Gio trnh Linux

Bin tp bi:
Vien CNTT DHQG Hanoi

Gio trnh Linux

Bin tp bi:
Vien CNTT DHQG Hanoi
Cc tc gi:
Vien CNTT DHQG Hanoi

Phin bn trc tuyn:

http://voer.edu.vn/c/24ec0bf1

MC LC
1. H iu hnh Linux
2. Qun l tp, th mc
3. Ngi dng v qun l ngi dng
4. B son tho vi
5. Cc tin ch lu tr
6. Networking
7. Cc tin ch mng
8. Samba
9. Dch v Web
Tham gia ng gp

1/38

H iu hnh Linux
Gii thiu v Linux
Lch s
Linux l h iu hnh m phng Unix, c xy dng trn phn nhn (kernel) v cc
gi phn mm m ngun m. Linux c cng b di bn quyn ca GPL (General
Public Licence).
Unix ra i gia nhng nm 1960, ban u c pht trin bi AT&T, sau c
ng k thng mi v pht trin theo nhiu dng di cc tn khc nhau. Nm 1990 xu
hng pht trin phn mm m ngun m xut hin v c thc y bi t chc GNU.
Mt s licence v m ngun m ra i v d BSD, GPL. Nm 1991, Linus Torvald vit
thm phin bn nhn v0.01 (kernel) u tin ca Linux a ln cc BBS, nhm ngi
dng mi ngi cng s dng v pht trin. Nm 1996, nhn v1.0 chnh thc cng
b v ngy cng nhn c s quan tm ca ngi dng. Nm 1999, phin bn nhn
v2.2 mang nhiu c tnh u vit v gip cho linux bt u tr thnh i th cnh tranh
ng k ca MSwindows trn mi trng server. Nm 2000 phin bn nhn v2.4 h tr
nhiu thit b mi (a x l ti 32 chip, USB, RAM trn 2GB...) bt u t chn vo
th trng my ch cao cp. Qu trnh pht trin ca linux nh sau:
Nm 1991: 100 ngi dng.
Nm 1997: 7.000.000 ngi dng.
Nm 2000: hng trm triu ngi dng, hn 15.000 ngi tham gia pht trin
Linux. Hng nm th trng cho Linux tng trng trn 100%.
Cc phin bn Linux l sn phm ng gi Kernel v cc gi phn mm min ph khc.
Cc phin bn ny c cng b di licence GPL. Mt s phin bn ni bt l: Redhat,
Caldera, Suse, Debian, TurboLinux, Mandrake.
Ging nh Unix, Linux gm 3 thnh phn chnh: kernel, shell v cu trc tp.
Kernel l chng trnh nhn, chy cc chng trnh v qun l cc thit b phn cng
nh a v my in.
Shell (mi trng) cung cp giao din cho ngi s dng, cn c m t nh mt b
bin dch. Shell nhn cc cu lnh t ngi s dng v gi cc cu lnh cho nhn thc
hin. Nhiu shell c pht trin. Linux cung cp mt s shell nh: desktops, windows
manager, v mi trng dng lnh. Hin nay ch yu tn ti 3 shell: Bourne, Korn v
C shell. Bourne c pht trin ti phng th nghim Bell, C shell c pht trin cho

2/38

phin bn BSD ca UNIX, Korn shell l phin bn ci tin ca Bourne shell. Nhng
phin bn hin nay ca Unix, bao gm c Linux, tch hp c 3 shell trn.
Cu trc tp quy nh cch lu tr cc tp trn a. Tp c nhm trong cc th mc.
Mi th mc c th cha tp v cc th mc con khc. Mt s th mc l cc th mc
chun do h thng s dng. Ngi dng c th to cc tp/th mc ca ring mnh cng
nh dch chuyn cc tp gia cc th mc . Hn na, vi Linux ngi dng c th
thit lp quyn truy nhp tp/th mc, cho php hay hn ch mt ngi dng hoc mt
nhm truy nhp tp. Cc th mc trong Linux c t chc theo cu trc cy, bt u
bng mt th mc gc (root). Cc th mc khc c phn nhnh t th mc ny.
Kernel, shell v cu trc tp cu thnh nn cu trc h iu hnh. Vi nhng thnh phn
trn ngi dng c th chy chng trnh, qun l tp, v tng tc vi h thng.

Ci t my ch Linux
Lu : trc khi ci t, cn tm hiu cc thng tin v phn cng ca h thng, bao gm

Thng tin v a cng

Thng tin v card mng
Thng tin v card ho
Thng tin v mn hnh
Thng tin v giao thc v cu hnh mng nu kt ni mng
Thng tin v cc thit b ngoi (chng hn cc thit b SCSI...)

C th chn nhiu phng n ci t nh ci t t a mm, t a cng, t a CD

Rom hoc qua mng. Ti liu ny chn hng dn qu trnh ci t phin bn 7.2 t a
CDRom. Yu cu my ci t c kh nng khi ng (boot) t a CD-Rom (c h
tr hu ht trong cc my tnh hin nay).
Sau y l cc bc ci t c th. Khi kt thc bc trc chng trnh ci t t ng
chuyn sang bc sau. Mt s bc ci t cho php quay li bc trc bng cch
chn Back.
1. a a CD Rom Redhat vo a. Khi ng li my (lu phi m bo
my c kh nng khi ng t a CD-Rom
2. Chn ch ci text
3. Mc nh chn ngn ng (English) chn Next
4. Chn kiu bn phm (Generic 105-key PC), kiu th hin bn phm (US
English).

3/38

1. Cu hnh chut

Chn ng kiu chut trong h thng. Nu khng tm c chnh xc chn kiu tng
thch trong danh sch.
1. Ti mn hnh Welcome to Redhat Linux. Chn Next
2. Chn ch ci t Custom.
4/38

3. S dng chng trnh Disk Druid to phn vng a chun b qu trnh ci

t. Phn vng a cng nh sau:

S dng phm Tab v phm mi tn di chuyn, phm Space hay Enter chn
Dng Delete xo cc phn vng c ca h thng trc.
Chn New to cc phn vng mi.
To phn vng b nh o vi cc thng s sau:
Type: Linux Swap
Size: 256Mb (gp i kch thc vt l ca b nh RAM ca h thng
Allowable Drives [*] sda xc nh v tr vt l ca phn vng ti a cng th nht
To phn vng th hai cho th mc gc ca h thng
Mount point: / (lin kt phn vng ny vi th mc gc root ca h thng.
Type: ext3
Size:1Mb
Grow to fill disk [*] (chn la ny to phn vng vi dung lng cn li ca a cng
th nht)
Allowable Drives [*] sda
To phn vng th 3 cho th mc /usr ca h thng:
5/38

Mount point: /usr (lin kt phn vng ny vi th mc /usr trn cy th mc h thng

Type : ext3
Size : 3072 ( 3 GB )
Allowable Drives [*] sdb
To phn vng th 4 cho th mc /var ca h thng:
Mount point: /var (lin kt phn vng ny vi th mc /usr trn cy th mc h thng
Type: ext3
Size: 1
Grow to fill disk [*] (chn la chn phn vng vi dung lng cn li ca cng th
hai)
Allowable Drives [*] sdb
Kt thc chn OK v xc nhn hon thnh vic thay i bng phn vng ghi
li cc thay i

6/38

1. B qua la chn nh dng a c kim tra li nu a cng khng c li.

2. Cu hnh Boot loader
Chn UseLILO as boot loader
***SORRY, THIS MEDIA TYPE IS NOT SUPPORTED.***
1. Dng la chn t boot loader ti Master Boot Record nu h thng ch ci t
mt h iu hnh.
***SORRY, THIS MEDIA TYPE IS NOT SUPPORTED.***
1. Cu hnh mng
Nu my khng c card mng, s khng nhn c mn hnh ny. Thc hin cu hnh
mng cho my nh sau
B la chn config using DHCP (ch chn s dng ch cp pht a ch IP
ng), nhp a ch IP, subnetmask theo hng dn ca gio vin hng dn
thc hnh
***SORRY, THIS MEDIA TYPE IS NOT SUPPORTED.***
Nhp hostname
Cu hnh firewall, chn Medium
***SORRY, THIS MEDIA TYPE IS NOT SUPPORTED.***
1. La chn ngn ng English (US)
***SORRY, THIS MEDIA TYPE IS NOT SUPPORTED.***
1. Cu hnh Time Zone: (Asia/Saigon)
2. Cu hnh ti khon:
Nhp mt khu cho ti khon root, g li mt khu ti hp confirm
***SORRY, THIS MEDIA TYPE IS NOT SUPPORTED.***
***SORRY, THIS MEDIA TYPE IS NOT SUPPORTED.*** Khaibo thm
cc ti khon khc (nu cn thit) To thm ti khon mi:
Chn New to thm ti khon mi, nhp thng tin v ngi dng. Nhn
c mn hnh to ti khon mi nh sau:

7/38

Nhp cc thng tin v ti khon:

Username: <tn ti khon>
Fullname: <tn y ca ti khon>
Password: <mt khu truy nhp>
Chn OK

n Add a ti khon vo danh sch ngi dng

Chn Edit thay i thng tin v mt ti khon.
Chn Delete xo mt ti khon.
Chn cu hnh mc nhn

8/38

1. Xc nh cc gi ci t: mt s gi ci t ch yu X Windows System,
GNOME, KDE (cho card ho), Network station, Anonymous, FTP server,
Development...

1. Cu hnh giao din ho

Chn ng kiu video card (thng thng redhat c kh nng t ng pht hin kiu
card)
1. Ci t cc gi phn mm
***SORRY, THIS MEDIA TYPE IS NOT SUPPORTED.***
1. To a mm khi ng: chn c to a khi ng phng khi h thng c li.
2. Xc nh giao din ho

9/38

Xc nh kiu monitor t danh sch cc monitor c h tr. Chng trnh kim tra
th ch ho, nu cc thng s khai bo khng ng, ta phi khai bo li.
Nu ci t ch ho thnh cng, my s yu cu chn c nn khi ng my vo
ch ho hay khng (mc nh l ch text)
1. Hon tt qu trnh ci t v khi ng li my (lu b a CD Rom ra khi
a trc khi khi ng li).

10/38

Qun l tp, th mc
H thng th mc
Trong linux tp c t chc thnh cc th mc, theo m hnh phn cp. Tham chiu
n mt tp bng tn v ng dn. Cc cu lnh thao tc tp cho php dch chuyn, sao
chp mt tp hay ton b th mc cng vi cc th mc con cha trong n
C th s dng cc k t, du gch di, ch s, du chm v du phy t tn tp.
Khng c bt u mt tn tp bng du chm hay ch s. Nhng k t khc nh /,
?, *, l k t c bit c dnh ring cho h thng. Chiu di ca tn tp c th ti
256 k t.
Trong UNIX khng c khi nim phn tn m rng (file extensions) theo kiu nh ca
Windows. Do c th t tn tp tu , k c tn cha nhiu du chm .
Tp c tn bt u bng du chm l tp n.
UNIX/Linux nhy cm vi ch HOA, ch thng (case sensitive). tin li, nhiu
ngi thng dng ch thng (lower case). Ta cng nn theo cch ny.
Tt c cc tp trong linux c chung cu trc vt l l chui cc byte (byte stream). Cu
trc thng nht ny cho php linux p dng khi nim tp cho mi thnh phn d liu
trong h thng. Th mc cng nh cc thit b c xem nh tp. Chnh vic xem mi
th nh cc tp cho php linux qun l v chuyn i d liu mt cch d dng. Mt
th mc cha cc thng tin v th mc, c t chc theo mt nh dng c bit. Cc
thnh phn c xem nh cc tp, chng c phn bit da trn kiu tp: tp thng
thng (ordinary file), th mc (directory) , thit b kiu k t (character device file), v
thit b kiu khi d liu (block device file).

Th mc ch
Mi ti khon NSD c mt th mc ca mnh gi l th mc ch hay th mc nh. Sau
khi ng nhp h thng, ngi dng s ng th mc nh ca mnh. Tn ca th mc
ny ging vi tn ti khon ng nhp h thng. Cc tp c to khi ngi dng ng
nhp c t chc trong th mc ch.
Tt c cc th mc nh ca NSD nm trong th mc home ca h thng.

11/38

Cc th mc h thng
Th mc root, l gc ca h thng tp ca Linux, cha mt vi th mc h thng. Th
mc h thng cha tp v chng trnh s dng chy v duy tr h thng. Cu trc
cy th mc nh sau:

M t cc th mc
Th
mc

M t ni dung

bt u cu trc tp, gi l th mc gc (root)

/home cha cc th mc nh (home) ca mi ti khon ngi dng

/bin

lu tr tt c cc cu lnh chun v cc chng trnh tin ch

/usr

cha cc tp, cu lnh c h thng s dng, th mc ny c chia thnh

cc th mc con khc

/usr/
bin

cha cc cu lnh hng ngi dng v cc chng trnh tin ch

/usr/
sbin

cha cc cu lnh qun tr h thng

/usr/
lib

cha th vin cho cc ngn ng lp trnh

/usr/
doc

cha ti liu ca linux

/usr/
man

cha cc tp hng dn s dng cho cc cu lnh (man)

/sbin

cha cc tp h thng khi ng h thng

12/38

/dev

cha giao din cho cc thit b nh u cui v my in

/etc

cha tp cu hnh h thng v cc tp h thng khc

Cc cu lnh c bn
Ch :
- Cc la chn (gi l switch hay options trong cu lnh thng bt u bng du tr ,
sau l mt hoc mt vi k t, vit tt ca la chn , v d "-a", -al.
- Khi di chuyn gia cc th mc bng lnh cd cn phi g y ng dn k t
th mc root (l du gch xin /), tr phi trong phm vi th mc nh ca bn.
- "man" l vit tt ca manual. Phn ln cc cu lnh ca UNIX / Linux c trang ti liu
hng dn s dng km theo.
ls [-laR] <tn tp> /<tn th mc>
Hin th danh sch tp (th mc con) trong mt th mc.
-l: (l = long) hin th tn tp, th mc trong th mc hin hnh. Cng vi danh sch tn
thng tin v quyn truy nhp, kch thc, ngy sa i thng tin cng c hin th.
-a: cho php hin th tt c tp v cc th mc trong th mc hin ti.
-R: hin th thng tin v th mc hin hnh v thng tin v cc th mc con.
cd <tn th mc>
Thay i th mc lm vic.
pwd (print working directory)
Hin th th mc lm vic hin ti. Th mc c hin th vi ng dn tuyt i. V
d:
pwd
/home/user01
mkdir <danh sch cc th mc>

13/38

Khi to th mc. Ch : tn tp c th di ti 255 k t, tn th mc c th cha mi

k t loi tr k t /. V d
mkdir folder1
cp [-R] <tn tp ngun> <tn tp ch>
Sao chp mt tp. cp yu cu t nht hai tham s: tp ngun v v tr hoc tn tp ch.
Nu tham s th hai l tn th mc c, cp s sao chp tp ngun ti th mc ch. V
d
cp main.c main.c.bak
mv <tp ngun> <tp ch>
Di chuyn hoc i tn tp hoc th mc. Cu lnh thc hin di chuyn hay i tn tu
theo tp ch c trong th mc hay khng. V d thay i tn tp tin c trong th mc
hin hnh
mv foo foobar
v foobar khng phi l th mc con trong th mc hin hnh nn tp foo c i tn
thnh foobar. nu
mv doc.txt foobar
foobar l th mc con trong th mc hin hnh, mv thc hin chuyn tp doc.txt vo
trong th mc foobar.
rm [-rif] <tn tp tin/th mc>
Xo tp, th mc.
-i: hin thng bo xc nhn ngi dng c thc s mun xo tp/th mc hay khng?
-f: xo tp tin bt chp quyn truy nhp tp tin. Ch ch s dng f khi chc chn
hon ton mun xo tp tin ny.
-r: xo th mc v ton b cc tp, th mc con cha trong n.
rmdir <xo th mc>
Xo mt th mc rng

14/38

 more <tn tp>

Hin th ni dung tp phn theo tng trang mn hnh.
cat <tp tin ngun> [>|>] <tp tin ch>
-cat <tn tp>: hin th ton b ni dung ca tp ra thit b ra chun (mn hnh).
-cat name1 name2 name3 > allnames: ni cc tp name1, name2, name3 thnh tp
allnames.
-cat name4 >> allnames: ni thm ni dung tp name4 vo tp allnames

Thuc tnh tp
Mi tp/th mc c cc thuc tnh quy nh ch nh ch s hu v mc khai thc c
php ginh cho nhng ch s hu, nhm ch s hu v nhng ngi dng khc. Ngoi
ra c mt s thuc tnh khc nh: l th mc hay tp, kch thc, ngy gi khi to, cp
nht,...
C ba mc khai thc c php l c, vit v cho thc hin, k hiu tng ng l r, w,
v x.
Khi danh sch tp trong mt th mc c c vi cu lnh ls l, cc thuc tnh s c
hin th ln lt nh sau:
K t u tin l d hoc - ngha l th mc hay tp (d= directory, - = tp)
Cc quyn (r, w, x) i vi ch s hu, nhm v other, tng ng tng cm 3
k t
Tn ch s hu (owner),
Tn nhm s hu,
Kch thc (theo byte),
Thi gian (timestamp),
Tn.
V d:
-rwxr--r-- 1 user01 user01 2144 Mar 29 21:44 test.htm
drwxr-xr-x user01 user01 4096 Mar 29 21:55 xdir

15/38

Thay i thuc tnh tp

Thay i ch s hu
chown username filename
Thay i ch s hu tp. Ch c ti khon root c quyn thay i ch s hu tp.
chgrp groupname filename
Thay i nhm s hu tp. Ch c root hoc ngi to ra tp (ch s hu) c quyn
thay i nhm s hu tp.
Thay i hn ch khai thc tp
chmod [u|g|o][+|-][r|w|x ] <tn tp>
Thay i cch thc truy nhp tp. Trong :
+:Gn
thm quyn truy nhp tp
- :Loi b quyn truy nhp tp
Quyn truy nhp tp c th hin bi cc k t: r (c), w (vit), x (thc hin)
Nhm ngi dng c th hin bi cc k t: u (ngi dng), g (nhm), o
(nhng ngi dng khc).
V d:
- chmod g+rw mydata: gn cho nhm c quyn c v thc hin tp mydata
- chmod o+r mydata: mi ngi dng c th c tp mydata
Ngi dng c th gn thm quyn cng nh loi b quyn truy nhp tp
- chmod o+r-wx mydata: mi ngi dng c th c tp, nhng khng c vit v thc
hin.
Ngoi ra ngi dng c th thay cc s thp phn cho cc k t trn, gi l phng thc
tuyt i. Phng thc ny s dng mt n nh phn th hin tt c cc quyn trong mt
phn mc. Ba phn mc (u,g,o) vi 3 phn quyn chiu theo mt nh dng s bt phn.
Khi chuyn sang s nh phn (0/1), mi s h bt phn chuyn thnh 3 s h nh phn.
16/38

Ba s bt phn chuyn hnh 3 b s nh phn (v d: 777=111111111) , biu din chnh

xc quyn truy nhp tp.
S dng s bt phn thit lp quyn truy nhp tp. Mi s h bt phn th hin quyn
truy nhp cho mt nhm ngi dng (u/g/o). ngha mode truy nhp ca s bt phn
c th hin trong bng di y:
Mode

ngha

111 =7 rwx
110=6 rw101=5 r-x
100=4 r-011=3 -wx
010=2 -w001=2 --x
000=0 --v d: chmod 544 mydata

17/38

Ngi dng v qun l ngi dng

Khi nim
Linux l h iu hnh a nhim v a ngi dng. Mi ngi dng c tn truy nhp v
mt khu ring, tng ng vi nhng quyn hn nht nh trong h thng tp ca Linux.
to iu kin thun li trong qun l ngi dng v quyn hn i vi h thng tp,
Linux cho php khai bo nhng nhm ngi dng, mi nhm l mt tp hp nhng
ngi dng chung mt mc ch khai thc ti nguyn nht nh. Mi ngi dng c th
tham gia nhiu nhm ngi dng khc nhau. Mi ngi dng cng mc nhin lp nn
mt nhm ngi dng l nhm ca chnh h (nhm c th ch c mt thnh vin).
Ngi dng c ton quyn trong Linux l ngi dng root, mc nhin thuc v nhm
root. Ngi dng c quyn root n nh mt ngi dng no thuc v nhm root v
c quyn tng ng vi root.

Cc cu lnh lin quan n ngi dng/nhm ngi dng

adduser

To thm ngi dng mi, s dng cu lnh passwd

to mt khu cho ngi dng

useradd <tn ti khon>

To ti khon mi cho h thng
<la chn>
usermod <tn ti
khon> <la chn>

Sa i thng tin v ngi dng

Cc la chn
-g <tn nhm>

thit t nhm

-d <ng dn>

thit t th mc ch cho ngi dng mi

userdel r <tn ti
khon>

Xo mt ngi dng h thng

groupadd <tn nhm>

to nhm ngui dng mi

groupdel <tnnhm>

Xo mt nhm ngi dng

su <tn ngi dng>

i t cch ng nhp (su=switch user)

groupmod <la chn>

-g: Thay i groupID-n: Thay i tn nhm

18/38

newgrp < tn nhm>

i nhm ng nhp

passwd <mt khu mi> Thay i mt khu

whoami

hin th ti khon ang ng nhp hin thi

19/38

B son tho vi
Hai ch lm vic.
Km vi mi h thng Unix /Linux c b son tho vi.vi l b son tho kh mnh v
dng rt t ti nguyn h thng. vi ch son tho tp thun text, khng km nh dng
nn ch dng vi son cc on chng trnh shell, sa li cc tp m ngun chng
trnh.. Di y s gii thiu nhng chc nng c bn nht ca vi.
C hai ch (mode) lm vic vi vi: ch nhp vo - input mode v ch cu lnh
- command mode. Ch nhp g ni dung vn bn, ch cu lnh thc hin
mi thao tc khc.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Khi ng vi: vi <tn tp text cn son tho>. Bn ch cu lnh.

Chuyn t ch cu lnh sang ch nhp vo: g phm i.
Nhp cc k t nh thng thng.
Chuyn t ch nhp vo sang ch cu lnh: g phm ESC.
Kt thc phin son tho: dng mt trong cc lnh ZZ, :w hoc :q!

Ch khi ch cu lnh mi c th di chuyn con chy ln, xung, phi tri (bng cc
phm mi tn), xo k t g sai (g phm x), ghi lu vo a v thot (g ZZ) Bng
cc cu lnh di y s cho gii thch y hn v cc cu lnh ca vi.

Bng cc cu lnh ca vi
ESC

chuyn sang ch cu lnh

h, j, k, l

Di chuyn con chy: Left, down, up, right (hoc dng cc phm mi tn)

w, W, b,
B

Di chuyn tin mt t, li mt t (backward by word).

0, $

V u, v cui dng

/pattern

Tm xu pattern. Theo hng tin.

?pattern

Tm xu pattern, theo hng li v u vn bn.

n,N

lp li vic tm kim theo cng hng / ngc hng

Xa mt k t

Dd

Xo dng c con chy

Xo n cui dng
20/38

Dw

Xo mt t

p, P

Dn on vn bn va xo vo trc / sau con chy

Hi lai lnh va thc hin.

Lp li cu lnh cui.

i, a

Chn on vn bn vo trc / sau v tr con chy.[khi ch nhp

vo]

o, O

Thm mt dng mi bn di/ bn trn con chy [khi ch nhp vo]

ZZ

Ghi lu v thot

:w

Ghi lu

:q!

Thot khi vi, khng ghi lu.

21/38

Cc tin ch lu tr
TAR
Tar l vit tt ca Tape ARchive. Ban u Tar c dng backup ln bng t. Tar
khng nn tp m ch ni nhiu tp hay th mc, thnh ra mt tp duy nht gi l
"tarball". Sau khi vo trn thnh mt cc bng lnh Tar, tp ny s c nn tip bng
gzip hay bzip2.
V d s dng:
tar -xvf example.tar : tch cc tp ni li bng Tar.
tar -cf backup.tar /home/ftp/pub : to tp backup.tar t ton b ni dung ca
th mc /home/ftp/pub.
tar -tvf example.tar : hin th ni dung tp example.tar ln mn hnh

GZIP
gzip l dng ZIP cho UNIX. Thng thng, trc ht dng Tar, sau nn tp bng
gzip. Sau hai bc ny cc tp thng s c phn ui l .tar.gz . Tp lu tr dng gzip
cng tng thch vi WinZip v PkZip. Vy c th ci nn trong Window.
V d s dng:
- Nn : g lnh gzip tpname.tar. theo mc nh gzip s xo tp gc sau khi nn.
- Ci nn: g lnh: gzip -d tpname.tar.gzTheo mc nh, gzip cng xo tp gc sau
khi ci nn.
Cng c th ci nn bng lnh: gunzip tpname.tar.gzTc dng ging nh gzip d.

BZIP2
bzip2 v bunzip2 l cc tin ch nn v ci nn tp. bzip2 v bunzip2 mi hn gzip
v gunzip. bzip2 c h s nn cao hn gzip. Tp nn bng bzip2 c th nh hn 10-20%
so vi nn bng gzip. Cch s dng tng t nh gzip v gunzip. Thng thng, tp nn
bng bzip2 c phn ui tp l .bz2

22/38

Networking
Thng thng card mng c nhn dng t ng trong qu trnh ci t linux v ngi
ci t c yu cu nhp vo thng tin cn thit chun b cho mt my tnh tham gia
mng (i ch IP, subnetmask, hostname, domain name, DNS name). Sau khi Linux
c ci t xong, vn c th thit lp li cc thng tin ni trn vi tin ch netconf
ch text hay Network configuration trong Xwindows.

a ch IP
a ch IP c s dng hin nay l a ch 32 bit, c chia thnh 4 octet (mi octet c
8 bit tng ng vi 1 byte), cc octet c cch nhau bi mt du chm. a ch IP
c biu din : x.y.z.t, bao gm c 3 thnh phn chnh:

Class bit: bit nhn dng lp

NetID: a ch ca mng
HostID: a ch ca my
a ch IP c chia thnh 5 lp: A, B, C,D, E. Hin nay t chc Internet dng ht
lp A, B v gn ht lp C. Lp D, E c ginh cho mc ch khc. Trong phn ny
chng ta xem xt cc c im ca cc lp A, B, C.

23/38

a ch
lp

Vng a ch l thuyt

S mng ti a s
dng

S my ti a trn tng
mng

T 0.0.0.0 n 127.0.0.0

126

16777214

T 128.0.0.0n
191.255.0.0

16352

65534

T 192.0.0.0 n
223.255.255.0

2097150

254

a ch
lp

Vng a ch s dng

Bit nhn
dng

S bit dng phn cho

mng

T 0.0.0.0 n 127.0.0.0

126

16777214

T 128.0.0.0n 191.255.0.0 16352

65534

T 192.0.0.0 n
223.255.255.0

254

2097150

Subnet mask cng c biu din di dng tng t i ch IP, n ch nh i ch

phm vi ca mng m my tnh s tham gia v gip xc nh a ch mng. V d

24/38

IP address

Subnet mask

ngha
a ch cc
my trong
mng

Broadcast

172.16.0.16 255.255.0.0

172.16.0.0

a ch
mng

172.16.0.1,172.16.0.2,....172.16.0.255,...172.16.255.254

172.16.16.5 255.255.255.0 172.16.16.0

192.168.0.1 255.255.255.0 192.168.0.0
ia ch broadcast l i ch IP c s dng cho mc ch pht tin cho ch l mi my
trong mng. V vy Linux h tr xc nh t ng i ch broadcast khi bit i ch
IP v subnetmask.
i ch gateway l a ch ca mt my tnh (hay mt thit b) trong mng c kt ni ra
bn ngoi v tr thnh cng giao lu vi th gii bn ngoi ca mng. V vy i ch
gateway khng phi l ni dung bt buc phi khai bo.

Domain name v Hostname

Domain name l tn dng xu k t ca mt my tnh. Domain name c dng
Xn,Xn-1,...,X1. Xi l xu k t khng cha k t .
V d: vnu.edu.vn, redhat.com....
Hostname l tn ring dng xu k t ca my tnh trong mt mng. Tn y ca mt
my tnh l tn bao gm c hostname v domain name dng: hostname.domainname
V d: mt my tnh c tn l vien_cntt, trong mng c tn l vnu.edu.vn. Tn y
ca my tnh ca bn s l vien_cntt.vnu.edu.vn.

DNS server
DNS server l my ch chy dch v chuyn i hostname.domainname sang a ch IP.
Trn mi mng my tnh cn phi c t nht mt my tnh hot ng vi vai tr DNS
server. Trn nhng my tnh cn li, phi khai bo a ch IP ca my DNS server.
Trng hp khng dng DNS server, vic s dng cc dch v trn nn giao thc TCP/
IP phi thc hin trc tip qua i ch IP.

25/38

Cc tin ch mng
Telnet
Telnet l mt tin ch cho php ng nhp vo mt my tnh xa v lm vic ging nh
vi my ti ch. V d, c th dng telnet chy mt chng trnh trong mt siu my
tnh cch xa hng ngn dm. Telnet s dng giao thc TCP/IP, cng 23.
S dng: gi s my ca bn ang chy Window v bn c cp mt ti khon
trong my ch Linux.
1. Nhn chut vo "Start" chn "RUN".
2. G vo: telnet <tn hay a ch IP> ca my ch m bn c ti khon. V d
"telnet linuxcourse.iti.edu.vn v nhn OK.
3. Nu kt ni n my ch thng sut, mt ca s s hin ln mi bn cung cp
tn ti khon v mt khu.
4. Nhp vo tn ti khon username v password dng nhp.
5. ng nhp thnh cng th bn s ng ti th mc nh (home directory) ca
mnh.
6. Bt u phin lm vic ca bn. V d, dng cu lnh "ls -al" hin th tt c
cc tp trong th mc.
7. Kt thc phin lm vic, g "exit".

FTP
FTP l vit tt ca Tp Transfer Protocol, mt tin ch ti tp xa. Vi ftp c th ly
tp my t xa v my tnh ca mnh (download) v ngc li, gi mt tp t my ca
mnh ln my xa (upload) nu bn c quyn write vo th mc my . FTP s dng
giao thc TCP/IP, cng 21.
S dng FTP
Cch ti xung (download):
Telnet vo my xa.
G lnh ftp <tn my xa>.
My s yu cu tn ng nhp v password. Mt trong nhng ch cho php
mi ngi ti tp v t do l dng tn ng nhp "anonymous" v password l
a ch email ca bn.
Chuyn n th mc c cc tp ta mun ti v.
G lnh: get <tn tp mun ti v>.

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 kt thc g quit.
Cch ti ln (upload): Tng t nh trn, nhng dng cu lnh put thay cho cu lnh
get.

Ping
Cu lnh ping yu cu mt tr li phn hi ca mt my xa trn mng. N dng
kim tra tnh trng kt ni mng n my xa cn hay khng. Ping s dng giao thc
ICMP. y l giao thc IP nn khng c s cng.
S dng:
1- G vo: ping <tn hay a ch IP ca my xa >.
2- Nu kt ni c th s lin tc nhn c phn hi t my xa gm s lng byte
d liu, thi gian truyn tin, nu khng kt ni c th s tr v time out.
3- g Ctrl + c kt thc.
Kt qu nhn c s l thng k s gi truyn, s gi tht lc v thi gian i mt
vng (min/avg/max/mdev). V d:
15 packets transmitted, 15 packets received, 0% packet loss
round-trip min/avg/max/mdev = 0.025/0.028/0.052/0.007 ms

Traceroute
Traceroute l mt tin ch vch li con ng t my ca bn n mt my xa trn
Internet (mi gateway l mt mc - hop). N cng tnh v hin th thi gian cn thit
i qua mi hop. Traceroute cng dng giao thc ICMP.

27/38

Samba
t vn
Trong cng ngh thng tin hin nay, mt vn gy tranh ci l chn la mi trng
no trong 2 h iu hnh Unix (m Linux l mt trong nhng mi trng ni bt) v
Windows. Tuy nhin trong thc t, do nhu cu xy dng cc ng dng hn hp, ngi
ta vn phi chp nhn dng cng lc c 2 h iu hnh ny. V vy vic tch hp 2 loi
h thng c mt mi trng ng nht l mt thc t cn phi gii quyt.
Tch hp Windows v Linux khng phi l mt bi ton mi. T nhiu nm qua, nhng
nh xy dng h thng tm nhiu cch ngi s dng c th kt ni mt cch trong
sut d liu qua cc h thng khng ng nht. Mt th d in hnh l NFS (Network
File System). NFS c pht trin ban du vi mc ch tch hp cc h iu hnh
Unix li vi nhau ngi s dng c th truy cp d liu trn cc h thng tp ca cc
h thng Unix khc ging nh h thng cc b. NFS cho php cc my chy Unix c
th chia s ti nguyn qua mng (c th l tp v my in). Qua NFS, ngi ta cng
c gng m phng Unix trn Windows. Vi NFS, ngi s dng p cc h thng chy
Windows hot ng ging nh mt h thng Unix, do cc truy xut d liu t cc h
thng Unix ln Windows c th c thc hin kh d dng.
Tuy vy, NFS khng phi l cng ngh dnh ring tch hp Unix v Windows. Vic
m phng Unix trn Windows khng mang li nhiu thnh cng nh mong i do
Windows c rt nhiu tnh nng c th nn cc h m phng khng th bt chc
mt cch hon ho. Do ngi ta phi tm ra mt cch khc: m phng Windows trn
Unix.
M phng Windows trn Unix l mt cng vic hon ton ngc vi cng ngh NFS:
Thay v buc Windows hot ng nh mt h thng Unix, ngi ta c gng xy dng
mt h thng tp theo kiu Windows trn Unix. V cho ti nay, hng i ny chng
t t c nhng thnh cng nht nh: l cng ngh Samba.
Trong ti liu ny, ta s im qua mt s vn c lin quan n Samba v cch ci t,
cu hnh mt h thng Samba trn Linux nhm chia s cc tp v th mc.

Gii thiu v Samba

Samba l mt ng dng chy trn Unix c gng m phng mt h thng Windows.
Samba cho php mt h thng Unix gia nhp vo h thng Network Neighborhood v
ngi dng Windows c th truy nhp ti nguyn trn Unix (Tp v Printer) m khng
h bit l cc dch v do Unix cung cp.
28/38

iu ny thc hin c nh s m phng giao thc Windows "Common Internet File

System", hay CIFS v giao thc truyn tin Server Message Block (SMB). SMB da trn
giao din NetBIOS truyn thng tin gia cc my tnh trong mt mng LAN. Theo
giao din do NetBIOS quy nh, cc my tnh c nh tn theo mt s , trong
cc my tnh trong mng LAN c tn duy nht (cn gi l tn NetBIOS) v vic truyn
d liu gia cc my tnh thc hin thng qua tn ny. Giao thc NetBEUI c dng
kh ph bin hin nay c xy dng vi mc ch chnh l chuyn cc gi tin NetBIOS
trong mng LAN s dng cc chun TokenRing v Ethernet.
Samba bao gm 2 chng trnh chnh v mt s cng c h tr km theo. Hai chng
trnh chnh l smbd v nmbd kt hp vi nhau thc thi 4 dch v CIFS c bn sau:

Dch v tp v my in (smbd)
Xc thc phn quyn truy cp ti nguyn (smbd)
Phn gii tn - Name resolution (nmbd)
Thng bo v cc dch v ra bn ngoi - Service announcement (nmbd)

Sau y l mt s cng c i km Samba:

smbclient
y l mt SMB client, vi chc nng tng t nh mt cng c FTP. c dng
kt ni t h thng Unix ti mt SMB share ca mt h thng Windows truyn tp,
gi tp hoc gi tp ti my in c chia s
nmblookup
Client ca dch v phn gii tn NetBIOS. Nmblookup c th s dng tm cc tn
NetBIOS trn mng, tm a ch IP tng ng v cc thng tin khc ca mt my chy
Windows.
swat
Swat hay SambaWebAdministrationTool cho php cu hnh Samba t xa qua giao din
Web.

Tm v ci t Samba
Phin bn mi nht ca Samba l 2.2, cung cp kh nhiu tnh nng cao cp nh: h
tr Windows 2000, cho php ci t nh mt my iu khin vng chnh Windows NT
Primary Domain Controller.
Hu ht cc phin bn Linux u c km theo Samba trn a CD. Tuy nhin, c th
c bn ci t mi nht ca Samba, kt ni ti a ch http://www.samba.org
29/38

Vic ci t Samba c th c thc hin theo mt trong 2 cch: ci t trc tip t m

ngun hoc qua cc gi phn mm RPM.
Nu dch Samba t m ngun, Samba s c ci t vo th mc /usr/local/samba.
Cc tp cu hnh s c t trong th mc /usr/local/samba/conf, cn chng trnh s
c t vo /usr/local/samba/bin.
Nu ci t t cc gi phn mm RPM (s dng cng c rpm), cc tp cu hnh s
c t vo th mc /etc/samba, cn chng trnh s c t vo th mc /usr/local/
samba/bin.
Tp cu hnh quan trng nht ca Samba l tp smb.conf. Hu ht cc cng vic ca
ngi qun tr cn lm vi Samba u thc hin thng qua tp ny.

Lm vic vi tp smb.conf
S dng mt trnh son tho vn bn khng nh dng ( v d vi hay pico) thc hin
cc sa i trn smb.conf. Tuy nhin lu rng nu cn, ngi qun tr nn lu tp gc
trc khi sa i, phng trng hp h thng c s c th vn c th khi phc c
cu hnh c.
Trong tp smb.conf, cc dng c bt u vi cc k t "#" hay ";" c coi l ch
thch v s khng c x l bi Samba khi thc thi.
Tp smb.conf c chia lm 2 phn chnh: cu hnh ton cc (Global Settings) v cc
cu hnh cho vic chia s ti nguyn (Share)

Cu hnh ton cc Global Settings

Cu hnh ton cc c th hin bng cc dng thng tin t sau dng [global]
Mt s thng tin cu hnh cn sa i li cho ph hp:
workgroup : Tn workgroup m Samba gia nhp.
server string: M t v Server. Thng tin ny s xut hin khi ngi dng
duyt mng qua Network Neighborhood.
encrypt passwords : Mt khu c m ho hay khng. Lu : Windows 98SE,
Windows NT SP3, Windows 2000 u yu cu mt khu phi m ho trc khi
gi qua mng
tp log: Tp log lu li cc thng tin v truy cp ti nguyn. Mc nh tham s
ny nhn gi tr /var/log/samba/%m.log, tc l mi my tng truy nhp
Samba s c ghi thng tin ra mt tp ring.

30/38

 security: Phng thc xc thc ngi dng truy nhp. Tham s ny c th nhn
cc gi tr sau:
share: Tng t nh phng thc share-level access control ca
Windows. Theo phng thc ny, vic truy xut ti nguyn khng phn
bit ngi dng, khi truy xut ch cn cung cp password.
user: Ngi dng khi truy xut phi cung cp username v mt khu.
Tuy nhin vic xc thc thng tin c thc hin cc b. Thng tin v
account s c lu ra mt tp ring smbpasspd trong th mc lu cc
tp cu hnh (khng dng c s d liu account ca h thng)
server: Xc thc ngi dng thng qua mt h thng Samba hoc
Windows NT khc. Tham s ny s yu cu tham s password server (
xem bn di)
password server: Tn NetBIOS ca my (hoc a ch IP ca my) s dng
xc thc ngi dng. Samba s forward yu cu xc thc (bao gm username
v password do ngi dng cung cp) ti password server v nhn kt qu tr
v. Nu thng tin c xc nhn l ng, ngi dng s c php truy cp
thng tin.
interface: Nu my c nhiu a ch IP, hy lit k cc a ch IP Samba s
phc v. Mc nh Samba s phc v yu cu ti t tt c cc a ch.
username map: Samba cho php nh x tn truy cp Samba vi tn account h
thng. Chng hn, ta c th nh x root vi account Administrator vn thng
thy trong cc h thng Windows NT
guest account: C h tr guest account ging nh trong cc h thng Windows
NT khng.
wins support: C h tr Wins khng
wins server: a ch IP hoc tn NetBIOS ca my ch WINS trong trng hp
c chn h tr Wins.
host allow: Cc my tnh c php kt ni ti Samba. Vic kim tra c da
trn a ch IP ca my kt ni.
Cc tham s di y lin quan n phn h tr browsing ca Samba
local master: Local master l dch v h tr vic cung cp danh sch cc my
tnh vcc dch v cung cp tng ng trong mng cc b. c th duyt
mng (qua Network Neighborhood) ta cn phi c dch v ny. Tham s ny
cho php Samba c th tr thnh mt local master.
os level: Samba c th tr thnh local master, mng cc b phi tri qua
mt qu trnh tm kim my tnh sn sng m nhim chc nng ny. Qu trnh
ny gi l browser election. H thng no c tham s os level cao hn s tr
thnh local master.
domain master: Tham s ny cho php Samba lin kt v t chc thng tin t
cc local master khc. Ch dng tham s ny khi cu hnh Samba nh mt
PDC.
31/38

 preferred master: Cho php Samba yu cu mng cc b t chc bu c li

local master khi Samba khi chy.

Khai bo chia s Share

Ngi qun tr c th thc hin vic chia s cc th mc ca ngi dng thng qua
Samba bng chn la [homes] Nh vy ngi dng vi account c quyn truy xut s
mc nhin c chia s th mc c nhn (home directory ca Linux) v c th kt ni
thng qua giao din ca Windows.
Cc tham s s dng khi khai bo chia s:
comment: ch thch v chia s
browseable: Nu tham s ny nhn gi tr no, th mc chia s ch xut hin
vi ng ngi qun l th mc
writable: Ngi truy cp c quyn ghi hay khng.
Chia s th mc
Samba cho php chia s th mc tu cho nhiu ngi dng hoc nhm ngi dng.
Tham kho cc tham s di y:
path: ng dn th mc cn chia s
read only: Tham s c tc dng tri ngc vi writeable.
valid users: Danh sch nhng ngi dng c php truy nhp ti nguyn chia
s. C th s dng k t @ t trc tn nhm (group name ca h thng)
hn ch quyn truy nhp theo nhm.
force user: Tham s tr ti mt tn user ny dng buc cc thay i cp nht
ln tp, th mc phi thng qua tn user khai bo.
force group: Cc thay i cp nht ln d liu s thng qua group c ch ra
bi tham s ny.
browseable: Nu tham s c gi tr no, th mc chia s s b n i, ch nhng
ngi c quyn truy cp mi c th nhn thy.
available: Nu tham s c gi tr no th chia s tm thi b v hiu lc.
create mask: Quyn truy cp mc nh cho cc tp mi to.
directory mask: Quyn truy cp mc nh cho cc th mc mi to
dont descend: Cc th mc khng cho php truy xut qua Samba

Thc thi Samba

Vic khi chy Samba c th thc hin thng qua chng trnh /etc/init.d/smb. chy,
ta s dng lnh:

32/38

/etc/init.d/smb start
ngng chy Samba, dng lnh
/etc/init.d/smb start
khi ng li Samba (c bit sau khi thay i tham s trong tp cu hnh smb.conf),
dng lnh:
/etc/init.d/smb restart
Samba chy t ng khi h thng bt, tham kho thm lnh ntsysv.

33/38

Dch v Web
Khi nim
My ch web nghe yu cu t pha client, nh b trnh duyt Nestcape Navigator hoc
Internet Explorer. Khi nhn c yu cu my ch x l yu cu v tr d liu li cho
my client. D liu tr v my trm thng l cc trang nh dng c cha hnh nh v
text. Trnh duyt nhn d liu v hin th trang d liu cho ngi dng. Khi nim my
ch web rt n gin, n i yu cu, thc hin, ri tr li cho ngi dng.
My ch web ni chuyn vi cc my client v my trm thng qua giao thc HTTP
(Hypertext Transfer Protocol). iu ny cho php my trm kt ni ti nhiu nh cung
cp dch v web m khng gp phi cc vn v tng thch.
Phn ln cc yu cu c nh dng di dng trang HTML (Hypertect Markup
Language). HTML cho php lin kt nhiu vn bn v ti nguyn khc nhau. Siu vn
bn cho php lin kt ti cc trang vn bn khc trn cng mt my tnh hoc trn cc
my tnh t trn khp th gii.
Apache c pht trin da trn NCSA web server, l phin bn cung cp y cc
tnh nng ca my ch (HTTP) web do d n Apache Server thc hn. Apache cung
cp mt my ch web m ngun m, tin cy, hiu qu v d dng m rng. Phn mm
my ch bao gm: daemon server, tp cu hnh, cng c qun tr, v ti liu.

Khi ng v ngng dch v

Khi chy chng trnh Apache thng qua chng trnh /etc/rc.d/init.d/httpd.
khi ng dch v s dng cu lnh /etc/rc.d/init.d/httpd start.
Ngng dch v s dng /etc/rc.d/init.d/httpd stop.
khi ng li dch v s dng /etc/rc.d/init.d/httpd restart.

Lm vic vi httpd.conf
Ngi dng c th cu hnh dch v Web bng cch iu chnh trc tip tp cu hnh
httpd.conf trong th mc /etc/httpd/conf. Httpd.conf cha cu hnh iu khin server
chy nh: v tr tp log, UserID, cng nghe yu cu ca dch v...

Cu hnh my ch
DocumentRoot: Thit t ng dn tuyt i ti th mc cha ni dung trang web (th
mc ch).
34/38

VD: /home/httpd/html
DirectoryIndex: Trang c hin th mc nh
VD: index.htm, hompage.htm, index.cgi
khai bo th mc con cho dch v web ngi dng c th cho nhng dng sau:
Alias /news/ /var/apps/hoa
<Directory /var/apps/hoa>
Options indexes MultiVews
AllowOverride None
Order allow, Deny
Allow from all
</Directory>
Sau khi khi ng li httpd, c th c tp test.htm trong th mc /var/apps/hoa/ t xa
bng mt web browser theo a ch http//hostname.domainname/news/test.htm

35/38

Tham gia ng gp
Ti liu: Gio trnh Linux
Bin tp bi: Vien CNTT DHQG Hanoi
URL: http://voer.edu.vn/c/24ec0bf1
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: H iu hnh Linux
Cc tc gi: Vien CNTT DHQG Hanoi
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/aec243cc
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Qun l tp, th mc
Cc tc gi: Vien CNTT DHQG Hanoi
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/707059e6
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Ngi dng v qun l ngi dng
Cc tc gi: Vien CNTT DHQG Hanoi
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/a2068a95
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: B son tho vi
Cc tc gi: Vien CNTT DHQG Hanoi
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/cf41e076
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Cc tin ch lu tr
Cc tc gi: Vien CNTT DHQG Hanoi
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/4c421657
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Networking
Cc tc gi: Vien CNTT DHQG Hanoi
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/e1ad13c8

36/38

Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Module: Cc tin ch mng
Cc tc gi: Vien CNTT DHQG Hanoi
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/bba0686c
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Samba
Cc tc gi: Vien CNTT DHQG Hanoi
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/cea8c921
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Dch v Web
Cc tc gi: Vien CNTT DHQG Hanoi
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/57313763
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

37/38

Chng trnh Th vin Hc liu M Vit Nam

Chng trnh Th vin Hc liu M Vit Nam (Vietnam Open Educational Resources
VOER) c h tr bi Qu Vit Nam. Mc tiu ca chng trnh l xy dng kho
Ti nguyn gio dc M min ph ca ngi Vit v cho ngi Vit, c ni dung phong
ph. Cc ni dung u tun th Giy php Creative Commons Attribution (CC-by) 4.0
do cc ni dung u c th c s dng, ti s dng v truy nhp min ph trc
ht trong trong mi trng ging dy, hc tp v nghin cu sau cho ton x hi.
Vi s h tr ca Qu Vit Nam, Th vin Hc liu M Vit Nam (VOER) tr thnh
mt cng thng tin chnh cho cc sinh vin v ging vin trong v ngoi Vit Nam. Mi
ngy c hng chc nghn lt truy cp VOER (www.voer.edu.vn) nghin cu, hc
tp v ti ti liu ging dy v. Vi hng chc nghn module kin thc t hng nghn
tc gi khc nhau ng gp, Th Vin Hc liu M Vit Nam l mt kho tng ti liu
khng l, ni dung phong ph phc v cho tt c cc nhu cu hc tp, nghin cu ca
c gi.
Ngun ti liu m phong ph c trn VOER c c l do s chia s t nguyn ca cc
tc gi trong v ngoi nc. Qu trnh chia s ti liu trn VOER tr ln d dng nh
m 1, 2, 3 nh vo sc mnh ca nn tng Hanoi Spring.
Hanoi Spring l mt nn tng cng ngh tin tin c thit k cho php cng chng d
dng chia s ti liu ging dy, hc tp cng nh ch ng pht trin chng trnh ging
dy da trn khi nim v hc liu m (OCW) v ti nguyn gio dc m (OER) . Khi
nim chia s tri thc c tnh cch mng c khi xng v pht trin tin phong
bi i hc MIT v i hc Rice Hoa K trong vng mt thp k qua. K t , phong
tro Ti nguyn Gio dc M pht trin nhanh chng, c UNESCO h tr v c
chp nhn nh mt chng trnh chnh thc nhiu nc trn th gii.

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