n mn hc - K thut mch in t 1 Trang 1

phn 1
L Thuyt
A.Transistor lng cc.
I./ Cu to v cch mc:
1./ Cu to:
Transistor c cu to gm cc min bn dn ! va n "#n $% nhau&t'( thu)c vo tr*nh
t+ s! ",! cc min ! va n ma ta c cc -oi !n! ha( n!n.
Transistor loai NPN
C
N P N B
E
M hnh ly thuyt Ky hiu trn mach
Transistor loai PNP
C
P N P B
E
M hnh ly thuyt Ky hiu trn mach

.
min /mitt#r c nng 0) t! cht -1n nht.
.
min 2a3o c nng 0) t! cht nh4 nht.
.
min Co-#ctor c nng 0) t! cht trung b*nh.
5cc cch mc Transistor:c 6 cch mc Transistor th7ng d8ng.
./C /mit#r chung. ic

ib C
2 9out
9in i#
/
.2C 2a3o chung.
i# ic

9in / C
Nguyn Minh Hin L !!"#
n mn hc - K thut mch in t 1 Trang 2
2 ib 9out
.CC Co-#ctor chung. i#

/
Ib 2
9out
U
in C
i
c
Trong 6 cch mc tr:n thi cch mc /C - th7ng d8ng nht.
;/Cc ch, 0< -m vi=c:
>? Transistor -m vi=c 0@Ac ta !hBi !hCn c+c cho n Dng v1i mEi cch !hCn c+c
m ta c cc ch, 0) -m vi=c $hc nhau:
.ch, 0) bFo hGa:cc ti,! gi! H# v Hc !hCn c+c thuIn.
.ch, 0) $hu,ch 0i:ti,! gi! H# !hCn c+c thuIn& ti,! gi! Hc !hCn c+c ng@Ac.
.ch, 0) ng@ng dn: cc ti,! gi! H# v Hc !hCn c+c ng@Ac.
III/Cc 0Jc tu(,n tKnh:
1.Cch mc /C:
c tuyn ng vo: IbLMN9b#O bi?u diPn s+ !h8 thu)c cQa dGng ch( Rua c+c nn th#o
0i=n ! c+c nn $hi c+c thu "c 0Snh.
c tuyn ng ra: IcLMN9c#O bi?u diPn mTi Ruan h= giUa dGng c+c thu v1i ! rVi tr:n c+c
thu $hi dGng nn $h7ng 0Wi.
c tuyn truyn t: IcLMNIbO bi?u di?n s+ !h8 thu)c cQa dGng ra th#o dGng vo.
Nguyn Minh Hin L !!"#
n mn hc - K thut mch in t 1 Trang 3
;.cch mc 2C:
c tuyn ng vo: I#LMN9b#O bi?u diPn Ruan h= giXa dGng I# v ! vo 9b# $hi 9cb $h7ng
0Wi.
c tuyn ng ra:bi?u diPn Ruan h= giXa dGng Ic v ! giX c+c thu v1i c+c nn $hi dGng I#
"c 0Snh.
6.cch mc CC:
c tuyn ng vo:bi?u diPn Ruan h= giXa Ib v 9cb $hi 9cc - hYng sT.
c tuyn ng ra:bi?u diPn mTi Ruan h= giXa I# v 0i=n ! 9c# $hi c dGng vo Ib $h7ng
0Wi.
IZ./!hCn c+c v Wn 0Snh 0i?m -m vi=c:
5Zi=c !hCn c+c cho Transistor -m vi=c [ ch, 0) $hu(,ch 0i !hBi bBo 0Bm cc
(:u c\u sau:
. Ti,! gi! H# !hCn c+c thuIn& ti,! gi! Hc !hCn c+c ng@Ac.
.]Gng ic !hBi -1n hVn rt nhiu dGng ng@Ac ic#^.
Nguyn Minh Hin L !!"#
n mn hc - K thut mch in t 1 Trang 4
. _hBi 0Bm bBo cc (:u c\u v c7ng sut nhi=t 0).
5>@`ng tBi tKnh v 0i?m c7ng tc tKnh:
. >@`ng t Bi tKnh 0@Ac va tr:n 0Jc tu(,n cQa Transistor 0? nghi:n cDu dGng
0i=n v 0i=n ! mc trong mch c8 th? no 0. >i?m c7ng tc tKnh - 0i?m nYm tr:n
0@`ng tFi tKnh "c 0Snh 0iu $i=n !hCn c+c cho Transistor.
. Ch, 0) tKnh cQa Transistor mc $i?u /C 0@Ac "c 0Snh b[i bTn tham sT
Ib&Ic&9b#&9c# trong 0 th@`ng cho tr@1c m)t tham sT& ba tham sT cGn -i sa 0@Ac "c 0Snh
th7ng Rua 0Jc tu(,n vo v ra cQa Transistor.
bc< 0Jc tu(,n vo:IbLMN9b#O $hi 9c#Lconst
c< 0Jc tu(,n ra:IcLMN9c#O $hi IbLconst
duan h= rng bu)c 0 0@Ac b[i 0@`ng tFi tKnh IcLMN9c#O
eft mch sau:
I
C
Ng
C
hg
E
OL;Z
CC
cciZ
CE
I
C
L
E C
CC
R R
V
+
#
i
E C
CE
R R
V
+
>@`ng tBi tKnh c 0) dTc:
CE
c
v
i
d
d
L i
E C
R R +
1
nh@ vI( $hi thC( 0Wi gi trS cc
0i=n tr[ th* 0@`ng tBi tKnh "oa( "ung Ruanh 0i?m _& cGn $hi 0i=n ! ngun tha( 0Wi th*
0@`ng tBi tKnhdSch tri hoJc dSch !hBi. >i?m -m vi=c tKnh 0 - giao 0i?m cQa 0@`ng tBi
tKnh v 0Jc tu(,n ra Dng v1i dGng bBo hGa Ib !hCn c+c cho Transistor.
hCc bi=n !h! Wn 0Snh 0i?m -m vi=c tKnh: Wn 0Snh dGng Ic - tTt nht.
hci=n tr7i 0i?m -m vi=c:
>Jc tjnh cQa Transistor-m vi=c trong min tjch c+c 0@Ac 0Jc tr@ng b[i ba
tham sT 9b#&Icb^&

. k+ tha( 0Wi ba tham sT n( - ng(:n nhCn dn 0,n -m tr7i 0i?m -m

vi=c tKnh.
lh@ vI( hi=n tr7i 0i?m -m vi=c tKnh - s+ tha( 0Wi 0i?m -m vi=c ban 0\u 0F
0@Ac !hCn c+c do Bnh h@[ng cQa nhi=t 0).
hc= sT Wn 0Snh nhi=t:
mhi nhi=t 0) tha( 0Wi th* 9b#&Icb^&

& tha( 0Wi th#o nh@ng dGng Icb^ - tha( 0Wi

nhiu nht v1i Transistor ki n:n ta c th? b4 Rua s+ tha( 0Wi cQa 9b#&

.
>? "ft tjnh Wn 0Snh nhi=t cQa m)t mch $hi nhi=t 0) tha( 0Wi ta d'ng h= sT Wn
0Snh nhi=t
k
T
L
CBO
C
I
I

L
C
B
I
I

1
1
Nguyn Minh Hin L !!"#
n mn hc - K thut mch in t 1 Trang 5
k cng nh4 th* Transistor cng Wn 0Snh nhi=t.
>? 0i?m -m vi=c tKnh 0@Ac Wn 0Snh th* $hi !hCn c+c !hBi giBm Bnh h@[ng cQa
nhi=t 0). C cc !hCn c+c sau:
Z./Cc kV > Cung C! Z nn >Snh >i?m om Zi=c Cho 2HT.
1./ Cung C! Z nn >Snh >i?m om Zi=c 2 Yng c i Ti,! pm ]Gng >i=n q)t Chiu:
kau 0C( - sV 0 ti:u bi?u cho /mit#r chung
eft sV 0 /C:
Ib1LIbhIb; Ib;
9b#L9bh9#L
# 1
#
R R
R V
CC
+

iI/ g/
Tjnh ton sao cho 9b#rrZ

-m cho ti,! gi! 2/ !hCn c+c thuIn.

Nguyn tc n nh:
mhi Ic tsng do nhi=t 0) mJt ghf! tsng hoJc do nng 0) t! cht trong 2HT
tsng& th* 0i=n ! h tr:n g/: 9/^L I/ g/ tsng. >i=n ! c+c 2 tsng th#o b) !hCn ! g1&g;
h\u nh@ $h7ng tha( 0Wi n:n 0i=n ! giXa 2a3o v /mit#r giBm do 9b# L9bi9# -m cho Ib
giBm th#o m IcL

Ib& n:n Ic cUng giBm $fo dGng Ic v gi trS ban 0\u.

lg@Ac -i& $hi Ic giBm th* 9b# tsng Ib tsng -m cho Ic tsng th#o $fo dGng Ic v
gi trS ban 0\u.
Trong sV 0 n(& g/ -m nhi=m v8 hi ti,! Cm dGng 0i=n m)t chiu 0? Wn 0Snh
0i?m -m vi=c tKnh. >? trnh hi ti,! Cm dGng tjn hi=u tr:n g/ -m giBm h= sT $hu(,ch 0i
cQa mch& ta mc song song v1i 0i=n tr[ g/ m)t t8 thot "oa( chiu C/. T8 C/ c tc d8ng
ngn mch 0Ti v1i tjn hi=u "oa( chiu. Th@`ng ch<n I/ g/LN1 ;OZ.
c= sT Wn 0Snh nhi=t:
kTL
C
B
I
I

1
1
L1h

;./ Cung C! Z nn >Snh >i?m om Zi=c 2Yng ci Ti,! >i=n t!.

gb vua - 0i=n tr[ !hCn c+c vua - 0i=n tr[ hi ti,!
Nguyn Minh Hin L !!"#
n mn hc - K thut mch in t 1 Trang 6
Ch<n gb thjch hA! 0? 2HT -m vi=c [ ch, 0) $hu(,ch 0i
Ta c
9ccLNIbhIcOgch9b#hIbgbLIb NgbhgcOhIcgch9b#
IbL
b c
C C
R R
I R
+

h
b c
BE CC
R R
U U
+

C
B
I
I

L
C
B
dI
dI
L
b c
C
R R
R
+

ku( ra h= sT W 0Snh nhi=t:

kTL
B C
C
R R
R
+
+
+

1
1
l,u ch<n gcrr gb thi kt1
lh@ng gc - 0i=n tr[ tBi $h7ng 0@Ac Ru -1n.
B./ Khuych i tn hi!u "#.
Transistor c ba cch mc /C& 2C& CC. kau 0C( d'ng sV 0 t@Vng 0@Vng 0? !hCn
tjch cc mch tjn hi=u bf.
1./ kV 0 /C:
a./ Tr[ $hng vo cQa 2HT v mch $hu(,ch 0i.
Tr[ $hng vo cQa 2HT:rvLrb#hN1h

Og#
Tr[ $hng vo cQa mch $hu(,ch 0i:gvLgnhgb//rvv v1i gbLg1//g;
b./ c= sT $hu(,ch 0i dGng cQa mch:
miLit/ivL

t c
c
R R
R
+
.
be b
b
R R
R
+
c./ c= sT $hu(,ch 0i !:
muL
v
r
U
U
L mi
v
R
R
1
L
v b n
t c
r R R
R R
$$
$$
+
qch $hu(,ch 0i n( tjn hi=u vo v ra ng@Ac !ha nhau.
;./ qch $hu(,ch 0i 2C:
a./ Tr[ $hng vo cQa mch $hu(,ch 0i.
gvL gnh r#bL gnh r#hrb/N1h

O : nh4
b./ c= sT $hu(,ch 0i dGng cQa mch:
miL It/IvL
t c
c
R R
R
+
w1
c./ c= sT $hu(,ch 0i !:
Nguyn Minh Hin L !!"#
n mn hc - K thut mch in t 1 Trang 7
muL 9r/9vL mi
v
t
r
R
L
v
t c
r
R R $$
Tjn hi=u vo v ra 0ng !ha.
6./qch $hu(,ch 0i CC:
a./ Tr[ $hng vo :
gvL g1//g
#
//rv v1i rvLrbhN1h

O Nr#hg///gT O
b./ c= sT $hu(,ch 0i dGng cQa mch:
miL It/IvLN1h

O
% &
t e v
E V
R R r
R R
+
c./ c= sT $hu(,ch 0i !:
muL 9r/9vL mi
n V
t
R R
R
+
LN1h

O
% &
% $$ &
V n v
t E V
R R r
R R R
+
w1
Trong ba mch th* mch n( c tr[ $hng vo -1n nht.
Tjn hi=u vo v ra 0ng !ha.
$./ %&i tip.
I./ >Snh nghKa v !hCn -oi:
Nguyn Minh Hin L !!"#
n mn hc - K thut mch in t 1 Trang 8
ci ti,! - 0@a m)t !h\n tjn hi=u [ 0\u ra v 0\u vo th7ng Rua mng bTn c+c g<i
- hi ti,!.
ci ti,! 0ng vai trG rt Ruan tr<ng trong $x thuIt t@Vng t+& cho !hf! cBi thi=n cc
0Jc tjnh cQa mch mhu(,ch 0i.
hC cc -oi hi ti,! sau:
ci ti,! Cm - tjn hi=u hi ti,! 0@a v ng@Ac !ha v1i tjn hi=u vo.
ci ti,! d@Vng - tjn hi=u hi ti,! 0@a v c'ng !ha v1i tjn hi=u vo.
ci ti,! 0i=n ! - tjn hi=u 0@a v tx -= v1i 0i=n !.
ci ti,! dGng 0i=n - tjn hi=u 0@a v tx -= v1i dGng 0i=n.
ci ti,! ]C.
ci ti,! yC.
ci ti,! nTi ti,! - tjn hi=u 0@a v nTi ti,! v1i tjn hi=u vo.
ci ti,! song song - tjn hi=u 0@a v song song v1i tjn hi=u vo.
II./ ci ti,! Cm:
kV 0 mch:
Cc !h@Vng tr*nh cQa mng bTn c+c hi ti,! Cm:
c= sT mhu(,ch 0i cQa mch c hi ti,! Cm -:
mzL
V
R
X
X
L
ht

+ 1
c= sT mhu(,ch 0i ton !h\n:
m t! Lmz m
n
>) sau hi ti,!:
gL1hm m
ht
L1h m
v
m
v
Lm m
ht
:h= sT mhu(,ch 0i vGng.
III./ {nh h@[ng cQa hi ti,! Cm 0,n cc tjnh cht cQa b) $hu(,ch 0i
1./ {nh h@[ng cQa hi ti,! Cm 0,n 0) Wn 0Snh cQa b) $hu(,ch 0i
kai sT t@Vng 0Ti cQa b) $hu(,ch 0i c hi ti,! Cm nh4 hVn N1hmmhtO -\n so v1i
sai sT t@Vng 0Ti cQa h= sT $hu(,ch 0i $hi $h7ng c hi ti,! Cm.
;./ {nh h@[ng cQa hi ti,! Cm 0fn 0i=n tr[ vo:
k+ tha( 0Wi cQa tr[ $hng vo ch| !h8 thu)c vo cch mc mch hi ti,! [ 0\u
vo m $h7ng !h8 thu)c vo cch -( tjn hi=u [ 0\u ra 0@a v mch hi ti,!.
Nguyn Minh Hin L !!"#
n mn hc - K thut mch in t 1 Trang "
hTr[ $hng vo cQa b) mhu(,ch 0ic hi ti,! Cm nTi ti,!:
mhi $h7ng c hi ti,!: mht erL^
}vL 9v/IvLrhhgrht
mhi c hi ti,!:
}zvL 9v/IvL
V
r ht h
I
X U U + + '
L
V
ht h
I
U U ' % 1 & + +
}zvLN1hmmhtOrhhgrhtLgrhhgrht n,u grhtww rh th* : }zvLg}v
ZI( tr[ $hng vo cQa mch c hi ti,! Cm nTi ti,! tsng -:n g -\n
hTr[ $hng vo cQa b) mhu(,ch 0ic hi ti,! Cm song song:
mhi $h7ng c hi ti,!: : ~vL
V
V
U
I
L1/rhh1/rrht
mhi c hi ti,! ~zvL
V
V
U
I
Lg/rhh1/rrht
v 1i rrhtrr rh su( ra }zvL}v/g
ZI( tr[ $hng vo cQa mch c hi ti,! Cm nTi ti,! giBm 0i g -\n.
6./ {nh h@[ng cQa hi ti,! Cm 0,n tr[ $hng ra:
hT@Vng t+ tr[ $hng ra cQa b) $hu(,ch 0i c hi ti,! Cm dGng 0i=n tsng g -\n.
hTr[ $hng ra cQa b) $hu(,ch 0i c hi ti,! 0i=n ! giBm 0i g -\n so v1i b)
$hu(,ch 0i $h7ng c hi ti,!.
./ {nh h@[ng cQa hi ti,! Cm 0,n dFi 0)ng cQa b) $hu(,ch 0i v mfo !hi tu(,n.
ci ti,! Cm m[ r)ng dFi r)ng:
mhi $h7ng c hi ti,! Cm ton b) tjn hi=u 0@a vo 0,n 0\u vo b) $hu(,ch 0i
ehLev
mhi c hi ti,! Cm ch| c m)t !h\n tjn hi=u 0@a 0,n b) $hu(,ch 0i
ehL evimht er
ehL ev/g.
Z* tjn hi=u vo cQa b) $hu(,ch 0i c hi ti,! Cm nh4 hVn tjn hi=u vo cQa b)
$hu(,ch 0i $h7ng c hi ti,! g -\n n:n mfo !hi tu(,n do 0) cong cQa 0Jc tu(,n tru(n
0t cQa b) $hu(,ch 0i cUng giBm 0i b( nhi:u -\n. ci ti,! Cm nCng cao tjnh chCn th+c
v 0) nh( b) $hu(,ch 0i.
./ {nh h@[ng cQa hi ti,! Cm 0,n t! Cm:
iB s Cm ngoi 0@a vo giXa hai t\ng $hu(,ch 0i
erL m; etahm1 N ethhmht erO erL
ht


# 1
1 #
1+
eth h
ht

# 1
#
1+
eta
Ta c :
rta
rth
X
X
Lm
1
ta
th
X
X
Tx sT tjn hi=u ra tr:n t! Cm [ 0\u ra cng -1n $hi m1 cng -1n v ch| c th? t! Cm
"ut hi=n sau -\n thD nht.
./ {nh h@[ng cQa hGi ti,! Cm 0,n 0Jc tjnh 0)ng cQa b) $hu(,ch 0i:
ci ti,! Cm -m giBm t\n sT gi1i hn d@1i "uTng g -\n v -m tsng t\n sT gi1i hn
tr:n -:n g -\n.
'./ () l*c +, c-c .ch /huch i c0ng su1t.
qch $hu(,ch 0i c7ng sut d'ng mch 0n 0i=n t hi=n ti 0F tr[ n:n -Ei th`i v*
b:n cnh cho c7ng sut -1n& -i c nhXng nh@Ac 0i?m nh@:cng $nh& tuWi th< th!&hi=u
sut $fm. Z* vI( ta ch| "ft 0,n cc mch $hu(,ch 0ic7ng sut d'ng Transistor& t'( thu)c
cch 0@a tjn hi=u ra -oa& ng@`i ta !hCn thnh cc -oi sau 0C(:
Nguyn Minh Hin L !!"#
n mn hc - K thut mch in t 1 Trang 1#
I./ T\ng $hu,ch 0i c7ng sut:
1./ lhXng vn 0 chung v t\ng mhu(,ch 0ic7ng sut:
T\ng $hu(,ch 0i c7ng sut c nhi=m v8 0@a ra c7ng sut 0Q -1n 0? $jch thjch cho
tBi c7ng sut ra cQa n c[ vi !h\n m@`i 0,n -1n hVn 1^^ . C7ng sut n( 0@Ac 0@a
0,n t\ng sau d@1i dng dGng 0i=n ha( 0i=n ! c bi:n 0) -1n. mhi $hu(,ch 0i tjn hi=u
-1n& cc 2HT $h7ng -m vi=c trong min tu(,n tjnh nXa do 0 $h7ng th? d'ng sV 0 t@Vng
0@Vng tjn hi=u nh4 0? !hCn tjch m !hBi d'ng !h@Vng !h! 0 thS.
;./ Cc tham sT cQa t\ng mhu(,ch 0ic7ng sut:
c= sT $hu(,ch 0i c7ng sut : m! - tx sT giXa c7ng sut ra v c7ng sut vo.
ci=u sut : hi=u sut - tx sT giXa c7ng sut ra v c7ng sut ngun cung c! m)t
chiu _o

L
$
r
%
%
ci=u sut cng -1n th* tWn hao tr:n Co-#ctor cQa 2HT cng nh4.
Tr[ $hng vo : (:u c\u tr[ $hng vo -1n t@Vng 0@Vng v1i dGng tjn hi=u vo nh4&
nghKa - mch c h= sT $hu(,ch 0i dGng -1n.
II./ Ch, 0) c7ng tc v 0Snh 0i?m -m vi=c cho t\ng c7ng sut:
1./ Ch, 0) y:
Tjn hi=u 0@Ac $hu(,ch 0ih\u nh@ tu(,n tjnh& gc ct LT/;L1^. mhi tjn hi=u vo
h*nh sin th* [ ch, 0) y dGng tKnh Co-#ctor-u7n -1n hVn bi:n 0) dGng 0i=n ra cho n:n hi:u8
sut th! NwL;O. Z* vI( ch| d'ng ch, 0) y trong tr@`ng hA! c7ng sut ra nh4. >i?m
-m vi=c tKnh cQa Transistor t@Vng Dng v1i 0i?m y tr:n 0 thS.

iC
ICO

t1 t2 t
H.IX.3a. Ch A
;./ ch, 0) 2:
ng v1i gc ct LT/;& [ ch, 0) 2 0i?m -m vi=c 0@Ac "c 0Snh ti ZL^&Ic^L^
t@Vng Dng v1i 0i?m 2 tr:n 0 thS. Transistor ch| -m vi=c [ m)t bn $ d@Vng NhoJc CmO
cQa 0i=n ! vo 0@Ac Transistor mhu(,ch 0i. Ch, 0) 2 cho c7ng sut cao NrL^O
nh@ng tjn hi=u ra bS mfo "u(:n tCm& $hi 9b#w9 mfo n( g<i - mfo Crossov#r.
iC
t1 t2 t

H.IX.3.b. Ch B
6./Ch, 0) y2:
iC

ICo
Nguyn Minh Hin L !!"#
n mn hc - K thut mch in t 1 Trang 11

t1 t2 t

H.IX.3.d. Ch AB.
Th+c ra n - bi=n !h! trnh mfo Crossov#r cQa ch, 0) 2. c ct /;ww
hi=u sut caoN^ii^O.
>i?m -m vi=c t@Vng Dng v1i 0i?m y2 tr:n 0 thS& [ t\ng $hu(,ch 0i c7ng sut
ng@`i ta thi,t $, cho Transistor-m vi=c [ ch, 0) y2. mhi c dGng Ic^ $h nh4& tWn hao tr:n
Transistor do dGng tKnh nh4.
./ Ch, 0) C:
iC


ICo
t1 t2 t
H-IX.3.c. Ch C
C gc ct w^. ci=u sut ch, 0) C $h caoNrO nh@ng mfo rt -1n.
Th@`ng d'ng trong b) mhu(,ch 0ic t\n sT cao.
>i?m -m vi=c 0@Ac "c 0Snh trong $hu v+c cho !hf! tr:n 0Jc tu(,n Transistor.
ch, 0) 0<ng $hi c tjn hi=u vo 0i?m -m vi=c c th? v@At ra ngoi 0@`ng h(!#rbo- c7ng
sut& nh@ng $h7ng 0@Ac v@At Ru cc gi1i hn $hc.
Zn 0 cung c! v Wn 0Snh ch, 0) -m vi=ccho t\ng c7ng sut c th? d'ng cc
bi=n !h! 0F n:u trong !h\n !hCn c+c v Wn 0Snh 0i?m -m vi=c cQa Transistor tu( nhi:n
jt $hi d'ng 0i=n tr[ /mit#r 0? Wn 0Snh ch, 0) c7ng tc v* trong t\ng c7ng sut dGng -1n sa
gC( tWn hao.
TCng c7ng sut c th? - t\ng mhu(,ch 0i 0Vn -m vi=c [ ch, 0) y hoJc - t\ng
mhu(,ch 0i 0( $fo -m vi=c [ ch, 0< 2 ha( y2. Chia -m -oi: >( $fo song ong v1i
2HT c'ng -oi hoJc $hc -oi v 0( $fo nTi ti,! v1i 2HT c'mg -oi hoJc $hc -oi.
III./ T\ng mhu(,ch 0i0( $fo:
1./ Cc -oi sV 0.
>? tsng c7ng sut& hi=u sut v giBm mfo !hi tu#n ta d'ng t\ng mhu(,ch 0i0(
$fo : n gm hai !h\n t tjch c+c mc chung tBi& mEi !h\n t dn trong nXa chu $.
2i,n tr[ gt trong sV 0 song song 0@Ac -i:n h= v1i nhau nh` cuBm Dng sao cho ton b)
c7ng sut 0@Ac 0@a ra h,t m)t tBi chung 0? ti:u th8. l:n sV 0 0( $fo song song
th@`ng d'ng mch ghf! bi,n ! v1i tBi ti:u th8. Cc sV 0 nTi ti,! $h7ng c\n ghf! bi,n
!.
Nguyn Minh Hin L !!"#
n mn hc - K thut mch in t 1 Trang 12
;./ q)t sT 0i?m cV bBn cQa sV 0 0( $fo:
>i?m 0t cQa sV song song - 0\u Cm cQa ngun m)t chiu& 0i?m 0t cQa sV 0
nTi ti,! - 0i?m giXa cQa ngun m)t chiu.
Cc mch 0( $fo d'ng ; 2HT $hc -oi 0@Ac $jch thich b[i cc -oi tjn hi=u 0ng
!ha. Z* vI( c th? d'ng chung m)t tjn hi=u 0? $jch thjch cho cB ; 2HT.
mhi cc Transistor cQa t\ng 0( $fo -m vi=c [ ch, 0) 2 c\n -@u 0,n mfo sinh
ra $hi 0i?m -m vi=c [ 0i?m chu(?n ti,! tu 2HT n( sang 2HT $hc. Z* trong 2HT ch| c
dGng /mit#r $hi 0i=n ! 2a3oi/mit#r -1n hVn 9(N^.ii^.ZO 0Ti v1i ki-ic. ]o 0& $hi 0i=n
! vo nh4 th* n 0@Ac mhu(,ch 0i rt jt hoJc hon ton $h7ng $hu(,ch 0i sinh ra mfo
-1n Nmfo Crossov#rO. mhc !h8c bYng cch tsng trS sT dGng ra ti 0i?m tKnh& tDc !hCn c+c
Zb# $hoBng ^&Z [ mDc ng@mg dn.
6./ qch $hu(,ch 0i Co v To.
Tjnh ton cc th7ng sT cQa mch mhu(,ch 0iTo
Tjnh _in ti 0|nh d@Vng cQa tjn hi=u d1 dn mnh do 0 dGng Rua go sa -1n nht
$hi ! rVi tr:n go -1n nht 9omLZCC/;
Ta c : _omL9
#
&'
/;goLZ
#
CC
/go
C7ng sut ngun cung c! :
_CCLZCCItbLZCCIom/ LZ
#
CC
/;go

C7ng sut ti:u tn tr:n hai 2HT - :

;_ttL_CCi_o
>? t*m c7ng sut ti:u tn -Vns nht ta 0o hm ;_tt th#o Iom v cho bYng
$h7ngIomLZCC/

go _ttmLZ
#
CC
/go

ko v1i c7ng sut _om ta th( c7ng sut ti:u tn c+c 0i nh4 hVn c7mg sut tBi ra
-\n.
ci=u sut cQa mch :
nL_o/_CCL.
hqch To v Co hot 0)ng giTng nhau Co $h7ng c t8 ng ra v tha( vo 0
bYng ngun cung c! 0Ti "Dng. qch To su( giBm bi:n 0) tjn hi=u t\n sT bf. Tu( nhi:n
n $hc !h8c nh@Ac 0i?m mch ghf! bi,n !. qch Co $hc !h8c nh@Ac 0i?m mch
To nh@ng nh@Ac gC( ra Ru dGng ch( Rua tBi. l:n trong mch Co th@`ng c mch
bBo v= Ru 0).
IZ./ u nh@Ac 0i?m m)t sT mch mhu(,ch 0ic7ng sut:
Nguyn Minh Hin L !!"#
n mn hc - K thut mch in t 1 Trang 13
t'( thu)c vo cch 0@a tjn hi=u ra -oa& ng@`i ta !hCn thnh cc -oi sau 0C(:
1./ qch mhu(,ch 0i c7ng sut ghf! tBi Rua bi,n !:
qch n( c @u 0i?m - co hi=u sut cao& nh@ng hi=n na( cUng jt 0@Ac s d8ng&
ch| d'ng trong tr@`ng hA! (:u c\u !hBi cch 0i=n m)t chiu hoJc (:u c\u cho hi=u sut
cao trong $hi ngun cung c! nh4Nv* bi,n ! -m cho mch c $jch th@1c -1n& gi thnh
cao gC( mfo !hi tu(,n v mfo t\n sT& dBi th7ng h!O.
;./ qch mhu(,ch 0i c7ng sut ghf! t8 [ -oaNToO:
u im: Ch| c m)t b) ngun cung c!&dBi th7ng r)ng hVn $i?u ghf! bi,n !&
hi=u sut cao& jt cng $nh& ch, 0) -m vi=c Wn 0Snh.
Nhc im: 2S hn ch, [ t\n sT th! do ghf! t8 [ 0u ra. Z* tjn hi=u bf c t\n sT
th! th* }C -1n& n:n tjn hi=u ra bS mt mt tr:n t8.
6./ qch mhu(,ch 0i c7ng sut -i:n -c thng NCoO:
u im: mh7ng gC( mfo [ t\n sT th! do $h7ng c t8.
Nhc im: _hBi d'ng hai ngun cung c! 0Ti "Dng v cc Transistor vi sai [ t\n
0\u !hBi c cc th7ng sT nh@ nhau 0? 0Bm bBo nfn tjn hi=u 0ng !ha NCqO -1n 0?
$hng nhiPu tTt.
./ qch mhu(,ch 0ic7ng sut C\u N2ToO:
u im: C7ng sut ra -1n& ch| d'ng m)t ngun cung c!.
Nhc im: ]'ng nhiu -inh $i=n& cc v, cQa c\u !hBi 0Ti "Dng 0? 0Bm bBo
$h7ng bS mfo tjn hi=u. TBi $h7ng c 0\u no mc vo mass ha( v4 m(.
Trong th+c t, mch $hu(,ch 0ic7ng sut To th@`ng 0@Ac d'ng nhiu v* cho ra
Cm thanh trung th+c v cht -@Ang cao.
Z./ qch ]ar-ington v giB ]ar-ington:
qch ]ar-ington v giB ]ar-ington c h= sT $hu(,ch 0i dGng -1n& v c tr[ $hng
vo -1n.
1./ qch ]ar-ington:
c= sT $hu(,ch 0i dGng chung:
hM#L
B
C
I
I
L
#
# 1
B
C C
I
I I +
L
#
1
B
C
I
I
h
#
#
B
C
I
I
hM#L
% 1 &
# 1
1
(e B
C
h I
I
+
hhM#;LhM#1

N1hhM#;OhhM#;

hM#LhM#1

N1hhM#;OhhM#;

hM#1

hM#; vI( hM# rt -1n.

Tr[ $hng vo:
hi#L
i
i
I
V
L
#
# 1
B
BE) BE)
I
V V +
L
#
1 1 # #
B
B ie B ie
I
I h I h +
q I21LN1hhM#;O I2;
hi#Lhi#;h
#
# # 1
% 1 &
B
B (e ie
I
I h h +

hi#Lhi#;hhi#1

N1hhM#;O
ZI( mch ]ar-ington c h= sT $hu(,ch 0i dGng v tr[ $hng vo -1n.
Nguyn Minh Hin L !!"#
n mn hc - K thut mch in t 1 Trang 14
Z* hM# rt -1n n:n $hi Dng d8ng v1i trS sT dong I#1 hXu han- th* dGng Ib1 c th? rt bf
-m cho d; c th? -m vi=c tr:n 0on 0Jc tu(,n vo !hi tu(,n IbLMNZb#O. >? $hc !h8c ta
mc th:m 0i=n tr[ ra dGng ti c+c / cQa d; nh@ h*nh va sau:
Ch<n gb1:gb1 !hBi -1n hVn rt nhiu 0i=n tr[ vo "oa( chiu cQa d1 nh@ng nh4
hVn rt nhiu so v1i 0i=n tr[ vo m)t chiu. mhi 0 g21 ra 0@Ac dGng nhi=t cho d1 m tWn
tht tjn hi=u "oa( chiu tr:n g21 $h7ng 0ng $?. gyCd1wwg21wwg]Cd1.
;./ qch giB ]ar-ington:
c= sT $hu(,ch 0i dGng chung:
hM#L
B
C
I
I
L
#
1
B
E
I
I
L
#
1 #
% 1 &
B
(e C
I
h I +
LhM#;

N1hhM#1O

hM#LhM#;

N1hhM#1O
Tr[ $hng vo:
hi#L
i
i
I
V
L
#
#
B
BE)
I
V
Lhi#; n ,u mc tBi vo c+c / cQa tW hA! th*:
}inL
# B
R& BE
I
V V +
L
#
#
B
BE)
I
V
h
#
# #
% &
B
& B C
I
R I I +
Lhi#;hgo

,
_

+1
#
#
B
C
I
I
Lhi#;hgo

N1hhM#;O

}inLhi#;h go

N1hhM#;O
ZI./ qfo Crossov#r v !h@Vng !h! $hc !h8c:
1./ qfo Crossov#rNh*nh vaO:
Nguyn Minh Hin L !!"#
n mn hc - K thut mch in t 1 Trang 15
Tu 0Jc tu(,n vo cQa Transistor IbLMN9b#O ta th( rYng [ 0Jc tu(,n c m)t 0on
cong $hi 0i=n ! vo 9b# cGn th!. ]o 0 $hi Transistor -m vi=c [ ch, 0) 2 sa gC( ra
mfo -1n. >iu n( c nghKa - n,u nh@ 0i=n ! 9b# cQa Transistor - -1n hVn 0i=n ! bi:n
0) cQa tjn hi=u vo th* -c n( Transistor ch@a dn v bh@ vI( mJc d' 0F c tjn hi=u
nh@ng -i $h7ng c tjn hi=u ra. Cho 0,n $hi 0i=n ! vo -1n hVn 0i=n ! th7ng 9

-c 0
Transistor m1i dFn& v m1i c tjn hi=u ra. Chjnh v* vI( m -m cho tjn hi=u bS mfo dng
$h7ng cGn h*nh sin. >iu n( chDng t4 Ruan h= giXa tjn hi=u vo v ra trong $hu v+c g\n
gTc t<a 0) - $h7ng tu(,n tjnh. ooi mfo n( 0@Ac g<i - mfo Crossov#r& trong $hu v+c
c mfo th* h= sT $hu(,ch 0i 0i=n ! m9L^.
>? $hc !h8c tri=t 0? hVn -oi mfo Crossov#r th* ta c\n !hBi di chu(?n 0Jc tu(,n
vo cQa Transistor cho:92/^1L92/^; t@Vng Dng v1i mDc 0i=n ! - 9ZL^.
>iu n( c nghKa - ta c\n 0Snh mDc !hCn c+c cho 2HT& sao cho $hi c tjn hi=u
vo th* Transistor dn nga(. lh@ vI( "#m mDc 0i=n ! th7ng 9b# 0F 0@Ac d`i v gTc t<a
0) N>Jc tu(,n d`i vo -c n( coi nh@ - tu(,n tjnh v 0on cong cQa 0@`ng 0Jc tu(,n
0F bS -oi b4O.
>? 0t 0@Ac 0iu mong muTn tr:n ta !hBi 0Jc vo c+c 2 cQa ;2HT c7ng sut cc
0i=n ! ban 0\u thjch hA!. ZI( t\ng $hu(,ch 0i 0( $fo $h7ng 0Vn thu\n -m vi=c [
ch, 0) 2 m n -m vi=c th#o ch, 0) y2. TDc - n sa c m)t !h\n ! nh4 -m cho 0i?m
-m vi=c d sa dSch chu(?n -:n 0i?m d do 0 -m cho tjn hi=u 0\u ra jt bS mfo.
Tm -i: lgu(:n nhCn gC( mfo [ 0\u ra t\ng c7ng sut -m vi=c [ ch, 0) 2 th*
0i?m -m vi=c d nYm [ gTc t<a 0) dN^&^O tr:n 0Jc tu(,n vo. >Jc tu(,n n( c v'ng
ch,t ]#ath g#gion t@Vng Dng v1i 0on N^&9(O& trong v'ng n( tjn hi=u vo c bi:n 0)
^wZiw 9

su( ra Ib

^. Cho 0,n m)t -c no 0 Zir 9

su( ra 2HT dn $hi 0 m1i c

tjn hi=u [ 0\u ra& dn 0,n mfo $hi tjn hi=u vo c bi:n 0) nh4 v bi:n 0) ra cUng nh4 hVn
so v1i tr@`ng hA! Z

L^ NtDc tr@`ng hA! ta d`i 0Jc tu(,n cQa 2HT v gTc t<a 0)O.
Nguyn Minh Hin L !!"#
n mn hc - K thut mch in t 1 Trang 16
;./ Cc !h@Vng !h! trnh mfo Crossov#r:
c*nh b:n minh h<a bi=n !h! trnh mfo Crossov#r bYng cch !hCn c+c cho d1&d;
-m vi=c [ ch, 0) y2 trong 0 }212; c th? -:
a./ lhi=t tr[ v1i bi,n tr[ ch|nh song song:
Th@`ng tr[ nhi=t gt 0@Ac mc b:n c'ng tm -t t4a nhi=t v1i cJ! 2HT c7ng sut
d1&d;. 2:n ngoi nhi=m v8 !hCn c+c cho d1&d; hot 0)ng [ ch, 0) y2& n cGn tc d8ng
Wn 0Snh dGng 0i=n tKnh cho d1& d; $h4i bS Bnh h@[ng cQa nhi=t 0). mhi nhi=t 0) d1&d; tsng
dGng IC tsng th#o& -c 0 gt giBm gi trS -m !hCn ! Zb# cho d1&d; giBm "uTng dn 0,n
IC giam "uTng& chi,t ! Z; 0? ch|nh v -m tu(,n tjnh ha 0Jc tu(,n cQa gtLMNToON!hi
tu(,nO.
b./ ]iod v1i bi,n tr[ mc nTi ti,!:
dGng !hCn c+c nht 0Snh th* 0i=n ! tr:n ]iod h\u nh@ $h7ng tha( 0Wi. l,u
]iod c'ng vIt v1i 2HT c7ng sut d1&d; th* $hi dn Z

cQa diod "! "K bYng Z

cQa
d1&d;. Zr 0? ch|nh ! !Cn c+c cho 0ng (:u c\u.
Tjnh cht giX Wn 0Snh dGng nhi=t cho d1&d; cQa ]iod t@Vng t+ nh@ g1 [ tr:n. Zr
mc nTi t,! v1i cc diod do 0 0? 0iu ch|nh 0i?m tKnh d nh@ng bS mt mt tjn hi=u tr:n Zr
$hi dGng tjn hi=u tsng ": dSch0i?m tKnh cQa d1&d; v* ! Zr cUng tsng th#o tjn hi=u 0@a ra
c./ Cc ]iod v1i bi,n tr[ mc song song:
Nguyn Minh Hin L !!"#
n mn hc - K thut mch in t 1 Trang 17
]o 0Jc tu(,n ]iod c 0on cong ti Zd bf n:n n)i tr[ cQa ]iod -1n $hi 0i=n ! 0Jt
-:n ]iod 2a3o. ]o 0 v1i cch mc ]iod sng song v1i bi,n tr[ Zr th* $hi dGng tjn hi=u -1n
th* n sa ra Rua ]iod & cGn -c tjn hi=u bf h\u h,t sa 0W Rua Zr
m,t RuB s8t ! tr:n }b1b; h\u nh@ $h7ng 0Wi do 0 0i?m tKnh d $h7ng bS ": dSch.
Tu( nhi:n& cch mc n( $h 0iu ch|nh hVn.
d./ qch d'ng Transistor:
Ta c: ZC/LZ212;L
B
B R
R
R V +
Z2/ N1O.
Trong $hi -m vi=c Zb# 0@Ac hi?u nh@ $h7ng 0Wi n:n th#o bi?u thDc N1O ta su( ra
Zb1b; Wn 0Snh. qJc $hc 2HT cGn giX Wn 0Snh 0i?m tKnh d cho d1&d; $hi nhi=t 0) tha( 0Wi.
mhi nhi=t 0< tsng & IC tsng& ZC/ giBm & Zb1b; giBm d\n -m cho IC giBm& nghKa - IC Wn
0Snh. ZI( 0i?m tKnh $h7ng bS ": dSch th#o nhi=t 0).
ZII./]'ng ngun dGng 0? tsng h= sT $hu(,ch 0i
>i=n tr[ tBi gC6 cQa d6 nTi thng 0,n ZCC& do 0 0Ti v1i tjn hi=u th* gC6 mc song
song v1i tr[ $hng vo cQa d1&Nd1 mc Co--#ctor chungO. c= sT $hu(,ch 0i vGng h[ cQa
d6 -:
yv6L i
( &)
ie
(e
*
h
h

}od6LgC6//}ind1
>? tsng h= sT $hu(,ch 0i vGng h[ ton mch yvLyv1.yv;yvn.
quTn tsng yv th* !hBi tsng yZ6 m
}ind1L
in
in
I
V
L
% 1 &
1 1
1
(e E
E
B)
BE)
h I
V
I
V
+
+
Lhi#1hgo

N1hhM#1O

}ind1

go

N1hhM#1O
Z* hM#1 rt -1n do mc ]ar-ington b:n trong d1 }od6LgC6//}Ild1

gC6 [ 0C( ngun

ZCC $h7ng 0@Ac Ru -1n do 0 tBi d6 cUng $h7ng th? -1n 0@Ac& n,u -1n th* d6 $h7ng th?
Nguyn Minh Hin L !!"#
n mn hc - K thut mch in t 1 Trang 18
hot 0)ng trong v'ng tu(,n tjnh 0@Ac. Cho d' mc ]ar-ington c tsng tr[ $hng bao
nhi:u 0i nXa m h= sT $hu(,ch 0i cQa t\ng -i Ru(,t 0Snh h= sT $hu(,ch 0i cQa ton
mach nh@ng }od gC6 $h7ng -1n.
]o vI( 0? tsng h= sT $hu(,ch 0i cho d6 ta d'ng ngun dGng 0? tsng 0i=n tr[ cho
t\ng -i. ]'ng ngun dGng -Ai d8ng 0i=n tr[ 0)ng rt -1n cQa ngun dGng. li cch $hc
ta thi,t $, 0? cho tBi cQa t\ng -i d6 - tBi tjch c+c cho ngun dGng to ra.
>i=n tr[ "oa( chiu cQa ngun dGng -: gc#L
!

I
V
CE
[ 0C( gc# rt -1n nh@ng
tr[ m)t chiu nh4. Ta c th? tha( ngun dGng vo vS trj cQa gC6
Tjnh n)i tr[ ngun dGng.
0C( g1 - n)i tr[ ngun dGng. lgun dGng c n)i tr[ g1 cng -1n th* cng Wn
0Snh v cng g\n v1i ngun dGng -j t@[ng.
Nguyn Minh Hin L !!"#
n mn hc - K thut mch in t 1 Trang 1"
Ta th( :ICLItL
t
(e B
* R
h R I
+

1
1
L
1
1
R
*
I h
t
B (e
+

n,u g1rr}o
ItLhM#

I2Lconst.
lgun dGng bYng Transistorcho ta g1 rt -1n d chjnh - tjn hi=u g1 dTi v1i tjn hi=u
"oa( chiu.
gC/yCL
C
CE
dI
dV
rrgC/dL
C)
CE)
I
V
g1 L gc#
rt -1n c th? 0,n hng qohm. >? tjnh g1 ngun dGng ta c :
d-# L d-c h d-b
dZb# L idIbN g1//gb O
$,t hA! v1i !h@Vng tr*nh cV bBn cQa tham sT h ta c:
( )
( )

'

+
+
#
1
CE $e B (e C
E E B ie BE
dV h dI h dI
R dI dI h dV
ho#

dZC/LdICihM#

dI2
( ) (
g/dICLidI2Ng1//g2Ohhi#hg/ tha( vo N6O

ho#

dZC/LdIC
1
]
1

+ +

+
E ie B
E (e
R h R R
R h
% $$ &
1
1

g1LgC/yCL
C
CE
dI
dV
L
$e
h
1
1
]
1

+ +

+
E ie B
E (e
R h R R
R h
% $$ &
1
1
tu c7ng thDc tjnh g1 ta th( muTn tsng g1 th* ta tha( gb bYng diod# 0? gb nh4 0ng
th`i n c tc d8ng Wn 0Snh nhi=t cho Transistor ngun dGng.
ZIII. ]'ng bi=n !h! 2ootsha! 0? tsng h= sT $hu(,ch 0i.
Ta c : }td6LNhM#1//gC6OhN1hhM#1ONgo//gCO
Z* hi#1wwgC6 gowwgC

}td6Lhi#1hN1hhM#1Ogo
Ta th( }td6 trong tr@`ng hA! n( $h -1n.Tsng 0@Ac yZ6
Trong th+c t, ta mc ]ar-ington cJ! 2HT c7ng sut n:n hM#1 rt -1n.
Nguyn Minh Hin L !!"#
n mn hc - K thut mch in t 1 Trang 2#
phn 2
THIT K V TNH TON CHI TIT
Nguyn Minh Hin L !!"#
n mn hc - K thut mch in t 1 Trang 21
Yu cu:
Cng sut P=!
Tr" #$%ng &'o ( v =))*
Tr" #$%ng loa + & =,
T-n $i.u &'o /in =001/
2. s3 14o

=).25
B! ).)6*27

18*27
9:c$ OC; ng< &'o =>n.
T%c ?@ng CAa C%c ;in$ *i.n Trong 9:c$
) ( # 1
* * * ) ) ) )
l' tB $CD c%c BET 1Fc t$Go #iHu ?arlington IJng c$o tng #$uKc$
=:i =LM #4o.
# 1
* R R l' =i.n tr" Bn =Nn$ n$i.t &' cOn PQng IRng.
) (
* R R
l' =i.n tr" rS IRng n$i.t tr%n$ tiKng J " loa #$i c$a cT t-n $i.u &'o.
+
)
l' BET #$uKc$ =:i t$Uc.
,
R
l' =i.n tr" $Vi tiKD O1 Bn =Nn$ n$i.t.
# * * *
( # 1
VR + + +
l' t$'n$ D$n D$On cWc c$o tng cng sut l'1 &i.c " c$K =X
YB.
- ) -
* * 1 * + + VR )
l' nguVn IRng =H nOng cao tr" #$%ng ra cAa tng #$uKc$ =:i
t$Uc n$Q1 1@c =-c$ nOng $. s3 #$uKc$ =:i cAa tng t$Uc.
1! *
.
VR R
$Vi tiKD =i.n %DZ=Nn$ $. s3 #$uKc$ =:i &Rng #-n c$o to'n 1:c$.
-
C
T$o%t t$'n$ D$n [oaM c$i\u #$ng c$o t$'n$ D$n [oaM c$i\u $Vi tiKD.
/
)
l' BET ti\n #$uKc$ =:i.
1
C l' t@ lin l:c ng< &'o.
Nguyn Minh Hin L !!"#
n mn hc - K thut mch in t 1 Trang 22
( 1-
* C R
1:c$ l]c t$ng t$D lo:i P^ tn s3 cao trong nguVn cung cD tr%n$ $i.n t_
Cng Iao =Xng tW #-c$ trong 1:c$.
) 1+
* C R
l' 1:c$ l]c t$ng t$D.
1) 1(
* R R
l' cu D$On %D D$On cWc c$o
/
)
.
1# 11
* R R l' t`i cAa
/
)
=Vng t$ai l' cu D$On %D c$o
+
)
.
+ #
* R C
1:c$ l]c (OBE; Bn =Nn$ tr" #$%ng " t`i.
. ,
* ) )
l' BET P`o &. c$o tng cng sut.
1, 1/
* R R
l' cu D$On %D c$o
,
)
.
#! 1.
* R R
l' cu D$On %D c$o
.
)
.
i.T-n$ To%n P$n NguVn /' P$n Cng but.
1.Bin =X t-n $i.u ra loa:
T-n $i.u &'o t V V
& &
0in # t$c t-n $i.u ra cT I:ng t I I
& &
0in #
& &'
I I # d
& &'
V V #
Cng sut tiu t%n trn t`i:
&
&'
&
R
V
%
#

V R % V
& & &'
(! , -- # #
,
R
V
I
&
&'
&'
/- 1 (
,
(!

2.ei.n %D nguVn cung cD:
C$]n $. s3 sf I@ng nguVn
, 1 !
V
V
V
&'
cc
- 1 (/
, 1 !
(!

Ta c$]n nguVn cung cD

V V
cc
)!
.
g.T-n$
# 1
* R R :
eH tr%n$ 14o [uMn tO1 ta c$]n
# 1
* ) ) l'1 &i.c " c$K =X YB.C$]n IRng thn$:
, ', I I I
E) E) E)
!- 1 ! -!
# 1

?Rng cWc =:i iua
# 1
* R R :
, I I I I
&' E) ' E ' E
, 1 ( /- 1 ( !- 1 !
# 1
+ +
/c IRng thn$ cAa
# 1
* ) ) l' #$% n$^ so &ji Pin =X IRng [oaM c$i\u nn ta cT t$H P^ iua
trong c%c t-n$ to%n cn t$iKt.
C$]n
# 1
* R R #$% n$^ =H tr%n$ tBn t$t t-n $i.u trn c%c tr" n'M:
) 1 !
#! #!
1
#!
1
1
1 1 &
& &'
R
R
R
R
R
V
V
C$]n
# 1
R R =).
Nguyn Minh Hin L !!"#
n mn hc - K thut mch in t 1 Trang 23
Cng sut tiu t%n trn
# 1
* R R :

!
&
#
1
1
R
%
t I
&
0in k
#
t d R
1
=
)
#
1 &'
I R
=
)
/- 1 ( - 1 !
#

=1.,!
B^ iua cng sut tiu t%n 1Xt c$i\u trn
# 1
* R R &c iu% P4.
C$]n
# 1
R R =). lg!.
6.C$]n
# 1
* ) ) :
?Rng trung Pcn$ iua 1Xt BET trong 1Xt c$u #m:

tb
I

&'
&'
I
t td I

!
0in
#
1
Cng sut nguVn cung cD:

cc
%
tb cc
I V 1 #
=
cc
V #
.

&'
I
Cng sut nguVn cung cD c$o t`i:
&
% =
#
1
&
R .
#
&'
I
Cng sut tiu t%n trn c%c =i.n tr":
R
% =2
1
R
%
=2
)
#
1 &'
I R
=
#
#
1 &'
I R
Cng sut tiu t%n trn $ai BET:
2
tt
%
=
cc
%
_
&
% _2n
R
% =
cc
V #
.

&'
I
_
#
1
&
R .
#
&'
I _
#
#
1 &'
I R
;M =:o $'1 t$Go
&'
I
&' c$o PQng ) ta =Cc:
&'
I
=
% &
#
1
R R
V
&
cc
+
T$aM &'o PiHu t$oc trn ta =Cc cng sut tiu t%n cWc =:i cAa BET:
tt
%
=
% &
1
#
#
R R
V
&
cc
+
=
% - 1 ! , &
)!
#
#
+
=1p!
Cng sut tiu t%n 1Xt c$i\u trn 1Xt BET:
ttdc
%
=
cc
V

1
E)
I
=6)).)=2!
Cng sut tiu t%n cWc =:i trn 1qi BET:
tt'
%
=
tt
%
r
ttdc
%
=1pr2=21!
/sM ta c$]n
# 1
* ) ) t$<a c%c =i\u #i.n sau:
E
I t
E'
I
t=g.,Y
CE
V
t2
cc
V
=,)/
Ptu2 gk
tt'
%
Tn Pu!k vTu927k
Tu C
$
k
/CEu/k ICuYk

2b?01, ,) 12 1) 12) , l18)

2bB8,, ,) 1) 1) 12) , l18)
.C$]n
) (
* R R
:
?Rng thn$ cWc B cAa
1
) : 1 B)
I
=
min
1
1 +
E)
I
=
-+
-!
=).,p1Y

1
BE)
V
=).8/
Nguyn Minh Hin L !!"#
n mn hc - K thut mch in t 1 Trang 24
?Rng =wn$ cWc B cAa
1
) : 1 B')
I
=
min
1
1 +
' E
I
=
-+
, 1 (
=8,.01Y

BE'
V =1/
Tr" #$%ng [oaM c$i\u gixa B &' Y:
B,ac
*
=
1
B) B'
B,) B,'
I I
V V

=
1
1
% &
B) B'
R) BE) R' BE'
I I
V V V V

+ +
=
(
1! % ,. 1 ! , 1 +/ &
% !- 1 ! - 1 ! + 1 ! & !- 1 ! , 1 ( 1

+ +
=gg
Tr" #$%ng 1Xt c$i\u gixa B &' Y:
B,dc
*
=
1 B)
B,)
I
V
=
1 B)
R) BE)
I
V V +
=
(
1! ,. 1 !
!- 1 ! - 1 ! + 1 !

+
=0)2
C%c =i.n tr" rS IRng n$i.t
) (
* R R
D$`i c$]n sao c$o :
yi`1 tBn t$t t-n $i.u
B,ac
*
zz+
(
+S IRng n$i.t
B,dc
*
tt +
(
C$]n
) (
R R
=20)
8.C$]n
) (
* ) )
:
?Rng thn$ iua +
(
: ) R
I
( =
(
R
V
B,)
=
#/!
!- 1 ! - 1 ! + 1 ! +
=2.g1Y
(
BE)
V
=).8/
?Rng cWc =:i iua +
(
:
' R
I
(
=
(
R
V
B,'
=
#/!
, 1 ! - 1 ! !1 +
=1).01Y
?Rng thn$ cAa
(
)
: ( E)
I
= ) R
I
( r 1 B)
I
=2.gr).,p=g.1p1Y
?Rng cWc =:i cAa
(
)
:
' E
I
(
= 1 B')
I
r
' R
I
(
=80.,r1).0=0,.1Y
Tr" #$%ng [oaM c$i\u gixa B &' Y sau #$i 1Fc t$1 =i.n tr" +
(
:
*
B,ac
* =
(
(
R *
R *
B,ac
B,ac
+

=
#/! ((
#/! ((
+

=2p.
T`i [oaM c$i\u
(
)
:
(
t)
*
=
*
B,ac
* ru
1
(e
h
r1k +
&
=2p.rur1k,=600.
Cng sut tiu t%n [oaM c$i\u cWc =:i cAa
(
)
:
(
ttac)
%
=
(
#
#
t)
cc
*
V

=
- 1 )// 1) 1 (
)!
#
#

=g6)1!
Cng sut tiu t%n 1Xt c$i\u cAa
(
)
:
(
ttdc)
%
=
( (
E) CE)
I V
=
(
E) CC
I V
= 1. 1 ( )! =120.81!
Cng sut tiu t%n cWc =:i cAa
(
)
:
(
tt)
%
=
(
ttac)
%
r
(
ttdc)
%
=g6)r120.8=680.81!
Nguyn Minh Hin L !!"#
n mn hc - K thut mch in t 1 Trang 25
/sM c$]n
) (
* ) )
t$<a c%c =i\u #i.n sau:
E
I t
' E
I
(
=0,.1Y
CE
V
t2
cc
V
=,)/
Ptu2 gk
(
tt)
%



Tn Pu!k vTu927k
Tu C
$
k
/CE ICuYk

2b?8), 2) 6 1) 18) 1. ,)
2bB82, 2) 6 1) 18) 1. ,)
II.T-N2 Ny{VN ?RNy |

.
?Rng thn$ cWc B cAa
(
)
: ( B)
I
=
(
(
1 +
E)
I
=
,! 1
(. 1 (
+
=).)gp1Y
?Rng cWc =:i cWc B cAa
(
)
: ( B')
I
=
min
1
1 +
E)
I
=
,! 1
- 1 /,
+
=).p8p1Y
eH Bn =Nn$ D$On cWc tr%n$ `n$ $"ng cAa IRng PiKn ( B)
I
=Bi ta c$]n IRng thn$ cAa
-
)
Z
+
)
D$`i rt ljn so &ji IRng cWc =:i ( B')
I
=H #$i ( B)
I
t$aM =Bi t$c IRng D$On cWc
iua IioIG [G1 n$ t$aM =Bi #$ng =%ng #H.
C$]n - C)
I
=1. ( B')
I
=16Z1Y
rT-n$
- )
* + +
:
C$]n
- )
* + +
l' lo:i 1Np16.
?Rng iua
- )
* + +
:
+
I =
)
+
I
=
-
+
I
= - C)
I
=16.1Y
rT-n$ /+1:
/+1=
-
- - )
C
BE + +
I
V V V +
=
- 1 1)
+ 1 ! / 1 ! / 1 ! +
=
C$]n /+1= .
rT-n$ +0:
+0=
)
- )
% &
+
+ + cc
I
V V V +
=
- 1 1)
% / 1 ! / 1 ! & )! +
=2.88#
C$]n =2.0 u# k
rT-n$ |:
-
CE)
V
= /cc_
1
R
V
_
(
BE)
V
_
1
BE)
V
_
1
R
V
=6) _ )., _ ).8 _ ).8 _ ). [ ).) = g,/
Cng sut tiu t%n cWc =:i cAa |:
-
tt)
%
=
-
CE)
V
. - C)
I
= g, [ 16. = 11!
/sM c$]n | t$<a 1}n c%c =i\u #i.n sau:
C
I
t
' C
I
-
=16.1Y
CE
V
t2
cc
V
=,)/
Ptu2 gk
-
tt)
%
;o:i BET Pu!k vTu927k Tu
)
Ck /CEu/k ICuYk

2bY,0, 1 ,) 1) 2) 0)1Y 1))

Nguyn Minh Hin L !!"#
n mn hc - K thut mch in t 1 Trang 26
rT-n$ nXi tr" cAa nguVn IRng.
+i=rcGu1r
1 $$ #
1
/
VR r R r
VR
be d
+ +

k
Ta cT: rI=
d
T
I
U
=
1- 1!
#+

=2.
rPGs=
-
C
T
I
U

=1)).
- 1 1)
#+
=10p
/sM nXi tr" cAa nguVn IRng | l':
+i=rcGu1r

1
1
VR r
VR
be-
+
k=1)

u1r1)).
-+ 1/.
-+
+
k=26.,2 [ 1)

= 2.6,29
III.T2IKT *K TNy T2UC.
C$]n
( # 1
* * + + +
l' lo:i 1Np16 &c cT II1=1)1Y &' /~z1/.
Ta cT:
) (
B B
V
=6/BEr2
1
R
V
=6 [ ).8 r 2 [ ). [ ).) = 2.6/
1.T-n$ /+2:
Ta cT:

+ -
C) C)
I I
16.1Y
/+2=
+
) (
(
C)
+ B B
I
V V
=
- 1 1)
( / 1 ! )- 1 #
=26
C$]n /+2=20
rT-n$ BET t$Uc |8.
|8 l'1 n$i.1 &@ nOng cao Pin =X t-n $i.u =A ljn =H #-c$ c$o tng t$Uc l'1 &i.c.
C$]n |8 l'1 &i.c " c$K =X Y.|8 cT t`i ljn nn $. s3 #$uKc$ =:i D$`i ljn.Ta D$`i c$]n
=iH1 l'1 &i.c cAa |8 sao c$o #$i #$ng cT t-n $i.u &'oZ =i.n t$K &'o cWc E cAa |1Z|2
PQng ) lUc n'M s@t %D trn t`i PQng ).
Tr" #$%ng t`i |8:
& be be t)
R r R r R *
( 1 ( ( 1
% $$ & $$&
1 ( +
+ +
k
Ta cT :
1
1
1
E)
T
be
I
U
r
= [
-!
#+
= 2,.8
(
(
#
E)
T
be
I
U
r
= ,) [
1. 1 (
#+
= 82
?o nXi tr" nguVn IRng +i iu% ljn nn tr" #$%ng |8 l':
& be be t)
R r R r *
( 1 ( (
% $$ &
1 ( +
+ +
= 82 r ,) [
,+ #/!
,+ #/!
+

r [ ,) [ , = g0.p#
BET |8 cT t`i ljn nn I r>i &'o &Jng P}o $Ra gOM 14o t-n $i.uZ &c &sMZ D$`i cT =i.n tr"
$Vi tiKD =H Bn =Nn$ =iH1 l'1 &i.c.
C$]n %D r>i trn +, PQng 2/.
Nguyn Minh Hin L !!"#
n mn hc - K thut mch in t 1 Trang 27
rT-n$ +,: +,=
- 1 1)
#
+
,

C)
R
I
V
=1g,
C$]n +,=1)
r|8 l'1 &i.c " c$K =X Y Io =T cng sut tiu t%n cWc =:i cAa |8 l':
+
CE)
V
=/cc
# ) ,
R BE) R
V V V
= 6) _ 2 _ ).8 _ ). [ ).) = g8.0/
+
tt)
%
=
+
CE)
V
+
C)
I
=g8.0 [ 16. =g2.11!
Ta c$]n |8 t$<a c%c Mu cu sau:
C
I
t2
' C
I
+
=2p1Y
CE
V
t2
cc
V
=,)/
Ptu2 gk
+
tt)
%

;o:i BET Pu!k vTu927k Tu
)
Ck /CEu/k ICuYk

2bC188g p)1! ) 12) 16) ))1Y 8)g)

Trong iu% trcn$ t-n$ to%n ta c$]n

8=1).
I/.T-n$ tng &'o.
1.T-n$ +pZ+11Z+12.
Ta cT :
+
+
+
C)
T
be
I
U
r
=1) [
- 1 1)
#+
=2.0#
rTr" #$%ng &'o cAa tng t$Uc:
,
% 1 &
+ +
R r r
be v)
+ +
=28,ru1r1)k1)=22.p#
reH Bn =Nn$ D$On cWc c$o |8 $o:t =Xng " c$K =X Y ta c$]n:
Ic0|=
reH tr%n$ tBn t$t t-n $i.u trn =i.n tr" $Vi tiKD +p ta c$]n /+p=6/.
rT-n$ +p:
Ta cT: +p=
C$]n +p=2.0*
rT-n$ +12:
Ta cT: +12=
C$]n +12=1.,*
rT-n$ +11:
eH |0 l'1 &i.c " c$K =X YZta c$]n =iH1 l'1 &i.c cAa |0 #$i c$a cT t-n $i.u &'o nQ1
gixa =ang t`i =Xng.
Ta c$]n /CE0=/ccl2=6)l2=2)/
Ta cT: /+11=/cc_/+p_/+12_/CE0=6)_2.0_6_2)=1g.g/
+11= =1gZgl1.6=p.2*
C$]n +11=1)*.
2.T-n$ Transistor #$uKc$ =:i =u &'o:
/c |0 l'1 &i.c " c$K =X Y nn cng sut tiu t%n cAa nT D$n ljn l' cng sut tiu t%n
1Xt c$i\u.
Ptt0=
Ta c$]n |0 t$<a c%c Mu cu sau: Ict2Ic0=1.61Y
/cGt2/cc=,)/
Ptu2gkPtt0
Nguyn Minh Hin L !!"#
n mn hc - K thut mch in t 1 Trang 28
;o:i BET Pu!k vTu927k TC /CEu/k IcuYk B
2bY,0p 0)1! 0) 12) 2)) 1))1Y 1)
g.T-n$ $. s3 #$uKc$ =:i %D &' tr" #$%ng &'o:
a.b> =V t>ng =>ng t tng t$Uc =Kn tng ra:
Ta cT: rPG8=
?o nguVn IRng cT nXi tr" iu% ljn nn tr" #$%ng t`i cAa |8 l' (t|8=g0.p*
Tr" #$%ng &'o cAa |8:
+&8= =28,ru1r1)k1)=22.p*
22. s3 #$uKc$ =:i %D cAa tng t$Uc:
Y8=
P.b> =V t>ng =>ng t tng &'o =Kn tng t$Uc :
T-n$ +1):
2. s3 #$uKc$ =:i cAa 1:c$ #$i c$a cT $Vi tiKD:
*=
2. s3 #$uKc$ =:i cAa 1:c$ #$i cT $Vi tiKD:
2. s3 #$uKc$ =:i $Vi tiKD l':
Ta c$]n +1)=1))
Ta cT:
Tr" #$%ng t`i cAa |0:
Tr" #$%ng &'o cAa tng t$Uc #$i c$a cT $Vi tiKD:
2. s3 #$uKc$ =:i %D cAa tng t$Uc:
2. s3 #$uKc$ =:i %D cAa to'n 1:c$ #$i c$a cT $Vi tiKD:
Tr" #$%ng &'o cAa 1:c$ #$i cT $Vi tiKD:
/.T-n$ +1gZ+16Z+1Z+18:
reH Bn =Nn$ D$On cWc c$o |0 ta c$]n IRn$ iua +1gZ+16:
IPY=
Ta cT:
Ta cT:
C$]n /+1=1l2)/cc=
+1=
C$]n +1=
/I.T-n$ 1:c$ P`o &.:
a.Trang $CD iu% t`i:
/int).00/
4t trang $CD iu% t`i ljn n$t lUc |1Z|2 In P}o $Ra:
/;P=/cc=6)/
Cng sut loa:
Cng sut nguVn cung cD:
Nguyn Minh Hin L !!"#
n mn hc - K thut mch in t 1 Trang 2"
Cng sut tiu t%n trn +1:
Cng sut tiu t%n trn 2 BET |1Z|2:
Cng sut tiu t%n trn 1qi BET:
Ta cT:
Ng$ha l' trong trang $CD n'M 2 BET cng sut &n l'1 &i.c an to'n.
Ta cT cng sut tiu t%n trn +1:
2ai =i.n tr" +1Z+2 &n #$ng PN $^ng.
P.Trang $CD ngFn 1:c$ t`i:
G1 n$ loa PN lM ra #$^i 1:c$ lUc n'M +1Z+2 l' t`i cAa |1Z|2.Trang $CD tVi n$t =i.n %D
trn loa =t $Kt ln +1Z+2.
?Rng iua +1:
Cng sut tiu t%n trn +1Z+2:
Cng sut nguVn cung cD:
Cng sut tiu t%n trn $ai BET cng sut:
Cng sut tiu t%n trn 1qi BET cng sut:
Trong trang $CD n'M $ai BET cng sut PN =%n$ t$Ang.
Ta cT:
2ai =i.n tr" cng sut +1Z+2 PN $^ng.
e3i &ji trang $CD n'M cn D$`i cT 1:c$ P`o &..
c.T-n$ 1:c$ P`o &.:
2o:t =Xng cAa 1:c$ P`o &.:
Bcn$ t$ang #$i 1:c$ #$uKc$ =:i cng sut l'1 &i.c t$c |,Z|p tFt #$ng `n$ $"ng =Kn
$o:t =Xng cAa 1:c$.*$i [`M ra ngFn 1:c$ IRng iua |1Z|2 ljn sS =%n$ t$Ang BET cng
sut &' =i.n tr" +1Z+2./c &sM #$i IRng iua ljn t$c sS #-c$ c$o 1:c$ P`o &. l'1 &i.c
Z1:c$ n'M sS $Ut IRng l'1 c$o IRng iua c%c BET cng sut n$^ZIo =T c%c BET cng sut
#$ng PN =%n$ t$Ang.
?Rng =wn$ iua |1Z|2:
C$]n IRng =H 1:c$ P`o &. $o:t =Xng l':
;Uc =T s@t %D trn +1 l':
C$]n IRng thn$ iua |,Z|p:
Ta cT:
Cng sut tiu t%n trn |,Z|p:
/sM c$]n |,Z|p t$<a c%c =i\u #i.n sau: IctIc1=11Y
/CEt2/cGi,=g.8/
Ptu2gkPtt,=g.81!
;o:i BET Pu!k vTu927k TC /CEu/k IcuYk B
2bC6, 2))1! 2g) 1) g) 1))1Y 1))))
2bY1)2p 2))1! 2g) 1) g) 1))1Y 1))))
T-n$ +10Z+1,Z+1pZ+2):
Ta cT IRng thn$ iua cWc n\n cAa |,:
C$]n IRng iua +10:
C$]n +1,=+1,=6*.
T-n$ +10Z+2):
C$]n +10=+2)=1)*.
/II.T-n$ c%c t@:
Nguyn Minh Hin L !!"#
n mn hc - K thut mch in t 1 Trang 3#
a.T@ C1 l' t@ lin l:c ng< &'o.eH t-n $i.u #$ng PN gix l:i trn t@ ta c$]n:
C$]n C1=).18.
P.T-n$ t@ Cg: T@ Cg #Kt $CD &ji + t:o t$'n$ 1:c$ l]c t$ng t$D.
C$]n tn s3 cFt: ~c=2~1in=
C$]n Cg=).1
c.T-n$ t@ C6: T@ C6 #Kt $CD &ji +18 t:o t$'n$ 1:c$ l]c t$ng t$D.
C$]n tn s3 cFt: ~c=2~1in=
C$]n t@ C6=).1
I.T-n$ t@ C: T@ C cT n$i.1 &@ t$o%t t$'n$ D$n [oaM c$i\u #$ng c$o t$'n$ D$n
[oaM c$i\u $Vi tiKD.
C$]n C=
C$]n C=6))
/III.T-n$ 1:c$ (OBE;:
Cau t:o cAa loa gV1 1Xt cuXn c`1 &' 1Xt =i.n tr" cT (;= n$ &sM tr" #$%ng
cAa loa D$@ t$uXc &'o tn s3.*$i tn s3 c'ng cao tr" #$%ng cAa loa c'ng ljn In =Kn
gOM 14o t-n $i.u.C$-n$ &c &sM ta D$`i 1Fc t$1 t@ =i.n C2 &' =i.n tr" +8 sao c$o
tr" #$%ng loa #$ng D$@ t$uXc &'o tn s3.
*$i tn s3 tng t$c ; tngZC gi`1 Z(; &n #$ng =Bi.
Ta cT:
e (t= #$ng =Bi &' #$ng D$@ t$uXc &'o tn s3 ta c$]n +=+;=,
?o ; rt n$^ nn ta c$]n C2=).2
I.*iH1 tra =X 14o D$i tuMKn:
/c |1Z|2 l'1 &i.c " c$K =X YB nn 14o D$i tuMKn c$A MKu to'n 1:c$ Io |1Z|2 iuMKt
=Nn$.
*$i t-n $i.u &'o /in=).00/ =i.n %D =t ln tiKD gi%D BE cAa |1 l':
/ji
;Uc =T
*$ai triHn Ic Iji I:ng c$uqi ta =Cc:
Ta cT:
buM ra:
94o D$i tuMKn c$A MKu Io $'i Psc $ai gOM ra.
Ta cT $. s3 14o #$i c$a cT $Vi tiKD:
2. s3 14o #$i cT $Vi tiKD:
/ji
T$Go Mu cu t$iKt #K =X 14o D$`i n$^ $>n ).25 Io =T =X 14o trn t$<a 1}n.
.T-n$ to%n PX gi`i n$i.t c$o c%c BET cng sut:
*$i c$uMHn =Bi nguVn nui ra cng sut $xu -c$ trn t`i 1 D$n cng sut sS l'1
nong c%c BET cng sut. ?o =T &n =\ l'1 nguXi BET l' cn t$iKt &c #$i n$i.t =X tng
&Ct iu% n$i.t =X c$o D$4D t$c c%c BET sS PN D$% $^ng.
Cn t-n$ gi`i n$i.t " n$i.t =X 1i trang l' 6)C.
Nguyn Minh Hin L !!"#
n mn hc - K thut mch in t 1 Trang 31
N$i.t tr" to'n D$n: *=
N$i.t tr" * tBng cXng #$i cT c%n$ t^a n$i.t:*=
Trong =T: :N$i.t tr" t &^ =Kn c%n$.
:N$i.t tr" t tiKD gi%D =Kn &^.
:N$i.t tr" t c%n$ =Kn 1i trang.
*t&=
C$]n *t&=2
*c&
C$]n c%n$ t^a n$i.t cT I:ng $cn$ &ung cT Ii.n t-c$ l':
b=
C$i\u I'i: ;=
B\ I'M:
b3 c%n$ t3i t$iHu cn IJng:
n=
&ji
C$]n n=12.
/"M ta lM s3 c%n$ l': 12 c%n$.
Nguyn Minh Hin L !!"#
n mn hc - K thut mch in t 1 Trang 32
Nguyn Minh Hin L !!"#