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:
: ()
:
30 :
10 :

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:
MCSE, CCNA, CCIE,
Network Administrator

Networking Architecture Design

Network Security

...

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PSTN

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BLUETOOTH WIFI

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 :1








OSI TCP/IP
OSI TCP/IP

10

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 ()1

12

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 ()2

- .

13

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 ()1

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 ()2

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 ()3

16

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()broadcast

()peer to peer

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 Broadcast

broadcasting

multicasting
20

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 peer to peer

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)(Local Area Networks
)(Metropolitan Area Networks
)(Wide Area Networks
)(Wireless Networks

)(internetwork

22

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 )(Local Area Networks

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LAN

Star

Ring

Bus

Tokenrin
g
24

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( Bus : )
( Ring : )

( Tokenring Token )
( Star : )

25

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 )(LAN

)Ring (b) Bus (a
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 )(Metropolitan Area Networks

27

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 )(MAN

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 )(Wide Area Networks

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)(host
)(subnets

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 host ()1

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 host ()2

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 )(Wireless Networks

)(Bluetooth
LAN ) (IEEE802.11
WAN

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LAN :
WAN : LAN

34

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1m

10 m

100 m

" "

1 km

" "

10 km

100 km

1000 km

" "

10,000 km

35

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 ()1

) (a
) (b
36

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 ()2

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 )(internetwork

)(internetwork

39

0/1

)(gateway

85

(desktop PC, PDA, shared peripherals)

(TV, DVD, VCR, camera, stereo, MP3)
(telephone, cell phone, intercom, fax)
(microwave, fridge, clock, furnace, airco)
(utility meter, burglar alarm, babycam)

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:
:

:
) :(peer
( :)interface
( : )network architecture

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 network architecture

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The philosopher-translator-secretary architecture.

85

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5
45

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Addressing
Error Control
Flow Control
Multiplexing
Routing

85

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 :
( )

( )

47

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 ()1

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 ()2

-
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85

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ISO

53

OSI
TCP/IP
OSI TCP/IP
OSI
TCP/IP

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 OSI

.
.
.
.

.

54

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OSI

(Physical layer)

(Data link layer)

(Network layer)

(Transport layer)

(Session layer)

(Presentation layer)

(Application layer)

85

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 Physical layer
( )

56

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 Data link layer

MAC.

57

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 Network layer

.

58

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 Transport layer


.

59

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 Session layer

.
: .
:
.

60

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 Presentation layer
.

61

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 Application layer
.
http .
... .

62

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85

 TCP/IP

)(Internet layer

)(Transport layer

)(Application layer

) (Network Interface

63

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 Network layer


.

64

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85

 Transport layer
:
( TCP ) :
.
( UDP ) :
.

65

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 Application layer
.
( )telnet ( )ftp ( )SMTP.

66

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 ) (Network Interface
. IP
. .

67

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85


68

TCP/IP

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 OSI TCP/IP

.
.

.
OSI .
TCP/IP .

69

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 OSI

70

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 OSI TCP/IP

OSI

.

71

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85

 TCP/IP

.
TCP/IP TCP/IP .

( ) .
TCP/IP .

.

72

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-1
-2 - Frame Relay x.25 : ATM

-3
-4

74

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(a) Structure of the telephone system.

(b) Barans proposed distributed switching system.
85

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-1 :
-2 :
-3 :
rlogin telnet ssh
-4 : FTP
.

76

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Overview of the Internet.

85

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 ATM

A virtual circuit

85

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ATM

An ATM cell

79

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 ATM

80

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85

 ATM

ATM
81

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85

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 LAN

(a) Wireless networking with a base station.

(b) Ad hoc networking.
85

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LAN

.
84

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 LAN

A multicell 802.11 network.

85

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 IEEE 802

* .
.

86

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Metric Units

The principal metric prefixes.

85

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ANSI

IEEE

.
ISO
.

IETF
IRTF.

88

ISO
IEC
IAB

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89

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85

90

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A binary signal and its root-mean-square Fourier amplitudes.

(b) (c) Successive approximations to the original signal.
85

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(d) (e) Successive approximations to the

original signal.
85

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93

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-1
-2
-3
-4

94

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Twisted Pair

(a) Category 3 UTP.

(b) Category 5 UTP.
85

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96

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 ( )

97

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85

.
( ) .

98

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85

99

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(a) Three examples of a light ray from inside a silica fiber impinging on the
air/silica boundary at different angles.
(b) Light trapped by total internal reflection.

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(a) Side view of a single fiber.

(b) End view of a sheath with three fibers.
85

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LED

102

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103

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85

104

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3 :

-1
-2

-3

105

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85

106

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85

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)(a VLF, LF, & MF .

) (b HF .

108

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ISM

109

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.

.

110

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85


100MHZ
.


.

111

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85

.
.

112

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Lightwave Transmission

.
.

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.
.
:
)(GEO )( MEO - )( LEO

114

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115

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85

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VSATs using a hub.

117

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Low-Earth Orbit Satellites

Iridium

(a) The Iridium satellites from six necklaces around the earth.
(b) 1628 moving cells cover the earth.

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Globalstar

(a) Relaying in space.

(b) Relaying on the ground.
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) (a

) (b
) (c
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A typical circuit route for a medium-distance call.

85

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 :
-1
-2

-3

122

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The Local Loop: Modems,

ADSL, and Wireless

The use of both analog and digital transmissions for a computer to

computer call. Conversion is done by the modems and codecs.
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.
() .

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(a) A binary signal

(b) Amplitude modulation

(c) Frequency modulation

(d) Phase modulation

85

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(a) QPSK.
(b) QAM-16.
(c) QAM-64.
85

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(a)

(b)

(a) V.32 for 9600 bps.

(b) V32 bis for 14,400 bps.
85

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 LEASED LINE

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ADSL
ADSL :
-1 (POTS )
-2
-3

( )Spliter POTS .

129

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 ADSL
POTS ADSL

ISP
.

DSLAM
ADSL .

130

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85

 DSL

DSL category 3 UTP

131

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DSL

Operation of ADSL using discrete multitone modulation.

85

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DSL

A typical ADSL equipment configuration.

85

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Wireless Local Loops

Architecture of an LMDS system.

85

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 ( )
:
( FDM -1 )

FDM
.
( TDM -2 )
TDM .
) WDM (

-3

135

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85

136

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85

4
. 4 .
137

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85

138

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85

SONET/SDH
:
-1

-2
-3
-4 ()OAM

139

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Frequency Division Multiplexing

(a) The original bandwidths.

(b) The bandwidths raised in frequency.
(b) The multiplexed channel.
85

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Wavelength Division Multiplexing

Wavelength division multiplexing.

85

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Time Division Multiplexing

The T1 carrier (1.544 Mbps).

85

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Time Division Multiplexing (2)

Delta modulation.
85

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Time Division Multiplexing (3)

Multiplexing T1 streams into higher carriers.

85

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Time Division Multiplexing (4)

Two back-to-back SONET frames.

85

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Time Division Multiplexing (5)

SONET and SDH multiplex rates.

85

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 SWITCHING
-1
-2
-3

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148

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149

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85

.

.
.

150

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:
-1
-2
-3

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152

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Circuit Switching

(a) Circuit switching.

(b) Packet switching.
85

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Message Switching

(a) Circuit switching (b) Message switching (c) Packet switching

85

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Packet Switching

A comparison of circuit switched and packetswitched networks.

85

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The Mobile Telephone System

First-Generation Mobile Phones:
Analog Voice
Second-Generation Mobile Phones:
Digital Voice
Third-Generation Mobile Phones:
Digital Voice and Data
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Advanced Mobile Phone System

(a) Frequencies are not reused in adjacent cells.

(b) To add more users, smaller cells can be used.
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Channel Categories
The 832 channels are divided into four categories:
Control (base to mobile) to manage the system
Paging (base to mobile) to alert users to calls for them
Access (bidirectional) for call setup and channel
assignment
Data (bidirectional) for voice, fax, or data

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D-AMPS
Digital Advanced Mobile Phone System

(a) A D-AMPS channel with three users.

(b) A D-AMPS channel with six users.
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GSM
Global System for Mobile
Communications

GSM uses 124 frequency channels, each of which uses

an eight-slot TDM system
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GSM (2)

A portion of the GSM framing structure.

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CDMA Code Division Multiple Access

(a) Binary chip sequences for four stations

(b) Bipolar chip sequences
(c) Six examples of transmissions
(d) Recovery of station Cs signal
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Third-Generation Mobile Phones:

Digital Voice and Data

High-quality voice transmission

Messaging (replace e-mail, fax, SMS, chat,
etc.)
Multimedia (music, videos, films, TV, etc.)
Internet access (web surfing, w/multimedia.)

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Cable Television
Community Antenna Television
Internet over Cable
Spectrum Allocation
Cable Modems
ADSL versus Cable

85

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Community Antenna Television

An early cable television system.

85

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Internet over Cable

Cable television
85

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Internet over Cable (2)

The fixed telephone system.

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Spectrum Allocation

Frequency allocation in a typical cable TV

system used for Internet access
85

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Cable Modems

Typical details of the upstream and

downstream channels in North America.
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.

.

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 DLL ()1

) (a
) (b
173

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DLL

174

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85

.
.

175

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85

. .

176

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85

.

.

177

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85

.
.

178

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 DLL ()2

179

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85

:
.

.

:
.

180

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85

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85


.


.

182

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85


( ) 01111110 .
1
0 .

183

0/1

85

184

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85

 )1 (Framing

(a) : ) (b
185

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85

 )2 (Framing

) (a
) (b () ESC
186

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85



.

.

.

187

0/1

85

188

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85

189

0/1

85

190

0/1

85

191

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85

) G(x r r . . m+r
) Xr M(X.

) G(x 2 ) Xr M(X .

( r) 2
) Xr M(X . .
) T(x . ) T(X ) G(x 2 .
.

192

0/1

85

193

0/1

85

194

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85

) (a
) (b
195

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85

) (a )(ACK
196

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85

 )1( N

197

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85

 )2( N

198

0/1

85

()2

199

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85



.
( MAC
) .

.

200

0/1

85

201

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85

(FDM ) :
.
N N

.

202

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85

 FDM

N
N
.

203

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85

 FDM
T
C bps

1/
C .

:
)T=1/(C -
N :
TFDM=1/[ (C/N)-( /N)]=N/( C- )=NT
204

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85

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85


N
.

.
.

206

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85


2
.

() .

207

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85



. .

.
.

208

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85


ALOHA
Pure ALOHA
Slotted ALOHA
CSMA
Persistent and Non Persistent CSMA
CSMA/CD

Bitmap
Binary Count Down

MACA
MACAW
85

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ALOHA


.

: .

210

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85

Pure ALOHA

.

Slotted ALOHA

211

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CSMA

.

Persistent and Non Persistent CSMA

CSMA-1

.

212

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85

CSMA

213

CSMA

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 CSMA



.

CSMA

214

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85

215

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85

CSMA/CD

ALOHA
.
.

216

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85

 CSMA/CD

217

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85

CSMA/CD .
.
N 0 N-1
.

218

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85

Bitmap
Bitmap
N
. .

219

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85

Binary Count Down

( ) :

OR
.
:
)d/(d+logN2

220

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85


MAC.
CSMA ,
:
!

221

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85

MACA

.

,
.
: RTS

: CTS

222

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85

MACAW
MACA.
,
ACK .
,
.

223

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85


MIT
( )coaxial 5/2 2.94 Mbps
.
DIX IEEE802.3 .

224

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85

( )

100

500 m

Thick coax

10Base5

30

185 m

Thin coax

10Base2

1024

100 m

Twised pair

10Base-T

1024

2000 m

Fiber optics

10Base-F

225

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85

10Base5
( Vampire
)Tap .

10Base2

BNC T .

226

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85

 10Base2 & 10Base5

227

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85

10Base-T
(Hub )
( ) .

10Base-F


.

228

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85

10Base-T )c( 10Base2 )b( 10 Base5 )a( :

229

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85



.
: 1
0 .
:
.

230

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85

1
.

.
IEEE 802.5 Token Ring .

231

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85

232

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85

IEEE 802.3 Preamble

. .

233

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85

 ()1

234

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85

 ()2

802.3 :

.1
.2 .
.3 .

802.3u .

235

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85

 WirelessNetworking

WLAN ( LAN ) ( )
.

236

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85

:
:(AP)Access Point
AP WLAN .
IEEE802.11 .

237

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85

WLAN

ad hoc
Topology

85

infrastructure
Topology

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238

ad hoc Topology

Peer- to- peer .

.
Mesh
.

239

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85

infrastructure Topology

Access Point .

240

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85

: IEEE802.11

)Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum(DSSS

)Frequency Hopping Spread Spectr(FHSS
) ( infrared

85

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241

)Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum(DSSS

DSSS
CCK 11 .

)Frequency Hopping Spread Spectr(FHSS

.

. IEEE802.11a
.

( infrared )
infrared - - .
.

242

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85

 WLAN

WLAN

243

0/1

WLAN
85


(
lap top)
.

244

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85

:
:Piconet .
7
. Piconet.

:scatternet Piconet .

245

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85



PAN
.

.
10 720
.
( ) .

246

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85


1994 .
1995
.
940 981 .
.

,
.
IBM com3 Bluetooth
SIG .

247

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85


:
Data

( Bluetooth !)

248

0/1

85

249

0/1

85


LAN
.
WAN

250

0/1

85

 -
:
-1
-2

251

0/1

85


:
-1 .
-2 .

-3
.

252

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85


:

.

:

.

253

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85

( )VC

254

0/1

85

.
.

255

0/1

85


-1
-2
-3
-4
-5

256

0/1

85

 2 :
:


.

:
.

257

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85


J I K
J K .

sink tree

258

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85

259

0/1

85

260

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85

 ()DV

.
.

261

0/1

85

 ()LS
. :
-1 .

-2 .
-3 .
-4 .
-5 .

262

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85


.

.

263

0/1

85


-1
-2

264

0/1

85



.

.

265

0/1

85



T .
.

266

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85

 IP
IP 2 :
-1:

20 .

-2

267

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85


:Version IP

: IHL 32
:Type of service service
:Total Length .
:Identification .

: DF .
:MF .
.
268

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85

 :Fragment Offset .
:Time to live .

: Protocol
: Header chechsum

: Source/ Destination Adress .

269

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85

 IP
IP
.
IP 32 IP
.
IP

IP .

270

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85


IP
:

ICMP ARP RARP BootPDHCP -

271

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85

ICMP
.
.

ICMP

272

Destination unreachable

Time exceeded

Parameter problem

Source qench

Redirect

Echo

Echo

Echo reply

Echo

Timestamp request

Echo Reply

Timestamp reply

0/1

85

ARP
ARP .

. .
IP . IP ( )MAC
.

273

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85

RARP
RARP ARP .
IP .

IP .

274

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85

BootP
.
BOOTP .
IP IP
... .

DHCP
BOOTP IP
. DHCP IP
.

275

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85

AS
( )Autonomous System
AS .

AS AS
.

276

0/1

85

OSPF
OSPF . :

.
.
:
-1 .
-2 ( )LAN

-3 ( )WAN

277

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85

 4 OSPF :
-1

-2
-3
-4 AS .

278

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85

 OSPF

279

Hello

Link state update

Link State Update

Link state ack

Dataebase descripotion

Link state request

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85

BGP
AS BGP . BGP
.
AS :
-1 BGP
.
-2 .
-3 .

280

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