Italian Tutorial Basic Phrases, Vocabulary and

Grammar
Note: Before heading to the tutorial I would Strictly recommend to download any
online dictionary which could easily translate the difficult Italian words
proided below so that you can understand them easily and learn !uic"ly, if
you hae one so that#s good if not then I#ll personally prefer Babel$ish
dictionary which is free so you don#t need to buy it% The download lin" is
proided below:
Download BabelFish Translator
1. Basic Phrases / Frasi semplici
Buon giorno
bwon zhor-no
Hello / Good morning/afternoon
Buona sera
bwoh-nah seh-rah
Good evening
Buona notte
bwoh-nah noht-teh
Good night
&iao
chow
Hi / Hello / Bye informal!
'rriederci
ah-ree-vuh-dehr-chee
Goodbye
'rrieder(a
ah-ree-vuh-dehr-lah
Goodbye formal!
' pi) tardi
ah pyoo tar-dee
"ee yo# later
' presto * ' dopo
ah press-toh / ah doh-poh
"ee yo# soon
' domani
ah doh-mahn-ee
"ee yo# tomorrow
Per faore * Per piacere
pehr fah-voh-reh / pehr pee-ah-
cheh-reh
Please
Gra+ie ,mille-
graht-zee-eh (mee-leh)
Than$ yo# very m#ch!
Prego
preh-goh
%o#&re 'elcome
.i dispiace
mee dee-spyah-cheh
"orry
Scusi * Scusa
skoo-zee / skoo-zah
()c#se me formal /
informal!
'ndiamo/
on-dee-ah-mo
*et&s go+
&ome sta0 * &ome stai0
koh-meh stah / koh-meh sty
How are yo#, formal / informal!
Sto bene%
stoh beh-neh
- am fine / well.
Non c12 male%
nohn cheh mah-leh
.ot bad.
'bbastan+a bene%
ah-bah-stahn-tsah beh-neh
Pretty good.
&os3 cos3%
koh-zee koh-zee
"o so.
S3 * No
see / noh
%es / .o
&ome si chiama0
koh-meh see kee-ah-mah
&ome ti chiami0
koh-meh tee kee-ah-mee
.i chiamo%%%
mee kee-ah-mo
'hat&s yo#r name, formal!
'hat&s yo#r name,
informal!
/y name is...
Piacere * .olto lieto%
pee-ah-cheh-reh / mohl-toh lee-
eh-toh
Pleased / .ice to meet yo#.
Signore, Signora, Signorina
seen-yoh-reh, seen-yoh-rah, seen-yoh-reen-ah
/ister0 /isses0 /iss
4i do120
dee doh-veh
'here are yo# from, formal!
4i doe sei0
dee doh-veh seh-ee
'here are yo# from,
informal!
Sono di%%%
soh-noh dee
- am from...
5uanti anni ha0
kwahn-tee ahn-nee ah
How old are yo#, formal!
5uanti anni hai0
kwahn-tee ahn-nee ah-ee
How old are yo#, informal!
6o enti anni%
oh vehn-tee ahn-nee
- am 12 years old.
Parla italiano0
par-lah ee-tahl-ee-ah-no
Do yo# spea$ -talian, formal!
Parli inglese0
par-lee een-gleh-zeh
Do yo# spea$ (nglish,
informal!
Parlo italiano% * Non
parlo inglese%
par-lo ee-tahl-ee-ah-
no / non par-lo een-
gleh-zeh
- spea$ -talian. / - don&t
spea$ (nglish.
&apisce0 * &apisci0
kah-pee-sheh / kah-pee-shee
Do yo# #nderstand, formal /
informal!
7Non8 capisco%
[non] kah-pees-koh
- 3don&t4 #nderstand.
Non so% * (o so%
non soh / low soh
- don&t $now. / - $now.
Pu9 aiutarmi0 * Puoi aiutarmi0
pwoh ah-yoo-tar-mee / pwoh-ee
ah-yoo-tar-mee
5an yo# help me, formal /
informal!
&ertamente * 41accordo%
cher-tah-mehn-teh / dah-
kohr-doh
"#re / 67.
&ome0
koh-meh?
'hat, / Pardon me,
4esidera0 * 4esideri0
deh-zee-deh-rah / deh-zee-deh-
ree
/ay - help yo#, formal /
informal!
&ome si dice :house: in italiano0
koh-meh see dee-cheh house een ee-tah-lee-ah-noh
How do yo# say 8ho#se8 in -talian,
4o12 * 4oe sono%%%0
doh-veh / doh-veh soh-noh
'here is / 'here are... ,
;cco * ;ccoli%%%
eh-koh / eh-koh-lee
Here is / Here are...
&12 * &i sono%%%
cheh / chee soh-noh
There is / There are...
&osa c120
koh-zah cheh
'hat&s the matter, / 'hat&s
Non importa% * 4i niente% *
4i nulla%
nohn eem-por-tah / dee nee-
Non m1importa%
nohn meem-por-tah
- don&t care.
wrong,
ehn-teh / dee noo-lah
-t doesn&t matter.
Non ti preoccupare%
nohn tee preh-ohk-koo-pah-reh
Don&t worry. informal!
6o dimenticato%
oh dee-men-tee-kah-toh
- forgot.
4eo andare adesso%
deh-voh ahn-dah-reh
ah-des-soh
- have to go now.
6o fame% * 6o sete%
oh fah-meh / oh seh-teh
-&m h#ngry. / -&m thirsty.
6o freddo% * 6o caldo%
oh freh-doh / oh kal-doh
-&m cold. / -&m hot.
.i annoio%
mee ahn-noh-ee-oh
-&m bored.
Salute/
sah-loo-teh
Bless yo#+
&ongratula+ioni/
kohn-grah-tsoo-lah-tsee-oh-
nee
5ongrat#lations+
Benenuti/
behn-veh-noo-tee
'elcome+
Buona fortuna/
bwoh-nah for-too-nah
Good l#c$+
Tocca a me/ * Tocca a te/
tohk-kah ah meh / tohk-kah
ah teh
-t&s my t#rn+ / -t&s yo#r t#rn+
informal!
Ti amo%
tee ah-moh
- love yo#. informal!
< pa++o/ * Sei pa++o/
eh pats-soh / seh-ee pats-soh
%o#&re cra9y+ formal / informal!
Sta +itto/ * Stai +itto/
stah tseet-toh / sty tseet-toh
Be :#iet / "h#t #p+ formal /
informal!
Va bene/
vah beh-neh
67+
.otice that -talian has informal and formal ways of saying things. This is beca#se there is
more than one meaning to 8yo#8 in -talian as well as in many other lang#ages.! The
informal yo# is #sed when tal$ing to close friends0 relatives0 animals or children. The
formal yo# is #sed when tal$ing to someone yo# ;#st met0 do not $now well0 or someone
for whom yo# wo#ld li$e to show respect a professor0 for e)ample.! There is also a
pl#ral yo#0 #sed when spea$ing to more than one person.
<lso0 the words pa99o and 9itto refer to men. -f yo# are tal$ing to a woman0 #se pa99a
and 9itta. -f yo# are tal$ing to more than one person all men0 or a gro#p of men and
women!0 #se pa99i and 9itti. -f yo# are tal$ing to more than one person all women!0 #se
pa99e and 9itte.
1. Pron#nciation / la pron#ncia
-talian is a very phonetic lang#age0 so pron#nciation sho#ld be easy. /ost words are
prono#nced e)actly li$e they are spelled. There are only seven p#re vowels0 b#t several
diphthongs and triphthongs. The (nglish samples given are not prono#nced e)actly as in
-talian beca#se (nglish vowels tend to be diphthongi9ed there&s an e)tra y#h or w#h
after the act#al vowel!. /a$e s#re to only say the p#re vowel and not the diphthong when
prono#ncing -talian.
Italian Vowels !ngl"sh #ronunc"at"on
7i8 vita ee as "n meet
7e8 vedi ay as "n ba"t
[ ] era eh as "n bet
7a8 cane ah as "n father
7u8 #va oo as "n boot
7o8 sole oh as "n boat
78 modo aw as "n law
Semi=Vowels

7w8 :#ando0 #omo wuh as "n won
7>8 piano0 ieri0 piove yuh as "n yes
-n spelling0 the letter e is #sed to represent both 3e4 and [ ] = while the letter o is #sed to
represent both 3o4 and 34. -f the vowel is stressed0 then the pron#nciation is always
closed 3e4 and 3o4. -f the vowel is not stressed0 it is always open [ ] and 34. This can
change according to regional dialects in -taly0 of co#rse0 b#t this is the standard r#le.
-talian semi>vowels are always written ua, ue, uo, ui for 3w4 and ia, ie, io, iu for 3;4. -f
another vowel precedes # or i0 then it is a diphthong? ai, ei, oi, au, eu. The combination i#
@ another vowel creates a triphthong.
Italian consonant ? owel combinations
c ? a, o, u, he, hi $ amica0 amico0 amiche
ah-mee-kah, ah-mee-koh, ah-mee-
keh
c ? ia, io, iu, e, i ch bacio0 celebre0 cinema
bah-cho, cheh-leh-breh, chee-neh-
mah
g ? a, o, u, he, hi g gara0 g#sto0 spaghetti gah-rah, goo-stoh, spah-geh-tee
g ? ia, io, iu, e, i d; Giotto0 gelato0 magico
d$oh-toh, d$eh-lah-toh, mah-d$ee-
koh
sc ? a, o, u, he, hi s$ scala0 sc#ola0 scheda skah-lah, skoo-oh-la, skeh-dah
sc ? ia, io, iu, e, i sh sciarpa0 sci#pato0 scemo shar-pah, shoo-pah-toh, sheh-moh
The consonant h is always silent. Do#ble consonants m#st be prono#nced individ#ally? il
nonno eel nohn>noh! is prono#nced differently from il nono eel noh>noh!.
Stress falls on the second>to>last syllable in -talian. -f stress falls on the last syllable0 the
vowel is written with an accent mar$ la cittA!. However0 it is also possible for the stress
to fall on the third>to>last syllable <merica0 telefono! and even the fo#rth>to>last syllable
telefonano! in third person pl#ral verb con;#gations.
B. <lphabet / l&alfabeto
a ah ! $oo
b bee r ehr>reh
c chee s ehs>seh
d dee t teh
e eh u oo
f eff>eh voo
g 9hee + d9eh>tah
h ah$>$ah
i ee $oreign (etters
l ehl>eh > ee loon>gah
m ehm>eh " $ahp>pah
n ehn>eh w dohp>pyah voo
o oh @ ee$s
p pee y ee greh>$ah or! eep>see>lohn
C. <rticles D Demonstratives / <rticoli e dimostrativi
<ll no#ns in -talian have a gender masc#line or feminine! and the articles m#st agree
with the gender. /asc#line words generally end in >o and feminine words generally end
in >a. 'ords that end in >e may be either0 so yo# will ;#st have to memori9e the gender.
7eep in mind that articles are #sed before no#ns or before an ad;ective @ a no#n.
4efinite 'rticle = The
/asc#line Feminine
il eel sing.0 before consonants
la lah sing.0 before consonants
lo low sing.0 before 90 gn0 ps0 or s @ cons.
l1 l sing.0 before vowels l1 l sing.0 before vowels
i ee pl#ral0 before consonants le leh pl#ral0 before consonants
and vowels
gli lyee pl#ral0 before vowels0 90 gn0 or s @
cons.
Indefinite 'rticles = ', an, some
/asc#line Feminine
<0 <n
un oon before consonant or vowel una
oon-
ah
before consonants
uno
oon-
oh
before 90 gn0 ps0 or s @
consonant
un1 oon before vowels
"ome
dei day before consonants
delle
dell-
eh
before vowels and
consonants
degli
deh-
lyee
before vowels0 90 gn0 or s
@ cons.
4emonstraties = This, that, these, and those
This and these
This These
%asc& !uesto !uesti before a consonant
!uest1 !uesti before a vowel
'em& !uesta !ueste before a consonant
!uest1 !ueste before a vowel
That and those
That Those
%asc& !uel !uei before a consonant
!uell1 !uegli before a vowel
!uello !uegli
before 90 gn0 or s @
consonant
'em& !uella !uelle before a consonant
!uell1 !uelle before a vowel
-f yo# #se that and those as a s#b;ect0 #se these fo#r forms? !uello for masc#line sing#lar0
!uella for feminine sing#lar0 !uelli for masc#line pl#ral0 and !uelle for feminine pl#ral.
E. "#b;ect Prono#ns / pronomi personali
io ee-oh - noi noy we
tu too yo# informal sing#lar! oi voy yo# informal pl#ral!
lui, lei lwee/lay he0 she loro loh-roh they
(ei lay yo# formal sing#lar! (oro loh-roh yo# formal pl#ral!
The (ei form is generally #sed for yo# sing#lar!0 instead of t#0 #nless yo#&re referring to
$ids or animals. *oro can also mean yo#0 b#t only in very polite sit#ations. -f yo# need
to specify an inanimate ob;ect as 8it8 yo# can #se esso masc#line no#n! and essa
feminine no#n!0 b#t since s#b;ect prono#ns are not commonly #sed in -talian0 these
words are somewhat rare.
F. To Be D to Have / (ssere D avere
;ssere = to be
- am sono soh-noh we are siamo see-ah-moh
yo# are sei say yo# are siete see-eh-teh
he/she/it is 2 eh they are sono soh-noh
%o# do not have to #se the s#b;ect prono#ns as the different con;#gations imply the
s#b;ect0 b#t they are incl#ded in the recordings.
Past A $uture of ;ssere
- was ero we were eraamo - will be sar9 we will be saremo
yo# were eri yo# were eraate yo# will be sarai yo# will be sarete
he/she was era they were erano he/she will be sarB they will be saranno
'ere = to hae
- have ho oh 'e have abbiamo ahb-bee-ah-mo
yo# have hai eye yo# have aete ah-veh-teh
he/she has ha ah they have hanno ahn-noh
Past A $uture of 'ere
- had aeo we had aeamo - will have ar9 we will have aremo
yo# had aei yo# had aeate yo# will have arai yo# will have arete
he/she
had
aea
they
had
aeano
he/she will
have
arB
they
will have
aranno
'ere is #sed with many idioms and e)pressions that normally #se the verb 8to be8 in
(nglish?
aere fame > to be h#ngry
aere sete > to be thirsty
aere caldo > to be warm
aere freddo > to be cold
aere fretta > to be in a h#rry
aere paura ,di- > to be afraid of!
aere ragione > to be right
aere torto > to be wrong
aere sonno > to be sleepy
aere bisogno di > to need
aere oglia di > to want0 to feel li$e
aere CD anni > to be 12 years old
G. Hsef#l 'ords / parole #tile
and e eh always sempre sehm-preh
or o oh often spesso speh-soh
b#t ma mah sometimes !ualche olta
kwal-keh vohl-
tah
not non nohn #s#ally usualmente
oo-zoo-al-
mehn-teh
while mentre mehn-treh especially specialmente
speh-chee-al-
mehn-teh
if se seh e)cept eccetto eh-cheh-toh
beca#se perchE pehr-kay boo$ il libro lee-broh
very0 a lot molto mohl-toh pencil la matita mah-tee-tah
also0 too anche ahn-keh pen la penna pehn-nah
altho#gh benchE behn-keh paper la carta kar-tah
now adesso, ora
ah-deh-so,
oh-rah
dog il cane kah-neh
perhaps0
maybe
forse for-seh cat il gatto gah-toh
then allora, poi
ahl-loh-rah,
poy
friend fem! l1amica ah-mee-kah
there is c12 cheh friend masc! l1amico ah-mee-koh
there are ci sono chee soh-noh woman la donna dohn-nah
there was c1era che-rah man l1uomo woh-moh
there were c1erano che-rah-no girl la raga++a rah-gat-sah
here is ecco ehk-koh boy il raga++o rah-gat-soh
I. J#estion 'ords
'ho &hi kee
'hose 4i chi dee kee
'hat &he cosa keh koh-sah
'hy PerchE pehr-keh
'hen 5uando kwahn-doh
'here 4oe doh-veh
How &ome koh-meh
How m#ch 5uanto kwahn-toh
'hich 5uale kwah-leh
'hen doe, come, and !uale are followed by 2 is!0 doe and come contract to do12
and com12= and !uale drops its e to become !ual 2%
K. cardinal D ordinal .#mbers
2 +ero dzeh-roh
1 uno oo-noh
1 due doo-eh
B tre treh
C !uattro kwaht-troh
E cin!ue cheen-kweh
F sei say
G sette seht-teh
I otto aw-toh
K noe naw-vay
12 dieci dee-ay-chee
11 undici oon-dee-chee
11 dodici doh-dee-chee
1B tredici treh-dee-chee
1C !uattordici kwaht-tohr-dee-chee
1E !uindici kween-dee-chee
1F sedici seh-dee-chee
1G diciassette dee-chahs-seht-teh
1I diciotto dee-choht-toh
1K diciannoe dee-chahn-noh-veh
12 enti vehn-tee
11 entuno vehn-too-noh
11 entidue vehn-tee-doo-eh
1B entitr2 vehn-tee-treh
B2 trenta trehn-tah
C2 !uaranta kwah-rahn-tah
E2 cin!uanta cheen-kwahn-tah
F2 sessanta sehs-sahn-tah
G2 settanta seht-tahn-tah
I2 ottanta oh-tahn-tah
K2 noanta noh-vahn-tah
122 cento chehn-toh
121 centouno chehn-toh-oo-noh
112 centodieci chehn-toh-dee-ay-chee
122 duecento doo-eh-chehn-toh
10222 mille mee-leh
10222 duemila doo-eh-mee-lah
million un milione mee-lee-oh-neh
billion un miliardo mee-lee-ar-doh
-f a n#mber ends in >tre0 yo# need to add an accent? =tr2. 'hen yo# have a word that ends
in a vowel0 li$e vent"0 and another word that begins with a vowel0 li$e uno= the first word
loses its vowel when p#tting the two words together. Venti 12! and uno 1! ma$e
entuno 11!. 6ne e)ception is cento= it does not lose its vowel. &ento 122! and uno
1! ma$e centouno 121!. .otice that cento does not have a pl#ral form0 b#t mille does
mila!. <nd be aware that -talian switches the #se of commas and decimals.
Frdinal Numbers
first primo * prima
second secondo * seconda
third ter+o * ter+a
fo#rth !uarto * !uarta
fifth !uinto * !uinta
si)th sesto * sesta
seventh settimo * settima
eighth ottao * ottaa
ninth nono * nona
tenth decimo * decima
eleventh undicesimo * undicesima
twentieth entesimo * entesima
h#ndredth centesimo * centesima
From eleventh on0 ;#st drop the final vowel of the cardinal n#mber and add =esimo. For
n#mbers li$e ventitrL0 trentatrL0 add >esimo b#t do not drop the final e. 6rdinal n#mbers
are ad;ectives and m#st agree with the no#ns they modify= >o is the masc#line ending0 >a
is the feminine ending.
12. Days of the 'ee$ / Giorni della settimana
/onday luned3 loo-neh-dee
T#esday marted3 mahr-teh-dee
'ednesday mercoled3 mehr-koh-leh-dee
Th#rsday gioed3 zhoh-veh-dee
Friday enerd3 veh-nehr-dee
"at#rday sabato sah-bah-toh
"#nday domenica doh-men-ee-kah
yesterday ieri yer-ee
day before yesterday aantieri * l1altroieri m! ah-vahn-tyee-ree
last night ieri sera yer-ee seh-rah
today oggi ohd-$ee
tomorrow domani doh-mahn-ee
day after tomorrow dopodomani doh-poh-doh-mahn-ee
day il giorno eel zhor-noh
To say on %ondays, on (uesdays, etc.0 #se il before luned3 thro#gh sabato0 and la before
domenica%
11. /onths of the %ear / mesi dell&anno
Man#ary gennaio $ehn-nah-yoh
Febr#ary febbraio fehb-brah-yoh
/arch mar+o mar-tsoh
<pril aprile ah-pree-leh
/ay maggio mahd-$oh
M#ne giugno $oo-nyoh
M#ly luglio loo-lyoh
<#g#st agosto ah-goh-stoh
"eptember settembre seht-tehm-breh
6ctober ottobre oht-toh-breh
.ovember noembre noh-vehm-breh
December dicembre dee-chem-breh
wee$ la settimana lah sett-ee-mah-nah
month il mese eel meh-zeh
year l1anno lahn-noh
Days and months are not capitali9ed& To e)press the date0 #se ) "l (number) (month)&
/ay Eth wo#ld be ) "l * or c"n+ue) magg"o. B#t for the first of the month0 #se pr"mo
instead of 1 or #no. To e)press ago0 as in two days ago, a month ago, etc.0 ;#st add fa
afterwards. To e)press last0 as in last ,ednesday, last week0 etc.0 ;#st add scorso for
masc#line words! or scorsa for feminine words! afterwards.
una settimana fa > a wee$ ago
la settimana scorsa > last wee$
un mese fa > a month ago
l1anno scorso > last year
11. "easons / "tagioni
"#mmer l1estate leh-stah-teh
Fall l1autunno low-toon-noh
"pring la primaera
lah pree-mah-veh-
rah
'inter l1inerno leen-vehr-noh
To say in the season!0 ;#st #se "n. In estate is in the s#mmer0 in primaera is in spring.
41estate and d1inerno can also be #sed instead of in estate or in inverno.
1B. Directions / dire9ioni
right destra
left sinistra
straight diritto
.orth nord nohrd
"o#th sud sood
(ast est est
'est oest oh-vest
1C. 5olors D "hapes / 5olori e forme
white bianco*a s:#are il !uadrato
yellow giallo*a circle il cerchio
orange arancione triangle il triangolo
pin$ rosa rectangle il rettangolo
red rosso*a oval l1oale
light bl#e a++urro*a c#be il cubo
dar$ bl#e blu sphere la sfera
green erde cylinder il cilindro
brown marrone cone il cono
grey grigio*a octagon l1ottagono
blac$ nero*a bo) la scatola
5olors are ad;ectives and m#st agree with the no#ns they modify= >o is the masc#line
ending0 >a is the feminine ending. For e)ample0 rosso is masc#line and rossa is feminine.
5olor words always go after the no#n they describe?
una casa gialla > a yellow ho#se
il cubo rosso > the red c#be
1E. Time / -l Tempo
'hat time is it, &he ora 20 * &he ore sono0 keh oh-rah eh / keh o-reh soh-noh
<t what time, ' che ora0 ah keh oh-rah
-t&s 1?22 < l1una eh loo-nah
at 1?22 all1una ahl-loo-nah
at! noon ,a- me++ogiorno (ah) med-zoh-zhor-noh
at! midnight ,a- me++anotte (ah) med-zah-noh-teh
1?22 Sono le due soh-noh leh doo-eh
B?12 Sono le tre e dieci soh-noh leh treh eh dee-ay-chee
C?E2 Sono le cin!ue meno dieci
soh-noh leh cheen-kwah meh-noh
dee-ay-chee
I?1E Sono le otto e un !uarto
soh-noh leh awt-toh eh oon kwar-
toh
G?CE Sono le otto meno un !uarto
soh-noh leh aw-toh meh-noh un
kwar-toh
1?B2 < l1una e me++a eh loo-nah eh med-zah
F?B2 Sono le sei e me++o soh-noh leh say-ee eh med-zoh
sharp in punto een poon-toh
in the morning di mattina dee maht-teen-ah
in the afternoon di pomeriggio dee poh-mehr-ee-zhee-oh
in the evening di sera dee seh-rah
at night di notte dee noht-teh
1F. 'eather / -l tempo atmosferico
'hat&s the weather today, &he tempo fa oggi0
-t&s nice $a bel tempo * < bello
bad $a brutto tempo * < brutto
raining Pioe * Sta pioendo
th#ndering Tuona
snowing Neica * Sta neicando
hailing Grandina * Sta grandinando
cold $a freddo
cool $a fresco
hot $a caldo
free9ing $a un freddo gelido
foggy &12 nebbia
s#nny &12 sole * < assolato
windy &12 ento * < entoso * $a ento
clo#dy < nuoloso
h#mid < umido
m#ggy < afoso
stormy < burrascoso
1G. Family D <nimals / Famiglia e <nimali
family la famiglia relatives i parenti dog il cane
parents i genitori father>in>law il suocero cat il gatto
mother la madre mother>in>law la suocera bird l1uccello
father il padre son>in>law il genero mo#se il topo
son il figlio
da#ghter>in>
law
la nuora rabbit il coniglio
da#ghter la figlia brother>in>law il cognato horse il caallo
brother il fratello sister>in>law la cognata cow la mucca
sister la sorella stepfather il patrigno don$ey l1asino
grandfather il nonno stepmother la matrigna goat la capra
grandmother la nonna
step/half
brother
il fratellastro sheep la pecora
grandson/nephew il nipote step/half sister la sorellastra goose l1oca
grandda#ghter/niece la nipote married sposato d#c$ l1anatra
#ncle lo +io divorced dior+iato pig il maiale
a#nt la +ia separated separato hen la gallina
co#sin m! il cugino single man! celibe deer il cero
co#sin f! la cugina
single
woman!
nubile
h#sband il marito bachelor lo scapolo
wife la moglie widow la edoa
man l1uomo widower il edoo
woman la donna godfather il padrino
boy il raga++o godmother la madrina
girl la raga++a twins
i gemelli * le
gemelle
1I. To 7now People D Facts
&onoscere=to "now, be ac!uainted with Sapere=to "now ,facts-
conosco conosciamo so sappiamo
conosci conoscete sai sapete
conosce conoscono sa sanno
&onoscere is #sed when yo# $now people and places. -t is con;#gated reg#larly. Sapere
is #sed when yo# $now facts. Sapere followed by an infinitive means to know how.
Io conosco .ario% - $now /ario.
Voi conoscete la $rancia% %o# $now have visited! France.
Tu sai nuotare% %o# $now how to swim.
(oro sanno cantare% They $now how to sing.
1K. Formation of Pl#ral .o#ns
-f a word is masc#line sing#lar0 change the last letter to an i. -f a word is feminine
sing#lar0 change the last letter to an e if it ends in a0 or if it ends in e0 change it to an i%
Singular to Plural Nouns
.asculine
>o >i
>a >i
>e >i
$eminine
>a >e
>e >i
'ords ending in =io can either change the o to i0 or ;#st simply drop the o to form the
pl#ral. 'hen the =i of =io is stressed0 the pl#ral is =ii= however0 most words ending in >io
do not stress the >i0 and so their pl#rals are formed by dropping the o. 5ompare? lo +io =
gli +ii and il figlio = i figli.
"ome no#ns ending in =co and =go may or may not insert an h before changing the o to i.
There is no general r#le for it. <ll no#ns ending in =ca and =ga insert an h before
changing the a to e. .o#ns ending in an accented vowel do not change for the pl#ral. la
cittB (c"ty) becomes le cittB! There are some masc#line no#ns that end >a0 and these
no#ns change the >a to >i in the pl#ral? "l programma, "l poeta, "l p"anete, "l p"lota, "l
poema, "l s"stema. The pl#ral of l1uomo man! is gli uomini0 while the pl#ral of la mano
hand! is le mani.
12. Possessive <d;ectives
/asc. "ing. Fem. "ing. /asc. Pl. Fem. Pl.
my il mio la mia i miei (myeh-ee) le mie
yo#r il tuo la tua i tuoi (twoh-ee) le tue
his/her il suo la sua i suoi (swoh-ee) le sue
o#r il nostro la nostra i nostri le nostre
yo#r il ostro la ostra i ostri le ostre
their il loro la loro i loro le loro
%o# may leave off the "l and la before family relation words in the sing#lar. <ll other
times0 yo# m#st #se them. .otice that loro does not change.