Thuat Ngu IT

GOG-SOFT gog.soft@gmail.
com
THUT NG TN HC
Absolute:
Tuyt i. (ca mt gi trj), thuc v khng i. V du, absolute address (ja chi tuyt i) l mt vj
tr trong b nh v an absolute cell reference (tham chiu tuyt i) l mt c jnh on trong
mt mn hnh bn tnh. Phn ngha ca absolute (tuyt i) l relative (lin quan).
Accelerator borad:
Th tng tc. Kiu bn m rng lm cho mt my tnh chay nhanh hon. N thung cha mt on
vj x l trung uong b sung.
Access time:
Thi gian truy cp. Hay reaction time (thi gian hoat ng), thi gian cho my tnh sau mt ljch
uoc cho, oc t b nh hay vit ln b nh.
Accumulator:
Thanh ghi tam thi: mt b ng k c bit hay vj tr b nh trong mt on vj s hoc v logic
trong b x l my tnh. N uoc s dung gi kt qu ca mt su tnh ton tam thi hay luu
d liu ang uoc chuyn.
Accustic coupler:
B ghp m thanh. Thit bj cho php d liu my tnh uoc tuyn v nhn thng tin qua mt in
thoai c nh (in thoai con) thng thung, my in thoai ny gn trn b ghp tao su ni.
Mt loa nh trong thit bj uoc s dung chuyn d liu tn hiu dang k thut s ca my tnh
thnh tn hiu m thanh m phng sau uoc in thoai con NHN. EN THOA NHN,
MOT BO GHP M THANH TH hai hay mt mdem chuyn cc tn hiu m thanh tr lai thnh
d liu k thut s cho tn hiu vo my tnh. Khng ging nhu mem, mt ghp m thanh khng
yu cu su ni truc tip ti h thng in thoai.
Acrobat:
H thng m do h Adoble pht trin cho cc ng dung in n (xut bn) in t. M Acrobat c
th uoc pht ra truc tip t tp tin Post Script.
Acronym:
T vit tt t ch u, t uoc tao ra t cc ch u v/hay vn ca cc t khc, uoc dng nhu
mt ch vit tt pht m uoc. V du, RAM (random access memory: b nh truy cp ngu nhin)
v FORTRAN (formula translation: phin djch cng thc). Nguoc lai, cc ch u tao thnh mt
ch vit tt uoc pht m tch ring mi ch, v du, ALU (arithmetic and logic unit: on vj s hoc
v logic).
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Ada -
Ngn ng lp trnh my tnh muc cao, do US Department of Defense (B quc phng M) pht
trin v gi bn quyn, uoc thit k s dung trong cc tnh hung m mt my tnh truc tip
iu khin mt qu trnh hay my, nhu mt my bay qun i. Phi mt hon 5 nm chuyn
mn ha ngn ng ny v n chi tr nn tin dung ph bin vo cui nhng nm 1980. N uoc
t theo tn nh ton hoc Anh Ada Augusta Byron.
ADC -
Ch vit tt ca Analogue to digital converter: b chuyn i k thut m phng thnh k thut s.
Adder:
B cng: mach in t trong mt my vi tnh hay my tnh ton thuc hin qu trnh cng hai ch
s nhj phn. Mt b cng ring cn thit cho vic cng mi cp bit nhj phn. Cc mach nhu th l
nhng thnh phn thit yu ca mt on vj thut ton v logic ca my tnh (ALU).
Address:
|A CH: S CH TH| MOT V| TR C BET CA BO NH M TNH. M |A CH, MOT
MU N CA D LEU C TH C LU. V M V tnh, ja chi ny uoc tng lai
thnh 1 byte ( biu thj mt k tu on, nhu l mt ch hay s).
Address bus:
THANH GP |A CH: NG DN EN T HA l thanh gp uoc dng chon hnh trnh
cho bt c d liu ring no nhu khi n di chuyn t phn ny n phn khc ca my tnh.
A:
Ch vit tt artificial intelligence: tr thng minh nhn tao.
Algol:
(t ch u ca algorithmic language: ngn ng thut ton) ngn ng lp trnh mc cao truc
y, uoc pht trin vo nhng nm 50 v 0 cho cc ng dung khoahoc. Mt ngn ng muc
djch tng qut, ALGOL l thch hop nht i vi cng vic ton hoc v c mt kiu ai s. D
khng cn thng dung na nhung n nh hung ln n cc ngn ng ngy nay nhu ADA v
PASCAL.
Algorithm:
Thut ton: trnh tu hay chui cc buc uoc dng gii quyt mt vn . Trong khoa hoc my
tnh, trnh tu logic cc thao tc uoc thuc hin bi mt chuong trnh. Mt so dng l su biu
thj nhn thy uoc ca mt thut ton.
Aliasing:
C BET DNH CANH PH: NH HNG C nhn thy trn mn hnh hay tn hiu ra my
in, khi cc ung cong mjn xut hin cu thnh cc buc do phn gii khng cao.
Chng bit hiu l mt k thut phn mm gim nh hung ny bng cch dng cc thang o
mu xm.
Alpha:
Mt th mach RSC bit uoc phng ra vo nm 199 bi thit bj k thut s (DC). N uoc
xem nhu l mt canh tranh vi th machPentium ca ntel.
Alphanumeric data:
D liu ch s, d liu cu thnh cc ch ci v bt k ch s t 0 n 9. Su phn loai ca d
liu ty theo kiu k tu uoc cha cho php h thng hiu luc my tnh kim tra chnh xc ca
d liu mt my tnh c th uoc lp trnh loai b cc u vo cha cc k tu sai. V du, tn
ca mt ngui c th uoc loai b nu n cha bt k d liu s v mt s ti khon ngn hng
uoc loai b nu n cha bt k d liu ch ci. So vi s ng k xe th s cha d liu ch s
nhung khng c cc du chm cu.
Alu -
Ch vit tt ca arithmetic and logic unit (on vj s hoc v logic).
American National Dtandards nstitute (ANS):
Vin tiu chun quc gia Hoa K. Vin t cc th tuc chnh thc trong (gia cc lnh vuc khc)
my tnh v in t.
Annalogue:
Tuong tu, lin bin (ca mt s luong hay thit bj) ti l hay song song vi cc gi trj thay i lin
tuc v so snh truc tip bng cch i chiu mt s luong m phng hay thit bj thay i trong cc
chui buc ring bit. V du, mt ng h m phng o thi gian bng cc phuong tin ca mt
chuyn ng lin tuc bng tay xung quanh mt mt s noi mt ng h k thut s o thi gian
vi mt hin thj s thay i trong mt chui cc uc ring bit.
Analogue computer:
My tnh m phng, my tnh tuong tu: my tnh uoc thuc hin mach v x l d liu k thut
(m phng) thay i lin tuc. Cc my tnh k thut s m phng him hon nhiu so vi cc my
k thut s v thung l cc my c muc ch c bit uoc xy dung vi mn hnh v iu khin
cc thit bj khc.
Analogue to -didital converter (ADC):
B chuyn i k thut m phng thnh k thut s: mach in chuyn mt tn hiu k thut m
phng thnh mt tn hiu k thut s. Mt mach nhu th th chuong trnh chuyn tn hiu t
mt thit bj k thut m phng thnh mt tn hiu k thut s cho vic nhp vo my tnh. V du,
nhiu cm bin uoc thit k o cc gi trj vt l nhu nhit v p sut, sinh ra mt tn hiu
m phng dui dang in th v uoc truyn qua mt ADC truc khi my tnh nhp v x l n.
Mt b chuyn i k thut s thnh k thut m phng (DAC) thuc hin qu trnh nguoc lai.
Analytical engine:
ONG C PHN TCH. THT B| M TNH C TH lp trnh uoc do nh ton hoc ngui Anh
Charles Baddage thit k nm 18. N uoc dua trn cc ng co khc nhau nhung uoc
hung ti tu ng ha c qu trnh tnh ton. N gii thiu nhiu quan im v my tnh k thut
s nhung do han ch trong qu trnh sn xut, n khng uoc xy dung cho ti nm 199 khi mt
phin bn lm vic uoc gii thiu trong bo tng KHOA HC, LUN N.
AND gate:
Cng AND. Kiu cng logic.
ANS:
Vit tt ca American National Standards nstitule. Vin Tiu Chun uc gia Hoa K.
AP:
Vit tt ca Applications Program nterface: Giao din Chuong trnh ng dung.
Apple:
Cng ty my tnh Hoa K, nh sn xut loai my Macintosh.
Application:
Chuong trnh ng dung, chuong trnh cng vic uoc thit k tin loi cho ngui s dung nhu
mt h bng luong hay b x l t ng. Cch dng nhn bit cc chuong trnh nhu th, t
iu khin my tnh hay gip tho chuong vin mt b bin djch.
Application package:
B chuong trnh ng dung. B chuong trnh v cc ti liu lin quan (nhu s tay hung dn)
uoc dng trong mt ng dung c bit.
Application program:
Chuong trnh ng dung. Chuong trnh thnh lp thuc hin mt cng tc cho su tin loi ca
ngui s dung my tnh - v du, tnh ton su tr luong hay x l t. Nguoc lai, mt chuong trnh
h thng thuc hin nhiu cng tc lin quan ti hoat ng v thuc hin ca chnh my tnh.
Application program nterface (AP) :
Giao din chuong trnh ng dung, trung tiu chun bao gm cc dung cu, th tuc v cc trnh tu
khc trong cc chuong trnh c th uoc vit. Mt AP bo m rng tt c cc ng dung l
ph hop vi h iu hnh v c mt giao din s dung tuong tu.
Argument argumen,
i s, gi trj trn mt hm s thuc hin. V du, nu argument 1 uoc thuc hin trn hm s
cn bc hai th ua ra kt qu l .
Arithemetic and logic unit (ALU):
N V| THUT TON V LOGC: PHN CA N V| x l trung uong thuc hin cc thao tc
s hoc co bn v logic trn d liu.
Array
Chui: trong mt my tnh lp trnh, mt chui cc gi trj c th uoc tham kho ti bi mt tn
bin i on. Cc gi trj ring uoc phn bin bng cch dng mt hay nhiu chi s dui dng
vi mi tn bin i. V du, xem danh sch v nhit cao nht mi ngy.
Nhit (0C)
Ngy 1
Ngy
Ngy
19
Ngy
1
Chui ny c th uoc xem vi tn bin i on temp. Cc yu t ring ca chui sau s uoc
xc jnh vi cc chi s dui dng. V du, phn t chui temp1 s luu gi trj , temp s luu gi
trj 19.
Mt chui c th s dung nhiu hon mt chi s dui dng. V du, xem danh sch sau y chi s
panh sa (on vj o lung bng 0,5 1 Anh v 0, 1 M) uoc phn ra trong bn nh.
Nh 1
Nh
Nh
Nh
Ngy 1
1
Ngy
1
Ngy
0
1
Ngy
1
Ngy 5
Ngy
Nu chui ny uoc cho tn bin i pint (panh) th cc yu t ca n s uoc xc jnh vi hai chi
s: mt i vi nh v mt i vi ngy trong tun. Do , phn t chui pints (,,) s luu gi trj
5, pints (,) luu gi trj 0.
Cc chui th hu dung v chng chi cho php cc tho chuong vit cc trnh tu tng qut c
th x l cc danh sch d liu di. V du, nu mi gi uoc luu trong mt chuong trnh k ton
s dung mt tn bin i khc nhau th cc lnh chuong trnh phn tch s uoc yu cu x l
mi gi. Tuy nhin, nu tt c cc gi uoc luu trong mt chui th mt trnh tu tng qut c th
uoc vit x l, ni jnh gi () v bnh cch cho php ly cc gi trj khc nhau, sau c
th x l bt c cc d liu ring no.
Artificial imtelligence (A):
Tr thng minh nhn tao. Mt ngnh khoa hoc lin quan ti vic tao cc chuong trnh my tnh c
th thuc hin cc hoat ng so snh vi nhng hoat ng ca mt con ngui thng minh. Nghin
cu A hin thi bao trm cc lnh vuc nhu lp k hoach (cho cch x rb), hiu bit ngn ng,
nhn bit mu, biu thj kin thc.
Cc chuong trnh A truc kia uoc pht trin nm 190 at uoc su m phng tr thng minh
con ngui hay uoc gip k thut gii quyt vn tng qut. By gi ngui ta ngh rng
cch cu x thng minh ty thuc nhiu vo kin thc mt h thng c uoc nhu trn ngun l l
ca n. Do , su nhn manh hin uoc trong cc h thng dua trn kin thc.
Ascii
(t ch u ca American Standard Code for nformation nterchange) h lp m trong cc s
uoc quy jnh cho cc ch, ch s v cc biu tuong chm cu. D cc my tnh lm vic trong
m s nhj phn, cc s ASC thung uoc jnh nhu cc s thp phn hay thp luc phn, m
u uoc dng cho cc chc nng iu khin nhu tr hp bng v xa nguoc. Ni chnh xc,
ASC l mt m nhj phn bit cho php 18 k tu khc nhau uoc biu thj nhung mt bit th tm
th thung uoc dng cung cp tnh chn l hay cho php i vi cc k tu phu. H thng
ny uoc dng rng ri i vi vic luu vn bn.
Assembly language:
Ngn ng chuong trnh hop ng, ngn ng lp trnh my tnh muc thp lin quan mt thit ti
cc m bn trong mt my tnh. N gm ch yu mt b cc chui ngn vi ch (thut nh) uoc
b djch hop ng djch thnh m my cho on vj x l trung uong ca my tnh lm theo mt
cch truc tip. Trong ngn ng chuong trnh hop ng, MP c ngha l nhy (ump) v LDA c
ngha l Load accumulation (b tr ti) m chuong trnh hop ng uoc cc tho chuong vin s
dung vit cc chuong trnh rt nhanh v hiu qu.
Asynchronus:
Khng ng b (dj b). Khng theo qui lut hay khng ng b. Thung uoc cung cp trong su
truyn thng truyn d liu khng qtho qui lut so vi mt dng n jnh. Su thng tin khng
ng b dng cc bit bt u v bit kt thc chi su bt u v su kt thc mi mu d liu.
Audit trail:
Vt kim tra. bn ghi lai cc hoat ng my tnh chi nhng g uoc thuc hin v ai thuc hin n
(nu thng tin ny c sn). Thut ng ny uoc ly trong k ton nhung cc vt kim tra (chui
kim ton trong k ton ngy nay uoc dng rng ri kim tra nhiu kha canh an ton my
tnh cng nhu trong cc chuong trnh k ton.
Autoexec.bat
File trong iu hnh MS-Dos bao gm cc lnh uoc thi hnh khi my tnh uoc khi ng, n
uoc chay tu ng vo lc ny.
Bandwidth
rng di tn. Trong my tnh v trong thng tin lin lac, khi nim ny xc jnh tc chuyn
d liu, uoc o bng s bit mi giy.
Benchmark
Mc, chun
Php o hiu qu ca mt mu thit bj hay phn mm, thung bao gm mt chuong trnh tiu
chun hay mt b chuong trnh. Cc mc c th chi ra xem mt my tnh c manh thuc hin
mt tc vu c bit no hay khng v cho php so snh cc my vi nhau. Tuy nhin, chng
chi o cc thng s c bit v c th khng ua ra mt hung dn chnh xc tng tc cc
ng dung thuc t. Mc o bao gm Whetstones, Dhrystones, TPC v SPCmarks. SPCmarks
dua trn 10 chuong trnh uoc chp nhn bi h thng thuc hin nh ga kt hop cho cc tram
lm vic chun. Mc TCP-B ca hi ng thuc hin x l giao djch uoc s dung th co s d
liu v h thng truc tuyn trong pham vi ngn hng.
Beta version
Bn th nghim truc pht hnh
Phin bn truc khi tung ra chnh thc ca mt phn mm hay chuong trnh ng dung, thung
uoc phn phi ti mt s han ch cc chuyn vin s dung (v thung l cc nh ph bnh). Su
phn phi ca phin bn ny cho php ngui s dung kim tra v phn hi lai ngui pht trin
bt c bin i cn thit no cng c th uoc thuc hin truc khi pht hnh.
Bitmap
So bit
L mng bit uoc s dung m t mt t chc d liu. Cc so bit uoc dng luu cc hnh
nh hoa bng cch dng gia trj 1 biu thj en (hay mu) v gi trj 0 biu thj trng. Tuy
nhin hoa dng so bit khng uoc s dung cho cc hnh nh yu cu o ac (trong trung
hop ny ngui ta s dung hoa vc to luu dui dang cng thc hnh hoc). Cc so bit c th
uoc s dung luu tr kiu ch hay phng ch nhung mi c hay kiu ch i hi phi c mt
bt so bit ring. Mt b phng kiu vc to c th uoc gi lm d liu mu v o ac khi cn
thit.
Bridge
Cu ni
Thit bj ni hai mang ja phuong tuong tu nhau. Cc cu ni l th tuc c lp, chuyn d liu
trong cc b gia hai mang m khng lm mt bt k thay i no.
Brouter
Cu chi ung
Thit bj kt ni cc mang t hop chc nng ca c hai thit bj l cu ni v b chi ung. Cc cu
chi ung thung ua ra hnh trnh c th theo v ni cu nhng th tuc cn lai.
Bus
Thanh gp
NG DN EN T THNG UA MOT BO V X L my tnh lin lac vi cc thnh
phn khc ca n hay vi cc thit bj ngoai vi. V mt vt l, thanh gp l mt b cc ung song
song c th mang cc tn hiu k thut s . N c th c dang vt lt ng trn bng mach in my
tnh (PCBs) hay ca mt cp bn ngoi hay su ni kt. Mt my tnh in hnh c ba thanh gp
bn trong nm trn bn mach chnh ca n, mt thanh gp d liu (data bus) mang d liu gia
cc thnh phn my tnh, mt thanh gp ja chi (address bus) chon cc th tuc uoc lm theo bi
bt c mu d liu ring bit no i doc thanh gp d liu v mt thanh gp iu khin (control
bus) uoc dng quyt jnh xem d liu uoc oc hay ghi t thanh gp d liu. Mt thnh gp
m rng (expansion bus) bn ngoi uoc dng cho vic ni b x l my tnh ti thit bj ngoai vi
nhu modem v my in.
Backing storage:
B nh d liu, b nh bn ngoi on vj x l trung uong dng luu cc chuong trnh v o
lung khng uoc dng hin thi. B nh du tr phi khng d bay hoi ngha l ni dung ca n
phi khng uoc mt khi ngun cung cp ti my tnh khng uoc ni na.
Backup:
Sao chp du tr, cc file sao chp uoc chuyn ti cc phuong tin khc, thung l ly i
uoc, l a mm hay bng. Muc ch ca iu ny l c bn sao ca mt file m n c th
uoc phuc hi trong trung hop c du hu hng trong h thng hay trn chnh file . cc file sao
chp cng uoc tao bi nhiu ng dung (vi phn m rng l BAC hay BAK), do , mt phin
bn l su c sn ca mt file gc truc khi n uoc bin i bi ng dung hin thi.
Backup system:
H thng sao chp: mt h thng my tnh sao chp m c th tip nhn hoat ng ca my my
tnh trong bin c ca su hu hng thit bj hay cho nhu cu bo tr. Cc h thng sao chp m
rng sao chp du phng tng v h thng sao chp y .
Bar code:
M thanh: mu ca cc thanh v cc khong trng c th uoc oc bng mt my tnh. Cc m
thanh uoc s dung rng ri trong su bn l, phn phi cng nghip v cc thu vin cng cng.
Cc m ny uoc oc bi mt thit bj qut, my tnh xc jnh m t cc rng ca cc thanh v
khong trng.
Basic :
( t vit tt ch u ca beginers all purpose symbolic instruction code: m chi dn biu tung tt
c muc ch ca ngui mi s dung), ngn ng lp trnh my tnh mc cao, uoc pht trin
nm 19, uoc thit k nguyn thy nhn su tin b ca cc h thng nhiu ngui s dung
(c th uoc s dung bi nhiu ngui cng lc). Ngn ng ny d lin h hoc v ph bin trong
s nhng ngui s dung my vi tnh. N l phn co bn tip theo cho cc ngn ng mi nhu
Visual Basic.
Batch processing:
X l b, h thng x l d liu vi t hay khng c su can thip ca ngui vn hnh. Cc b d
liu uoc chun bj tin ti uoc x l trong qu trnh chay bnh thung (v du, mi ti). U
N CHO PHP M TNH S DUNG C HEU U V thch hop tt cho cc ng dung ca
mt kiu lp lai nhu mt bn luong cng ty.
B x l tuong phn vi my tnh tc ng xen k, trong d liu v cc lnh uoc nhp vo
trong khi chuong trnh x l ang chay.
Baud:
N V| O TC O CHUN D LEU. Nu mt tn hiu hiu thj mt bit, sau mt baud biu
thj mt tc chuyn ca mt bit mi giy (bps).
Baudot code:
M Baudot, m 5 bit uoc pht trin bi mt k su ngui Php mil Baudot vo nhng nm 180.
N cn dng trong telex.
Bzier curve :
NG CONG BZR, NG CONG N MOT CHU im (hay nt) bng phuong php
mjn nht c th. Hnh dang ung cong M NT C U HNH B BA M U
KHN. NG cong Bezier uoc s dung trong hoa my tnh v CAD (computer aided
design: my tnh gip thit k ).
Binary number code:
M s nhj phn, m s dua trn h thng s nhj phn, uoc dng biu thj cc lnh chi dn v
d liu trong tt c cc my tnh k thut s iu s dung trong hu ht cc my vi tnh, ch hoa
A u thj bi s nhj phn 01000001
Do cc s nhj phn chi dng cc ch s 0 v 1 nn chng c th uoc biu thj bi bt c thit bj
no c th tn tai trong hai trang thi khc nhau. Trong mt my tnh k thut s, nhiu thit bj hai
trang thi khc nhau uoc dng luu hay chuyn cc m s nhj phn v du nhu - cc mach, c
th hay khng th mang in th, a hay bng m cc phn ca n c th khng th uoc t ha
v cng tc (chuyn mach) c th m hay ng.
Cc my tnh k thut s uoc thit k theo cch ny bi hai l do. Th nht, tao thit bj hai
trang thi th d v r hon nhiu so vi thit bj tn tai nhiu hon hai trang thi. Th hai su truyn
thng gia cc thit bj hai trang thi th rt ng tin cy v chi c hai tn hiu khc nhau, 0 hay 1
(m hay tt cn uoc nhn bit.
Binary number system:
H thng s nhj phn, h thng s co s hai uoc dng trong my tnh v in t. Tt c cc s
nhj phn uoc vit bng cch dng su kt hop ca cc ch s 0 hay 1.
S thp phn thng thung hay co s 10, cc s c th uoc xem nhu uoc vit duc cc u
ct dua trn s 10. V du, s thp phn ,5 vit tt ca:
1.000 s
100s
10s
1s
(10)
(10)
(101)
(10)
Nhj phn, hay co s , c s uoc vit dui cc u ct dua tn s . V du, s nhj phn ca
1101.
8s
s
s
1s
()
()
(1)
(0)
S nhj phn 1101 do tuong uong vi s thp phn 1 v (1x8) + (1x) + (1x1) = 1
Binary search:
Tm h nhj phn, k thut nhanh uoc dng tm bt c bn ghi no trong mt danh sch cc
bn ghi uoc gi trong th tu sp xp. My tnh uoc lp trnh so sch bn ghi uoc tm thy
vi bn ghi gia trong DANH SCH TH TU. U N ANG C THUC HEN, my tnh
loai b na danh sch trong bn ghi khng xut hin do gim s bn ghi tm kim xong
ti phn na, qu trnh ny uoc lp lai cho ti khi bn yu cu uoc tm thy.
Biological computer:
My tnh sinh hoc, xut k thut i vi cc thit bj my tnh dua trn du tng trung cc
phn t hu co phc tap ( phn t sinh hoc) nhu l cc cu t, co s l thuyt ca n l cc ,
khi xy dung ca tt c vt th sng c cc h thng ha hoc c th luu v trao i cc in t
v do hoat ng nhu cc cu t c in. N l ti hin thi uoc nghin cu lu di.
Bios:
(t ch u ca basic input/output system: h nhp xut co bn) phn ca h iu hnh iu
khin nhp v xut. Thut ng ny cng uoc dng m t cc chuong trnh uoc luu trong
ROM (v uoc goi l ROM Bios), m n chay tu ng khi mt my tnh uoc bt ln cho php n
khi ng. BOS khng bj nh hung bi su nng cp ln h iu hnh uoc luu trn a.
Bestable circuit:
Mach lt, hay mach in on gin bp bnh cn tn tai trong mt hay hai trang thi n jnh cho ti
khi n nhn mt xung (tn hiu logic 1) thng qua mt trong nhng u vo ca n, trong n
chuyn hay flip trn trang thi khc. Do n l thit bj hai trang thi nn n c th uoc s dung
luu cc ch s nhj phn v uoc s dung rng ri trong mach t hop.
Bit:
Ch s nhj phn, ch s nhj phn on, hoc l 0 hoc l 1. Mt bit l on vj nh nht ca d liu
uoc luu trong my tnh, tt c cc d liu khc phi uoc m ha thnh mt mng ring bit.
Mt byte biu thj b nh my tnh y luu mt k tu d liu on v thung cha 8 bit. V
du, trong h m ASC uoc dng trong hu ht cc myvi tnh, th ch hoa A uoc luu trong mt
byte on ca b nh nhu mt mng bit 01000001.
S bit ti a m mt my tnh c th x l thng thung vo mt lc uoc goi l mt t.
Bit mapped font:
Phng uoc lp so bit, phng uoc gi trong b nh my tnh nhu mt b so bit.
Bit pad:
EM BT: THT B| NHP CA M TNH, XM BNG hoa.
Block :
Khi nhm h so uoc x l nhu mt on vj hon chinh cho vic chuyn i hay chuyn lai b
nh du tr. V du, nhiu a chuyn d liu trong khi 51 byte.
Bollean algebra:
A S BOOLAN, BO U TC A S, C T TN THO NH TON HC GORG
BOOL, TRONG TRU (NG) v False gm mt chui ton t AND (v), OR (hoc), Not
(khng), NAND (NOTAND: khng, v), NOR (hoc khng) v XOR (exclusive OR: hoc loai tr)
m n c th C DNG NH TN HEU NG (TRU) V SA (False) (xem bng tht)
v l co s ca logic my tnh v gi trj tht c th uoc nhn bit truc tip bng cc bit.
A S BOOLAN: CC TON T
Ton t
Ngha
x AND y
Kt qu ng nu c hai x & y u ng, nguoc lai kt qu sai.
x OR y
Kt qu ng nu x hoc y ng, nguoc lai kt qu sai
x XOR y
Kt qu ng chi nu x v y khc bit, nguoc lai kt qu sai
NOT x
Kt qu ng nu x sai, kt qu sai nu x ng.
Boot:
Khi ng (mi) hay qui trnh mi bt u my tnh. Hu ht cc my tnh c mt chuong trnh
mi nh, gn lin (BOS) bt u tu ng khi my tnh uoc bt ln - nhng cng tc ca n l
chi ti chuong trnh ln hon mt cch nhe nhng, thung t mt a m nguoc lai nap v b
iu hnh. Trong my vi tnh, BOS thung uoc gi trong b nh ROM thung tr v chuong
trnh mi khi ng hoat ng ca n mt cch on gin.
Bps
(vit tc ca bits per second: s bit mi giy) mt php o uoc dng xc jnh tc truyn d
liu.
Bubble jet printer:
My in phun bt kh, my in phun muc trong uoc nung nng ti im si n tao mt bot kh
u mt bec phun. Khi bt kh n, muc uoc chuyn ti giy.
Bubble memory:
B nh bot, thit bj b nh dua trn tao ra cc bot nh trn mt b mt t tnh. Cc b nh?
Bubble in hnh luu ti megabit ( triu bit) thng tin. Chng khng nhay v va p v su rung
ng, khng ging nhu thit bj b nh khc nhu a nhung ging nhu a t tnh, chng khng
d bay hoi v khng lm mt thng tin khi tt my tnh.
Bubble sort:
Sp xp bot, k thut sp xp d liu. Nhng muc k cn uoc trao i lin tuc cho ti khi d liu
thnh mt trnh tu.
Buffer:
B m. Phn ca b nh uoc dng luu d liu mt cch tam thi. V du, mt chuong trnh
c th luu d liu trong mt b m my in cho ti khi my in sn sng in chng.
Bug:
Li trong mt chuong trnh. N c th l li trong mt cu trc logic ca chuong trnh hay mt li
c php nhu li chnh t. Mt vi bug lm cho mt chuong trnh hng ngay tc khc, mt s khc
cn khng l ra, gy ra cc vn chi khi mt su kt hop ring bit ca cc chng c xy ra. u
trnh tm v tr li i t mt chuong trnh uoc goi l debugging.
Bulletin board:
Bng thng bo, trung tm luu tr ca cc tn hiu, thung uoc truy cp trn mang in thoai
thng qua thu tn mt mem. Cc bng thng bo thung uoc chuyn dng cc nhm c bit
v c th mang tn hiu, luu , v chuong trnh.
Burreau:
T chc ua ra mt chui djch vu my tnh nhu x l bng luong, chuyn mn ha vic in hay ci
t kiu.
Byte:
B nh my tnh y luu mt k tu d liu on. K tu uoc luu trong mt byte ca b nh
nhu mt mng bit (ch s nhj phn), dng mt m nhu ASC. Mt byte thung cha 8 bit v du,
ch hoa F c th uoc luu nhu mng bit 01000110. Kch c b nh my tnh uoc o bng
kilobyte (1.0 byte) hay megabyte (1.0 kilobyte).
Cache memory
B nh m
Khu vuc dnh ring cho vic nhp d kin tc th, uoc s dung tng tc hoat ng ca
chuong trnh my tnh.
B nh m c th uoc xy dung t SRAM, n nhanh hon nhung cng t hon DRAM bnh
thung. Hu ht cc chuong trnh nhp vo vi cng mt chi dn v d liu ging nhau. Nu
thung xuyn s dung cc chi dn v d liu uoc tr sn trong b nh m SDRAM th chuong
trnh s hoat ng nhanh hon. Trong trung hop khc, b nh m l DRAM nhung uoc s
dung luu tr thung xuyn s dung cc chi dn v d liu th s uoc luu tr tr lai mt cch
on gin. Nhp d liu vo DRAM nhanh hon luu tr tr lai v lai mt ln na chuong trnh chay
nhanh hon. Kiu b nh m ny thung uoc goi l m a.
CAD (Computer Aided Design)
Thit k vi su tro gip ca my tnh
My tnh s dung trong tao dung v thit lp cc bn v thit k. CAD cng cho php ngui s
dung thuc hin nhng tc vu nhu kim sot nhng thit k phc tap mt cch tu ng hay lm
linh hoat thm khng gian ba chiu ca thit k. H thng CAD uoc s dung rng ri trong kin
trc, in t v k thut (th du trong cng nghip sn xut xe hoi, noi m gi y cc thit k mu
xe uoc su tro gip ca nhng chic my tnh). Mi quan h pht trin ny uoc goi l CAM
CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing)
Sn xut vi su tro gip ca my tnh
My tnh uoc s dung kim sot qu trnh sn xut, c bit l kim sot my cng cu v cc
ngui my trong cc x nghip. Trong mt s nh my, ton b h thng thit k v sn xut uoc
kt ni vi nhau mt cch tu ng t CAD n CAM. Mang linh hoat CAD v CAM trong sn xut
n cc my bn hng v phn phi vi phuong php ny c th cho php sn xut mt s luong
hng ha tiu dng vi gi thp hon.
Clipboard
Bng ghi tam
Tp tin tam thi hay vng nh tai d liu c th uoc luu tr truc khi uoc sao chp vo mt
tp tin ng dung. V du nhu uoc dng trong cc thao tc ct v dn tp tin.
Clock interrupt
Ngt tn hiu
C PHT SNH B NG H EN T BN TRONG M tnh.
Clock rate
Tn s ng h
Tn s ca ng h in t bn trong my tnh. N sinh ra mt dy xung in uoc b phn iu
khin s dung ng b ha cc b phn ca my tnh v iu ho chu trnh thuc hin - tr v
theo cc chi dn ca chuong trnh uoc x l. Mt s c jnh ca cc xung thi gian uoc i
hi thuc hin tng lnh ring. Vn tc tai my vi tnh c th x l cc lnh s phu thuc vo
tn s ng h ny. Tn s ng h uoc o bng megahertz (Mhz) hay triu xung ng trong 1
giy. My vi tnh thung c tn s ng h 8 - 50 MHz.
C:
Ngn ng chuong trnh my tnh cao cp vi nhiu chc nng a dang uoc pht trin vo u
thp nin 0 v truc uoc goi tt l BCPL. C uoc s dung truc tin nhu l ngn ng hoat
ng h thng Unix, thng qua n v t tr nn rng ri b xa Unix. N hu ch trong vic soan
tho nhanh v cc chuong trnh hon thin, c hai h thng cng hoat ng (iu hnh hoat ng
ca my) v gn lin vi nhau.
C ++
Chuong trnh ngn ng cao cp s dung gn vi jnh hung muc tiu.
- Cal - Vit tt ca su c mt ca my tnh trong hoc tp) my tnh s dung trong gio duc v o
tao. My tnh trnh by cc ti liu hung dn sinh vin v hi v thng tin uoc ua ra, nhng
cu tr li ca sinh vin v bi hoc uoc xc jnh r rng v lin tuc.
Carriage return :
Chuyn tr v, mt m s c bit (ASC gi trj 1) l chuyn con tr mn hnh my in v im
bt u ca dng hin tai. Hu ht cc t hin thj v h MS-DOS hoat ng s dung su kt hop
ca CR v dng cung cp (LF-ASC gi trj 10) th hin cho su chuyn v kh khn. D sao h
Unix chi s dung LF v do cc tp tin chuyn i gia MS-Dos v Unix cn mt chuong trnh
chuyn i.
CCTT
Vit tt ca: Comite Consultatif nternational Telephonique et. Telegraphique.
CD-T
Tuong tc a compact: (Vit tc cho tc ng qua lai ca a Compact) kh a Compact pht
trin bi Philips vi su sung cp kt hop ca truyn hnh, m thanh, ch u v hnh nh. Vi
jnh ch yu cho thj trung tiu dng uoc s dung trong h thng kt hop ca my tnh v v
tuyn truyn hnh. Su chon lua kh a l su tuong giao ngui - my ca truyn hnh (DV).
CD-R:
(Su thu a Compact) kiu a Compact c th ghi lai d liu trn (SO SNH V CD-ROM) .
A L SU KT HP CA CNG ngh t tnh v quang hoc. Trong khi thu a, tia
lade chiu trn b mt a uoc sp xp theo quy jnh.
CD-ROM
B nh chi oc dung luong. (Vit tc cho a Compact b nh chi oc). My vi tnh luu tr sng
ch pht trin ca cng ngh m thanh l a compact. N gm c mt a nhua cng trng a
Compact. N gm c mt a nhua cng trng kim loai, trn s thng tin nhj phn uoc khc
axt theo trt tu ca lm rt nh. Ri n c th oc uoc bng cch cho MOT CHM TA SNG
UA TRN MT A. A CD-ROM N HNH CHA KHONG 550 MT A. A CD-ROM
in hnh cha khong 550 magebyte d liu, v uoc s dung xy dung s luong ln nhung
vn bn v thj nhu nhng b sch bch khoa, catalog v s sch k thut. Thu a CD-R cng
uoc pht trin. Xem nhu a CD-.
Cefeax:
Mt trong hai h thng teletext ca Anh (ci kia l Teletext) hoc nhng tap ch hng khng pht
trin bi BBC v pht ln u tin nm 19.
Central processing unit (CPU):
B x l trung tm, b phn cu thnh chnh ca my tnh, phn cu tao th hin chuong trnh
ring v iu khin hoat ng ca cc phn khc. N thung uoc goi l trung tm iu hnh hay
khi bao gm t hop mach in ring, mt d kin cha trong mach vi tnh.
CPU c ba b phn cu thnh chnh: b phn s hoc v l-gic (ALU), noi thuc hin moi tnh ton
v l-gic hoc b phn iu khin gii m, ng b ha v th hin chi dn chuong trnh v b
nh nhp d liu tc th: n luu tr cc d liu v chuong trnh trn my tnh hin tai lm vic.
Tt c cc cu hnh thnh ny gm nhng ghi nhn noi vj tr b nh luu tr cho nhng muc ch
c bit. Nhng ghi nhn bao gm su tch ly, ghi nhn chi dn v ghi nhn su iu khin lin
tip.
Centronics interface:
Giao din centronics, tn ring cho mt tip gip song song (Centronics l nh sn xut my in
quan trong trong bnh minh ca my tnh hin ai).
CGA
Thit bj tuong hop hoa mu (Vit tc cho su iu hop mu sc v thj) h thng biu din
mu u tin cho my tnh c nhn (BMPC) v cc my tuong hop. N uoc thay th bi GA,
VGA, SVGA v XGA.
Character:
K tu: Mt trong nhng k tu c th uoc hiu din trong my tnh. N bao gm cc ch ci, s,
khong trng, du chm v cc k hiu c bit khc.
Character printer:
My in k tu. My in vi tnh in mt du hiu tai mt thi im.
Character set:
Tp hop k tu. Tp hop y cc k tu uoc dng trong 1 chuong trnh uoc nhn ra bi my
vi tnh. N bao gm cc cha ci, ch s, khong trng du chm v cc k hiu c bit khc.
Character type check:
Kim tra dang l tu. Su kim tra c hiu luc chc chn rng mt chi tit du kin uoc ua vo
khng cha cc du hiu khng c gi trj. V du nhu 1 tn uoc ua vo c th uoc kim tra
chc chn rng n chi cha cc ch trong bng ch ci hoc ngy thng c ch s ua vo c
th uoc kim tra chc rng n chi cha cc s.
Check digit:
Ch s kim tra. Ch s uoc gn vi mt m s quan trong nhu kim tra ph chun.
Checksum:
Tng kim tra. Tng s kim tra cc chi tit c bit ca d kin m khng c ngha khc. Tng
ny uoc dng nhu mt du hiu nhn din rng d liu uoc ua vo hoc chuyn i 1 cch
chnh xc. N uoc dng trong vic chuyn i 1 cch chnh xc. N uoc dng trong vic trao i
thng tin v v du nhu trong chuong trnh tung thut. Xem validation.
Chip or silicon chip:
Vi mach in t, tn goi khc ca integrated circuit, l 1 mach in t y trn mt tm silic
(hay mt cht bn dn khc), tinh th chi vi milimt vung.
CSC
My tnh c tp lnh phc tap. (Vit tt cc ch u c complex instruction set computer). Thit bj
vi x l (b x l trn mt vi mach in t on) c th thuc hin uoc mt s ln cc lnh ca mt
m my - v du ntel 808. Thut ng ny uoc ua vo phn bit nhng vi mach in t
ny vi thit bj vi x l RSC (Reduced
natruction Set Computer) iu khin mt tp hop cc lnh nh hon.
Client - server architecture:
Cu trc khch - ch. H thng mang lui trong vn hnh theo di cc d liu uoc tch ra
khi chuong trnh s dung d liu . Mi my vi tnh hoc l ngui ch, cha cc d liu hoc
iu khin cc hung ca h thng - v du nhu my in hoc mang lui, hoc khch hng trn
qun l cc chuong trnh ng dung.
Cmos
Bn dn b oxit - kim loai: (Vit tt ca Comlementary metal - oxide Semiconductor). Ho cc b vi
mach in t uoc s dung rng ri trong vic thit lp cc h thng in t.
CMK
(Vit tc ca Cyan - Magenta - ellow - black: xanh l cy - tuoi - vng en). Su phn ly mu
uoc dng trong hu ht cc qu trnh in mu. C TRNG TRN M TNH L MN HNH,
TU NHN THNG s dung phuong php RGB b sung thm v v th su chuyn i thung
l cn thit b phn cho ra kt qu in hoc trn my in mu hoc phn tch.
CNC
Vit tc ca Computer numerical control
Coaxial cable:
Cp truyn ng truc, cp truyn in gm dy dn in rn uoc cch in v bao quanh bng
ng hay bao bo v rn. N c th truyn nhng tn hiu tn s cao uoc s dung trong tivi, in
thoai cc phuong tin truyn thng khc. N ang uoc thay th bi soi cp quang hoc cp cp
xon trn.
Cobol
(Vit tc ca Commnon Business Oriented language). Ngn ng chuong trnh my tnh cao cp,
uoc soan tho vo cui nhng nm 1950 dnh cho cc vn x l d liu thuong mai, n
tr thnh ngn ng chnh trong lnh vuc ny. Cc ja im ca
COBOL rt thun tin cho cc tp tin s hoc iu khin v kinh doanh. Nhng lnh ca chuong
trnh uoc vit bng ngn ng ny m rng vic s dung cc t v trng rt ging vi cu vn
bng TNG ANH. U N LM CHO COBOL TR THNH MOT TRONG nhng ngnh d
hoc v d hiu nht.
COM
Vit tt ca Computer output on micro - film/microfiche.
Comit Consuktatif nternational telephonique et tlgraphique (CCTT)
BAN T VN V EN THOA V EN BO quc t. T chc quc t xc jnh cc tiu
chun v vn bn truyn thng quc t cho cc d liu truyn thng, bao hm c fax.
Command language:
Ngn ng mnh lnh. Tp hop cc lnh v quy tc iu khin cch s dung ca chng m theo
ngui s dung iu khin 1 chuong trnh. V du nhu h thng thao tc hoc c cc lnh nhu
Save v delete, hay chuong trnh v danh sch tr luong cho nhn vin c th c cc lnh
thm v sa i cc h so nhn vin.
Command line interface: (cL):
GAO DEN DNG LENH. NG PHN G DUA trn cc k tu trong li nhc nh uoc
biu din trn mn hnh m tai ngui s dung goi mt lnh bng b phn chuyn i nhng
phn xc jnh, y nu mt im ca mnh lnh c gi trj th n s uoc thuc hin.
Compact disc (CD):
A COM-PACT. A quang hoc, khong 1 cm chiu ngang, uoc dng luu tr cc thng tin
bng KY THUT S. A C LM BNG NHM C PH 1 lp nhua trong sut. Cc vt lm
rt nh uoc khc bng lade trn b mt kim loai uoc dng luu tr d liu trong m nhj phn.
Trong lc pht lai, chm lade s oc m hiu v tao ra cc tnh hiu l bn sao gn nhu hon ho
ca bn gc. Xem CD-ROM, CD- v CD-R.
Compiler:
Chuong trnh bin soan
Chuong trnh my tnh djch cc chuong trnh uoc vit bng ngn ng mc cao sang mt m
my. Chuong trnh ny djch mi lnh bng ngn ng mc cao sang mt s lnh mt m my
trong 1 qu trnh uoc goi l su bin soan v tao ra mt chuong trnh hon ton c lp c th
qun l uoc bng my tnh m khng cn su c mt ca chuong trnh gc.
Cc chuong trnh bin soan khc nhau cn cc ngn ng cao cp khc nhau v cho cc my tnh
khc nhau. Tri vi vic s dung chuong trnh djch, vic s dung chuong trnh bin soan cn
thm 1 cht thi gian ua ra 1 chuong trnh bng mt m my phi uoc bin soan tr lai sau
mi thay i hoc hiu chinh. Tuy nhin vi 1 ln uoc bin soan, chuong trnh mt m my s
chay nhanh hon chuong trnh uoc djch nhiu.
Computer:
My tnh. Thit bj in t c th lp chuong trnh x l v thuc hin cc php tnh v cc
nhim vu thao tc bng k hiu khc. C dang chnh: my tnh k thut s, hoat ng vi cc
thng tin uoc m ha nhu cc s h nhj phn my tnh tuong tu: lm vic vi cc ai luong
bin i lin tuc v my tnh lai: c cc c tnh ca c loai trn.
C cch phn loai my tnh k thut s, tuong ng vi kch thuc v muc ch s dung ca n:
my vi tnh (k c my tnh xch tay) l loai nh nht v thng dung nht, uoc dng trong cc co
s kinh doanh nh, tai nh v tai cc trung ph thng my tnh mini uoc dng trong cc co s
kinh doanh c trung v cc khoa ca trung ai hoc (mc d su khc bit gia my tnh v my
tnh mini ang bin mt) v dn my tnh thung c th phuc vu cho vi trm ngui s dung
ng thi, thung uoc s dung trong cc t chc ln nhu cc cng ty quc t v sin my tnh,
uoc s dung ch yu cho cc nhim vu khoa hoc ht sc phc tap nhu phn tch kt qu ca du
bo thi tit.
Computer - aided design: Xem CAD
Computer -aided manufacturing: xem CAM
Computer- Assisted Learning: Xem CAL
Computer game or video game:
Tr choi trn my tnh. Tr choi uoc iu khin bng my tnh trong my tnh i choi vi
ngui choi. Tr choi my tnh s dung nhng hnh nh nhanh v sng ng trn mn hnh, v c
m thanh tng hop.
Computer generation:
Th h my tnh. Mt trong 5 nhm tng qut trong cc my tnh c th uoc phn loai th h
th nht l nhng my tnh sm nht ra i vo nhng nm 190 v 1950, uoc ch tao t cc
mach in t dy v n in t Th h th hai c t nhng nm 190, dua trn cc transistor
v mach in Th h th ba c t nhng nm cui ca thp k 190, s dung cc mach vi in t
v thung uoc bn nhu ho ca cc my tnh, v du nhu loai BM 0 th h th tu s dung cc
b vi mach x l, cc t hop vi in t ln (LS) v cc ngn ng lp trnh tinh vi, n vn cn uoc
dng trong nhng nm 1990 v th h th 5 dua trn vic x l song song v cc t hop vi in
t rt ln (VLS), hin ang uoc pht trin.
Computer graphis:
HA M TNH. S DUNG M TNH BU din v lm vic vi cc thng tin dang
hnh v. Cc hnh v uoc luu lai trong my tnh nhu cc hoa bng mnh hay hoa vecto.
Cc hnh trn my tnh uoc s dung ngnh cng tng trong CAD (computer-aided design), v
tao ra cc m hnh v su m phng trong k thut, kh tuong, y t v phu thut, v cc lnh vuc
khoa hoc khc, cng nhu trong vic xut bn.
Computer numerical control: (CNC):
U KHN KY THUT S M TNH. U KHN CC M CNG CU, THNG L CC
M THA bng my tnh. Mu thit k cng vic cho my lm theo, thung l lin quan n vic
thuc hin cc hnh ng uoc lp lai nhiu ln, uoc m t bng cch s dung ngn ng lp
trnh muc ch c bit.
Computer output on microfilm:
Micro fiche (COM): Vi phim xut t my tnh. K thut tao kt qu u ra ca my trong dang
rt c ong v rt gon.
Computer program:
Chuong trnh my tnh cc lnh uoc m ha cho mt my tnh.
Computer simulation:
Su m phng trn my tnh. Su biu din 1 tnh hung c thuc ca i sng trong 1 chuong trnh
my tnh. Vi du nhu chuong trnh c th m phng su luu thng ca cc khch hng n 1 ngn
hng.
Ngui s dung c th thay cc bin s, nhu s ngui thu ngn ang lm vic, v xem xt hiu
qu.
Su m phng phc tap hon c th tao uoc cch thc xy ra ca mt phn ng ha hoc hay
thm ch mt vu n hat nhn. My tnh cng iu khin hoat ng ca my mc. V du nhu vt m
phng chuyn bay tao nn hoat ng ca mt my bay thuc v cho php hun luyn trong iu
kin an ton. Su m phng bng my tnh c ch khi n qu nguy him, tiu dng nhiu thi gian,
hay on gin l khng th thuc hin uoc mt thuc nghim hay kim tra tht su.
Computer terminal:
Tram nhp, nhn tin t my tnh. Cng cu m nh n ngui vn hnh my chuyn tin uoc vi
my tnh.
Compuserve:
Su phuc vu d liu cho cng chng rng ri. N uoc s dung cho thu in t v ba tp san.
Cofig.sys.
H thng sp xp. Cch thc m mt h thng, a cng hay/v a mm uoc b tr. Su sp xp
ti thiu thung uoc gn cho 1 su ng dung c bit, v n thung bao gm bn k chi tit ca
b x l, a v kch thuc b nh, v thit bj ngoai vi uoc yu cu.
Console:
T hop ca bn phm v mn hnh ( cng uoc m t nhu 1 tram nhp V NHN TN). V
HE THNG NH UNX TH CH C 1 h thng bng iu khin m t h thng c th uoc
thuc hin, trong khi c th c nhiu tram nhn v nhp tin uoc s dung.
Control bus:
BUS U KHN. NG BNG EN C s dung truyn cc tn hiu iu khin.
Control character:
K tu iu khin. K tu bt k uoc tao ra khi n phm iu khin (Ctrl) cng lc vi 1 phm khc
(thung l phm ch ci). Cc k tu iu khin tao thnh k tu ASC u tin v hu ht u
c ngha xc jnh i vi h iu hnh uoc s dung. Chng cng cn uoc dng trong t hop
tao ra su kim sot khun kh kch thuc trong nhiu thit bj x l t, mc d ngui s dung
c th khng ua chng vo mt cch r rng.
Control total:
Tng iu khin. Su kim tra ph chun trong tng s hoc ca 1 vng xc jnh t 1 nhm
thng tin ghi lai uoc tnh ton. Tng ny uoc ua vo cng vi d liu m n lin quan n.
Chuong trnh tnh ton lai tng ny v so snh n vi 1 tng khc uoc ua vo chc chn
rng khng mt sai st no uoc thuc hin.
Control unit:
N V| U KHN. MOT THNH PHN CA KH x l trung tm, n gii m, lm ng b v
iu hnh su chi dn chuong trnh.
Copro cessor:
B ng x l: B x l b sung, chc nng ca n l cng hop vi khi x l trung tm cung
cp 1 chc nng xc jnh. Hai b phn x l phu ph bin nht l b x l phu ton hoc, uoc
dng tng tc tnh ton v b x l phu thj, uoc dng hon thin vic x l cc
thj.
Copy protection:
Chng sao chp. K thut uoc dng ngn chn su sao chp bt hop php mt chuong trnh.
Su bo v trong sao chp khng cn uoc uoc s dung thung xuyn nhu truc y v n cng
ngn chn su sao chp hop php ( vi cc muc ch du tr). K thut thay th n ngn chn
su sao chp bt hop php l s dung cc mt lnh.
Corruption of data:
Su hu hng d liu. Su c mt ca cc hu hng trong d liu. Hu ht cc my vi tnh u s
dung vng cc l trnh thm tra v ph chun ngn chn d liu bj hu hng i vo h thng
my tnh hoc pht hin cc d liu hu hng tht su c mt trong my.
CP/M
Vit tt ca control program/monitor hay control program for microcomputers). Chuong trnh iu
khin mn hnh gim st. Chuong trnh iu khin mn hnh hay chuong trnh iu khin dnh
cho my vi tnh.
Mt trong nhng h thng iu khin hoat ng so khi nht dnh cho my vi tnh. Chuong trnh
ny do Gary Kidall vit ra, ng l ngui t nn mng cho vic nghin cu k thut s, v n tr
thnh tiu chun i vi cc my vi tnh dua trn cc b mach vi x l ntel 8080 v Zilog Z80 8
bit. Trong nhng nm 1980 chuong trnh ny uoc thay th bng chuong trnh MS-DOS ca
Microsoft, uoc vit cho cc b mach vi x l 1 bit. N cn uoc s dung trong pham vi ca th
gii my vi tnh c nhn h Amstrad.
CPU:
VT TT CA CNTRAL PROCSSNG UNT: N V| X l trung tm.
Critical path analysis:
Su phn tch ung ti han. ui trnh uoc dng trong vic qun l cc n phc tap lm
gim ti a thi gian cn thit. Su phn tch chi cho thy nhng n con no phi uoc hon
thnh truc khi bt u 1 n con khc. Bng cch xc jnh thi gian cn thit cho mi n
con ring bit v mi quan h gia chng, ta c th lp bng k hoach chi r rng lc no th 1
n con ny cn uoc bt u v kt thc hon thnh uoc ton b n 1 cch hiu qu nht.
Cc n phc tap c th lin quan n hng trm n con, v vic ng dung my tnh phn
tch ung ti han uoc s dung rng ri nhm lm gim thi gian v cng sc trong vic phn
tch chng.
Cursor:
Con tr, im nhy trn mn hnh chi vj tr. Trn mn hnh my tnh, k hiu m chi vj tr vo
hin hnh (vj tr m k tu k tip s xut hin). Trong cc ng dung dua trn k tu, n
thung l mt khi ch nht hoc k tu c gach dui, v n nhp nhy. Trong cc mt phn gii
c hnh nh, n c th thay i hnh dang dua trn ng cnh.
Cylinder:
NG TRU: T HP CC RNH TRN TT C CC a tao nn 1 a c jnh m c th thu
uoc khng cn su chuyn ng ca u oc/vit
DAC- (Vit tt ca Digital - to - analogue convete)
B chuyn i t k thut s sang k thut tuong tu.
DAS WHL: U N hnh hoa cc
U N TRONG M N T M TNH HA M nh ch cha mt a trn nh bng kim loai
hoc nhua tng hop, gm nhiu nan hoa (nhu cc cnh ca hoa cc), mi nan hoa mang mt k
tu uoc cham ni trn b mt. Bnh xe hnh hoa cc uoc quay cho n khi nan hoa mang k tu
cn thit i din vi ruy bng tm muc Lc mt ci ba s g nan hoa vo dy ruy bng,
lai du n ca k tu trn giy bn dui.
U N HNH HOA CC C TH C THA TAO ra cc kiu ch khc nhau. Tuy
nhin my in vi u in hnh hoa cc khng th in uoc thj v chi c th in nhiu hon mt kiu
ch trong cng mt ti liu nu u in uoc thay i, mt s phn mm cho php thuc hin iu
ny.
Data
D liu
Cc su kin, hnh nh v k hiu, c bit khi uoc luu tr trong my tnh, thut ng ny thung
uoc s dung chi cc su kin th chua uoc x l, khc vi thng tin chi mt ngha hay su
din gii uoc p dung.
Data bus
NG D LEU
NG EN, C DNG VN CHUN D LEU gia cc thnh phn ca my tnh.
Data capture
Thu nhp d liu
Su thu nhp thng tin cho vic phn tch v x l bng my tnh. Cc d liu uoc thu thp tu
ng - v du nhu, bng mt b cm bin lin tuc theo di cc iu kin vt l nhu nhit hoc
uoc thu thp bng tay - v du bng cch oc dung cu o in.
Data communications
Su truyn d liu
Vic gi v nhn d liu thng qua mt mi trung trao i bt k, nhu ung in thoai. Thut
ng ny thung ngu chi d liu l cc s (nhu d liu my tnh) hon l cc kiu khc (nhu cc
thng ip bng giong ni). Tuy nhin trong h thng SDN (ntergrated Ser Vies
Didital Network: mang lui phuc vu t hop s), tt c cc d liu bao gm c giong ni v hnh
nh video, u uoc truyn bng k thut s.
Data compresion
Su nn d liu.
K thut lm gim noi luu tr cn thit cho mt s luong d liu xc jnh. chng bao hm vic
k hiu ha cc t (trong cc t thung s dung uoc luu tr dang mt m ngn gon hon),
thay i di ca on vj thng tin (bit) (trong cc k tu ph bin uoc biu din bng t on vj
thng tin hon vi k tu thung) v m ha chiu di (trong mt ngha lp lai uoc luu tr mt
ln).
Data dictionary
T in d liu
Tp tin uoc dng trong su qun l co s d liu, n mang d liu v cc d liu, v du nhu danh
sch cc tp tin, s cc su kin trong mi tp tin, v cc dang ca muc tin. Cc t in d liu
uoc phn mm ca co s d liu s dung c th thu nhn cc d liu.
Data flow chart
Biu d liu
Biu minh hoa cc l trnh c th m d liu c th ly qua mt h thng hay chuong trnh.
Data input
A D LEU VO
Vic ua d liu vo mt h thng my tnh
Data logging
Nhp d liu
u trnh thu nhp v ghi, thung l tu ng, mt dy cc gi trj cho vic x l v phn tch bng
my tnh sau ny.
Data preparation
Su chun bj d liu
Su chun bj d liu cho u vo ca my tnh bng cch chuyn n sang mi trung my c th
oc uoc. u trnh ny thung lin quan n vic nh my d liu bn phm cho n c
th uoc chuyn truc tip vo bng hay a.
Cc phuong php thu nhp d liu truc tip khc nhau nhu mt m thanh, su nhn bit du hiu
bng thj gic, v su nhn bit k tu bng thj gic uoc ua ra gim hoc loai tr vic chun bj
d liu di dng truc khi ua vo my tnh.
Data processing (DP)
Su x l d liu
Vic s dung cc my tnh thuc hin cc cng vic Vn phng nhu kim sot kho hng, lp
danh sch tr luong cho nhn vin, v gii quyt cc on t hng. H thng x l d liu l mt
h thng nhm tiu biu, chay trn cc my tnh ln. Su x l d liu i lc cn uoc goi l su
x l d liu in t (DP).
Data protection
Su bo v d liu
Su bo v an ton cho cc thng tin v cc c th uoc luu tr trn cc M TNH. U N
H CC C S D LEU ca my tnh cha cc thng tin ring v c nhn phi uoc ghi
lai, v nhng ngui s dung chi x l nhng thng tin chnh xc v vn gi nguyn cc thng tin
chi cho mt giai oan cn thit v cho nhng muc ch xc jnh.
Data security
Su an ton d liu
Su phng ngn chn su mt hay dng sai d liu, hoc tnh c hoc c . Chng bao gm
cc phuong thc m bo m rng chi nhng ngui uoc cng nhn mi c th vo uoc h
thng my tnh hay cc tp tin, v cc quy trnh thung xuyn dnh cho vic luu lai v du tr cc
d liu. C th cung cp cc tp tin uoc tm lai hoc thit lp lai trong trung hop mt hoc lm
hu hai d liu. Mt s cc k thut kim tra v gim st cng uoc dng ngn nga cc d
liu bj mt i hoc bj lm hng.
Data terinator or rogae value
Gi trj d liu cui
Gi trj c bit uoc dng nh du su kt thc mt danh sch cc chi tit d liu uoc ua
vo. My tnh c th pht hin rng d liu khc vi cc d liu ua vo theo nhiu cch. V du
nhu mt s m c th uoc dng lm tn hiu chi su kt thc ca mt danh sch gm cc s
duong.
Dabase
chuong trnh base
Hoc cc chuong trnh ca my vi tnh uoc dng lm vic trn mt s luong d liu ln n
cng l ngn ng th h th . Trong phin bn th nht. dBase - xut hin vo nm 1981, n
tr thnh nn tng cho tiu chun ca cc ng dung ca co s d liu, uoc goi l Xbse.
Debugging
Su sa cha li
Tm v loai b cc li t mt chuong trnh hay h thng my tnh.
Decimal numer system or denary number system
H s thp phn
H thng s uoc s dung ph bin nht, vi co s 10. Cc h thng khc ch yu uoc s dung
trong tnh ton v bao gm h nhj phn, h thng tam s v h thng mt s.
Decision table
Bng quyt jnh
Phuong php m t mt quy trnh dnh cho mt chuong trnh i theo. Dua trn vic so snh cc
kt lun c th v kt qu ca n. N thung uoc s dung nhu mt phuong tin tro gip trong
vic thit k cc h thng.
Phn trn ca bng cha cc iu kin rt ra kt lun (v du mt s m hoc duong v nh
hon mt), v phn dui m t cc kt lun khi gp nhng iu kin ny. Chuong trnh ny hoc
kt thc hoc lp lai qu trnh hoat ng.
Declarative programming
Su lp trnh khai bo
Su lp trnh m khng m t cch gii quyt vn , nhung lai m t cu trc hop l ca vn .
N uoc s dung trong ngn ng lp trnh Prolog. N uoc s dung trong ngn ng lp trnh
Prolog. Vic chay mt chuong trnh nhu vy ging nhu l su chng t mt li tuyn b hon l
chay theo mt quy trnh.
Decoder
B phn gii m
Mach in t uoc dng chon mt trong mt s ung d liu c th. V du nhu cc b gii
m thung quen vi cc d liu truc tip vi cc vng nh ring bit trong b nh tc thi ca
my tnh.
Dedicated computer
My tnh chuyn bit
My tnh uoc ch tao nm trong mt cng cu khc cho muc ch iu khin hoc cung cp thng
tin cho cng cu . Cng dung ca n uoc tng nhanh nh su ra i ca cc b vi mach x l:
my git, ng h in s, xe hoi, my ghi hnh video..., ngy nay tt c chng u c cc b
mach x l ring.
Defragmentation
Chp lin
u trnh sp xp lai cc d liu trn a sao cho cc tp tin khng bj luu tr trong cc vng nh.
Delete
Xa i, gach i
Su xa b mt k tu khi mt tp tin. Su xa b mt tp tin thung c ngha l xa muc t trong
thu muc ca n hon l thuc su xa b n khi a. Ngy nay nhiu h thng c phuong tin
khng xa b cho php luu tr lai cc muc tu thu muc. Trong khi cc tp tin bj xa b khng th bj
xa i khi a, chng c th uoc vit chng ln.
Desktop
Trnh lm vic Dekstop
Su biu din cc h thng tp tin bng biu thj, trong cc ng dung v cc tp tin uoc biu
din bng cc hnh v (cc biu tuong m c th uoc goi ra bng cch nhp on hoc p con
chut).
Desktop pulishing (DTP)
n bng my vi tnh
Vic s dung my vi tnh xp ch vi cp bc nh v sp xp trang. Cc h thng ny c kh
nng tao ra cc trang trong khoan chun bj (cc trang chun bj sao chp v in) cha cc biu
v vn bn, vi b vn bn c cc kiu c v kch thuc khc nhau. Cc trang ny c th
uoc xem lai ton b trn mn hnh truc khi uoc in trn my in lade.
Diane
(Vit tt ca direct information access network for urope)
SU THU THP THNG TN CUNG CP CHO MANG M TNH CA CHU U.
Difference engine
My tnh
My tnh co hoc uoc thit k (v uoc ch tao mt phn nm 18) bi nh ton hoc ngui Anh,
Charles Barrles, tao ra cc bng tnh tui tho ng tin cy. Tin thn ca my phn tch, n tnh
uoc cc hm s ton hoc bng cch gii. Su khc nhau gia cc gi trj uoc cho truc ca cc
bin s trong cc chuong trnh.
Digit
Ch s
S bt k t 0 n 9 trong h thp phn. Cc co s khc nhau c pham vi cc ch s khc nhau.
V du nhu h 1 s c cc ch s t 0 n 9 v t A ti F, trong khi h nhj phn chi c ch s l
0 v 1.
Digital
K thut s
Thut ng c ngha l m ha bng s. H thng k thut s s dung trang thi, hoc cc xung
in th m/tt hoc cao/thp gii m, nhn v truyn thng tin. Su biu din k thut s chi ra
cc gi trj ring bit nhu cc s (khc vi cc k hiu tuong tu, nhu cc oan lin tuc ca kim chi
trn bng s).
Digital audio tape (DAT)
Bng ghi m bng k thut s
Bng tn cha n vi nige byte thng tin, uoc dng du tr. Cc d liu uoc truyn i vi
mc vi megabyte trong mt pht.
Digital computer
My tnh hin s
Cng cu tnh ton hoat ng trn h thng trang thi, s dung cc k hiu uoc m ha bng
ch s dung h nhj phn (cc s uoc cu thnh t cc t hop ca cc ch s 0 v 1).
Digital data transmaission
Truyn d liu bng k thut s
Cch thc truyn d liu bng cch bin i tt c cc du hiu (hnh nh, m thanh hoc t)
thnh cc m s (thung l h nhj phn) truc khi truyn i, ri lai bin i tr lai nhu ban u
noi nhn d liu. Phuong php ny loai tr uoc su mo m hay thoi ha cc tn hiu trong qu
trnh truyn, luu tr v x l.
Didital to - analogue converter
B bin i - tuong tu
Manh in t bin i cc tn hiu s thnh tn hiu tuong uong. Mach in t ny uoc dng
bin i u ra bng s t mt my tnh thnh in th tuong uong cn thit sinh ra mt
m thanh t b khuych ai quy uc.
Digital video interractive (DV)
Su tuong tc video - s
K thut uoc s dung luu tr cc hnh nh ca ti vi trn my tnh. N s dung k thut nn d
liu v cc b mach x l c bit.
Digitizer
B s ha
Cng cu bin cc tn hiu hnh nh video thnh dang s sao cho cc nh video c th uoc ua
vo, luu tr biu din v thao tc bi mt my tnh. Thut ng ny i lc cng uoc dng chi
mt khi thj.
Ding bat
K tu c bit
K tu phi l s v ch ci, nhu du sao, du an hay mi tn. Cc k tu ny uoc t hop thnh
cc phng ch Ti bt v dang thng s dung vi cc b x l v cc chuong trnh v thj.
DP
Vit tt ca documen imgge processing: x l ti liu nh
Direct access or random access
Su truy cp truc tip
Mt dang truy cp tp tin. tp tin truy cp truc tip c cha cc ghi chp c th uoc truy cp truc
tip nh my tnh v mi ghi chp c ja chi ring ca n trn a luu.
Direct memory access (DMA)
Truy cp b nh truc tip
K thut uoc dng chuyn d liu n v i khi cc thit bj bn ngoi m khng cn i qua
khi x l trung tm v v th tng tc truyn. Su truy cp b nh truc tip uoc dng cho cc
cng cu nhu b qut hnh.
Directory
Thu muc
Su xp nhm ca tn cc tp tin dui tn thu muc, cng vi cc thng tin cung cp cho my tnh
c th tm lai uoc nhng tp tin ny t vng luu tr m.
Disc or disk
A
Mi trung ph bin luu tr d liu (mt loai thay th l bng t). A T C UA V
MOT TC O CAO TRONG A KH u oc/ghi (m my xem hoc ghi a) i qua trn b
mt ca n s oc hay ghi lai cc bin i t gii m d liu. Gn y, cc a quang hoc nhu
CD-ROM CD-R v WON uoc dng luu tr d liu bng my tnh.
CC A T C MOT S DANG. A CNG C |NH uoc tao bn trong khoang a, thung
truc xp chng ln nhau. Cc a cng c th ly i uoc thung c trong cc h thng my tnh.
Cc a uoc cha hoc ring bit hoc nhu mt khi xp chng trong mt hp bo v bng
nhua tng hop, v c th uoc ly ra khi khoan a v gi S DUNG SAU N. A MM
L DANG PH BN nht ca su luu tr dng cho my vi tnh. N c kch thuc v dung tch nh
hon a cng nhiu v uoc goi nhu vy v n uoc sn xut t mng nhua tng hop mng uoc
ph mt lp vt liu t tnh.
Dise Drive
A
Dung cu co hoc oc d liu t a v ghi d liu vo a. Trong trung hop a cng, a bao
hm c chnh a cng.
Dise formatting
Su jnh dang a
Su chun bj mt a t trng cc d liu c th luu tr uoc trn n, cc d liu uoc ghi trn
b mt a trn nhng ung trn, mi ung uoc phn chia thnh mt s cung. Trong vic jnh
dang mt a, h thng hoat ng ca my tnh s gip iu khin cc thng tin nhu s ung v
s cung gip cho cc d liu uoc luu tr c th uoc truy cp truc tip bi b phn trong a.
Mt s h thng x l t c hon dng cc a mm c cung ng, trong vic jnh dang a
uoc xc jnh bi cc l trong a. Ngy nay, tt c cc h thng my tnh u s dung cc a
cung mm n hoc uoc jnh dang truc lc bn hoc uoc jnh dang bng cch s dung
chuong trnh tn dung uoc cung cp vi mi h thng my vi tnh hoat ng.
Discman
Nhn hiu my nghe a la de
Nhn hiu thuong mai ca hng Sony dng cho my nghe a lade xch tay, tuong uong vi
nhn hiu Walkman, n cng l nhn hiu ca kiu my c mng tinh th lng cho cc a d liu.
Disc optimizer:
Chuong trnh nhm cc oan nh lai
Distributed processing
Su x l phn tn
Su x l bng my tnh m s dung hon mt my tnh tin hnh mt su ng dung. N bao
gm vic x l bng cch s dung mang lui vng, kin trc khch/ch v x l song song.
Ditheking
Tao lay ng, lm lung linh
K thut dng cho cc mu chm gach khc nhau trn thj, biu tao n tuong ca cc
vng bj che khut. Mi du chm u c cng kch thuc v cng m.
Document
Ti liu, chng t
D liu lin quan n mt ng dung ring. V du, nhu ti liu vn bn c th uoc sinh ra bi b
mach x l v ti liu biu c th uoc sinh ra vi khi CAD. Ti liu OMR hay OCR l ti liu
trn giy cha cc d liu c th uoc ua truc tip vo my tnh nh s dung mt b phn oc
ti liu.
Documentation
Cung cp d liu, suu liu
Thng tin vit lin quan n mt chuong trnh my tnh hay mt khi ng dung, suu liu thung
uoc chia thnh pham tr: suu liu chuong trnh v suu liu s dung.
Suu liu chuong trnh l su m t hon chinh k thut ca mt chuong TRNH. C SOAN
THO NH MOT PHN MM C vit v du jnh gip su duy tr hoc pht trin sau ny
ca chuong trnh . Suu liu s dung gii thch cch thc vn hnh phn mm .
Document image processing
Su x l ti liu
Su phn tch cc ti liu v luu tr trn CD-ROM. Cc nh phn tch uoc xp theo muc luc,
m bo su truy cp nhanh hon, kh nng trn giy HOC DANG CUC NH. U N
TNG TU NH SU LU tr ti liu uoc nhiu cng ty iu chinh phuc vu khch hng tt
hon v gim khong khng luu tr cn thit.
Document reader
B phn oc ti liu
Thit bj u vo oc cc du hiu hay k tu, thung dang uoc chun bj truc v cc ti
liu. Cc thit bj nhu vy uoc dng nhn d liu bng su nhn bit cc du hiu quang hoc,
su nhn bit cc k tu quang hoc v vic d du hiu.
Dongle
Thit bj bo m vic s dung hop php ca mt chuong trnh ng dung. N thung gn vo
b phn in ca my vi tnh v chuong trnh s khng chay uoc nu khng c mt n. Thung
cng cn thit phi bt my in.
Dos
H iu hnh Dos. H thng iu hnh my tnh uoc thit k c bit cho vic s dung vi a
luu tr n cng uoc dng chi h thng iu hnh ring MS-DOS.
Dot Matrix printer
My in kim
My in ca my tnh sinh ra mi l tu ring bit bng cch in mt hnh hay MOT KHUN MU
GM RT NHU CHM NH. U N L mt ung thng ng hay mt khi gm 9 hoc
kim in. Khi u in uoc chuyn ng t bn ny sang bn kia trang giy, cc kim in uoc y v
pha truc mt cch chon loc, nh vo ruy bng tm muc v tao nn cc hnh mu gm cc
chm cho mi l tu trn t giy nm bn.
My in kim linh ng hon my in c u in hnh hoa cc v n c th in uoc thj, hnh v v vn
bn trong nhiu dang ch khc nhau. My in ny uoc mua v bo tr r hon my in lade, v v
cc kim ca n g ln giy bng phuong php vt l nn c th tao ra cc bn sao bng giy than.
Tuy nhin n gy n o khi hoat ng v khng th tao bn in cht luong cao nhu cc my in
khng c su va cham truc tip.
Double - click
N
NHN (N V TH NT NHN TRN CON CHUOT) LN LN TP. N i trn mt biu
tuong uoc bin din trn mn hnh nn uoc s dung khi u mt ng dung.
Double precision
Su chnh xc gp i
Dang k hiu im ni c chnh xc cao, c nhiu ch s thp phn c ngha. Thut ng gp
i chi su chnh xc khng cht ch, c ngun gc t nhng s s dung hon 1 bit lm k hiu
im ni tiu chun.
DP (vit tt ca dots per inch)
S chm trong mt inch
N V| O NH C SNH RA TRN MN HNH M tnh v my in.
DRAM (vit tt ca dynamic random - access memory)
B nh truy cp ngu nhin ng
Thit bj ca b nh my tnh trong dang mach Silicon, thung uoc s dung bo m su truy
cp tc th trong b nh ca my vi tnh. B nh ny xa ni dung ca n nu chng khng uoc
oc v vit lai sau mi mili giy. u trnh ny uoc goi l su lm tuoi mi b nh. B nh truy
cp ngu nhin ny chm hon nhung r hon SRAM - l b nh mach silicon.
Driver
Trnh iu khin
Chuong trnh iu khin thit bj ngoai bin ca my vi tnh. Mi thit bj uoc ni vi my tnh cn
mt chuong trnh iu khin ring. Chuong trnh iu khin ring bo m su lin lac gia my
tnh v thit bj. V du nhu n thung c th ni nhiu dang my in khc nhau, mi my in c mt
mt m hoat ng ring ca n, vi loai my tnh ging nhau. U N THUC HEN C V
NH CHNG TRNH DN uoc cung cp djch cc lnh in tiu chun ca my tnh thnh
cc lnh c bit cn thit cho mi my.
Dry running
Su kim tra bng tay
Su kim tra su tin trin ca cc d liu, bng tay (vi v du nhu giy v bt ch) mt chuong trnh
my tnh truc khi chuong trnh uoc chay trn my tnh.
DP (vit tt ca Desktop publithing)
n bng my tnh
Dummtnl
Thit bj u cui khng thng minh
B phn khng c kh nng x l ca ring n. N lm vic nhu mt phuong tin tip cn vi khi
x l trung tm chnh.
Dump
Kt sut
u trnh truyn d liu nhanh chng n b nh ngoi hoc n my in. N thung uoc thuc
hin gip iu chinh cc sai st hay nhu mt phn ca quy trnh khm ph hu hng uoc thit
k bo m su an ton cho d liu.
Dvorak key board
Bn phm dvorak
BN PHM NM NGO CA MOT M NH CH BNH THNG ( Anh l werty). Trong
bn phm Dvorak cc phm thung uoc s dung nht uoc xp trung tm vic n phm
uoc nhanh. Bn phm WRT nguyn uoc thit k cho nhng ngui nh my ch chm
ho khng gy ra su mc ket trn my nh ch co hoc.
Dynamic data exchange (DD)
Su trao i d liu ng. Mt dang giao tip x l qua lai uoc s dung trong ca s Microsoft, n
bo m su trao i cc lnh v d liu gia chuong trnh ng dung. Su trao i ny uoc s
dung ch yu cho cc d liu truc tip t ng dung ny sang ng dung khc, v du nhu d liu
tri rng trong bng bo co uoc x l t. Trong ca s .1 su trao i ny uoc nng cao bng
cc vt b sung uoc ni v gn vo.
Dynamic link library
Thu vin ni lin kt ng
Cc tp tin c chc nng thuc hin m c th uoc nap vo nhu cu ca ca s Microsoft v ni
kt tai thi im thuc hin. Ca s Microsoft tu n s dung cc tp tin ny iu khin bn phm, v
du nhu chuong trnh x l ca ca s s dung cc tp tin ny cho cc chc nng nhu sa li
chnh t v kim tra du.
BCDC
Vit tt ca extended binary coded decimak interchange code.
M chuyn i thp phn m ha nhj phn m rng. Mt m do hng BM ngh ra, uoc dng
luu tr v chuyn giao cc k tu s v ch ci. N l mt mt m gm 8 on vj thng tin (8 bit), c
kh nng cha 5 k tu khc nhau, mc d trong chi c 85 k tu uoc xc jnh trong trong
phin bn tiu chun. N vn cn uoc dng trong nhiu my tnh hon, nhung ngy nay hu ht
cc my tnh nh v my vi tnh s dung mt m ASC.
dege connector - B ni canh
Phn chuyn tip in uoc tao thnh bng cch ni mt s vng kim loai trn mt bn mach in
vi canh ca bn v s dung chng cn truc tip vo cm in.
B ni ra thung uoc s dung ni bn mach chnh ca my tnh vi cc bn m rng cung
cp cho my tnh b nh phu hoc cc phuong tin khc.
D
(Vit tt electronic dissemination of information or electronic data interchange): su ph bin thng
tin bng in t hay su trao i d liu bng in t.
Su truyn thng tin c t chc trong dang in t gia cc h thng my tnh trong cc t chc
khc nhau. D ch yu uoc dng trao i thng tin c lin h ti hoat ng kinh doanh v
trao i qu tin bng in t.
DP
(Vit tt ca electrically erasable programmable read memory). B nh chi oc lp trnh xa uoc
bng in.
B nh ca my tnh c th ghi cc d liu v gi n lai mt cch khng r rng. Cc d liu c
th bj xa i bi su tch in v d liu mi uoc ghi lai. Mt s b nh loai ny phi uoc loai b
khi my tnh, bj xa v uoc lp trnh lai bng cch s dung mt thit bj c bit. Mt s khc,
uoc goi l b nh chp nhong, c th bj xa b v lp trnh lai m khng cn loai b n khi
my tnh. Xem PROM
FTPOS
(vit tt ca electronic funds transfer at proint of sale):
Su chuyn qu tin bng in t tai im bn.
Vic chuyn qu tin t mt ti khon ca ngn hng ny sang ngn hng khc, bng cc phuong
tin in t. V du nhu mt khch hng gi mt tm th plastic vo b phn my tnh tai im bn
hng trong mt siu thj, v cc ung in thoai uoc s dung tu ng ghi no t ti khon
ngn hng ca khch hng vo ha on.
GA
(Vit tt ca enhanced graphics array):
B sp xp hoa nng cao. H thng biu din bng mu, tt hon CGA, n cung cp 1 mu
trn mn hnh v mt su gii quyt vn 0 x 50, nhung khng tt nhu VGA.
S
(Vit tt ca executiveinformation systems):
H thng thng tin iu hnh.
Su ng dung ca phn mm m tch thng tin t cc ng dung my tnh ca mt t chc, cc tp
tin d liu v ua d liu vo dang m vic qun l i hi.
electronic mail or e-mail
Buu in in t.
Su ng dung cho php ngui s dung trn cng mt ch, hoc cc vng khc nhau trn th
gii lin lac vi nhau bng cch gi cc thng ip thng qua hp thu uoc t trong my tnh
trong vng hay xa. Cc thng ip thung uoc t trong vng nhn ca b nh m trong
my tnh trung tm cho n khi chng uoc ngui nhn thu ly. Cc mt m thung uoc s
dung ngn chn su truy cp khng hop php ti cc thng ip uoc luu tr. Tn tai c h
thng chuyn thu in t ring v thu x hi. H thng cng cng thung uoc cung cp bi
cng ty truyn thng cng cng hoc trong hip hi vi cc tp san. Mang lui cng cng bao
gm nternet compuserve, ARPAnet v
BTnet.
Su giao tip gia cc mang lui uoc thuc hin qua cc cng vo.
electronic publishing
Ch bn in t.
Su xut bn thng tin thung uoc xem xt trn mn hnh hon l trn trang in. Cc thng tin
uoc thu thp hoc t CD-ROM, hoc t mang lui vng rng ln, t mt co s d liu tch bit.
Cc thng tin nhu vy phi uoc nh xut bn t chc v jnh dang nh s dung cc h thng
nhu Acrobat v SGML.
electronics
EN T HC
Mt nhnh ca Khoa hoc lin quan n su pht ra cc in t t cc cht dn uoc v cht bn
dn, n su hoat ng tip theo sau ca cc in t ny v n vic ch tao cc thit bj in t.
Thit bj in t u tin l n in t hay ng chn khng, trong cc in t chuyn ng
trong chn khng, v dn n cc pht minh nhu radio, tivi, radar v my tnh k thut s. Su thay
th ca cc n in t bng cc transistor kh nh v ng tin cy vo nm 198 m ra cuc
cch mang trong su pht trin ngnh in t. Cc thit bj in t hin ai trn cc mach in, cc
lt tinh th rt mng uoc hng chuc ngn hop phn in t.
Bng cch s dung cc thit bj trang thi rn nhu mach in, cc mach in t ht sc phc
tap c th uoc ch tao ra, dn n su pht minh ra ng h hin s, my tnh b ti, my vi tnh
hng manh v b x l t.
e-mail
(Vit tt ca electronic mail). Buu in in t.
MS
(Vit tt ca expanded memory specification). B nh m rng.
emulator
B nh phng
Chi tit ca phn mm hoc phn do cho php mt thit bj bt chuc chc nng ca thit bj
khc. Phn mm m phng thung uoc dng cho php mt my tnh thuc hin nhng
chuong trnh uoc vit cho my khc.
encapsulated postScripe (PS)
Dang tp tin bng hnh v uoc dng bi Post Script. N l mt tp tin PostScript vi cu trc c
bit uoc thit k s dung bi cc ng dung khc.
encryption
Su mt ha
Vic bo m su an ton ca d liu bng cch m ha d liu sao cho n v ngha vi nhng
ngui khng uoc quyn s dung m khng c phn mm gii m cn thit. Hai k thut uoc s
dung rng ri nht l DS (data ncryption Standart: tiu chun m ha d liu) v RSA (su vit
tt dua trn tn ca ngui pht minh).
end user
Ngui, b phn s dung cui chuong trnh my tnh
AC BET N CH MOT NG NO S DUNG mt chuong trnh thuc hin mt cng
vic (nhu tnh ton hay choi tr choi trn my tnh) hon l chi ngui vit ra chuong trnh.
PROM
(Vit tt ca erasable progammable read - only memory). B nh ROM xa uoc v lp trnh
uoc. Thit bj nh ca my tnh trong dang vi mach in t m c th ghi cc d liu v gi n lai
mt cch khng r rng. Cc d liu c th bj xa b. Khi phoi n ra nh sng cuc tm, v d liu
mi lai uoc ghi. Cc dang khc ca vi mach in t ca b nh my tnh l ROM (b nh chi c
th oc uoc) PROM (b nh chi oc uoc, c th lp trnh uoc) v RAM (b nh truy cp ngu
nhin). Xem PROM.
PS
(Vit tt ca electronic randomnumber indicator equipment)
Thit bj biu thj s ngu nhin bng in t. My uoc tram nghin cu thuc Tng cuc Buu in
Anh thit k v ch tao chon mt dy s 9 ch s ngu nhin xc jnh ngui thng gii
trong x s quc gia.
error
Li hoc su hu hng
Sai st hoc su hu hng trong phn mm hoc trong phn ca ngui s dung m lm cho
chuong trnh ngng thuc hin hoc sinh ra cc kt qu khng mong oi. Cc li ca chuong trnh
uoc loai tr, trong mt chui cc quy trnh kim tra ban u ca ngui lp trnh, nhung mt s li
vn cn lai trong hu ht cc chuong trnh. Tt c cc h iu hnh ca my tnh uoc thit k
sinh ra cc thng ip bo li (trn mn biu din, hoc trong mt tp tin hng) vo bt c lc no
m mt li uoc pht hin, n bo rng li xy ra v cc kh nng du on nguyn nhn gy
li.
Cc li c th uoc nhm thnh vi dang. Li v c php gy ra do vic s dung dang ngn ng
lp trnh khng chnh xc. Li v su hop l l sai st trong khi lp trnh. Li do thuc hin gy ra do
su kt hop ca cc d liu m ngui lp trnh khng liu truc. Mt li do vn hnh tiu biu gy
ra do vic c gng chia mt s cho s 0. Cc my tnh uoc thit k lm vic vi mt tp hop,
cc s trong mt mc chnh xc uoc cho truc. Nhiu li bj gy ra do su gii han ny. Mt li
vuot gii han xut hin khi s qu ln my tnh x l vi n St li do lm trn s bj gy ra do
su cn thit phi lm trn s mt s thp phn.
error detection
Su khm ph li
K thut cung cp mt chuong trnh pht hin cc d liu khng ng. Phuong php thung
gp l thm mt ch s kim tra vo mt m quan trong, nhu cc s m v cc mt m tao
thnh. Ch s uoc chon sao cho mt m ph hop vi quy tt rng chuong trnh c th thay i.
Mt k thut khc lin quan n vic tnh tng ca mi trung hop ca chi tit ring ca d liu,
v luu tr n tao noi kt thc ca d liu. Su pht trin li cng uoc dng trong vic truyn d
liu bng cch dng cc modem.
error message
Thng bo li
Thng bo uoc my tnh tao ra bo cho ngui s dung bit rng c mt li xut hin.
executable file
Tp tin kh thi
Tp tin, lun l mt chuong trnh ca mt s dang, n c th uoc thuc hin truc tip bi mt my
tnh. Tp tin s uoc sinh ra t chuong trnh ngun bi mt b phn lp rp hay thu thp tin. V
th n s khng uoc m ha trong ASC v s khng th oc uoc nhu mt vn bn trn h
MS-DOS cc tp tin thuc hin uoc c phn m rng .X hay .COM
execution error or run - time error
Li thuc hin
Li bj gy ra do su kt hop ca cc d liu m ngui lp trnh khng du on truc.
expanded memory
B nh m rng
B nh phu trong my tnh dua trn MS-DOS, thung uoc lp trn mt bn b nh m rng. B
nh m rng i hi mt b phn qun l n nhm tao su tip cn ti s b nh gii han tai mt
thi im bt k, v n chm hon b nh phu. Phn mm c th chay c MS-DOS v Windows
m phng b nh m rng cho nhng ng dung i hi n.
expansion board or expansion brand card
Bn m rng
Bn mach in m c th uoc gi vo my tnh tng cung cc kh nng ca chng (v du nhu
tng b nh ca chng) hoc thm cc phuong tin (v du nhu hnh nh)
expert system
H thng chuyn gia
Chuong trnh my tnh ua ra li khuyn (nhu cc du on su suy yu hay gii thch cc lut)
m kt hop kin thc t nhng tinh hoa ca con ngui. N l mt dang ca h thng dua trn co
s kin thc cha cc quy lut m c th uoc p dung tm li gii cho mt vn . N l mt
dang ca tr thng minh nhn tao.
export
Xut
U RA CA MOT TP TN TRONG DANG KHC M T n uoc s dung bi cc ng
dung hin hnh. V du nhu chuong trnh x l t chay trn my tnh kiu Apple Macintosh c th
c phuong tin luu tr mt tp tin trn a mm trong dang c th oc uoc bi chuong trnh
x l t chay trn my tnh c nhn BM.
extended memory
B nh m rng
B nh trong h dua trn MS-DOS trn mt byte m DOS tro gip. B nh m rng khng th
hiu uoc h iu hnh v n i hi b phn qun l b nh m rng. Windows v cc ng dung
ca Windows i hi c b nh phu

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