Contents

Contributors
Chapter 1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
Introduction and Overview
General
Drivers for Improved Airframe Materials
High-Performance Fiber Composite Concepts
Fiber Reinforcements
Matrices
Polymer Matrix Composites
Non-polymeric Composite Systems
Hybrid Metal/PMC Composites
References
Bibliography
Chapter 2
2.1
2.2
Basic Principles of Fiber Composite Materials
Introduction to Fiber Composite Systems
Micromechanical Versus Macromechanical
View of Composites
2.3 Micromechanics
2.4 Elastic Constants
2.5 Micromechanics Approach to Strength
2.6 Simple Estimate of Compressive Strength
2.7 Off-axis Strength in Tension
2.8 Fracture Toughness of Unidirectional Composites
References
Chapter 3 Fibers for Polymer-Matrix Composites
3.1 Overview
3.2 Glass Fibers
3.3 Carbon Fibers
3.4 Boron Fibers
3.5 Silicon Carbide
3.6 Aramid Fibers
3.7 Orientated Polyethylene Fibers
3.8 Dry Fiber Forms
References
xix
1
1
3
3
6
7
13
13
19
21
21
23
23
23
25
26
36
42
45
47
53
55
55
57
63
67
69
71
73
74
79
xiv CONTENTS
Chapter 4 Polymeric Matrix Materials
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Thermoset and Thermoplastic Polymer Matrix Materials
4.3 Thermosetting Resin Systems
4.4 Thermoplastic Systems
References
Chapter 5 Component Form and Manufacture
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Outline of General Laminating Procedures
5.3 Laminating Procedures For Aircraft-Grade Composite
Components
5.4 Liquid Resin Molding Techniques
5.5 Filament Winding
5.6 Pultrusion
5.7 Process Modelling
5.8 Tooling
5.9 Special Thermoplastic Techniques
References
Chapter 6 Structural Analysis
6.1 Overview
6.2 Laminate Theory
6.3 Stress Concentration and Edge Effects
6.4 Failure Theories
6.5 Fracture Mechanics
6.6 Failure Prediction Near Stress Raisers and Damage Tolerance
6.7 Buckling
6.8 Summary
References
Chapter 7 Mechanical Property Measurement
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Coupon Tests
7.3 Laboratory Simulation of Environmental Effects
7.4 Measurement of Residual Strength
7.5 Measurement of Interlaminar Fracture Energy
References
Chapter 8 Properties of Composite Systems
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Glass-Fiber Composite Systems
8.3 Boron Fiber Composite Systems
8.4 Aramid Fiber Composite Systems
8.5 Carbon Fiber Systems
8.6 Properties of Laminates
81
81
86
88
108
112
113
113
115
117
132
140
145
149
158
162
169
171
171
172
191
194
203
204
207
209
209
213
213
216
225
227
231
237
239
239
241
247
249
257
262
CONTENTS xv
8.7
8.8
8.9
Impact Damage Resistance
Fatigue of Composite Laminates
Environmental Effects
References
263
266
276
286
Chapter 9
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
Joining of Composite Structures
Introduction
Comparison Between Mechanically Fastened and
Adhesively Bonded Joints
Adhesively Bonded Joints
Mechanically Fastened Joints
References
289
289
290
292
337
366
Chapter 10
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6
10.7
10.8
10.9
10.10
10.11
Repair Technology
Introduction
Assessment of the Need to Repair
Classification of Types of Structure
Repair Requirements
Non-patch Repairs
Patch Repairs: General Considerations
Bonded Patch Repairs
Materials Engineering Aspects
Application Technology: In Situ Repairs
Bolted Repairs
Materials Engineering Aspects
References
369
369
369
371
371
374
377
379
390
394
395
398
401
Chapter 11 Quality Assurance
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Quality Control
11.3 Cure Monitoring
11.4 Non-destructive Inspection of Advanced Composite
Aerospace Structures
11.5 Conclusion
References
403
403
403
408
414
430
431
Chapter 12
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.5
12.6
Aircraft Applications and Design Issues
Overview
Applications of Glass-Fiber Composites
Current Applications
Design Considerations
Design of Carbon-Fiber-Based Components
Design Methodologies
435
435
435
436
447
449
462
xvi CONTENTS
12.7 A Value Engineering Approach to the Use of
Composite Materials
12.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13 Airworthiness Considerations For Airframe
Structures
13.1 Overview
13.2 Certification of Airframe Structures
13.3 The Development of Design Allowables
13.4 Demonstration of Static Strength
13.5 Demonstration of Fatigue Strength
13.6 Demonstration of Damage Tolerance
13.7 Assessment of the Impact Damage Threat
References
Chapter 14 Three-Dimensionally Reinforced Preforms and
Composites
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Stitching
14.3 Z-Pinning
14.4 Three-Dimensional Weaving
14.5 Braiding
14.6 Knitting
14.7 Non-crimp Fabrics
14.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 15 Smart Structures
15.1
15.2
15.3
15.4
Chapter 16
Introduction
Engineering Approaches
Selected Applications and Demonstrators
Key Technology Needs
References
Knowledge-Based Engineering, Computer-Aided
Design, and Finite Element Analysis
16.1 Knowledge-Based Design Systems
16.2 Finite Element Modelling of Composite Structures
16.3 Finite Element Solution Process
16.4 Element Types
16.5 Finite Element Modelling of Composite Structures
16.6 Implementation
16.7 Design Optimization
References
466
474
474
477
477
480
482
484
486
487
487
488
491
491
492
498
502
507
515
519
523
523
525
525
526
531
544
545
549
549
552
553
562
563
566
568
569
CONTENTS
Appendix Overview of Some Sensors and Actuators Used for
Smart Structure Applications
A. 1 Piezoelectric Materials
A.2 Shape Memory Alloys
A.3 Optical Fiber Sensors
A.4 Electrorheological Fluids
A.5 Magnetostrictive Materials
A.6 Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems
A.7 Comparison Of Actuators
References
Index