc lc. Vic cho b lc tip xc
ngng lm vic ra cn theo tr s tn tht ct nc hoc theo mc gim
lu lng khi van iu chnh m ht c.

12.26.
Ti b lc cn t ng ho vic thot kh ra khi ng ng cp nc ra
lc.

12.27.
Vic ra li quay v thit b lc li (microfilter) cn t ng ho theo
chng trnh hoc theo st gim ca mc nc.

12.28.
My bm dung dch cht phn ng cn c iu khin ti ch vi vic
ngt t ng theo mc dung dch nh trc trong thng.

12.29.
Ti trm lm mm nc bng ho cht cn t ng ho vic nh lng cht
phn ng theo pH v dn in.

Ti trm kh cng Cacbonat v kh Cacbonat cn t ng ho vic nh
lng cht phn ng (Vi, Sa) theo pH v dn in.

12.30.
Vic hon nguyn b lc trao i ion cn c t ng ho. B lc Cationit:
theo cng d ca nc; i vi b lc Anionit: theo dn in ca
nc x l.

MNG LI NG NG DN V PHN PHI NC

12.31.
Trn cc tuyn ng dn nc cn b tr cc thit b chuyn tn hiu cc s
c.

12.32.
Trn cc tuyn ng phn phi nc cn t cc thit b o p lc v
trong trng hp cn thit o lu lng nc ti cc im kim tra v thng
bo cc thng s bng tn hiu.

12.33.
Khi cn thit phi iu chnh lu lng nc cn b tr trn mng cc van
kho chuyn hng vi h thng iu khin t xa.

DUNG TCH D TR NC

12.34. 1
Trong cc b cha nc hoc bnh, kt cha nc cc loi cn b tr cc
thit b o mc nc v kim sot chng (trong trng hp cn thit)
s dng cho h thng t ng hoc truyn tn hiu n trm bm hoc
trm iu khin.



H THNG CP NC TUN HON

166
12.35.
i vi h thng cp nc tun hon, ngoi cc yu cu nu iu 12.11,
cn kim tra:
- Lu lng nc b sung.
- Mc nc trong ngn cha nc nng v nc lm ngui.
- Nhit nc nng v nc lm ngui.
- Tr s pH ca nc lm ngui.
- Nng Clo d trong nc lm ngui.
- Nng mui trong nc nng.

12.36.
Vic iu khin trm bm cp nc tun hon cn thc hin theo iu 12.12
- 12.18.

12.37.
Vic ng, m my bm nc nng cn c t ng ho theo mc nc
trong ngn tip nhn.

12.38.
iu khin t ng vic bm nc b sung cho h thng cp nc tun
hon cn thc hin theo mc nc trong b cha nc lm ngui.

12.39.
i vi thp lm ngui gm nhiu n nguyn tu theo nhit nc lm
ngui cn thay i s lng my qut gi cng tc bng cch:
- i vi trm bm t ng ho: Bng cc thit b t ng.
- i vi cc loi trm bm khc: Bng thit b iu khin t xa t ti
trung tm iu khin.

12.40.
Khi x l n nh nc cn t ng ho vic nh lng cht phn ng nh
sau:
- Pht pht: Theo lu lng nc b sung.
- Axit: Theo tr s pH cho trc.
- Sunfat v Clo: Theo chng trnh nh trc.

H THNG IU KHIN

12.41.
m bo cung cp cho cc h tiu th s lng nc cn thit v cht
lng nc yu cu cn xy dng h thng iu khin trung tm cc cng
trnh dn nc.

12.42.
H thng iu khin cc qu trnh cng ngh c la chn nh sau:
- iu khin t xa: m bo kim sot v duy tr ch lm vic cho
trc ca cc cng trnh dn nc trn c s s dng cc phng tin
kim tra , truyn tin, x l cc thng tin phn hi.
- T ng ho: Bao gm h thng iu khin t xa bng vic xy dng
cc phng tin k thut nh gi mc kinh t, cht lng cng
vic v xc nh ch vn hnh ti u cc cng trnh.
167

12.43.
C cu ca trm iu khin t xa cn c chn theo ch mt cp vi
mt trm iu khin c nht. i vi nhng h thng cp nc ln c
nhiu cng trnh thu nc nm ti cc khu vc cch xa nhau th cho php
dng c cu iu khin t xa hai cp hoc nhiu cp gm trm iu khin
trung tm v trm iu khin ti ch. S cn thit ca c cu trong
tng trng hp c th cn c lun c xc ng.

12.44.
Vic iu khin t xa cn kt hp vi vic t ng ho tng phn hoc t
ng ho ton b cng trnh c kim sot. Khi lng cng vic iu
khin t xa phi ti thiu, nhng phi thng tin chi tit v din bin
ca qu trnh cng ngh, tnh hnh trang thit b cng ngh, cng nh s
iu khin thc t cc cng trnh.

12.45.
Trong cc cng trnh khng c trang b y cc phng tin t ng
ho v cn c i ng nhn vin thng trc lm cng vic iu khin v
kim tra ti ch, c php t cc trm vn hnh tu theo vic phc v
iu khin t xa ca cc trm .

12.46.
Vic iu khin t xa h thng cp nc cn c m bo bi s lin lc
in thoi trc tip gia trm iu khin vi cc cng trnh c kim sot ,
vi cc b phn phc v qun l khc nhau, b phn iu v cp in, b
phn qun l ng ng v phng chng chy.

Cc trm iu khin v cc cng trnh c kim tra nm ring bit cn
c ni vi h thng lin lc in thoi hnh chnh.

Trm iu khin v cc cng trnh kim tra cn trang b h thng truyn
thanh.

12.47.
Trong cc trm iu khin cn b tr cc phng sau:
- Phng iu khin t xa: b tr ch ngi cho nhn vin iu khin, t
bng iu khin, s iu khin, cc phng tin phn nh thng tin,
cc phng lin lc .
- Phng my: b tr thit b iu khin t xa, thit b cung cp in,
thit b lin lc.
- Phng ngh cn b nhn vin
- Xng sa cha thit b.
- Phng c quy v np in.

b tr cc thit b k thut chuyn dng ca h thng iu khin t ng
cc qu trnh cng ngh cn b sung :
- Gian t my tnh.
- Gian chun b v bo qun t liu.
- Gian lm vic ca cn b lp chng trnh v vn hnh tu theo thnh
168
phn khi thit b ca h thng iu khin, cc phng c th b tr ring
bit hoc hp nht vi nhau.

12.48.
Trm iu khin ca h thng cp nc cn c b tr trong khu vc xy
dng cc cng trnh cp nc v t ti nh hnh chnh qun tr, ti trm
lc, trm bm hoc ti nh qun l.

12.49.
Trong h thng iu khin t xa cn thc hin vic iu khin t xa nhng
i tng sau y:
- Nhng t my bm khng c t ng ho v cn c s can thip trc
tip ca iu vin.
- Nhng t my bm c t ng ho khng c ngng lm vic v
cn s ti iu khin.
- Nhng t my bm cha chy.
- Cc kho trn mng li v ng ng dn dng thay i nhanh
hng dng chy.

12.50.
Trong h thng iu khin t xa cn chuyn v trung tm iu khin cc s
liu o c cc thng s cng ngh ch yu v bm nc, phn phi v x
l nc.

12.51.
Trong h thng iu khin t xa cn chuyn cc tn hiu sau y:
- Trng thi lm vic ca tt c cc t my bm iu khin t xa, v cc
kho, cng nh cc my mc iu khin ti ch hoc iu khin t ng
( thng tin cho iu vin ).
- S ngng lm vic ca thit b o s c.
- Cnh bo chung hoc tnh trng b h hng ca mi mt cng trnh hoc
ca ton b dy chuyn cng ngh .
- Tr s c trng v tr s gii hn ca cc thng s cng ngh
- Trm b ngp lt .
- Bo ng (ca m) ti nhng cng trnh khng c bo v.
- S nguy him v chy.








169



13. NHNG YU CU V CC GII PHP XY DNG, KT CU
NH V CNG TRNH

TNG MT BNG
13.1.
Quy hoch v xy dng cc cng trnh ca h thng cp nc phi ph
hp vi nhng yu cu cng ngh chung, nhng ch dn trong tiu chun
thit k quy hoch cc x nghip cng nghip.

Khi cng trnh x l t gn sng h th cao mt t phi cao hn nh
sng ca mc nc cao nht ng vi tn sut tnh ton trong sng h l
0,5m.

Ring i vi cc trm bm t I, cao ca sn cng tc cao nht phi
cao hn nh sng ca mc nc l cao nht ng vi tn sut tnh ton l
0,5m.

13.2.
Khi thit k tng mt bng ca khu x l phi c cc ti liu kho st cc
cng trnh ngm, ti liu a cht thu vn v ti liu kho st s b a
cht cng trnh trong mt bng ca khu x l v vng ph cn nu thy cn
thit.

13.3.
Vic b tr cc kho cha ho cht c nh Clo, Amoniac phi theo cc
quy nh ring.

Ho cht c khi cha trong thng c p lc phi b tr cch h cha nc
hoc cch nh v cng trnh sn xut khc ln hn 30m, khi cha trong
thng khng c p lc th tu theo yu cu v v sinh v chng chy v
phi t cui hng gi chnh.

13.4.
Trong mi trng hp, cc cng trnh cp nc phi c hng ro bao che.
Kt cu v vt liu lm hng ro bao che tu theo iu kin a
phng.

13.5.
Trong khu x l nc phi trng cy xanh, phn t khng xy dng phi
trng c, khong cch gia cy xanh v cng trnh phi m bo l cy
khng rng vo cng trnh v r cy khng ph hoi cc cng trnh ngm.

13.6.
Trong cng trnh x l phi c cc bin php bo v nh:
- C hng ro bao che;
- Cch 50m phi c bin khu vc cm;
- n bo v t dc theo hng ro cch nhau t 10 n 15 mt (tu theo
170
cng sut bng);
- H thng in thoi.

CC GII PHP KHNG GIAN MT BNG

13.7.
Loi v bc chu la ca nh v cng trnh tu theo bc tin cy cp nc
ly theo bng 13.1.

Bng 13.1

S
TT
Tn cng trnh tin
cy cp
nc
Phn loi
nh v
cng trnh
Mc
chng chy.
1. Cng trnh thu I
II
III
I
II
III
II
III
IV
2. Trm bm
Bc tin cy I
Bc tin cy II
Bc tin cy III

I
II
III

I
II
III

I
II
III
3. Trm x l nc (lng, lc, lm
mm nc, lm ngui nc,
kh st, kh mui)
II II II
4. Trm pha Clo I II II

5. B cha v iu ho
T 1 n 2 b v c s dng
cho phng chy,
Ln hn 2 b v khng s dng
cho phng chy,

I


II
II


II

khng quy nh
6. Ging thm trn
mng li
III II khng quy nh
7. p nc III II II

8. B lm ngui nc tun hon
Thp qut gi
Thp lm lnh

II
II

II
II

II-V
II-V
9. B phun II II khng quy nh


13.8.
Khi thit k trm x l nc phi ch ti phng n hp khi cc cng
trnh c dy chuyn cng ngh chung: Nh ho cht, b lng trong, b lc,
trm bm, thit b in, nh sinh hot v nh ph tr...

13.9.
Cu thang xung phn chm ca trm bm phi c chiu rng t nht
0,8m; dc khng ln hn 45
0
. Nu cng trnh c chiu di ti 12m
171
dc cu thang c th ly ti 60
0
. Chiu rng cu thang ln sn iu khin
van ly 0,6m dc 60
0
tr ln. Khi phn chm ca trm bm t 1,8m tr ln
v chiu di (hay ng knh) ca trm ln hn 18m phi c t nht 2 ca
ra vo. B rng ca ra vo t nht l 1,2m.

13.10.
Trong cc tm bm phi to dng i lu khng kh v y nh sng t
nhin. Nu khng m bo c th phi b sung bng cch to dng i
lu khng kh nhn to v nh sng nhn to.

Ca s ca trm bm phi c chn song bo v. Ca i phi c kho.

13.11.
B cha c phn chm t trn nn t yu th trn mt t phi c tng
chn pha xe c hay qua li. Khong cch tng chn n thnh b phi
ln hn chn su ca b.

B cha h cao hn mt t ti 0,6m phi c hng ro bao quanh, khng
t b cha h gn ng c nhiu ngi v xe c qua li.


CU TO V VT LIU

13.12.
B cha bng btng ct thp c th thit k theo phng php ti ch,
lp ghp hoc na lp ghp.

13.13.
Trm bm chm bng btng ct thp, c th thit k theo phng php
o m mt hoc nh tt tu theo iu kin a hnh, a cht cng trnh
v a cht thu vn.

13.14.
Mc btng ca mi lp ghp ca mch ngng, ca mch chn khe lp
ghp phi cao hn mc btng ca cu kin lp ghp hoc mc b tng
c ti ch mt cp.

13.15.
Phi c lp trt lng pha trong cng trnh cha nc tng cng kh
nng chng thm cho cng trnh.

Phn chm trong t ca cng trnh cha nc phi c lp trt lng bn
ngoi. Ring i vi vng t c nc ngm, ngoi vic trt lng nn c
thm lp bi tum ph ngoi cng.

Lp trt lng pha trong hoc pha ngoi cn dng va xi mng ct vng
mc cao hoc xi mng nguyn cht.

13.16.
i vi cc cng trnh cha nc v nhng cng trnh c yu cu chng
thm cao (trm bm nc th, trm bm nc sch) nu thit k bng vt
liu btng ct thp phi dng btng mc 250 tr ln; nu dng btng
khng ct thp phi dng btng mc 200 tr ln.

13.17.
Hn ch n mc ti a vic thit k cc cng trnh cha nc bng vt
172
liu gch . c bit l cc cng trnh chu p lc nc hoc c yu cu
chng thm cao. Trong trng hp bt buc phi thit k cc cng trnh
cha nc bng gch th dng gch c, mc 75 xy bng va xi mng
mc 75 tr ln.

13.18.
Mi dc ca trm bm nc th v mi dc ca cc h cha phi k bng
hoc tm btng.

13.19.
Lp btng bo v ct thp ca cc kt cu btng ct thp thuc cc
cng trnh c ho cht phi bo m t nht l 30mm tr ln.

13.20.
Ging v h van trn ng ng xy bng gch hc hoc btng ct
thp.

13.21.
Cc cng trnh t chm di t mt phn hoc ton b phi tnh kim tra
v c bin php chng y ni do mc nc ngm hoc nc l gy ra.
Trong trng hp khng c s liu chnh xc v mc nc ngm hoc
nc l cao nht th mc nc ngm, nc l ly bng ct san nn ca
cng trnh. Cn cu to lp thot nc ngm di y cc cng trnh t
chm thot nc trong qu trnh thi cng v sa cha sau ny.

13.22.
Cn c bin php chng nng cho b cha: p t, trng c hoc c bin
php khc. Chiu dy lp t ph t nht l 20 cm. Trong trng hp cn
chng y ni cho cng trnh, lp t ph ny c th dy hn theo yu cu
tnh ton.

13.23.
ng qua thnh cc cng trnh cha nc phi c t trong ng lng
hoc ni cng vi thnh cng trnh.

Khe h gia ng lng v ng qua thnh phi c xm kn bng vt liu
n hi v chng thm cao.

Khi ng ra khi thnh phi b tr mi ni mm bo v ng khi c hin
tng ln khng u xy ra.

13.24.
Ct thp dng trong cc cng trnh cha nc (k c thp t cu to) phi
dng thp c ng knh 8mm tr ln v khong cch gia hai thanh thp
khng c ln hn 200mm.

13.25.
Chiu dy lp btng bo v ct thp i vi cc cng trnh cha nc v
cc cng trnh c yu cu chng thm cao (trm bm nc th, trm bm
nc sch) phi bo m:
- y: 40mm
- Thnh: 30mm
- Np: 30mm
- Sn ngn gia cc b chng tng: 30mm
173
Khi thit k cc cng trnh cha nc cn b tr mch ngng thi cng v
mch ngng thi cng kt hp vi khe co dn.


TNH TON CNG TRNH

13.26.
Ti trng v h s vt ti tnh ton cng trnh phi theo quy nh
trong tiu chun thit k ti trng v tc ng v theo bng 13.2.


Bng 13.2

Ti trng v tc ng ln cc cng trnh cha H s vt ti
1. Ti trng v tc ng tm thi lu di
a) p lc nc s dng
b) p lc nc ngm
c) Tc dng nhit

1,1
1,1
1,2
2. Ti trng v tc ng ngn tm thi.
a) Ti trng ca my lp rp vn chuyn ln khi t ph hoi
b) p lc nc khi kh

1,3 (0,8)
1

Ghi ch:
1) Ti trng do p lc ln tng v y ca cc cng trnh cha ly nh sau:
- Ti trng tiu chun: bng p lc thu tnh ca nc; ngang mc nc thit k.
- Ti trng tnh ton: bng p lc thu tnh ca nc; vi h s vt ti 1,1 nhng khng
qu mc nc ti nh tng hoc ng trn.
2) Nhit khng kh ly theo tiu chun s liu kh hu xy dng
3) Trn mi cc cng trnh cha cho php tnh ti trng tm thi ca cc loi my mc thit
b thi cng nh.
4) H s ghi trong ngoc n p dng trong trng hp khi vic gim ti trng s c nh
hng xu ti kh nng lm vic ca kt cu.


13.27.
Tnh ton cng trnh cha phi thc hin y cc trng hp sau y:
- Cng trnh khng cha nc chung quanh c t p u hoc khng
u, nc ngm mc cao nht c k n hot ti phn b u
hoc khng u trn mt;
- Cng trnh c cha nc, xung quanh khng c t p;
- Lc y ni do nc ngm mc cao nht;
- Cng trnh c nhiu ngn th phi kt hp c ngn cha v ngn khng
174
cha;
- Ti trng pht sinh trong qu trnh thi cng;
- Ti trng gi v cc ti trng ngang khc nu c.
- Tnh ton kim tra khe nt (do ni lc v do chnh lch nhit gy
ra).

13.28.
Khi cng trnh xy dng vng ngp lt hoc b tc ng trc tip ca l
lt phi tnh n p lc nc l lt cao nht tc ng vo cc b phn ca
cng trnh.

13.29.
Nu vt nt trn cng trnh ch ti 0,2mm th cng trnh c th coi nh
khng b nt.

13.30.
Khi thit k cc cng trnh cha nc phi hn ch ti a hin tng ln
khng u v phi p ng c yu cu b tr dy chuyn cng ngh.
i vi cc cng trnh cha nc (k c trm bm nc th, cng trnh
thu, trm bm nc sch v cc cng trnh trn tuyn ng) ln u cho
php ti a l 8 cm.


CHNG N MN CNG TRNH

13.31.
Khi thit k chng n mn cho kt cu xy dng phi tun theo tiu
chun: Chng n mn cho kt cu xy dng nh v cng trnh.

13.32.
Khi thit k cng trnh chu tc ng ca dng in phi c bin php
chng n mn in cho cu kin btng ct thp.

13.33.
Cc b phn kt cu phi c lp bo v chng n mn. Trng hp khng
th thc hin c iu , phi tng chiu dy lp bo v ct thp hoc
tng chiu dy v tng mc va trt bn ngoi.

13.34.
khi thit k cc b cha cht lng c tnh n mn khng cho php:
- Gi tng nh ln thnh b;
- t cc b chng ln nhau;
- t ng ng trong lp b tng y.

13.35.
Khi gia c mng v cc b phn khc trong b cha khng c lm hng
lp bo v chng n mn.


THNG GI

13.36.
Trong trm nh lng Clo, phi thit k h thng thng gi c kh hot
ng thng xuyn vi s ln thay i khng kh l 6 ln trong 1 gi. H
175
thng ny phi c iu khin t v tr my phn tch kh v t nt bm
lp ca ra vo.

Khng kh thi phi c x qua ng t cao hn nh mi nh, cao nht
l 2m trong khu vc bn knh 15m.

Khng kh phi c ht vi khi lng 50% t vng di v 20% t
vng trn ca gian sn xut.

13.37.
H thng thng gi trong kho Clo tiu th phi l h thng thng gi c
kh vi s ln trao i khng kh 6 ln trong mi gi. Ngoi ra cn phi c
h thng thng gi s c vi s ln trao i khng kh b sung 6 ln mt
gi. H thng ny phi c iu khin t my phn tch kh. ng thi
my phn tch kh phi bt tn hiu m thanh v nh sng bo hiu c
nng Clo nguy him trong kho.

Khng kh thi cn x qua ng t cao cch mt t 15m. Vic khi ng
h thng thng gi cn c thc hin t hp nt bm lp ca ra vo.

13.38.
Vic thng gi nh nh lng Amoniac phi c thc hin qua h thng
thng gi c kh vi s ln trao i khng kh 6 ln mt gi. H thng thi
gi phi c qut d phng song song vi qut ang hot ng. Khng kh
thi c ht ra t vng trn, khng kh sch c a vo vng lm vic.

13.39.
Trong phng t my iu ch Ozon cn thit k h thng thng gi c
kh vi s ln trao i khng kh 6 ln mt gi. Ngoi ra cn c h thng
thng gi s c vi s ln trao i khng kh b sung 6 ln mt gi. H
thng thi gi phi c qut d phng t song song vi qut ang hot
ng. Trong phng t my cn c my phn tch kh m bo t ng
ng tn hiu m thanh v nh sng bo hiu c nng Ozon nguy him
trong phng.

13.40.
Trong phng iu ch dung dch St Clorua cn thit k h thng thng
gi chung 6 ln trao i khng kh trong mt gi. Ngoi ra phi thit k h
thng thng gi cc b t cc t ng chai l cha St Clorua. Tc ht
gi cc l thao tc ca t phi khng nh hn 0,5 m/s.

13.41.
Trong phng iu ch dung dch Natri Florua cn thit k h thng thng
gi chung vi 3 ln trao i khng kh trong mt gi. Ngoi ra cn thit k
h thng thng gi cc b t cc t ng chai l cha Natri Florua v t
t lm v sinh b phn lc ca bm chn khng. Tc ht gi l thao
tc phi khng nh hn 0,5m/s.






176























14. CC YU CU B SUNG I VI H THNG CP NC
TRONG NHNG IU KIN KH HU THIN NHIN C BIT

VNG NG T

14.1.
Khi thit k h thng cp nc vng ng t cp 7, 8, 9 cn theo cc
quy nh ny.

14.2.
Khi thit k cc cng trnh cp nc bc tin cy I, trong vng ng t cp
8 v 9 cn s dng hai ngun cp nc c lp.

14.3.
Khi s dng mt ngun cp nc c ming ht cc ni khc nhau, th
lng nc cha chy phi gp i, ng thi phi thm mt lng nc
cn thit cp nc n ung sinh hot cho khu dn c c ng t cp 9
trong thi gian t nht 12h v cho khu dn c c ng t cp 8 trong thi
gian t nht l 8h. Lng nc cn thm cho khu cng nghip ly theo
biu s c.

14.4.
m bo cho h thng cp nc hot ng an ton cn c cc bin
php sau y:
- Phn tn cc b cha, t cc b cha ti cc khu vc i din
mng li;
- Thay th cc thp cha nc bng cc b cha t trn cc im
cao ca khu vc xy dng.
177
- S dng cc trm tng p cho cc cng trnh cp nc c lu lng
100m
3
/h;
- S dng h thng cp nc p lc thp;
- Hp nht cc mng li cp nc n ung - sinh hot, sn xut,
cha chy; cp nc cha lm sch nhng qua kh trng vo
mng li cp nc n ung - sinh hot sau khi tho thun vi
c quan v sinh phng dch.

14.5.
Khng cho php hp khi trm bm vi cc cng trnh khc tr cng trnh
thu.

14.6.
Trm bm t su phi b tr cch xa b cha v ng ng dn t nht
10m, ng t qua tng trm bm phi bc ng lng.

14.7.
Cc cng trnh cha nc trn trm x l nc cn phn thnh nhm, t
nht phi hai nhm.

14.8.
Trm x l nc phi c ng ng vng cp nc vo mng li.
Phi dng thit b pha Clo n gin cp nc vo mng li n ung
sinh hot.

14.9.
Phi thit k t nht hai b cha. Mi b cha cn ni vi mng li bng
ng ng ring.

14.10.
Khng cho php ngm cng ng ng trong tng v mng nh. Kch
thc l cho ng ng i qua phi m bo c khe h t nht 10 cm.
Trng hp c t ln st th khe h cao t nht 20 cm; phi dng vt liu
n hi bt khe h.

ng t qua tng cng trnh cha phi bao ng lng.

14.11.
Phi thit k mi ni mm nhng ni sau y:
- Trn ng ng dn nc ra, vo nh v cng trnh;
- Ch ng t ni vi my bm, kt nc, ging;
- Ch ng ng ca i nc ni vi cc ng ng ngang;
- Ch thay i hng t ng ng.


NG NG DN V MNG LI CP NC

14.12.
Cn dng cc loi ng ng v ng dn sau y:
- ng Polyetylen;
- ng btng ct thp c p vi p lc cng tc ti 12kg/cm
2
;

178
Cho php s dng:
- ng gang v ng gang do vi p lc cng tc ti 6kg/cm
2
;
- ng thp vi p lc cng tc t 9kg/cm
2
tr ln.

14.13.
Cn phi dng mi ni mm ni ng ng btng ct thp, k c ng
gang.

14.14.
Chiu su t ng ti thiu, tnh n nh ng phi theo cc quy nh sau:
- ng gang v ng btng ct thp khng nh hn 1m.
- ng thp: khng quy nh

14.15.
Phi thit k hai ng ng dn c cc ng ni ngang thay i nhau
lm vic. S lng cc ng ng ni ngang phi quy nh theo iu kin
xut hin hai ch b ph hng trn ng ng dn. ng thi phi m
bo ti c 70% lng nc cha chy v 70% lng nc n ung -
sinh hot v c lng nc cp cho cc x nghip cng nghip khi cc x
nghiph ny lm vic theo biu s c.

Mng phn phi phi thit k kiu mng vng.

14.16.
Khng nn t ng dn v cc ng ng chnh trong t bo ho nc
(tr cc lp cng v khi ln); trong cc lp t p c m bt
k, v c trong cc vng t c vt ph hoi kin to. Trng hp phi t
cc ng ng ni trn trong cc lp t th phi dng ng thp.


KT CU

14.17.
Thit k kt cu nh v cng trnh phi theo tiu chun thit k xy dng
vng ng t. Cp ng t ca nh v cng trnh ly theo bng 14.1.

Ghi ch:
- Loi nh v cng trnh cp nc ly theo bng 14.1.
- Khi thit k cc cng trnh cha t su. Nu ng t qu cp 7 phi
tnh vi tc ng ng t.


Bng 14.1

Loi nh v
cng trnh
Cp ng t ca nh v cng trnh khi cp ng t
trn khu vc xy dng
7 8 9
I
II
7
7
8
7
9
8
179
III Khng tnh tc ng ng t

14.18.
Cng trnh cha phi tnh vi s tc ng ng thi ca ti trng t;
trng lng bn thn ca kt cu, trng lng nc cha, v t k c t
p.

14.19.
Khi xc nh ti trng ng t ca cng trnh,ni chung gi tr ca h s
ng hc v dng dao ng (|i; qik) cn ly 1,5 i vi cng trnh cha
xy chm v 3 i vi cng trnh xy trn mt t.


VNG T LN ST

14.20.
H thng cp nc xy dng vng t ln st, phi thit k theo tiu
chun thit k nn mng nh v cng trnh.

14.21.
Nh v cng trnh phi b tr trn khu vc xy dng m bo thot nc
ma tt.

Ghi ch: Trng hp khu vc xy dng l sn i, phi thit k knh
bao trn i thot nc ma.

14.22.
Khng c xy dng nh v cng trnh trn b h o, trn b knh,
mng v nhng ni t d ln st.

14.23.
Khong cch t cc cng trnh cha n cc loi nh c quy nh nh
sau:
Trong vng t loi I (vng t loi I l vng t khng c kh nng ln
st do trng lng bn thn), khng nh hn 1,5 ln chiu dy lp t ln
st; trong vng t loi II (vng t loi II l vng t c kh nng ln st
do trng lng bn thn) c lp t thm nc khng nh hn 1,5 ln
chiu dy lp t ln st; cn khi c lp t khng thm nc - khng nh
hn 3 ln chiu dy lp t ln st, nhng khng qu 40m.

Ghi ch: Chiu dy lp t ln st phi tnh t mt t t nhin ca a
hnh.

14.24.
Trong vng t loi I; khong cch t ngun gy ln thng xuyn n
ch xy dng nh v cng trnh cho php khng hn ch vi iu kin c
th khc phc trit c tnh trng t ln.

14.25.
Trong cc n thit k nh v cc cng trnh xy dng vng t ln
st phi m bo cho cng trnh cha v mng li kn kht; phi c bin
php ngn nga nc thm vo t; thu v thot nc nhng ch r r.

14.26.
ng ng bn trong trm bm v trm lc nc... phi t trn mt sn.
C th t ng ng trong rnh khng thm nc v thot nc vo h
180
ring, t nc chy vo ging kim tra hoc vo h thng thot nc
ma.

14.27.
Cc vi nc cng cng phi b tr cc ch thp cch nh v cng trnh
mt khong cch ti thiu 10m.



14.28.
i vi vng t loi I, ng ng c p v t chy khi thit k khng
tnh ti ln ca t.

14.29.
i vi vng t loi II, khi ln ca t ti 20 cm, phi m k t nn
trc khi t ng ng.

14.30.
i vi vng t loi II khi ln ca t ln hn 20 cm phi t ng
trong mng hoc trong tuynen.

14.31.
quan st nc r r t ng ng t di t cn thit k ging kim
tra. Ging kim tra c th dng ging kim tra trn mng li cp nc.
Trn ng ng dn, ging kim tra t cch nhau khng qu 250m. C
th t ng x thay ging kim tra x nc khi c s c vo ch trng
nhng khng nc ma lm ngp cc ng ng dn.

Trn ng ng t chy ging kim tra t cch nhau khng qu 200m.

14.32.
Khi t ng ng cp nc trong ho vng t loi I, khong cch theo
chiu ngang tnh t mt ngoi ng ti mp mng nh v cng trnh phi
ly ln hn 5m; trong vng t loi II ly theo bng 14.2.
Ghi ch:
- Trng hp c bin php gia c t ln th khng p dng quy nh
trong bng 14.2.
- Khi ng ng cp nc c p lc trn 6kg/cm
2
khong cch trn cn
ly tng 30%.
- Trng hp khng th theo ng cc quy nh trong bng 14.2; phi
t ng ng trong rnh khng thm nc; rnh phi c ng x nc
s c vo ging kim tra.

Bng 14.2

Chiu dy
lp t ln
st, m
Khong cch ti thiu (m) tnh t mt ngoi ng n mp mng nh
v cng trnh trong vng t loi II, khi ng knh ng, mm
Ti 100 Trn 100 Ti 300 Trn 300
Ti 5 Nh i vi t khng ln
T 5 n 12 5 7,5 10
Trn 12 7,5 10 15
181

14.33.
Trn ng ng dn nc v mng li cp nc trc ph tng ni mt
bch phi cu to cc mi ni di ng t trong ging.

14.34.
Trong vng t loi I, thit k ging khng cn tnh ti ln; trong vng
t loi II, nn t t ging phi m su 1m, phn y v thnh ging
di ng ng phi c cu to khng thm nc. Vng t quanh ging
phi san dc 0,03 tnh t ming ging tr ra.

14.35.
ng ng dn nc ra, vo nh phi thit k theo tiu chun thit k cp
nc bn trong.

14.36.
Nn cc cng trnh cha phi c m k su t nht 1,5 - 2m. Trong
lng th tch ca t lp t m khng c nh hn 1,6 T/m
3
. Nn
t m phi rng hn kch thc cng trnh v mi bn t nht 1,5m.

14.37.
Trong vng t loi II, di y cng trnh t trn t m phi c b
chng thm v cu to thot nc vo ging kim tra.

14.38.
Cng trnh cha nc c y hnh nn ln ngc phi c ct t ln
mng btng ct thp khng thm nc v c cu to thot nc vo
ging kim tra.

Ghi ch: i vi cc cng trnh cp nc c bc tin cy III, khi ng
knh nh hn 10m khng cn phi c cu to thot nc s c.

14.39.
i vi cng trnh cha nc thuc bc tin cy cp I v II, xy trn vng
t loi II, phi theo di ln st v r r nc ca cng trnh.

14.40.
Trong vng t loi I; di mng tng v ct nh t cng trnh cha
di sn trm bm v cc nh c s dng nc, di cc b cha phi
m t su 1,5 - 2m; sn nh c nc phi lm bng vt liu khng thm
nc v c dc ti thiu 0,01 thot nc vo h thu.

Trong vng t loi II, ngoi vic m t cn phi lm b chng thm
t di cng trnh cha nc, c cu to thot nc vo ging kim tra.

14.41.
Xung quanh cc cng trnh lm ngui nc nn xy dng va h khng
thm nc v c dc 0,03 v pha b thu, chiu rng va h t nht 5m,
v pha gi thi phun nc mnh nht vi chiu rng t nht 10m. Di
va h cn m t k su ti thiu 0,3m.

14.42.
Di i nc phi m t k theo quy nh iu 14.36. Trong vng t
loi II, mng i nc phi lm bng b btng ct thp lin khi c cu
to thot nc s c vo ging kim tra.

14.43.
Xung quanh mng i nc, cn c va h lt bng vt liu khng thm
nc, c dc 0,03 tnh t i nc, chiu rng va h phi ln hn chn
182
h mng 0,3m nhng khng qu 3m.


VNG T KHAI THC - QUY NH CHUNG

14.44.
Khi thit k nh v cng trnh, ng ng dn nc v mng li cp
nc phi c bin php bo v chng nh hng ca vic khai thc m.

14.45.
Vic xc nh kiu loi cng trnh cha nc xy dng vng t khai
thc cn da trn c s phn tch kinh t - k thut v so snh ca phng
n. Ngoi ra phi ch ti kch thc v hnh dng cc cng trnh cha,
c im cng ngh vn hnh, kh nng sa cha, khi phc cng trnh v
cc yu t khc.

14.46.
Khng c xy dng cc b cha kn c dung tch ln hn 6000m
3
trn
vng t khai thc. Trng hp nht thit phi c b cha dung tch ln,
th cn xy mt s b c dung tch nh hn.
Ghi ch: Cc b cha cp nc sn xut khng quy nh dung tch b.

14.47.
Cc h van phi ngn cch khi b cha bng cc khe bin dng.

14.48.
Trn vng t khai thc phi thit k cc cng trnh cha bng btng ct
thp hnh tr trn. Trng hp c l do xc ng mi cho php thit k
cng trnh cha hnh ch nht.

14.49.
Phi m bo c li i li d dng ti cc b phn chnh ca cng trnh
cha tin hnh kim tra v sa cha cng trnh.

14.50.
Trong cc cng trnh lm sch v x l nc (b lng trong, b lng, b
lc...) phi c bin php lm bng mp, mng rnh sau khi cng trnh b
bin dng. Cc mng, rnh c l ngp khng yu cu phi lm bng.

14.51.
Khi thit k trm lm sch v x l nc, cn b tr ring cc cng trnh
chnh, cc trm c cng sut nh mi cho php hp khi cng trnh.

14.52.
m bo cho trm lm sch v s l nc hot ng an ton, mi cng
trnh cn chia thnh blc hoc n nguyn.

14.53.
Ch cho php thit k b lng ngang trong trng hp c cc bin php
chng nh hng khai thc (lm khe bin dng, gia cng kt cu...).

14.54.
Cc ng ng, mng, rnh gia cc cng trnh trong trm lm sch v x
l nc phi m bo x dch chuyn v c.

14.55.
m bo kh nng bin dng ca ng ng trong trm bm, trm thi
kh, trm lm sch v x l nc cn dng cc gi ta khp, gi con ln,
gi trt.

183
14.56.
Vic nh ct y v ct mc nc trong cng trnh cha phi m bo
iu kin nc t chy sau khi nn b bin dng.

14.57.
Cc thit b nng trong trm bm, trm lm sch v x l nc phi t
trn cc mng ring khng lin kt vi kt cu nh. Trn h thng ng
ng trong trm cn t ng iu ho, co dn.

14.58.
ng ng, ph tng, t trong trm bm, trm thi kh, trm lm sch v
x l nc, trong h van ca cng trnh cha phi dng ng v ph tng
bng thp.

Ghi ch: Cho php dng ph tng gang i vi cng trnh cp c bc tin
cy II, III nhng lp ph tng phi lp mi ni co dn.

14.59.
ng ng t qua thnh cng trnh cha nc phi c ng lng v trc
ng lng phi lp mi ni co dn hoc chn bng cc vt liu n hi.


14.60.
Trn vng t khai thc c s dng tt c cc loi ng nhng phi tnh
ti cc yu t v bn, tnh trng s dng, kh nng bin dng ca cc
mi ni cng cng nh trn c s tnh ton kinh t - k thut.

14.61.
Cc mi ni ng phi s dng vt liu n hi, vng m cao su. Cc mi
ni hn ng thp phi c bn cao hn bn kim loi ng.

14.62.
Trn ng ng thp t ngm phi dng ph tng bng thp. Ch cho
php dng ph tng gang trong trng hp c cu to mi ni co dn.

14.63.
Ch t van x kh, x nc trn ng ng dn phi tnh ti ln ca
t do khai thc.

14.64.
Phi thit k hai ng ng dn nc ti h tiu th. Cho php cp nc
theo mt ng ng dn nhng phi xy b cha bo m cha lng
nc d tr cp trong thi gian khc phc s c.

14.65.
Cho php t cc ng ng trong cng tuy nen hay rnh nhng phi tnh
ti tc ng bin dng mt t do khai thc.

14.66.
ng t qua sng, knh, rch: ng phi t su hn y sng, knh rch t
nht l 0,5 m v phi c bin php chng xi l.

14.67.
Cc bin php kt cu bo v ng thp t ngm phi da trn c s
tnh ton bn v thc hin cc bin php sau y:
- t mi co dn tng kh nng di ng ca ng.
- Dng vt liu t bm cht bao ng mt lp dy 20 cm.
- Nng cao chu lc ca ng bng cch dng ng thnh dy.

184
14.68.
Lp bo v ng ng phi quy nh trn c s cc kt qu tnh ton
ng ng theo trng thi gii hn.

14.69.
i vi ng thp, trng thi gii hn c xc nh bng kh nng chu lc
ca ng ng thp phng dc m bo iu kin:
m
a
R
k
> Eo; Trong :
R
k
- Lc khng ko tnh ton ca ng ng;
m
a
- H s iu kin lm vic bng 0,9
Eo - Tng ng sut ko dc trong mt ct tnh ton ca ng ng do tc
dng ca p lc bn trong ng, dao ng nhit v lc tc dng ca t
b bin dng trong qu trnh khai thc.

Lc tc dng ca t b bin dng ln ng ng c xc nh theo cng
thc:

o
x
= Q
o
l (1- cost l
k
) (14-1)
to l

Trong :
o - chiu dy thnh ng, cm;
l - chiu di vng b ko trong Munda, cm;
Q
0
- Cng tc dng lc ca t bin dng, kg/cm
2
;
l
k
- Chiu di vng t st i vi ng trong phn ko Munda, cm;

14.70.
i vi ng gang, ng btng ct thp ni ming bt hay ni lng, trng
thi gii hn c xc nh bng m ti a ca mi ni m vn gi
nguyn c kn vi iu kin:

A > l
m
(c + min
u
R
D
) (14-2)

Trong :
A m ti hn ca mi ni;
c bin dng ngang ca mt t trong khu vc tnh ton;
D
u
- ng knh ngoi ca ng;
R
min
Bn knh cong ti thiu ca mt t;
l
m
- Khong cch gia cc mi ni (chiu di ng).

14.71.
Khong cch gia cc mi ni co dn l
c
ca ng thp t ngm c xc
nh theo cng thc:

l
c
= o(m
o
R
k
- o
k
) (14-3)
185
Qo

Trong : Eo
K
tng ng sut ko dc do tc ng ca p lc bn trong ng,
thay i nhit v un n hi.

KT CU

14.72.
Cc cng trnh cha cn thit k theo s kt cu bin dng c bit, s
kt cu cng hoc s kt cu hn hp.

14.73.
Vic s dng thit k in hnh ch cho php khi dung tch khng qu 500
m
3
v bin dng tnh ton ca mt t phi theo iu kin bin dng
ngang tng i c (1mm/m; v bn knh cong ti thiu R = 30km)

14.74.
to kh nng bin dng ca cng trnh cha v cc b phn ca n phi
thit k cc khe bin dng khng thm nc hoc s dng cc kt cu
mm do.

14.75.
Khng cho php y cng trnh cha bng btng ct thp c kt cu bin
dng t thp hn mc nc ngm.

14.76.
i vi b cha tnh theo s bin dng t st t thm cn c h
thng thot nc.

14.77.
Trong nn t cng trnh cha theo s kt cu cng, cn c lp m
dy 0,3 - 0,5m, bng si hay dm. Trong nn t cng trnh cha theo
s kt cu bin dng cn c lp m bng ct dy 0,15 - 0,2m.

14.78.
Trng hp cn thit, cn thit k cc rnh iu ho co dn xung quanh
cng trnh cha hoc cc bin php khc gim hoc loi tr p lc b
ng ca t trt trong thi gian khai thc.

14.79.
Cc b phn ca cng trnh cha phi tnh theo tiu chun thit k kt cu
btng v btng ct thp.

14.80.
B cha h (h cha) phi thit k theo s bin dng c tng thnh
nghing c cc khe bin dng ct ngang.

14.81.
Trong vng t khai thc, khng c dng hc, gch, blc ln xy
dng cng trnh cha.

14.82.
i vi b cha ng knh ln hn 12 m cn dng mi mi d c ct
trung tm chu mi ti trng ng.

14.83.
i vi cng trnh cha tnh theo s cng, mng phi lm bng btng
ct thp ti ch tnh vi trng ti c bn v c bit.

14.84.
Trong h cha hnh tr c mi mc d thit k theo s hn hp cn cu
186
to cc vng bin dng gia thnh b v tm y, gia tm y v mng
ct btng trung tm. Gia mp mi v thnh b cn cu to khe trt c
th di chuyn ngang.

14.85.
Cc kiu b lng trong, b lng ng, b trn, b phn, b lc phi thit k
theo s cng.

14.86.
B lng radian cn thit k theo s cng hoc s hn hp m bo
c khe h khng i gia y v thit b co bn.











PH LC

Ph lc 1: Cc ti liu c s nghin cu s cp nc vng (khu vc)
Ph lc 2: nh gi vic s dng ngun d tr nc v chn vng
xy dng h cha
Ph lc 3: Bm th v theo di hot ng ca cng trnh thu nc ngm
Ph lc 4: Cc phng php khoan ging ly nc
Ph lc 5: Cc yu cu i vi ng lc ca ging thu nc
Ph lc 6: Tiu chun cht lng nc sch dng thit k cc cng trnh
x l nc
Ph lc 7: Sn xut axit Silic hot tnh
Ph lc 8: Cc phng php x l nc chng r cho ng
Ph lc 9: Sn xut ct en lm cht xc tc khi kh St
Ph lc 10: Cc phng php kh Mangan
Ph lc 11: Kh Sunfua Hyr trong nc
Ph lc 12: Kh axit Silic ho tan trong nc
Ph lc 13: Kh xy ho tan trong nc
Ph lc 14: Tnh ton thu lc ng ng cp nc




187

















PH LC I

CC TI LIU C S NGHIN CU S CP NC VNG (KHU VC)

1. s dng mt cch hp l ti nguyn nc trong cc s cp nc vng phi lp
c:
- Qui hoch cp nc; n l mt phn ca quy hoch vng, v s b tr cc lc lng
sn xut ca vng.
- S cp nc cc khu vc cng nghip xc nh c k hoch xy dng h thng
cp nc v cc cng trnh thu cng mt cch t hp kinh t v hp l nht.

2. Qui hoch cp nc v cc s cp nc ca khu cng nghip trong c s sp t v
pht trin ca cng nghip, cc cng trnh phc li v quy hoch cc im dn c phi da
trn cc s liu quy hoch vng, s b tr v pht trin ca cng nghip, tng mt bng
v cc ti liu khc.

3. Qui hoch cp nc v cc s cp nc phi kt hp vic s dng tng hp v hp l
ti nguyn nc vi cc s pht trin ti tiu v cp nc nng nghip, thu nng v
giao thng ng thu, ngh c. C s tng th s dng tng hp v bo tn cc ngun
ti nguyn ca quc gia m cc c quan chuyn ngnh khc lp ra.

4. Trong Qui hoch cp nc phi c:
- Xc nh tr lng nc mt v nc ngm hin c, k c cc sui nc nng v vic s
dng chng.
- Xc nh c tnh trng hin ti ca vic cp nc cho cc im dn c v cc x
nghip cng nghip
- Vch ra cc gii php v vic chn ngun nc v s cp nc c tnh n bin php
cn thit bo v ngun c v v sinh ca h cha.
188
- Thnh lp c s cn bng nc trong thi hn tnh ton ng thi phi nu c d
bo v cht lng nc trong tng lai.
- Ch ra nhng bin php cn thit iu chnh li vic s dng nc.

5. Trong cc s cp nc cho cc khu cng nghip cn phi: Lm chnh xc cc s liu
v tr lng nc ngm v nc mt, v tnh trng ca cc h thng cp nc, v cng
nghip xy dng ch yu, v s tiu th nc ngun i vi thi hn tnh ton ca cng
nghip v dn c c s phn tch cc s cn bng cp nc cho cc x nghip ln c cc
h thng dng nc phc tp nh tun hon v s dng nc thi c lm sch v nc
thi khng b nhim bn.

i vi cc im dn c v cc x nghip cng nghip d kin cc s cp nc c ch
dn ch thu nc v tuyn ng dn chnh; vch s kt cu cng trnh thu, cc cng trnh
lm sch v x l nc, cc p, h cha nc v h tp trung nc v.v... c tnh n s
phi hp vi cc cng trnh cp nc.

Xc nh ch tiu kinh t k thut ca h cha cp nc; u t c bn, gi thnh 1m
3
nc
a n ni tiu th tnh t ngun cp nc, ng gp ca cc h tiu th nc trong xy
dng, trnh t v thi hn xy dng.

6. Phn nc tiu th trong cn bng nc phi m bo:
- Nhu cu nc sinh hot, sn xut v dch v ca khu vc,
- Yu cu nc nui c,
- Yu cu nc cho giao thng; xy cc u thuyn; x nc m bo chiu su vn
chuyn ca tu thuyn,
- Bo v iu kin s dng nc bnh thng ca khu dn c v tnh trng v sinh ca h
cha c tnh n nc thi ang v d nh vo,
- X ra khi h cha ci thin cht lng nc do nc b khong ho hoc b nhim
bn bi nc thi cng nghip thi vo h,
- Lng nc bc hi ra khi h cha khi s dng h cha lm lnh.

Ghi ch: Trong trng hp cc h tiu th nc ngm nm h lu h cha nc th khi
tnh ton h cha khng cn tnh lng nc thm.

7. Trong phn tnh cn bng ngun nc mt cn phi bit lu lng ti thiu, lu lng
trung bnh thng hay lu lng trung bnh ngy v ma h v ma ng, lu lng hu ch
ca h cha, lng nc chy vo sng h lu ca h cha, tr s hiu dng ca lng
nc b sung c xc nh c k n lng x ca h cha theo biu b nc. Nc
ngm dng cp nc cho sinh hot hay cng nghip tnh theo ch dn Mc 4.

Nc thi b nhim bn sau khi lm sch c th s dng li cho cc x nghip hay cho nhu
cu nng nghip.

Tr lng khai thc ca nc ngm tnh theo cp A,B,C khi phn tch chi tit iu kin a
cht v a cht thu vn cho php tnh tr lng theo cp C
2
.
189







PH LC 2
NH GI VIC S DNG TI NGUYN NC V
CHN VNG XY DNG H CHA

1. Khi nh gi vic s dng ti nguyn nc cho mc ch cp nc cn phi tnh n:
- Ch tiu th v cn bng ngun nc cho cc mc ch s dng nc vi d bo cho
15-20 nm.
- Yu cu i vi cht lng nc do cc h tiu th ra.
- c im cht lng nc ngun v kh nng thay i cht lng nc.
- c tnh v cht lng v s lng ca ph sa, rc, s di chuyn bn ct y v n
nh ca n.
- Kh nng kh cn ca ngun nc i vi cc sng h khu vc min ni.
- Nhit ca nc mt theo cc thng trong nm cc su khc nhau.
- Cc thng l lt ca sng ngi.
- Tr lng, cc iu kin b sung ca nc ngm v kh nng st gim tr lng do cc
iu kin thin nhin thay i, do xy dng cc h cha nc v cc cng trnh tiu
nc, cc cng trnh ly nc nhn to v.v...
- Cht lng v nhit ca nc ngm
- Cc yu cu v sinh, cc yu cu ca c quan s dng v bo v ngun nc, bo v c
v.v...
- nh gi v kinh t v k thut cc iu kin s dng nc t cc ngun cp nc khc
nhau.
- Kh nng lm p nhn to v to ra lng d tr nc ngm.

2. Khi nh gi tr lng ca ngun nc mt cp nc, phi m bo c lu lng
nc cn phi c cp tho mn cho cc h tiu th nm h lu im thu nc nh:
Cc khu dn c; cc x nghip cng nghip; nhu cu nng nghip; nhu cu nui c; yu cu
vn chuyn ca tu thuyn v cc dng s dng nc khc; ng thi m bo cc yu
cu bo v cc ngun cp nc v mt v sinh.

3. Trong trng hp lu lng ca ngun nc mt cn li pha di cng trnh thu
khng , cn phi c d kin iu chnh dng chy t nhin trong gii hn 1 nm thu vn
(iu chnh theo ma) hay chuyn nc n t cc ngun nc nc mt khc c lu lng
di do hn.

190
Ghi ch: Mc m bo i vi cc h tiu th nc ring bit khi lng nc hin c
trong cc h cha khng v vic tng lng nc gp kh khn hoc gi thnh cao c
quyt nh theo s tho thun vi cc c quan s dng nc v v sinh phng bnh.

4. Vic nh gi tr lng nc ngm phi da trn cc s liu v ti liu kho st iu tra
v a cht thu vn.

5. Khi nh gi tr lng nc cn phi lm sng t mi lin quan ca s b cp ngun
nc ngm t ngun nc mt v kh nng hay li ch ca vic b cp ngun nc ngm
bng cc ngun nc mt.

6. Tr lng nc ngm trong cc trng hp cn thit phi c c quan c thm quyn
ph chun.

7. Khi thit k h cha cn phi d on v tnh n v tr h cha nc l thun li nht
cho cc iu kin cht lng nc v phi lu cc vn sau:
- S thay i ch ca mc nc.
- Kch thc, din tch vng nc ngp v vng nm di mc nc ngp.
- Hin tng t trt v xi l b.
- Thay i ch nc ngm sau khi cho nc vo h.
- Kh nng xut hin cc vt ni, cc m than bn v cc c tnh v s lng v cht
lng ca chng.
- Ch nhit ca nc cc chiu su khc nhau.
- Chiu cao sng khi gi to.
- S thay i thnh phn ho hc nc theo thi gian trong nm theo ti liu quan st
nhiu nm.
- Kh nng to kh c v bo ho kh c ca nc.
- Qu trnh bin ho v s thay i c ca nc.
- S thay i cht lng nc do nh hng ca nc thi.
- S thay i mi trng sinh thi ca h cha (xut hin ph sa, rong ru v tho mc v
sinh vt sng di nc).
- S thay i tnh trng v sinh.

4- Khu t h cha, thn p, kiu p, cng trnh x v tho nc phi c chn theo tnh
ton vi iu kin v sinh, xy dng, a cht thu vn, a cht cng trnh, a hnh, kh
tng thu vn c li nht. V phi tnh n cc yu cu thit k cc cng trnh thu cng
trn sng nh:
- D kin dn lng h ph hp vi cc yu cu gi v sinh. Cc bin php cng trnh
bo v lnh th khi b ngp, cn b th trnh phi gia c li.
- Thi gian pht sinh bn v trong trng hp cn thit th d kin ra h qua l x thn
p, rnh y hay dng tu no vt, xc t.
- Cc bin php loi tr hay lm gim s pht trin rong ru, tho mc v cc nguyn
nhn lm nc c mu.


191
PH LC 3

BM TH V THEO DI HOT NG CA
CNG TRNH THU NC NGM

1. xc nh lu lng ca cc cng trnh thu nc ngm c ph hp vi lu lng thit
k hay khng th khi xy dng xong phi bm th.

2. Vic bm th phi c tin hnh vi 2 ln h mc nc trong ging vi lu lng bng
lu lng thit k v vi lu lng ln hn lu lng thit k 25-30%.

3. Tng thi gian bm phi t t 1 - 2 ngy m mi ln h mc nc trong ging sau khi
mc nc ng t c v tr n nh v nc hon ton trong.

Trong trng hp nc ngm c trng thi khng n nh, thi gian bm phi xc
nh c quy lut gim lu lng khi mc nc n nh hay quy lut h mc nc khi lu
lng n nh.

Ghi ch: Khi ct nh b cun mnh ra khi lp chn quanh ng lc v tng ngm nc th
cn tng thi gian bm th.

4. Trong n thit k cng trnh thu nc ngm phi d kin t mng li cc ging quan
trc hoc cc trm t ng h o nc (khi thu nc mch) quan st, theo di mc
nc, lu lng, nhit v cht lng nc. Trong trng hp ny, cn s dng cc ging
khai thc v cc cng trnh thu nc khc theo thit k c trang b y cc phng
tin quan st cn thit.

5. Kt cu ging quan trc, s lng v v tr ca chng cn ly ph hp vi iu kin a
cht thu vn; trong cc ging quan trc cn c trang b ng lc ng knh D89-
D110mm.

6. Chiu su ca cc ging quan trc cn ly theo iu kin sau:
i vi tng cha nc khng p khi chiu su ca ging khai thc di 15m th ly ng lc
c cng chiu su vi ging khai thc.
i vi tng cha nc khng p khi chiu su ging khai thc ln hn 15m th nh trn
phn cng tc ca ng lc phi nm di mc nc ng thp nht t 2 n 3m.
i vi tng cha nc c p khi mc nc ng cao hn mi cch ly ca tng cha nc
th phn cng tc ca ng lc phi t 1/3 pha trn ca tng cha nc; khi mt phn
tng cha nc b rt kh th nh phn cng tc ca ng lc t thp hn mc nc ng
thp nht trong tng cha nc 2 - 3m.
i vi tng cha nc d tnh khai thc n ht phn d tr tnh th nh phn cng tc
ca ng lc phi t thp hn h ca mc nc ng t 2-3m tnh n cui thi k khai
thc cng trnh thu.

7. Chiu su ging quan trc cc cng trnh thu kiu ging khi, kiu tia v cng trnh thu
nc nm ngang cn ly bng chiu su t phn thu nc ca cc cng trnh thu ny, cn
192
nh ca ng lc ca ging quan trc th t thp hn mc nc ng trong cng trnh thu 2
- 3m.

8. Trong cc ging quan trc, nc tng trn v cc tng cha nc nm pha trn tng cha
nc khai thc cn phi c cch li tt.

9. Khi cn thit phi xy dng ging quan st cc tng ngm nc khng c khai thc
nm pha trn.

10. ngn nga cho ging quan trc khng b trt, nh ca ng lc hay ng chng phi
c bt np.

11. Trong khu vc cng trnh thu kiu thm ly nc mt t cc h cha t nhin hay nhn
to, cc ging quan trc phi t gia cng trnh thu v dng chy nc mt, hoc h v
trong trng hp cn thit pha b i din ca h. Nu pht hin thy ch gy nhim
nc ngm (v d ch x nc thi cng nghip, nc h c nhiu khong, vng than bn
) th gia ch gy nhim v cng trnh thu phi xy dng ging quan trc b sung.





















PH LC 4
CC PHNG PHP KHOAN GING LY NC

1. Khi thit k cc cng trnh thu nc, phng php khoan ging cn la chn theo cc
iu kin a cht thu vn ti ch. Chiu su v ng knh ging ly theo bng PL-4.1.

2. Trong cc lp t xp khng n nh phi gia c thnh ging t phn thu nc n ming
ging bng ng.

193
3. gia c cc ging cn dng ng chng bng thp ni lng hoc hn in. Khi ging c
ng knh ban u n 426mm dng ng chng, khi ng knh ln hn 426mm dng ng
thp hn in chiu dy thnh ng 7 - 8mm khi khoan xoay h ng t do v chiu dy thnh
ng 10 - 12mm khi khoan p h ng cng bc.

4. gia c ging c su di 150m khi dng phng php khoan xoay v su di
70m khi dng phng php khoan thp cho php dng ng phi kim loi c trm xi mng
thnh ng.

5. Trong kt cu ca ging dng cc ng ni lng gm ng nh hng, ng t bm khai
thc, ng lc.

Trong cc iu kin a cht thu vn phc tp ngn chn cc tng cha nc v cc lp
t c kt cu khng vng chc d st l, d b cun theo nc ra, th kt cu ging phi
c ng chng ph.

6. Ct ng chng gia c tm thi thnh h khoan phi c rt ln. Trong phn kt cu
ca ng chng dng lm ng khai thc cn phi rt phn ng t do (ni lng) pha trn
ln, mp ct nh ca phn ng cn li trong ging phi nm cao hn y di ca ng
lng vo mt on khng nh hn 3m khi chiu su ca ging n 50m, v khng nh hn
5m khi ging su hn. Khe vng trong on gia hai ng lng vo nhau phi trt xi mng
hay chn bng vng m.

7. Phi cch ly ging khi b nhim bn t b mt xung v t cc tng ngm nc
khng dng n bng cch:
- ng hoc ln vo thnh ng lp st t nhin hoc st c cu to nhn to.
- Chn xi mng pha ngoi thnh ng vch bng phng php dung dch xi mng vo
di m bt u ng.
- Chn ximng pha ngoi thnh ng vch bng cch dung dch xi mng n ct d
kin ca thit k.
- Gia c phn trn ca ging bng hai lp ng vch hay bng mt lp ng vch nhng c
chn xi mng pha ngoi thnh ng ( cch li ging khi b nhim bn bi cc ngun
nc mt).
- Khi trong tng cha nc nh s dng hoc trong cc tng c lin h thu lc vi tng
cha nc c s dng c tnh n mn th phi c bin php chng r cho ging hoc
dng ng lm bng cc vt liu chng r.

Ghi ch: chn xi mng cho cc ging phi dng xi mng ninh kt nhanh, mc khng
thp hn 400.

8. Cn phi kim tra cht lng vic cch li cc tng cha nc bng cch bm nc ra
hoc rt nc vo khi dng phng php khoan p v nn nc di p lc khi dng
phng php khoan xoay. Nc dng kim tra cht lng cch ly cc tng cha nc
phi tho mn y cc yu cu v sinh.

Bng PL4-1

Phng php iu kin p dng
194
khoan
Khoan xoay dng
dung dch st
Ging c khoan trong cc iu kin a cht thu vn thun
li, trong cc tng cha nc c nghin cu k t trc
v c mu th tin cy; v tnh n gim lu lng ca
ging do dung dch st lng ng lm bt cc lp t. Sau khi
khoan phi carta in.

Khoan xoay dng
nc ra hay kh
p. Khoan xoay
dng ra ngc.
Trong cc lp t cng bn vng. Ging c su di
300m, ng knh di 1000mm v phn ln cc lp t
khng c cui ln, khi chiu su phn b ca mc nc
ngm k t mt t xung l 3m v ln hn.

Khoan p dng
giy cp
Ging t trong cc lp t xp chiu su n 100 - 150m
(trong lp cng cho php khoan n su > 150m)

Hn hp (khoan
p v khoan xoay)
Ging c su > 150m trong cc iu kin a cht thu vn
phc tp, khoan p qua cc tng cha nc v khi cc tng
cha nc v tng khng cha nc nm xen k. Khoan xoay
cc lp trn tng cha nc d nh khai thc.

Tu bin phn lc Ging ng knh > 1000mm v chiu su > 300m.


Ghi ch: Khi khoan qua lp st khng ngm nc c su khng ln cho php dng
khoan rut g, st v nc s dng trong vic khoan phi tho mn cc yu cu v sinh.



PH LC 5
CC YU CU I VI NG LC CA GING THU NC

1. ng lc ca ging thu nc cn la chn theo cu to lp t ca tng cha nc v
chiu su ca ging, chn theo bng PL-5.1.

2. Khi nc xm thc, cha nhiu cacbonic, H
2
S, khung ca ng lc phi lm bng thp
khng r hay bng cc vt liu chng r khc c bn cn thit.

3. Kch thc l thu nc trn ng lc khi khng c lp si m chn theo bng PL-5.2.

4. Kch thc l thu nc trn ng lc khi c lp si m ly bng ng knh trung bnh
ca ht si lp tip gip vi thnh ng lc.

5. rng ca ng lc c l trn hoc khe phi m bo t 20-25%, ng lc khung thp
qun dy hay thp l dp khng ln hn 30-60%.

6. Trong cc ng lc si, lp si phi dng ct, si v hn hp ct si. Chn vt liu lm
lp si theo biu thc:
195


12 8
d
D
50
50
=


Trong :
D
50
ng knh ht si m cc ht khc c ng knh b hn n chim 50% trong lp si
.
d
50
ng knh ht m cc ht khc c ng knh b hn n chim 50% trong lp t cha
nc.

7. Trong cc ng lc si, chn chiu dy ca mi lp si nh sau:
- i vi ng lc lp si trn mt t khng t hn 30mm.
- i vi ng lc lp si c to ra trong h khoan khng t hn 50mm.

8. Thnh phn c hc ca vt liu khi cu to hai hoc ba lp si c chn theo biu thc
sau:



D
2

= 4 - 6
D
1


Trong : D
1
v D
2
l ng knh trung bnh ca ht si trong cc lp si,
k nhau.

9. Khi chn lp vt liu si cho ng lc lm bng btng rng hay snh xp phi tun theo
t s:


16 10
D
D
50
tb
=


D
t b
ng knh trung bnh ca ht si trong khi ng lc (mm)

10. ng knh trong ca ng lc phi ly khng b hn 80-100mm.

Bng PL-5.1

Tng cha nc Loi v kt cu ng lc

Lp t na khng n
nh m cui si c
ln t 20-100mm chim hn
50% theo khi lng.

ng lc khoan l trn hoc khe ng lc c kt cu
thnh khung.

Si ct ln si, ln ca ng lc c khe hoc l, b mt thu nc c qun dy
196
ht t 1-10mm. Cc ht c
ln t 1-5mm chim hn
50% theo khi lng
hay ng thp l dp khe.
ng lc, khung l cc thanh thp khng r ngoi qun
dy hay p thp l dp khng r.

Ct ln, cc ht c ln 1-
2mm chim hn 50% theo
khi lng.
ng lc khoan khe b mt thu nc qun dy, thp l
dp hay p li c l vung.
ng lc, khung b mt thu nc l dy qun, thp l
dp khe hay li thp c mt li vung.

Ct trung ht c ln t
0,25-0,5mm chim hn 50%
theo khi lng.
ng lc hay khung lc b mt thu nc l li an
nhn (si kim tuyn)
ng lc hay khung lc bc 1 lp si (ng lc si)

Ct nh ht c ln 0,1-
0,25mm chim hn 50%
theo khi lng
ng hay khung lc c bc 1 lp, 2 lp hay 3 lp l
ct hay hn hp ct si.
ng lc bng btng rng hay snh xp.




Ghi ch:
- ng lc thp cho php dng cho ging c su bt k.
- ng lc bng snh xp dng cho cc ging quan trc, cc ging t trong lp ct ln st,
trong cc ging khi khoan phi dng dung dch st khng cho php t trong ging thu
nc c st.
- ng lc bng g, nha thu tinh, btng rng, snh xp cho php t trong cc ging c
su di 100-150m.
- Trong cc lp cui ln, khng n nh khi chiu su ca ging di 100m cho php
dng ng lc khung bc thp l dp c b mt chng r.
- i vi ng lc phi bc li an vung lm bng kim tuyn hay thp khng r c th
bc bng cc tm cht do dp khe.

Bng PL-5.2

Loi ng lc Kch thc l ca ng lc tnh bng mm

Khi h s khng ng nht
ca t q s 2
Khi h s khng ng nht
ca t q > 2
Khoan l trn 2,5-3 d
50
3-4 d
50

Khoan khe 1-1,25 d
50
1,5-2 d
50

Qun li 1,5-2 d
50
q = 10
50
d
d

2-2,5 d
50

197
Trong : d
10
, d
50
, d
60
ng knh ht m cc ht khc c ng knh b hn n chim 10%,
50%, 60% trong lp t (xc nh theo biu phn tch thnh phn ht ca lp t).

Ghi ch: Kch thc nh ca l thu nc trn ng lc ly i vi cc ht b, kch thc ln
i vi ct to.












PH LC 6
TIU CHUN CHT LNG NC SCH DNG THIT K
CC CNG TRNH X L NC CP CHO N UNG V SINH HOT

Tiu chun ny p dng thit k cc cng trnh x l nc cp cho n ung v sinh hot.

A. V l ho

TT Yu t i vi h thng cp
nc th
i vi cc trm l v
nng thn
1. c, NTU
s 2 s 2
2. mu, TCU
s 15 s 15
3. Mi v Khng c mi, v l Khng c mi, v l
4. pH 6,5 - 8,5 6,5 - 8,5
5. cng,
o
dH
s 12 s 17
6. xy ho KMnO
4
, mg/l
s 2 s 5
7. Sunfua Hydro, mg/l
s 0,05 s 0,05
8. Clorua, mg/l
s 250 s 250
9. Nitrat, mg/l
s 50 s 50
10. Nitrit, mg/l
s 3 s 3
11. Sulfat, mg/l
s 250
250
12. Pht pht, mg/l
s 2,5 s 2,5
13. Fluo, mg/l 0,7 -1,5
s 1,5
14. It, mg/l 0,005 - 0,007
s 0,007
15. Amni, mg/l
s 1,5 s 1,5
16. Can xi, mg/l
s 100 s 200
17. St, mg/l
s 0,3 s 0,5
18. Mangan, mg/l
s 0,2 s 0,5
19. ng, mg/l
s 2 s 2
198
20. Km, mg/l
s 3 s 3
21. Nhm, mg/l
s 0,2 s 0,2
22. Ch, mg/l
s 0,01 s 0,01
23. Arsen, mg/l
s 0,01 s 0,01
24. Cadmi, mg/l
s 0,003 s 0,003
25. Thu ngn, mg/l
s 0,001 s 0,001
26. Crm, mg/l
s 0,05 s 0,05
27. Xinnua
s 0,07 s 0,07
28. Nng Clo d trm x
l hay trm tng p
> 0,5 mg/l, nhng
khng ln n mc c
mi kh chu
> 0,5 mg/l, nhng
khng ln n mc c
mi kh chu
29. Nng Clo d cui
mng li
> 0,05 mg/l, nhng
khng ln n mc c
mi kh chu
> 0,05 mg/l, nhng
khng ln n mc c
mi kh chu
Ghi ch: Nhng ch tiu cht lng khc khng c trong Tiu chun ny ly theo Tiu
chun cht lng nc cp cho n ung v sinh hot hin hnh do B Y t qui nh.

B. V vi sinh vt

1- Trong nc khng c c cc loi sinh vt m mt thng c th trng thy c,
khng c trng giun sn v vi sinh vt gy bnh.
2- Tng s Coliform bng 0 trong 100 ml nc kim nghim.
3- E.Coliform hay Fecal Coliform bng 0 trong 100 ml nc kim nghim.

C. Qun l cht lng nc

1. a im ly nc th thng ly trm x l, b cha, i nc v cc vi nc. S
mu th trong 1 ngy a im ly nc do trm v sinh phng dch a phng phi
hp vi nh my nc quyt nh. Phng php ly mu v phn tch l ho hc v
vi sinh vt hc ca nc phi tun theo cc Tiu chun Nh nc hin hnh.
2. n v qun l kinh doanh sn xut nc c trch nhim m bo cht lng nc sinh
hot v n ung. Trm v sinh phng dch a phng thng xuyn nh k kim tra.
Khi c nhng hin tng bt thng hay nhng yu t khng m bo cht lng yu
cu th trm v sinh phng dch phi phi hp vi n v qun l nh my nc nh ch
vic cp nc v tm bin php gii quyt.
3. Nhng trm cp nc ring l cho 1 khu dn c hay trm cp nc ca x nghip c kt
hp nc sinh hot n ung th b phn qun l cp nc c trch nhim m bo cht
lng nc. Phng th nghim ca n v c trch nhim kim nghim cht lng nc
v ra nhng bin php bo v ngun nc v cht lng nc. Trm v sinh phng
dch a phng nh k kim tra. Nhng n v khng c Phng th nghim hay nhng
trm cp nc nng thn th b phn qun l cn phi theo ng nhng quy nh v ch
dn ca trm v sinh phng dch a phng. Trm v sinh phng dch a phng s
nh k kim tra.




199











PH LC 7
SN XUT AXIT SILIC HOT TNH

Hot ho dung dch thu tinh lng nng 1,5-2,5% (tnh theo SiO
2
) bng dung dch phn
nng 1,5-3,5% (tnh theo Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
phi thc hin trong cc trm hot ng lin tc bng
cch trn dung dch thu tinh lng vi dung dch phn trong thng phn ng sau hot
ho hn hp dung dch va nhn c trong thit b trng hp.

Phi a dung dch ho cht vo thng phn ng khuy trn theo t s: Th tch dung
dch thu tinh lng cn 0,5-1 th tch dung dch sunpht nhm.

Nng lm vic ca cc dung dch ho cht v t s th tch ca chng cn xc nh trong
qu trnh qun l ph thuc vo cht lng ca cc ho cht.

Trm Sn xut axit Silic hot tnh phi thc hin theo cc iu kin:
- Tiu th 3,5 T thu tinh lng c hm lng 28,5% SiO
2
; mun khng thp hn 2,9 v
1,8 T phn Nhm c hm lng 10% xit Nhm Al
2
O
3
thu c 1 T axit Silic hot
ho (nng 100% tnh theo SiO
2
).
- Nng dung dch thu tinh lng 1,9% theo SiO
2

- Cng sut ca bm nh lng v dung tch ca cc thng chuyn cc dung dch ly
theo t s 1:1.
- Khuy trn dung dch thu tinh lng vi dung dch phn nhm trong cc thng phn ng
lp cnh khuy c kh. Thi gian khuy trn dung dch l 1-2 pht.
- Th tch ca thit b trng hp xc nh theo tnh ton thi gian lu li ca dung dch thu
c trong thi gian 60 pht v khi cu to thit b trng hp phi d kin kh nng thay
i thi gian lu li ca dung dch trong gii hn t 30 n 60 pht.
- Ho tan thu tinh lng v khuy trn n trong thng bng khng kh nn cng 3-5
l/cm
2
.
- Cn phi lng cc dung dch lm vic v thu chng t lp trn trong cc thng cng tc.
- Khi cn phi vn chuyn keo hot ho th nng dung dch keo hot ho khng
c vt qu 0,5%. Trong trng hp cn thit cu to thng tch tr nhng thi gian
bo qun khng ln hn 12h. Khi a keo trc tip vo b trn th khng cn pha long
chng.
200
- S lng trm khng c t hn 2, s lng thng phn ng trong mi trm l 2 (1 lm
vic, 1 d phng). Khng cn t trm d tr.

2. Hot ho dung dch thu tinh lng bng Clo phi thc hin trn cc trm hot ng lin
tc khi lng tiu th theo tnh ton ca axit Silic hot ho di 3-5kg/gi tnh theo SiO
2

hoc trong cc thit b hot ng gin on khi lng tiu th ln hn.

Trm hot ho dung dch thu tinh lng bng Clo hot ng theo chu k phi dng 2
thit b nh lng Clo (Clorator) my bm li tm v 2 thng.

Trong cc thng cng tc phi tnh: Chun b dung dch thu tinh lng nng 1,5% tnh
theo SiO
2
. Tun hon dung dch qua Ejector ca Clorator trong sut thi gian 2h; pha long
dung dch n nng 0,5% theo SiO
2
. Dung tch ca thng W
A
hot ho thu tinh lng
bng Clo tnh bng m
3
, xc nh theo cng thc:

K
T . q . D
W
a
A
=


Trong :
D
a
- Liu lng axit Silic hot tnh bng, g/m
3

q- Lu lng nc x l, m
3
/h
T - Thi gian cn thit sn xut axit Silic hot tnh, gi (khng b hn 4h)
K - Nng dung dch axit Silic hot tnh sau khi pha long bng nc, g/m
3
.

Thng hot ho phi kn v c ng thng gi.

Dng khng kh nn vi cng 3-5 l/cm
2
chun b dung dich v khuy trn dung dch

My bm li tm tun hon chuyn dung dch thu tinh lng vo Ejector ca Clorator ng
vi lu lng cho phi to ra c p lc khng thp hn 4-5 kg/cm
2
(40-50 mt ct
nc).

ng ng dn v ph tng vn chuyn dung dch axit Silic hot tnh c Clo ho
phi lm bng vt liu chng r.

S lng thit b hot ho thu tinh lng bng Clo t trong trm khng c t hn 2 (1
d tr). Cn phi c d kin t thng tiu th trung gian chuyn thu tinh lng vo thit
b.

Nh t Clorator v thit b nh lng axit Silic hot tnh phi thit k theo cc yu cu
ra i vi Clorator.
201
PH LC 8
CC PHNG PHP X L NC CHNG R CHO NG

1. Chng r cho ng bng cch lun lun gi cho mng bo v Canxi Cacbonat (hoc lp
trng xi mng) trn b mt pha trong ca thnh ng khng b ph hu trong qu trnh vn
chuyn nc. loi tr tc nhn xm thc CO
2
ph hu lp bo v, cn cho thm ho cht
kim vo nc gi cho ch s n nh nc I = pHo pHs lun lun bng 0 hoc c gi
tr dng nh. Tuy nhin, liu lng ho cht kim cho vo nc khng c ln n mc
lm cho gi tr pH ca nc sau x l cp cho sinh hot ln hn 8,5. Ho cht kim v
liu lng ho cht kim cho vo n nh nc c tnh ton theo Mc 6.

2. Chng r cho ng gang v ng thp ca cc ng dn nc cp cho sn xut c th dng
phng php Pht pht ho. Khi liu lng Hexameta Phosphat Natri hay Tripoli
Phostphat Natri phi ly bng 15-25 mg/l (tnh theo sn phm th trng).

Khi a on ng mi vo qun l cn phi ngm y ng bng dung dch Hexameta
Phosphat Natri hay Tripoli Phosphat Natri nng 200-250mg/l trong thi gian 2-3 ngy
m.

4. Chun b dung dch Hexameta Phosphat hay Tripoli Phosphat Natri x l n nh
nc cn tin hnh trong cc thng c bo v chng r. Nng dung dch cng tc t 0,5-
3% tnh theo sn phm k thut.

Thi gian ho tan trong thng c cnh khuy c kh hay dng kh nn l 4h khi nhit
nc 20C v l 2h khi nhit nc 30C.
















PH LC 9
SN XUT CT EN LM CHT XC TC KHI KH ST

1. tng cng hiu qu kh St trong nc, c th dng cht xc tc l ct en. Ct en
l ct thch anh c ph mt lp mng Mangan xit trn b mt ca n

202
2. To lp mng Mangan xit ln b mt ht ct bng cch: u tin nhng ct v khuy
chng trong dung dch Mangan Clorua MnCl
2
, sau khuy chng l lng trong dung dch
Kali Permanganat KMnO
4
nng 1%.

Qui trnh sn xut: Ct c sng tuyn v ra sch a vo thng khuy trn vi dung
dch mt lng sao cho th tch ct chim 25% th tch ca thng. Ct c khuy trong
thng trn cha dung dch MnCl
2
nng 15% trong thi gian t 1-2 pht. Sau tho
dung dch MnCl
2
ra khi thng khuy cha vo thng d tr. Tip dung dch KMnO
4

nng 1% vo thng khuy trn. Ct c khuy trn u vi dung dch ny trong thi
gian 3 gi, sau b dung dch ny ri ngm ct 1 ln na trong dung dch MnCl
2
15%
khuy u trong 2 pht, li mt ln na cho dung dch KMnO
4
1% vo khuy u ct
trong 3 gi. Tu thuc vo chiu dy lp mng Mangan xit mun c trn b mt ht ct
m lp li quy trnh trn t 1-5 ln, mng thng c to ra u trn mt ct sau 3 ln
ngm tm.

3. Trong iu kin sn xut, c th thc hin vic cy mng Mangan xit ln mt ht ct
ngay trong b lc. Vic khuy trn ct vi dung dch KMnO
4
1% thc hin bng bm ra.
ng ht ca my bm ni tm thi vi thng ng dung dch KMnO
4
. Dung dch c bm
qua b lc ct ri li chy v thng. Dng cch ny tng thi k cn thit hon nguyn
lp mng MnO
2
trn mt ct trong cc b lc tip xc sau qung thi gian lm vic mt
kh nng xc tc.














PH LC 10
CC PHNG PHP KH MANGAN


1. Phi kh Mangan (Mn) nc cp cho nhu cu sinh hot v n ung khi hm lng Mn
trong nc ngun ln hn 0,2 mg/l.

2. Vic chn cc phng php kh Mn cng nh cc cc thng s tnh ton v liu lng
cc ho cht phi c tin hnh trn c s kt qa nghin cu thc nghim tm dy chuyn
cng ngh, thc hin trc tip ti ngun nc.

203
3. Kh Mn trong nc mt c tin hnh ng thi vi qu trnh lm trong v kh mu.
Phn tnh ton cc cng trnh tun theo cc ch dn Mc 6. Phn cu to cng trnh phi
ph hp cho c hai qu trnh lm trong kh mu v kh Mn.

4. Kh Mn trong nc ngm: Trng hp ngun nc cha c Mn v Fe, th phi so snh
hiu qu kinh t gia phng n kh Fe v Mn ng thi vi phng n kh Fe xong mi
kh Mn.

Nu vic kh Fe bt buc phi dng ho cht (St nm dng keo hoc c hm lng ln)
th vic kh Fe v Mn s tin hnh ng thi.

Ghi ch: Qu trnh xy ho Mn (II) thnh Mn(III) v Mn(IV) bng xy ca khng kh ho
tan trong nc xy ra rt chm. Khi pH < 8, nu khng dng ho cht th vic oxy ho Mn
2+

trong thc t khng xy ra hoc xy ra rt chm. Khi pH > 8,0, qu trnh xy ho Mn(II)
thnh Mn(IV) bng xy khng kh xy ra nhanh hn .

5. Dy chuyn kh Mn l dng phi hp gia b lc cng cc bin php dng ho cht
xy ho Mn.

6. C th dng mt trong cc bin php sau kh Mn:
a) Lm thong ri lc qua Piroluzit, ct en.
b) Lc nc bng ct thch anh sau khi dng ho cht nh Clo, Clodixyt, zn
hoc KM
n
O
4
oxy ho Mn.
c) Dng Vi, Xt hoc Sa, kt hp dng phn ri lng lc.
d) Lc qua b Cationit.

Dy chuyn (a) ch thc hin c khi pH ca nc sau qu trnh lm thong t c gi
tr > 8,5. Khi pH < 7, mc d c cht xc tc, qu trnh xy ho Mn(II) bng xy khng kh
cng khng xy ra. Trong trng hp ny phi kim ho nng pH ca nc.

Dy chuyn (b) cn lu : Thi gian chuyn ho Mn(II) thnh Mn(III) v Mn(IV) khi
dng Cloioxyt v zn ti pH = 6,5-7 l 10-15 pht.
Khi dng Clo (cng ti pH nh vy) cn 60-90 pht.

Dy chuyn (c): Dng khi ngun nc c yu cu lm mm bng Vi hoc Sa hoc khi
kt hp vi c qu trnh kh St ng thi. Bn cht hin tng l khi nng pH ln 9-9,5,
qu trnh xy ho Mn(II) bng xy khng kh din ra nhanh chng v trong nc to ra
bng cn Mn(OH)
3
v Mn(OH)
4
, n li ng vai tr xc tc trong qu trnh xy ho Mn(II).

Dy chuyn (d): Bn cht ca phng php ny l qu trnh hp ph, trao i, t xc tc ca
ion Mn
2+
xy ra trn b mt lp vt liu lc c ph mng hp ph - t xc tc Mangan
Dixyt Hydrat MnO
x
.yH
2
O. Loi vt liu lc ny c th iu ch nhn to hoc t nhin
trong b lc. Qu trnh kh Mn theo phng php ny phi tch khi qu trnh kh Fe bng
b lc hai lp hoc hai t l tu thuc vo tng lng Fe + Mn c trong nc v cng sut
ca cng trnh. B lc hai lp ch nn dng khi tng hm lng Fe + Mn ca nc ngm
tnh theo cng thc 5Mn + 2Fe
2+
s 5mg/l v cng sut Q< 100m
3
/h. Trong trng hp Fe
tn ti dng keo v c hm lng ln, c th tch qu trnh kh Fe ti b lng v b lc
204
ch lm nhim v kh Mn v mt phn nh Fe cn li sau b lng. Kh Mn bng phng
php ny c th p dung i vi c ngun nc c 6.5 < pH < 7,5. Nc trng thi cn
bng CaCO
3
. Chu k lc ca b lc Mng gan nn ly trong khong 3 ngy < t < 14 ngy.

Dy chuyn (e) t c dng trong thc t sn xut.

7. Cu to b lc kh Mn chn ging nh b lc dng lm trong, kh mu cng nh
kh st.

8. Liu lng ho cht tnh ton kh Mn nh sau:

a. Liu lng Clo, An tnh bng mg/l.
- Khi trong nc khng c NH
4
+

An = 1,3 [Mn
2+
]

- Khi trong nc c NH
4
+

Ax = 1,3 [Mn
2+
] + (5-10)[NH
4
+
]

Ch : Nu trong nc c cht hu c th phi tnh ti s tiu ph Clo oxy ho chng.


b- Liu ln Cloioxy (mg/l)
Ac = 1,35 [Mn
2+
]

c- Liu lng zn (mg/l)
Ao = 1,45 [Mn
2
]

d- Liu lng KMnO
4
(mg/l)
Ak = 2,06 [Mn
2+
]

e- Liu lng Vi hoc Xt, hoc Sa a vo nc: nng pH ca nc ngun
ln tr s 9-9,5.

9. Khi kh Mn dng Clo, m pH ca nc ngun s 7 th b lng phi c thi gian lu
nc khng t hn 60.

10. Khi kh Mn bng KMnO
4
th dung dch KMnO
4
pha nng 3%. Vic ho trn v
bo qun dung dch bng cc thng thp khng r, hoc nha. Khuy trn dung dch bng
kh nn hoc bng thit b c kh. Ho tan KMnO
4
bng nc nng nhit 50-60C.
Thi gian khuy l 2-3h.

Lu lng KMnO
4
tnh theo cng thc:

3600 . C
D . Q
q =


Trong :
205
q - Lu lng dung dch KMnO
4
, l/s.
Q - Lu lng trm x l, m
3
/h.
D - Liu lng KMnO
4
g/m
3
.
C - Nng dung dch KMnO
4
, g/l.

im a dung dch KMnO
4
vo nc phi m bo sao cho qu trnh chuyn ho mu
hng sang mu vng gch c kt thc b lng hay b lng trong. Nu khng c b lng
th qa trnh phi kt thc trc khi dn nc vo b lc. Trong trng hp c dng
phn th a dung dch KMnO
4
vo trc khi a phn vo nc.











PH LC 11
KH SUNPHUA HYRO TRONG NC

1. kh Sunphua Hyro (H
2
S) v Hyr Sulfide (HS
-
) c th dng cc phng php sau:
Clo ho, lm thong ri Clo ho, axt ho, lm thong, keo t v lc.

2. Clo ho kh Sunphua Hyro trong nc phi tin hnh nh sau:

a. Liu lng: 2,1mg Clo cho 1 mg Sunphua Hyro trong nc.

Khi xc nh tng lng Clo x l phi tnh ton n lng yu cu thm Clo xy ho
cc hp cht khc c trong nc.

Khi thiu nhng s liu ny, liu lng Clo b sung trn mc cn thit xy ho Sunphua
Hyro ly bng 2-3 mg/l.

Khi lm sch nc theo phng php ny s to thnh cht l lng (lu hunh) v s lng
(tnh theo cht kh) bng hm lng Sunphua Hyro cha trong nc ngun. Khi cn kh
lu hunh trong nc phi d kin x l nc bng keo t v lc. Liu lng cht keo t
c xc nh bng thc nghim.

b) Liu lng Clo 8,4mg cho 1 mg/l Sunphua Hyro trong nc.

Trong trng hp ny xy ra qu trnh xy ho Sunphua Hyro thnh Sulfit v s khng to
ra cht l lng (lu hunh).

206
3. gim lng Clo, nc c pH nh hn 7,2, trc khi Clo ho phi lm thong trn dn
lm thong tip xc hoc thp ng (kh kh). Khi cn thit k dn lm thong h phi ly
cc thng s nh sau: Ti trng 15 m
3
/m
2
.h, dn lm thong c than cc, hoc x,
ln 30-50mm, chiu dy mi lp 300-400mm; khong cch gia cc lp 600mm.

Khi hm lng Sunphua Hyro trong nc n 5mg/l phi c 3 lp; khi hm lng
Sunphua Hyro n 10 mg/l phi c 5 lp. Phng t dn lm thong phi c trang b
qut gi c bi s trao i th tch l 12 ln.

Phi thit k thp th kh khi cng Cacbonat nh hn 3 mgdl/l, vt liu tip xc dng
vng snh 25x25x3mm hoc bng g xp. Khi cng Cabonat ln hn 3 mgdl/l th dng
g xp.

Ti trng trn thp kh khi c vt liu tip xc l vng snh ly bng 40 m
3
/m
2
.h; chiu cao
ca lp vng snh bng 2 m khi hm lng Sunphua Hyro di 10 mg/l, bng 3 m khi hm
ln Sunphua Hyro n 20 mg/l. Lu lng khng kh bng 20 m
3
cho 1 m
3
nc.

Ti trng trn thp kh kh c g xp ly bng 30 m
3
/m
2
.h. Chiu cao lp g phi cao hn
chiu cao ca lp vng snh 1m. Lng khng kh ly bng 15 m
3
cho 1 m
3
nc.

Bng cch lm thong nu gim c 20-30% lng Sulphua Hyro trong nc th vic tit
kim Clo mi tho ng.

4. Khi kh Sunphua Hyro trong nc theo phng php axit ho, lm thong phi d kin
trnh t x l nh sau:
- Axit ho bng axit Sulfuric hoc axit Clohyric n khi pH=5,5.
- Lm thong trn thp kh kh.
- Clo ho xy ho Sunphua Hyro cn li sau khi lm thong.
- X l bng keo t v lc kh lu hunh dng keo sinh ra trong qu trnh lm
thong v Clo ho.

Liu lng axit (mg/l) gim pH xung 5,5 phi xc nh theo cng thc:

D
K
= K.e. c
100


Trong :
- K: kim ca nc ngun mgdl/l.
- e: Trng lng ng lng ca axit.
- c: Hm lng axit Sulfuric, axit Clohyric trong axit k thut %.
Liu lng Clo oxy ho Sunphua Hyro cn li trong nc sau khi lm thong ly bng
4-5mg/l.

Nc c lm sch theo phng php axit ho, lm thong, lm trong phi x l n
nh tip theo bng kim ho kh tnh n mn.
207









PH LC 12
KH AXIT SILC HO TAN TRONG NC


1. Kh cc hp cht ca axit Silc trong nc thc hin bng phng php sau:
a) gim hm lng SiO
3
2-
n 3-5 mg/l th keo t bng phn St hoc phn Nhm.
b) Khi kim ca nc di 2 mgdl/l, gim hm lng SiO
3
2-
n 1-1,5 mg/l th x
l bng Magenit kim. Qu trnh x l phi thc hin ti nhit nc trn 35C.
c) gim hm lng SiO
3
2-
xung 0,1-0,3 mg/l th lc nc qua cht hp ph Magie
xid theo s 2 bc c lm nng nc v m bo khi nc ra khi b lc c nhit
khng nh hn 40C.

Ghi ch: Thit k kh Silic ng thi vi kh mui phi theo cc iu ghi Mc 6.

2. Khi kh Silic trong nc bng keo t; liu lng FeSO
4
, FeCl
3
hoc Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
phi ly
bng 15 mg cho 1 mg SiO
3
2-
v pha thm Vi vi liu lng nng pH sau khi pha
ln 7,8 n 8,3.

Liu lng vi tnh ton D (mg/l) (tnh theo CaO) xc nh theo cng thc:

Dv = 28
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
ep
Dp
22
CO
2


Trong :
Dp - Liu lng phn tnh theo sn phm kh (mg/l)
CO
2
- Hm lng axit Cacbonic c trong nc ngun (mg/l)
ep - ng lng gam ca phn (mg/mgdl)

Tc dng nc i ln trong vng lng ca b lng trong phi ly bng 0,9-1 mm/s vi
chiu cao lp cn l lng khng nh hn 0,3 m. Lng nc trong thu ngn tch cn bng
10-25%. Khi cn gim cht l lng trong nc xung di 15 mg/l th phi lc nc.

3. Khi kh Silic trong nc, liu lng Magi xid hoc Dolomit nung chy Do (mg/l) phi
xc nh theo cng thc:

208

Do = (SiO
3
2-
)12 - 1,7 (Mg
2+
).
MgO
C
100


Trong :
SiO
3
2-
: Nng axit Silic trong nc ngun (mg/l)
Mg
2+
: Hm lng Magi trong nc ngun (mg/l)
C
MgO
: Hm lng MgO trong Magenit kim hoc olmit nung chy (%).

Liu lng Vi tnh theo CaO, Dv(mg/l) khi kim ca nc ln hn 2mgdl/l xc nh
theo cng thc:

Dv = 28.
100
.
5 , 0
12 22
2
2 CaO o P
K
C D
ep
D MG
C
CO
+ + + +
+

Trong :
CO
2
- Hm lng CO
2
t do trong nc ngun (mg/l).
C
K
- cng Carbonat ca nc ngun (mgdl/l).
D
P
- Trng lng phn Fe hoc FeSO
4
(mg/l).
ep - ng lng gam ca phn (mg/mgdl.
C
CaO
- Hm lng CaO trong Magenit kim hoc lmit nung (%).

tnh ton b lng trong phi ly cc s liu sau:
Tc dng nc i ln trong vng lng trong bng 0,7-0,8 mm/s. Lng nc trong thu
ngn tch cn bng 30-40%. Chiu cao lp cn l lng 5,5-4,2m. Chiu cao vng lng 2-
2,3m.

4. Khi kh Silic bng cch lc qua cht hp ph Magie xid, cht ht ph cn phi cht vo
b lc thnh 1 lp cao 3,4-4m vi c ht 0,5-1,5mm.

Nc trc khi a vo b lc hp ph, phi kh ht Bicarbonat v axit Carbonic t do.
Nc phi c un nng m bo nhit ca nc sau khi lc khng thp hn 40C.
Tc lc ly nh hn 10m/s.

Phi thit k h thng xi xi nh k cht hp th trong b lc bng dng nc i t
di ln vi cng 3-4 l/s.m
2
.

Cht hp ph Magi xid khng hon nguyn c. Lng cha Silic ca cht hp ph ly
bng 10% trng lng ca n. Trng lng th tch khi thnh ng t 0,75-0,85g/cm
3
.





209
PH LC 13
KH XY HO TAN TRONG NC

1. Kh xy ho tan trong nc khng cn un nng nc nh sau:
- Phun nc trong chn khng ng vi im si ca nc ti nhit cho.
- Lin kt xy ho tan vi cht kh Natri Sulfit.

2. Vic lin kt xy ho tan vi cht kh phi thc hin trong b trn p lc kn, tnh vi
thi gian nc lu li trong 5 pht. tng cng qu trnh kh xy trc khi cho vo
nc cht kh, cn pha cht xc tc l mui ng (1mg/lCu) hoc Cban (0,001mg/l Co)
dng dung dch 0,01%. Nu mun kh 1 mg xy phi a vo trong nc 8,5mg Natri
Sulfit. Ho cht a vo nc dng dung dch 3-5%.

3. Thp kh kh xy dng chn khng phi tnh vi ti trng nc l 50 m
3
/h.m
2
. Vt liu
tip xc c th dng vng snh 25x25x5mm. Th tch vng snh gim nng xy ho
tan trong nc ly theo bng PL 13.1.

p lc trong thp kh kh ly theo bng PL 13.2.

Bng PL 13.1

Hm lng oxy
trong ngun,
mg/l
Th tch vng snh (m
3
) tnh cho cng sut 1m
3
/h ti cc nhit
nc khc nhau
5C 10C 13C 20C 30C
5
10
12
0,068
0,074
0,080
0,053
0,059
0,058
0,045
0,050
0,058
0,04
0,045
0,05
0,032
0,035
0,045

Bng PL 13.2

Nhit ca nc C
15 20 30 40
p lc trong thp kh kh kg/cm
2

0,028 0,053 0,055 0,09








PH LC 14
TNH TON THU LC NG NG CP NC

A. TINH THEO TIU CHUN CA LIN BANG NGA
210

1. Tn tht p lc trong ng ng ca h thng truyn dn v phn phi nc gy ra bi
tr khng thu lc ca ng, cc mi ni cng nh ca cc ph tng trn ng.

2. Tn tht p lc trn mt n v chiu di ca ng ng (c gi l dc thu lc) i
c tnh c tr khng mi ni xc nh theo cng thc:

I = (/d) x (v
2
/2g) = (A
1
/2g) x [(Ao + C/v)
m
/d
m+1
] x v
2


Trong :
H s tr khng thu lc, xc nh theo cng thc:
= A
1
(A
0
+ B
0
d/Re)
m
/d
m
= A
1
(A
0
+ C/v)
m
/d
m

d - ng knh trong ca ng, m
v Vn tc nc chy trung bnh trong ng, m/s
g Gia tc trong trng, m/s
2
.
Re = vd/ - Tr s Renon; B
0
= CRe/vd
- H s nht ng hc ca cht lng, m
2
/s

Gi tr ch s m m v h s A
0
, A
1
v C i vi ng thp, ng gang, ng BTCT, ng nha
v ng thu tinh ly theo bng PL 14.1.

3. Khi nc khng c x l n nh hoc khng c lp bo v bn trong hu hiu, tr
khng thu lc ca ng thp v gang mi tng nhanh. Trong cc trng hp , cng thc
xc nh tn tht p lc trong ng thp v ng gang mi ch s dng tnh ton kim tra
trong trng hp cn phn tch iu kin lm vic ca h thng cp nc giai on u
khai thc.

ng thp v ng gang thng thng c s dng c lp bo v bn trong bng xi mng
polime hay xi mng ct. Trong trng hp khng c lp bo v v nc khng c x l
n nh, cn b sung thm h s (khng ln hn 2) vo cc gi tr Ao, C theo bng PL 14.1
v K theo bng PL 14.2. Gi tr ca h s trn phi cn c trn cc s liu gia tng tn tht
trong ng lm vic trong cc iu kin tng t.

Bng PL 14.1.

S
TT
Loi ng m A
0
1000A
1
1000 x
(A
1
/2g)
C
1 ng thp mi khng c lp bo v
bn trong hoc c lp ph bitum
0,226 1 15.9 0,810 0,684
2 ng gang mi khng c lp bo v
bn trong hoc c lp ph bitum
0,284 1 14.4 0,734 2,360
3 ng thp mi v ng
gang c khng c lp
bo v bn trong hoc
c lp ph bitum
V<1,2 m/s 0,30 1 17,9 0,912 0,867
V>1,2 m/s 0,30 1 21,0 1,070 0
211
4 ng BTCT nn rung 0,19 1 15,74 0,802 3,51
5 ng BTCT quay li tm 0,19 1 13,85 0,706 3,51
6 ng thp v ng gang c lp bo
v bn trong bng nha hay ximng
polime, ph bng phng php
quay li tm
0,19 1 11,0 0,561 3,51
7 ng thp v ng gang c lp bo
v bn trong bng ximng ct, ph
bng phng php quay li tm
0,19 1 13,85 0,706 3,51
8 ng nha 0,226 0 13,44 0,685 1
9 ng thu tinh 0,226 0 14,61 0,745 1

Ghi ch: Tr s C a ra vi = 1,3x10
6
m
2
/s

Nhng gi tr ny tng ng vi cng ngh ch to hin i.

Nu cc gi tr bo hnh Ao, A1, C ca nh sn xut khc vi cc ga tr trong bng PL
14.1, th chng phi c ch ra trong catalog hoc trong tiu ch k thut sn xut ng.

4. Tr khng thu lc ca cc mi ni cn xc nh theo s tay, tr khng thu lc ca cc
ph tng theo h s ca nh sn xut.

Khi khng s liu v mi ni v ph tng lp t trn ng ng, tn tht p lc cc b
cho php ly bng 10-20% so vi tn tht theo chiu di trn on ng.

5. Khi tnh ton kinh t k thut v thc hin tnh ton thu lc mng li truyn dn v
phn phi nc trn my tnh in t, tn tht p lc trong ng ng xc nh theo cng
thc:

H = i x l = K x q
n
/ d
p
x l, (m)

Trong : q - Lu lng tnh ton, l/s
d - ng knh bn trong tnh ton ca ng, m
i - dc thu lc
l - Chiu di on ng

Tr s ca h s K v cc h s m n, p ly theo bng PL 14.2.

Bng PL 14.2.

S TT Loi ng 1000 K p n
1 ng thp mi khng c lp bo v bn
trong hoc c lp ph bitum.
1,790 5,1 1,9
2 ng gang mi khng c lp bo v bn
trong hoc c lp ph bitum.
1,790 5,1 1,9
3 ng thp v gang c khng c lp bo v 1,735 5,3 2
212
bn trong hoc c lp ph bitum.
4 ng BTCT nn rung 1,688 4,89 1,85
5 ng BTCT quay li tm 1,486 4,89 1,85
6 ng thp v ng gang c lp bo v bn
trong bng nha hay ximng polime, ph
bng phng php quay li tm.
1,180 4,89 1,85
7 ng thp v ng gang c lp bo v bn
trong bng ximng ct, ph bng phng
php quay li tm.
1,486 4,89 1,85
8 ng nha 1,052 4,774 1,774
9 ng thu tinh 1,144 4,774 1,774

Ngoi ra khi tnh ton thu lc n gin cho cc on ng c lp c th dng cc bng tnh
thu lc hoc cc biu lp sn, tu thuc vo kch c cng nh vt liu ng v cc thng
s khc.

213
B. TNH THEO CNG THC CA M V CC NC EU

T 10 nm tr li y, mt s lng ln cng thc l thuyt v mt s cng thc thc
nghim tnh ton tn tht p lc ca M cng nh cc nc thuc Cng ng pht trin
kinh t chu u (EU) c s dng. Hu ht cc cng thc ny c nh gi c t
chung mt ngun gc t cng thc Colebrook, c u im l logic v p dng cho tt c cc
loi cht lng, tuy nhin cng c mt nhc im l dng ton hc ca n tng i phc
tp. V vy cho n nay, mt s cng thc thc nghim vn c s dng.

1) Phng trnh Darcy - Weisbach


gD
V
J
2
2

=


2) Phng trnh Manning


2
1
3
2
1
J R
n
V =

Trong :

3
4
2
) ( 35 , 6

= D V n J


Gi tr trung bnh ca h s n cho cc vt liu ng khc nhau:
- PVC-HDPE: 0,009 - 0,013
- ng gang c trng xi mng bn trong: 0,01 -0,013
- ng gang lng bn trong cn th nhp: 0,015
- ng b tng : 0,012 - 0,015
- ng thp c: 0,012

3) Cng thc Hazen - William
y l cng thc thng dng nht, c bit l ti M v Nht Bn. Tn tht p lc l hm
ca h s C, thay i theo ng knh ng v tnh trng b mt bn trong ca ng.

167 , 1 852 , 1
) ( 824 , 6

= D
C
V
J

Gi tr trung bnh ca h s C cho cc vt liu ng khc nhau:
- PVC; HDPE: 140-150
- ng gang c trng xi mng bn trong: 135-150
- ng gang lng bn trong cn th nhp: 80-120
- ng b tng : 0,012 - 0,015
- ng b tng, ng thp c: 130-150

Cng thc ny p dng cho tt c cc cht lng v kh, ti ni c iu kin chy ri (Re >
2400) tuy nhin khng p dng cho ng dn chuyn ti kh c chiu di qu ln.

4) Cng thc Colebrook

214

(

+ =

1
*
Re
51 , 2
* 71 , 3
log 2
1
10
D
K


Trong :

gD
V
J
2
2

=


K hiu ca tt c cc tham s trong cc cng thc nu trn:

K
hiu
Din gii Th nguyn
J Tn tht theo chiu di (m/m) Khng c th nguyn

H s tn tht Khng c th nguyn
D ng knh trong (m) n v chiu di
V Vn tc trung bnh ti mt ct ang
nghin cu (m/s)
n v chiu di/thi gian
g Gia tc trng trng (m/s
2
) n v chiu di/(thi gian)
2
k H s nhm tng ng trong cng
thc Colebrook (m)
n v chiu di
Re Tr s Reynold Khng c th nguyn
v
nht ng hc (m
2
/s) (n v chiu di)
2
/thi gian
R Bn knh thu lc (m) n v chiu di
S Tit din t ca ng (m
2
) (n v chiu di)
2

P Chu vi t ca ng (m) n v chiu di
n H s nhm trong cng thc Manning Khng c th nguyn
C H s tn tht trong cng thc Hazen-
William
Khng c th nguyn