MC LC

Trang
LI NI U ........................................................................................... 1
CHNG 1. CC B IU CHNH IN P XOAY CHIU ........ 2
1.1. KHI QUT CHUNG ........................................................................ 2
1.2. H THNG IU CHNH IN P ................................................ 3
1.2.1. S khi ......................................................................................... 3
1.2.2. Nguyn l hot ng h thng iu chnh in p ........................... 4
1.3. B IU CHNH IN P XOAY CHIU BA PHA ...................... 4
1.3.1. S u sao c trung tnh ............................................................... 5
1.3.2. S ti u tam gic ....................................................................... 6
1.3.3. S u sao khng trung tnh......................................................... 7
1.3.4. Ni tam gic t ba b iu p xoay chiu mt pha .......................... 12
1.3.5. B iu p ba pha hn hp ............................................................... 13
1.4. CC U NHC IM CA S ............................................ 14
1.5. LA CHN B IU P XOAY CHIU BA PHA ....................... 15
CHNG 2. NG C D B V CC PHNG PHP
IU CHNH TC .................................................. 17
2.1. M U ............................................................................................. 17
2.2. NG C D B ............................................................................... 17
2.2.1. Cu to .............................................................................................. 17
2.2.2. Nguyn l lm vic ca ng c d b ............................................. 21
2.2.3. Cc ch lm vic ca ng c d b ............................................ 22
2.2.4. ng c lm vic vi rotor h ......................................................... 24
2.2.5. ng c c rotor quay ...................................................................... 25
2.3. C TNH C CA NG C D B ........................................... 30
2.3.1. Thng k nng lng ca ng c ................................................... 30
2.3.2. Momen quay (momen in t) ca ng c d b ........................... 31
2.3.3. c tnh c ca ng c khng ng b ba pha .............................. 33
2.3.4. c tnh c t nhin v c tnh c nhn to ................................... 36
2.4. CC PHNG PHP KHI NG ................................................ 37
2.4.1. Khi ng trc tip .......................................................................... 37
2.4.2. Khi ng dng phng php gim dng khi ng ...................... 38
2.5. CC PHNG PHP IU CHNH TC ............................... 44
2.5.1. Thay i tn s ngun in cung cp f
1
........................................... 44
2.5.2. Thay i s i cc .......................................................................... 47
2.5.3. iu chnh tc bng thay i in p ngun cp ........................ 49
2.5.4. iu chnh tc bng thay i in tr mch rotor ...................... 49
2.5.5. Thay i in p mch rotor ......................................................... 50
CHNG 3. TNH TON V M PHNG H THNG ................ 53
3.1. M U ............................................................................................. 53
3.2. MCH NG LC ........................................................................... 54
3.2.1. Tnh chn van bn dn ..................................................................... 54
3.2.2. Chn phn t bo v bn dn ........................................................... 55
3.3. MCH IU KHIN ......................................................................... 57
3.3.1. S nguyn l mch iu khin .................................................... 57
3.3.2. Tnh ton phn tch mch iu khin ............................................... 59
3.3.3. Mch hin th in p ....................................................................... 65
3.4. M PHNG ........................................................................................ 66
3.4.1. Cc thng s ng c ....................................................................... 66
3.4.2. S m phng ng c ................................................................. 71
KT LUN ............................................................................................... 76
TI LIU THAM KHO ....................................................................... 77



LI NI U
Trong cng nghip ng c d b 3 pha l ng c chim t l rt ln cc
loi ng c khc. Do kt cu n gin, lm vic chc chn, hiu sut cao, gi
thnh h, ngun cung cp ly ngay trn li cng nghip, di cng sut ng
c rt rng t vi trm W n hng ngn kW. Tuy nhin cc h truyn ng
c iu chnh tc dng ng c khng ng b li c t l nh hn so vi
ng c 1 chiu.
l iu chnh tc ng c d b gp nhiu kh khn v di iu chnh
hp. Nhng vi s ra i v pht trin nhanh ca dng c bn dn cng sut
nh : Diode, Tric, tranzitor cng sut, Thyristor c cc kho th cc h
truyn ng c iu chnh tc dng ng c d b mi c khai thc
mnh hn.
Xut pht t nhng vn nu trn v trong khun kh n tt nghip,
bn n ny nghin cu : Xy dng h thng t ng truyn ng in
ng c d b bng iu chnh in p s dng b iu chnh in p xoay
chiu 3 pha cng sut P = 3kW ca phng th nghim.
nghin cu ti ny i hi phi tm ti, nghin cu khng ch nhng
ti liu trong nc m cn c nhng ti liu nc ngoi. Tuy nhin vi s
gip ca thy gio GS TSKH Thn Ngc Hon em hon thnh n
tt nghip ny vi mt kt qu kh quan.
Cui cng em xin cm n cc thy c trong khoa in- in t, ngnh in
cng nghip v c bit l thy gio GS TSKH Thn Ngc Hon tn tnh
gip em hon thnh n ny.
Hi Phng, Ngy 28 thng 10 nm 2011
Sinh vin thc hin

Nguyn Thi Thin
CHNG 1
CC B IU CHNH IN P DNG XOAY CHIU
1.1. KHI QUT CHUNG
Cc b iu chnh in p c dng iu chnh gi tr in p xoay
chiu vi hiu sut cao, trong khi tn s ca sng hi c bn th gi nguyn
khng i, bng tn s ca in p li. Cc b iu chnh in p ch yu s
dng cc tiristor mc song song ngc hoc triac thay i gi tr in p
trong mi na chu k in p trong mi na chu k in p li theo gc m
, t m thay i c gi tr hiu dng ca in p ra ti.
Nhc im ca cc b iu chnh in p l dng in p ra b mo,
ngha l ngoi sng hi c bn c tn s bng tn s li, xut hin cc thnh
phn sng hi bc cao. Tuy nhin do cu trc rt n gin, tin cy cao nn
cc s loi ny vn c ng dng, c bit trong cc trng hp m
mo in p khng nh hng nhiu n ph ti.
C th k ra 2 trng hp m b bin i in p c nhng ng dng
quan trng. Mt l i vi ti thun tr, v d nh cn iu chnh in p cp
cho si t ca l in tr, mt pha hoc ba pha. R rng l i vi cc ti
thun tr th dng in p khng h nh hng n kh nng pht nhit ca
chng. Cng l ti thun tr c th k n cc loi n si t cn iu chnh
nh sng trong mt phm vi rng, v d trong nh ht hay cc rp chiu phim,
n si t l loi duy nht c th iu chnh nh sng bng iu chnh
in p. Trng hp th hai ng dng ca b iu chnh in p l khi qu
trnh iu chnh ch din ra trong mt thi gian ngn hoc trong mt phm vi
hp. Cc b khi ng mm ng c khng ng b thuc loi ny, trong
do thi gian khi ng ch din ra trong mt vi giy nn mo in p c
th chp nhn c. Sau khi khi ng c th cn iu chnh tc hoc
mmen ca ng c trong mt di hp nh iu chnh in p xoay chiu, khi
mo in p l khng ln lm.
B iu chnh in p cn c ng dng trong cc b chnh lu iu khin
pha s cp my bin p. Hai trng hp c trng cho cc ng dng ny.
Mt l, trong cc chnh lu cao p, trong phn mt chiu yu cu in
p rt cao, t 50 n 100 kV, nhng dng in li rt nh, c 0,5 n 2 A, nh
trong phn ngun cho cc b lc bi tnh in. Khi iu chnh pha th cp
s bt li v nguy him v in p qu cao. Gii php tt hn l iu chnh
pha s cp my bin p vi in p thp v dng in khng ln lm.
Hai l, ngc li trng hp trn, mt s ngun chnh lu yu cu dng
rt ln, c 10000 n 100000 A nhng in p li nh, c 12 n 24 VDC.
Khi iu chnh pha th cp cng bt li v nhiu van phi mc song song
chu c dng in ln. Do gii php iu chnh pha s cp vi dng
in tng i nh s c li hn.
1.2. H THNG IU CHNH IN P.
1.2.1. S khi.








Mch lc ca ng c bao gm ba cp van ni song song ngc. trng
thi xc lp, cc tiristor m nhng gc nh nhau v khng i, trong T
1
,
T
3
,T
5
thng na chu k dng, cn T
2
, T
4
, T
6
thng na chu k m ca
Hnh 1.1. S khi h thng iu chnh in p.

in p li. in p t vo stator ca ng c Ub (tc in p ra ca b
bin i). S l nhng phn ca ng hnh sin: U
1
= U
m
sint.
Gi thit ng cong trn hnh 1.2 l th in p pha A a vo stator
ng c qua 2 van T
1
v T
4
m gc
0
tnh t gc ca ng hnh sin t
+ n vn thng nh nng lng in t tch lu trong in cm ca
mch. Tng t nh vy van T
4
thng gia chu k m, gc ph thuc vo
gc ca ng c, tc l ph thuc trt ca ng c.
in p stator khng sin, nh trn hnh 1.2 c phn tch thnh nhng
thnh phn sng hi, trong sng bc 1 l thnh phn sinh cng c hc. Gi
tr hiu dng ca sng bc 1 (U
1b
) khng nhng ph thuc vo gc thng
0

m cn ph thuc gc pha ca ng c.










1.2.2. Nguyn l hot ng h thng iu chnh in p.
in p t a vo b iu khin, in p ra iu khin gc m tiristor
iu chnh ip p t vo ng c. Tc ng c c t l vi bnh
phng in p nn khi in p thay i th tc ng c s thay i.
1.3. B IU CHNH IN P XOAY CHIU 3 PHA.
Cc b iu p xoay chiu dng iu chnh gi tr in p xoay chiu
vi hiu sut cao. iu chnh in p ba pha, c th s dng ba s :
T
1
thng T
4
thng
0
o
0
o t 2t
U
b
U
1
U
b

Hnh 3.10. S mch hin th in p.

- B iu p xoay chiu ch yu s dng cc tiristor mc ngc hoc triac
thay i gi tr in p trong na chu k ca in p li theo gc m , t
i c gi tr hiu dng ca in p ra ti.
- Ni tam gic ba b iu p mt pha.
- Ni hn hp ba tiristor v ba diode.
Di y trnh by cc b iu chnh in p dng xoay chiu hay s dng
nht.
1.3.1. S u sao c trung tnh.











So vi s ny th cc cp tiristor mc ngc nhau lm c lp vi nhau.
Ta c th thc iu khin ring bit tng pha, ti c th i xng hoc khng
i xng. Do ip p trn cc van bn dn nh hn v in p t vo van
bn dn l in p pha. Cc van u trung tnh nn s in p t vo van
bn dn l in p pha. Cc van u in trung tnh c tn ti dng in
iu ho bc cao, khi gc m cc van khc khng c dng ti gin on v
loi s ni ny ch thch hp vi cc loi ti 3 pha c 4 u dy ra.


Hnh 1.3. S ni sao trung tnh.
T1
T2
T3
T5 T4 T6
Za
Zc
Ua
Ub
Uc
Zb
1.3.2. S ti u tam gic.
S ny c nhiu iu khc so vi s c dy trung tnh. y dng
in chy gia cc pha vi nhau nn ng thi phi cp xung iu khin cho
2 tiristor ca 2 pha 1 lc.










Vic cp xung iu khin nh th i khi gp kh khn trong mch iu
khin, ngay c khi vic i th t pha ngun cng c th lm cho s khng
hot ng.









Hnh 1.5. c tnh ra ca hnh 1.4.

Hnh 1.4. S ti u tam gic.
T1
T2
T3 T5
T4
T1
Za
Zc
Ua
Ub
Uc
Zb
1.3.3. S u sao khng trung tnh.










Hnh 1.6. S u sao khng trung tnh.

Hot ng ca b iu chnh in p xoay chiu ba pha ni sao khng dy
trung tnh l s hot ng tng hp ca cc pha. Vic iu chnh in p b
iu p ba pha khng dy trung tnh ph thuc vo gc .
Trng hp tng qut s c 6 on iu khin v 6 on iu khin khng
i xng, i xng khi c ba tristor dn, khng i xng khi 2 tiristor dn.
Vic xc inh in p phi cn c vo chng trnh lm vic ca cc
tiristor. Gi thit rng ti i xng v s iu khin m bo to ra cc
xung m v gc m lch nhau 120 .
Khi ng hoc m 1 tiristor ca mt pha no s lm thay i dng ca 2
pha cn li, ta lu rng trong h thng in p 3 pha hoc ch qua 2 pha.
Khng c trng hp ch c 1 pha dn dng.
Khi dng chy qua c ba pha th in p trn mi pha ng bng in p
pha.
Kkhi dng chy qua c hai pha th in p trn pha tng ng bng
1
2
in
p dy.
Sau y ta phn tch s hot ng ca s qua cc trng hp sau vi ti
thun tr:
- Vi 0 60 : ch c giai on 3 van v 2 van cng dn.
- Vi 60 90 : ch c cc giai on 2 van cng dn hoc khng c
van no dn c.
- Vi 90 150 : ch c cc giai on 2 van dn hoc khng c van
no dn c.
Vi 0 60
Trong phm vi gc ny s c cc giai on 3 van v 2 van dn xen k
nhau.
















Hnh 1.7. th in p pha A vi o=30 .

Nguyn l hot ng ca s :
Dng 6 tiristor u song song ngc vi ti thun tr, ti u theo hnh sao
v cch ly vi ngun = 30 .
+ Trong khong : Van 1 dn pha A, van 6 dn pha B, van
5 dn pha C suy ra c dng chy qua 3 pha nn c U
ZA
= U
A
.
+ Trong khong: Van 1 dn pha A, van 6 dn pha B suy
ra c dng chy qua 2 pha nn c U
ZA
=
1
2
U
AB
.
+ Trong khong : Van 1 dn pha A, van 2 dn pha C, van
6 dn pha B suy ra c dng chy qua 3 pha nn c U
ZA
= U
A
.
+ Trong khong : Van 1 dn pha A , van 2 dn pha C suy
ra c dng chy qua 2 pha nn U
ZA
= U
AC
.
+ Trong khong : Van 1 dn pha A, van 2 dn pha C, van
3 dn pha B c dng chy qua 3 pha U
ZA
= U
A
.
Vi = 60 90 :
Trong phm vi ny lun ch c cc giai on 2 van dn.
Dng in p ca th in p pha A vi = 75 (hnh 1.8).
Khi bin thin t
t
3
n

2
khong n ca cc tiristor khng i v bng
mt phn 3 chu k nhng dn lch pha.
Khi < <

3
+ , cc tiristo T
1
v T
6
dn.
Khi =

2
, ch ny s ngng dn, khi gc m cui ca T
6
= +

3
vt
qu
5
6
, khi v
A
v
B
v i
A
v i
B
trit tiu khi mi T
4
.
















Hnh1.8. th in p pha A vi o=75 .
Vi = 90 150 :
Trong trng hp ny ch c cc giai on 2 van dn hoc khng van no dn
c.
+Dng in p ca th in p pha A vi = 120 (hnh 1.9).
Tn ti khong dn sau cc khong tt c dng in trit tiu cn m hai
tiristor mt lc. lm vic c cn phi:
- iu khin cc tiristor bng cc tn hiu chiu rng ln hn

3
.
- Gi cc xung khng nh. Khi gi tn hiu m 1 tiristor bt u dn
phi gi mt xung ln cc iu khin ca tiristor va b kho. Nh vy T
1

nhn xung u tin = v xung khng nh = +

3
.
Khi < <
5
6
, cc tiristo T
1
v T
3
dn.

a
b
c
t
Ua
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
Khi
5
6
< < +

3
, khng c tiristor no dn.
phn b cc in p trn cc cc tiristor khi chng b kho, cn ni vo
cc cc ca ba khi tiristor cc in tr ln c tr s bng nhau
Khi <
5
6
mi ng thi T
1
v T
6
, khi = +

3
s to nn in p m
V
A
V
C
. Cc tiristor khng th dn c v b iu p lm vic nh mt
kho chuyn mch lun h mch.
Ta xt trng hp ti R L :
Ti R L c c trng bi tng tr
2 2 2
L R Z e = v gc pha
Q
R
L
tg = =
e
o . Dng in bt u gm khi > .
V in cm L cc dng in i
A
, i
B
v i
C
khng cn b gin on na, do
khng xy ra khi
t
3
< o <
t
2
.
Tiristor T
1
a vo dn khi = khng gy kho T
5
do dng i
C
b tt t
ngt, bi v dng in ny khng b gin on.
Nu = , nh T
3
v T
6
dng i
C
tn ti, vic m T
1
lm cho T
1
, T
6
v T
5
m
ng thi v bt u khong c ba tiristor dn 0 < <

3
.
Nu i
C
bng khng, khi m T
1
lm cho i
C
, i
A
v i
B
bng khng trc khi
= , s lm vic

2
< <
5
6
.
Vic chuyn t 0 < <

3
ti

2
< <
5
6
c thc hin i vi gi tr gii
hn
1
theo phng trnh :
( )
Q
Q
e
e
Sin
3
3
1 1
2
2 1
sin
3
4
t
t
o
t
o

=
|
.
|

\
|




















Hnh 1.9. th in p pha A vi = 120 .
1.3.4. Ni tam gic t 3 b iu p xoay chiu mt pha.
C mt phng n khc to nn b iu p ba pha gm b iu p mt pha
ni hnh tam gic nh s hnh 1.10. Cch ni ny cho php loi tr cc
iu ho bc ba v bi bc ba trong dng in.
c th s dng trc tip cc kt qu ca b iu p mt pha ta s dng
cc k hiu ca mt pha v ch thm A, B, C.
in p dy do ngun cung cp:
v
A
= V
m
sin, v
B
= V
m
sin( -
2
3
) , v
C
= V
m
sin( -
4
3
).
Cc tiristor c ni
1
6
chu k theo trnh t sau y:
T
1
, T
2
, T
3
, T
4
, T
5
, T
6
. Tiristor T1 nhn xung iu khin ti = . Cc in
p v
A
, v
B
, v
C
l in p trn cc pha ca ti ; cn v
T1
, v
T3
, v
T5
l in p
a
b
c
t
Ua
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5

T6
ca nhm cc tiristor. Cc dng in i
A
, i
B
, i
C
ging nhau mt phn ba hoc
hai phn ba chu k.
Nhm tam gic t ba b iu p mt pha m bo trit tiu iu ho bc ba
v b ba b iu p do ngun cung cp. Cc iu ho ny trng pha trong ba
dng i
A
, i
B
, i
C
. Dng in dy i
A1
= i
A
i
C
, i
A1
= i
B
i
A
, i
C1
= i
C
- i
B
.










Hnh 1.10. S ni tam gic 3 b iu p xoay chiu mt pha.
1.3.5. B iu p ba pha hn hp.








Hnh 1.11. S b iu p ba pha hn hp.

U
a
U
b
U
c
T
3
T
6
T
2
T
5
z
c
T
4
T
1
z
b
z
a
Trn s hnh 1.11 ta nhn thy mi pha c mt tiristor c thay th
bng mt diode. Khng c dy trung tnh lm cho gi tr trung bnh ca tng
dng in pha ca ti v in p trn cc ca n lun bng khng.
Nu ti thun tr, c ba ch lm vic lin tip sau ay khi i t 0 n
7t
6
:
Khi 0 < <

2
: ba hoc hai linh kin dn.
Khi

2
< <
2
3
: Ba, hai hoc khng c linh kin dn.
Khi
2t
3
< <
7
6
: hai hoc khng c linh kin dn.
Nu ti R L c mun Z v gc pha , lm thay i gi tr hiu dng
ca dng in iA, iB, iC t cc i
V
Z
n khng th gc mi phi tng t
n
7
6
.
Khi tng, s bin thin ca theo

2
< <
2
3
gim i. Khi = 30 ,
ch ny bin mt.
1.4. CC U NHC IM CA S .
Cc s iu chnh in p xoay chiu ni chung u n gin, do
cho hiu qu cao trong qu trnh iu chnh in p xoay chiu.
Dng in p ra ph thuc nhiu vo gc iu khin v tnh cht ca ti.
Dng in p ra cng rt khng hnh sin.
Ph hp vi cc ng dng yu cu cng sut va v nh, nt l vi ti
thun tr v khi dng in p trn ti khng yu cu kht khe.
Vi cng sut ln c th p dng trong nhng trng hp di iu chnh
in p yu cu hp hoc qu trnh iu chnh ch din ra trong mt thi gian
ngn, v d trong cc b khi ng ng c.
C th ci thin ng k c tnh ca b iu chnh in p nu s dng
cc van iu khin hon ton. Khi vic iu chnh s p dng phng php
iu ch rng xung mi na chu k in p li.
1.5. LA CHN B IU P XOAY CHIU BA PHA.
i vi cc thit b c cng sut trung bnh v ln, cc dng in iu
ha c vai tr quan trng trong vic la chn b iu p. Vic la chn gii
hn s tiristor.
-B iu p ba pha.
-Ba b iu p mt pha ghp thnh tam gic.
S ba b iu p mt pha ni tam gic khng t vi dng in ti so
vi b iu p ba pha nhng i vi dng in li li tt hn. S ba b
iu p mt pha ni tam gic mt dng lm cho dng in iu ha bc ba v
bi ba, nhng dng in dy ca chng b trit tiu. Do vy ta i n kt lun:
Khi vic gim iu ha dng in li ng vai tr quan trng th thng
chn s ba b iu p mt pha ni tam gic.
Khi cht lng in p trn ti quan trng th thng chn iu p ba
pha. l trng hp cung cp cho cc my quay, bi v cc my pht in
quay s lm vic xu khi in p bc ba v bi ba. Cc in p ny to nn h
thng th t khng. Khi cng sut gim, cn gim chi ph i vi cc tiristor
v mch iu khin, khi b diu p ba pha c nhiu kh nng:
t gia li v ti, cho php thay i pha khi chuyn t tam gic sang
sao m khng cn thay i b iu p.
t sao ti cho php ni hnh tam gic ba nhm tiristor, lm gim dng
in v cho php gim kch c ca tiristor.
t sao ti c mt cc chung cho tt c tiristor, iu ny lm cho vic
iu khin d dng, nht l khi thay th 6 tiristor bng 3 triac.
Khi vn iu ha dng in dy khng quan trng th b iu p ba pha
v cc phng n ca n c li hn phng n ni tam gic ba iu p mt
pha.
B iu p ba pha hn hp ch c s dng trong cc s cng sut
nh v nh hng quan trng ca cc iu ha. iu ha bc hai s to nn
mmen phn khng ln i vi my in quay.
Tm li, trong ti ta chn b iu chnh in p ba pha vi 6 tiristor
ni thnh nhm 2 tiristor song song.

CHNG 2
NG C D B V CC PHNG PHP IU CHNH
TC
2.1. M U
Loi ng c quay n gin nht l loi ng c khng ng b (d
b). ng c d b c th l loi 1 pha, 2 pha hoc 3 pha, nhng phn ln
ng c d b 3 pha c cng sut t mt vi ot ti vi megaot, c in p t
100V n 6000V.
Cn c vo cch thc hin rotor, ngi ta phn bit 2 loi: loi c rotor
ngn mch v loi rotor dy qun. Cun dy rotor dy qun l cun dy cch
in, thc hin theo nguyn l ca ca cun dy dng xoay chiu
Cun dy rotor ngn mch gm mt lng bng nhm t trong cc rnh
ca mch t rotor, cun dy ngn mch l cun dy nhiu pha c s pha bng
s rnh. ng c rotor ngn mch c cu to n gin v r tin, cn ng c
rotor dy qun t hn, nng hn nhng c tnh nng ng tt hn, do c th
to cc h thng khi ng v iu chnh.
2.2. NG C D B
2.2.1. Cu to
ng c d b hay cn gi l ng c khng ng b gm hai phn
c bn: Phn quay (rotor) v phn tnh (stator). Gia phn tnh v phn quay
l khe kh. Ta s nghin cu tng phn ring bit ca ng c d b.
2.2.1.1. Cu to ca stator
Stator gm 2 phn c bn l mch t v mch in.
a.Mch t: Mch t ca stator c ghp bng cc l thp in k thut
c chiu dy khong 0,3- 0,5mm, c cch in 2 mt chng dng Fuc.
L thp stator c dng hnh vnh khn (hnh 2.1), pha trong c c cc
rnh. gim dao ng t thng, s rnh stator v rotor khng c bng
nhau.

Hnh 2.1. L thp stator v rotor ng c d b: 1-L thp stator, 2-Rnh, 3-
Rng, 4-L thp rotor.
nhng my c cng sut ln, li thp c chia thnh tng phn
(section) nhm tng kh nng lm mt ca mch t. Cc l thp c ghp li
vi nhau thnh hnh tr. Mch t c t trong v my. V ng c c
lm bng gang c hay thp. tng din tch tn nhit, trn v my c c
cc gn tn nhit. Ngoi v my cn c np my, trn np my c gi bi.
Tu theo yu cu m v my c gn vo b my hay nn nh hoc v tr
lm vic. Trn nh c mc gip di chuyn thun tin. Trn v my gn
hp u dy.
b.Mch in ca stator
Mch in l cun dy ng c ta trnh by phn trn.
2.2.1.2. Cu to ca rotor
Mch t.
Ging nh mch t stator, mch t rotor cng gm cc l thp in k
thut cch in i vi nhau c hnh nh hnh 2.1. Rnh ca rotor c th song
song vi trc hoc nghing i mt gc nht nh nhm gim dao ng t
thng v loi tr mt s sng bc cao. Cc l thp in k thut c gn vi
nhau thnh hnh tr tm l thp mch t c c l xuyn trc, rotor
gn trn trc. nhng ng c c cng sut ln rotor cn c cc rnh thng
gi dc thn rotor.
Mch in.
Mch in rotor c chia lm 2 loi: loi rotor lng sc v rotor dy
qun.
Loi rotor lng sc (ngn mch).
Mch in ca loi rotor ny c lm bng nhm hoc ng thau. Nu
lm bng nhm th c c trc tip vo rnh rotor, 2 u c c 2 vng
ngn mch, cun dy hon ton ngn mch, chnh v vy gi l rotor ngn
mch. Nu lm bng ng th c lm thnh cc thanh dn v t vo trong
rnh, hai u c gn vi nhau bng 2 vng ngn mch cng kim loi. Bng
cch hnh thnh cho ta mt ci lng chnh v vy loi rotor ny cn c tn
rotor lng sc. Loi rotor ngn mch khng phi thc hin cch in gia dy
dn v li thp.
Loi rotor dy qun(Hnh 2.1b).
Mch in ca loi rotor ny thng lm bng ng v phi cch in vi
mch t. Cch thc hin cun dy ny ging nh thc hin cun dy ng c
xoay chiu trnh by phn trc. Cun dy rotor dy qun c s cp cc
v pha c nh. Vi ng c ba pha, th ba u cui c ni vi nhau trong
ng c, ba u cn li c dn ra ngoi v gn vo ba vnh trt t trn
trc rotor, l tip im ni vi mch ngoi.
2.2.1.3. Bng nh mc ca ng c















Hnh 2.2. Cch u dy bng u dy a) Phin ng, b) Cun dy ni sao.
trn v my ngi ta gn bng nh mc vi ni dung sau:
1. in p nh mc.
2. Dng in nh mc.
3.Tc nh mc.
4.H s nh mc.
Ngoi ra cn cho mt vi thng s na.
Gi tr in p v dng cho bng nh mc lin quan ti cch ni dy
cun dy stator. Cun dy stator c th ni sao hoc tam gic. Cch ni sao
hoc tam gic c thc hin nh sau:
hp ni dy thng c 6 cc v 3 thanh ng c c sn 3 l (hnh
2.3a). Nu mun ni sao ta chm 3 phin ng 3 cc, 3 u cn li l tr
ni vi in p ngun. Nu ni tam gic th ta dng 3 phin ng ln nh
hnh 2.3c.
2.2.2. Nguyn l lm vic ca ng c d b
xt nguyn l lm vic ca ng c d b, ta ly m hnh my in ba
pha gm ba cun dy t cch nhau trn chu vi my in mt gc 120
0
, rotor
l cun dy ngn mch. Khi cung cp vo ba cun dy ba dng in ca h
thng in ba pha c tn s l f
1
th trong my in sinh ra t trng quay vi
tc 60f
1
/p. T trng ny ct thanh dn ca rotor v stastor, sinh ra cun
stator s t cm e
1
v cun dy rotor s cm ng e
2
c gi tr hiu dng
nh sau:
E
1
=4,44W
1
|f
1
k
cd

E
2
=4,44W
2
|f
1
k
cd

Do cun rotor kn mch, nn s c dng in chy trong cc thanh dn
ca cun dy ny. S tc ng tng h gia dng in chy trong dy dn
rotor v t trng, sinh ra lc, l cc ngu lc (2 thanh dn nm cch nhau
ng knh rotor) nn to ra mmen quay. Mmen quay c chiu y stator
theo chiu chng li s tng t thng mc vng vi cun dy. Nhng v stator
gn cht cn rotor li treo trn bi, do rotor phi quay vi tc n theo
chiu quay ca t trng. Tuy nhin tc ny khng th bng tc quay
ca t trng, bi nu n=n
tt
th t trng khng ct cc thanh dn na, do
khng c s cm ng, E
2
=0 dn n I
2
=0 v mmen quay cng bng khng,
rotor quay chm li, khi rotor chm li th t trng li ct cc thanh dn, nn
li c s, li c dng v mmen, rotor li quay. Do tc quay ca rotor
khc tc quay ca t trng nn xut hin trt v c nh ngha nh
sau:
o
o
tt
tt
o
o
n
n n
s 100

= (2.1)
Do tc quay ca rotor c dng:
n = n
tt
(1- s) (2.2)
By gi ta hy xem dng in trong rotor bin thin vi tn s no.
Do n=n
tt
nn (n
tt
- n) l tc ct cc thanh dn rotor ca t trng
quay.
Vy tn s bin thin ca s cm ng trong rotor biu din bi:
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2
.
60 60 60
f s
n
n n p n P n n
n
n P n n
f
tt
tt tt tt
tt
tt tt
=

= (2.3)
Khi rotor c dng I
2
chy, n cng sinh ra mt t trng quay vi tc
:
tt tt
sn
p
sf
p
f
n = = =
1 2
2
60 60
(2.4)
So vi mt im khng chuyn ng ca stator, t trng ny s quay vi
tc :
n
tt2s
= n
tt2
+ n

= sn
tt
+ n

= sn
tt
+ n
tt
(1-s) = n
tt

Nh vy so vi stator, t trng quay ca rotor c cng gi tr vi tc
quay ca t trng stator.
2.2.3. Cc loi ch lm vic ca ng c d b.
My in d b c th lm vic nhng th loi sau:
ng c.
Ch chng ta va nghin cu l ch ca ng c ca my in d
b. ch ny ng c nhn in nng t li in v bin thnh c nng
chuyn ra ti. ng c c tc quay nh hn tc ca t trng, quay
cng chiu vi t trng.
Ch my pht.
Vn vi m hnh my in d b trn, nu by gi ta gn vo trc my
in mt my lai ngoi (v d ng c di-e-zen) v quay rotor vi tc n
cng chiu t trng nhng c gi tr ln hn tc t trng, th th t ct
cc thanh dn ca rotor s ngc vi th t ct ta va nghin cu. S cm
ng trong cc thanh dn i chiu, dng in cng i chiu, trc y chy
t li vo my in th by gi dng in chy t my in v li in. Ta
c ch my pht. trt by gi tnh nh sau:
s =
n
tt
-n
n
tt
<0 v n>n
tt
.
Ch my hm.
Nu by gi c mt lc t bn ngoi, ko trc my d b quay ngc vi
chiu quay ca t trng, th s xut hin trong cc thanh dn r to i
chiu, lm cho chiu dng rotor cng i, nn mmen do ng c sinh ra i
chiu. Trc y mmen v tc cng chiu, cn by gi chiu ca mmen
v chiu ca tc ngc nhau, ta c ch hm in. V n = -n nn by gi
trt c gi tr:
s =
n
tt
-(-n)
n
tt
>1
Ch bin p
Nu my in d b rotor dy qun h cun dy rotor, th khi cp in
cho mch stator, t trng quay stator ct cc cun dy rotor v sinh ra s
trong cc cun dy theo nguyn tc ca my bin p. Gi tr hiu dng ca
cc s ny nh sau:
E
1
=4,44k
cd1
|W
1
f
1
(2.5)
E
2
=4,44k
cd2
|W
2
f
1
Trong k
cd1
v k
cd2
l h s cun dy pha s cp v th cp.
V mch rotor h, nn khng c dng chy v khng c momen. My in d
b lm vic nh my bin p.
Nu ta khp mch rotor, nhng gi cho rotor khng quay th tn s ca s
cm ng trong mch rotor f
1
=f
2
, ta vn c ch bin p. My d b c rotor
khng quay lm vic nh my bin p, trong thc t c dng nh b dch
pha hoc b iu chnh in p. Tuy nhin cn lu , khi rotor ng c khng
quay, my in b t nng do phng php lm mt b thay i v tn hao
li thp tng t ngt v




Hnh 2.3. Cc th loi ch lm vic ca my in d b.
trt tng (s=1). Lc ny thng phi gim dng bng gim in p. ng
c d b lm vic nh my bin p, nn c th cp ngun t pha rotor.
Cc loi ch lm vic ca my in d b biu din trn hnh 2.3.
2.2.4. ng c lm vic vi rotor h.
My in khng ng b c rotor h, ch c loi my in d b rotor
dy qun. V my in nhiu pha c c im l cc pha i xng, do ta
ch cn nghin cu mt pha cho my in nhiu pha. n gin cho nghin
cu ta gi thit rng s phn b ca t trng khe kh c dng hnh sin, c
ngha l b qua cc sng bc cao. Trong trng hp ny, dng in v in p
c xc nh bng gi tr hiu dng, cn gi tr st v t thng l gi tr bin
.
Khi rotor h , dng rotor bng khng, rotor khng quay. My in d b hon
ton nh mt bin p, trong pha s cp l stator cn pha th cp l rotor.
Khi cung cp cho 3 cun dy bng 3 dng in ca h thng 3 pha, th s c
t trng quay. T trng quay ct cc thanh dn stator v rotor to ra s
cm ng e
1
v e
2
theo nguyn tc ca my bin p, gi tr hiu dng ca
chng biu din bng biu thc (2.5).
Nh my bin p, ngoi t thng chnh cn c t thng tn, lin quan vi
n l X
1
(X
1
=eL
t1
). in tr thun cun dy stator l R
1
, vy phng trnh cn
bng s ch ny nh sau:
1
10
1
10 1 1 X I j R I E U
- - - -
+ + = (2.6)
Hay
10 1 1
- - -
+ = I E U Z
1
(2.6a)
Trong Z
1
= R
1
+ jX
1
l tng tr mch stator.
Cn lu rng khe kh ca my in d b ln hn ca my bin p (ch l
ch tip xc ca cc l thp) nn dng khng ti ca my bin p nh hn
dng khng ti ca my in d b rt nhiu, c th dng khng ti ca my
bin p c gi tr I
0
= (0,3-0,1)I
m
, cn dng khng ti ca my in d b c
gi tr I
0
=(0,3-0,5)I
m
(s

to cho my cng sut nh, s nh cho my cng sut
ln). gim dng khng ti my in d b ta gim khe kh ti mc c
th.
Do dng I
2
= 0, cng sut nhn vo by gi chuyn c thnh tn hao pha s
cp ngha l:
P
10
=AP
Cu1
+ AP
Fe1
(2.7)
Trong AP
Cu1=
R
1
I
10
2
l tn hao ng cun dy s cp, AP
Fe1
l tn hao li
thp pha stator.
H s bin p ca my d b tnh nh sau:
2 2
1 1
1 2 2
1 1 1
2
1
44 , 4
44 , 4
W k
W k
f W k
f W k
E
E
k
c
cd
c
cd
u
= = =

(2.8)
th vct ca my d b ch ny ging nh my bin p.
2.2.5. ng c d b c rotor quay
2.2.5.1. Phng trnh cn bng s
Khi cp cho stator my in d b mt in p U
1
(vi my d b rotor
dy qun cun dy phi c ni tt li vi nhau, hoc ni qua cc in tr
ngoi), th trong rotor c dng in chy (I
2
=0), s lm xut hin momen quay
v quay rotor vi tc n <n
tt
(theo nguyn l hot ng).
S cm ng trong cun dy stator v trong rotor biu din bng biu
thc sau:
E
1
=4,44k
cd1
|W
1
f
1

E
2
=4,44k
cd2
|W
2
f
2
K hiu E
20
= 4,44k
cd2
|W
2
f
1
ng thi lu f
2
=sf
1
ta c:
E
20
=sE
2
(2.9)
By gi trong my in c 2 t trng quay: t trng quay do stator sinh
ra v t trng do rotor sinh ra. Hai t trng ny tc ng ln nhau to ra
mt t trng tng nh trong my bin p.
T trng do dng I
2
sinh ra cng gm t thng chnh v t thng tn. T
thng tn gy ra tr khng X
2
=eL
t2
. Nu gi in tr thun ca rotor l R
2
ta
c phng trnh cn bng s mch rotor nh sau:

2
=
2
R
2
+ j
2
X
2
(2.10)
Hay

2
= Z
2

2
(2.11)
Trong Z
2
=R
2
+ jX
2
l tng tr mch rotor.
Phng trnh cn bng pha s cp vn l (2.6) v (2.6a). Vy cc phng
trnh (2.6) v (2.10) l phng trnh cn bng in p khi ng c d b c
rotor quay. C th l nhng phng trnh sau:
1
10
1
10 1 1 X I j R I E U
- - - -
+ + = (2.12)

2
=
2
R
2
+ j
2
X
2
(2.13)
T (2.13) ta c th tnh dng I
2
theo biu thc:
I
2
=
E
2
R
2
2
+X
2
2


(2.14)
2.2.5.2. S tng ng
Ging nh my bin p, khi phn tch my in d b ngi ta cng
dng s tng ng m khng dng my thc.
Khi ng c d b khng quay, n l mt bin p ngn mch pha th cp, tn
s stator bng tn s rotor. Khi rotor quay tn s pha s cp v pha th
cp khc nhau. s th s dng s tng ng ca my bin p ta phi
bin i tn s ca 2 pha bng nhau. ( my bin p tn s pha s cp
bng tn s pha th cp). Mun th ta thc hin mh sau:
Ta c: X
2
= eL
t2
=2tf
2
L
t2
=2tsf
1
L
t2

t X
20
=2tf
1
L
t2

Vy: X
2
=sX
20
(2.15)
Thay (2.9) v (2.15) vo (2.14) ta c:
( )
2
20
2
2
20
2
20
2
2
20
2
X
s
R
E
sX R
sE
I
+
|
.
|

\
|
=
+
= (2.14a)
Do X
20
v E
20
c tn s l f
1
nn dng stator v dng rotor c cng tn s
f
1
. Theo (2.14a) mch rotor c th biu din nh hnh 2.4.






Hnh 2.4. S tng ng mch rotor c tn s dng in bng tn s
dng stator.
Tuy mch rotor c tn s bng tn s stator, nhng chng ta cha th
ni mch rotor vi mch stator v gi tr in p mch rotor cn khc vi
mch stator. cho in p pha rotor bng pha stator ging nh bin p, ta
thc hin tnh quy i theo nguyn tc ca bin p. C th:
in p qui i:
E
2
= E
1
= 4,44k
cd1
W
1
|f
1
= k
u
E
2
=
k
cd1
W
1
k
c2
W
2

E
2
(2.14b)
Dng in quy i:
Gi tr dng quy i c tnh da trn nguyn tc m bo s khng i
v cng sut tc dng, tc l:
m
2
I
2
E
2
cos
2
= m
1
I
2
E
2
cos
2

T y ta :
I
2
=
m
2
I
2
E
2
m
1
E
2

=
m
2
k
cd2
W
2
m
1
k
cd1
W
1

I
2
=k
i
I
2

Trong k
i
=
m
1
k
cd1
W
1
m
2
k
cd2
W
2

=
m
1
m
2

k
u
v gi l h s truyn dng in
in tr quy i:
S quy i in tr da trn c s bng nhau v tn hao, v cng sut tc
dng, c th:
m
2
I
2
2
R
2
= m
1
I
2
2
R
2
do :
R
2
=
m
1
m
2

I
2
2

I
2
2


R
2
=
m
1
m
2

k
i
2
R
2
=k
u
k
i
R
2

Tng t cho X
2

X
2
= k
u
k
i
X
2
Hnh 2.5a l s song song. V R
2
/s= R
2
+R
2
(1-s)/s nn ta c th chuyn
s hnh 2.5a sang hnh 2.5b. S hnh 2.5c l s hnh ch T, l s
c dng nhiu hn, cn s song song c dng nhiu my bin
p. Do Z
1
=
1 1
jX R + rt nh nn ta c th nhn E
1
~U
1
v c s hnh 2.5d,
mt khc dng kch t khng i ta a thm Z
1
vo mch dng I
0
. in
tr R
2
(1-s)/s gi l in tr gi nh.
T s tng ng ta c phng trnh cn bng ca my in d b
ch rotor quay (c ti).

1
10
1
10 1 1 X I j R I E U
- - - -
+ + =

1
= -
2
(2.16)

2
=
2
R
2
+ j
2
X
20
+ R
2

1-s
s

thun tin cho c gi khi tham kho cc sch khc, t y tr i ta
thay X
20
=X
2
.
th vc t ca ng c d b khi rotor quay biu din trn hnh 2.6.
Cch ng dng ging nh my bin p.














Hnh 2.5. S tng ng my bin p khi ti: a,b) S mc song song,
c) S mc ni tip. d) S n gin.



























Hnh 2.6. th vc t my bin p khi ti.
2.3. C TNH C CA NG C D B.
2.3.1. Thng k nng lng ca ng c.
V nguyn l, ng c d b c th lm vic nh my pht in hoc my
pht khng ng b. ch lm vic ng c, nng lng in c cung
cp t li in v chuyn sang rotor bng t trng quay. Dng nng lng
c biu din nh sau:
Cng sut nhn t li in:
P
1
=m
1
U
1
I
1
cos
1
(2.17)
stato, nng lng b mt mt phn do tn hao in tr cun dy (AP
Cu1
)
v trong li thp (AP
Fe1
). Vy cng sut in t chuyn t stator sang rotor
nh sau:
P
t
=P
1
-AP
Cu1
-AP
Fe1
(2.18)
Trong AP
Cu1
=m
1
I
1
2
R
1
, AP
Fe1
=m
1
I
Fe
2
R
Fe
. Tn hao thp ph thuc vo tn s.
Tn hao li thp pha r to b qua, v khi lm vic nh mc tn s f
2
= (1 -
3)Hz.
Cng sut in t chuyn sang rotor s ng vi cng sut tc dng sinh ra
in tr R
2
/s vy:
P
t
= m
1
I
'
2
2R
2
s


= m
1
I
'
2
2
R
2
+ m
1
I
'
2
2
R
2

1-s
s


(2.19)
Thnh phn th nht l tn hao ng cun dy rotor:
AP
Cu2
= m
1
I
'
2
2
R
2
= m
2
I
2
2
R
2
(2.20)
Phn cng sut cn li c chuyn sang cng c hc trn trc ng c vy:
P
c
= m
1
I
'
2
2
R
2

1-s
s
= m
1
I
2
2
R
2
1-s
s


(2.21)
Cng sut c c chuyn sang cng sut hu ch P
2
v tn hao c cc loi
(AP
C
) nh: ma st bi, qut gi, ma st r to vi khng kh v.v. ngoi ra cn
tn hao ph do sng bc cao, do mch t c rng (AP
p
). Tn hao ph rt nh
(AP
p
~0.005P
1
).

Hnh 2.7. S nng lng ca ng c d b.
Vy cng sut hu ch tnh nh sau:
P
2
=P
c
- AP
C
- AP
p
(2.22)
Tng tn hao ca ng c c gi tr:
AP = AP
Cu1
+AP
Fe1
+AP
Cu2
+AP
c
+AP
p
(2.23)
Hiu sut ca ng c:
q =
P
2
P
1

=
P
1
-AP
P
1
= 1 -
AP
P
1
(2.24)
S nng lng ca my in d b biu din trn hnh 2.7.
2.3.2. M men quay (m men in t) ca ng c d b.
Cng sut c hc ca ng c khng ng b ph thuc vo tc
quay ca rotor (tc c):
P
c
=Me
c
. (2.25a)
Do mmen in t ca ng c khng ng b c th tnh c bng biu
thc:
M =
P
dt
e
co

(2.25)
y e
c
=
2tn
60
=

e
tt
p

=

2tf
1
p

, trong n-tc quay ca rotor tnh bng
vng pht, e
tt
-tc gc quay ca t trng o bng rad/giy, p-s i cc.
Thay cng sut in t bng (2.19) ta c:
M=m
1
I
'
2
2R
2
s

.
1
e
co
(2.26)
Biu thc mmen in t ca my in khng ng b cn c th nhn c
dng khc nh sau:
Thay vo (2.26) mt gi tr ca I
2
bng biu thc (2.14a) v lu E
2
c gi
tr nh (2.14b) cn cos
2
tnh t th vct (hnh 2.6) c gi tr:
2 2
2
'
2
'
2
2
2
2
'
2
'
2
'
2
'
2
2
1
1
cos
s X R
R
X
s
s
R R
s
s
R R
+
=
+
|
.
|

\
|
+

+
=
Ta nhn c:
|
t
e
e
cos
2
44 , 4
'
2
1
1 1 1 1 1
'
2 '
2
'
2
'
2
'
2 1
I
f
p m f W k
s
R
I
X R
s E pm
M
cd
tt
=
+
=

(2.26a)
Hay: M = kI
2
|cos
2
(2.26b)
C dng ca mmen my in dng mt chiu,trong
t
e
2
44 , 4
1 1 1 1 1
p m f W k
k
cd
= .
Chng ta cn c cch khc tnh mmen in t ca my in khng
ng b.
Trc ht tnh dng I
2
. Ta dng s tng ng gn ng (hnh 2.5c).
Theo s ta c:
( )
'
2 1
2
2
1
1 '
2
X X
s
R
R
U
I
+ +
|
.
|

\
|
+
= (2.27)
Thay vo (2.26) ta c:

( )
s
R
X X
s
R
R
U pm
M
'
2
2
'
2 1
2
'
2
1
2
1
11
1

+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
e
(2.28)
y l biu thc m men in t ca my in khng ng b, c gi tr o
bng [Nm], mun o bng [KGm] phi chia cho 9,81.
2.3.3. c tnh c ca ng c khng ng b ba pha.
c tnh c c nh ngha l mi quan h hm gia tc quay v mmen
in t ca ng c n=f(M).
dng c mi quan h ny, trc ht ta nghin cu cng thc (2.27) l
mi quan h M=f(s) v c gi l c tnh tc ca ng c. T biu thc
ta nhn thy mi quan h gia mmen v trt l mi quan h phi tuyn.
kho st chng ta hy tm cc tr .
u tin ta tnh:

dM
ds
=0 (2.29)
Sau khi tnh o hm m men ri, cho bng 0 ta tm c trt ti hn c
gi tr sau:
( )
2 1 1
'
2
X X R
R
s
th
+ +
= (2.30)
y s
th
-l trt ti hn, tc l gi tr trt xut hin mmen cc
i v cc tiu. Du+ ng vi ch ng c cn du - ng vi ch
my pht.
Thay s
th
vo (2.28) ta c:


( )
(

+ + +
=
2
2 1
2
1 1
2
1
max
2
3
X X R R
pU
M
tt
e
(2.31)











Hnh 2.8. c tnh M=f(s) khi U
1
=const, f
1
=const
Du + cho ch ng c, cn du tr cho ch my pht. dng c
tnh M=f(s) ta nhn thy, khi s nh th R
1
+
R
2

s
>> X
1
+X
2
do c th b
qua X
1
+X
2
ta c mi quan h tuyn tnh (hnh 9.8), cn khi s ln th R
1
+
R
2

s

<< X
1
+X
2
nn nhn R
1
+
R
2

s
= 0, ta c M=K/s, n l mt ng hypecbol
(hnh 2.8). ng M=f(s) l ng 3 trn hnh 2.8.
Gia M v trt cn c th biu din bi biu thc sau

s
s
s
s
M
M
th
th
+
=
max
2
(2.32)
dng c tnh tc ngi ta thng dng cng thc ny v c tn l
cng thc Kloss.
H s qu ti l t s gia mmen cc i i vi mmen nh mc :
K
qt
=
M
max
M
m

(2.32)
Ta hy xt nh hng ca mt s thng s ln mmen ng c:
-nh hng ca s thay i in p mng cp U
1
T biu thc (2.28) v (2.31) ta thy khi in p U
1
gim th mmen cc i
v mmen gim theo t l bnh phng, iu rt d lm cho ng c dng
di in.(hnh 2.9).












Hnh 2.9. nh hng ca in p ngun Hnh 2.10. nh hng ca in
np i vi mmen ng c. tr rotor ln mmen ng c.
Khi thay i in tr X mch stator, hu qu nh gim in p ngun v
in p t ln ng c bng in p ngun tr i st p trn in tr X.
Trn hnh 2.10 biu din s thay i ca m men khi thay i in tr
ca r to ng c. Khi thay i in tr R2 s lm thay i trt ti hn,
nhng khng thay i m men cc i (2.31).
c tnh c:
c c c tnh c M=f(n) ta da vo mi quan h:
n=ntt(1-s) (2.33)
Cho s nhng gi tr khc nhau ta c gi tr ca n, t (2.28) ta tnh M, lp bng
mi quan h n=f(M) ri dng th mi quan h ny hnh 2.11.










Hnh 2.11. c tnh c ng c d b.
T c tnh c ta c nhn xt: c tnh c chia lm 2 on: on a-b v on
b-c. on ab l on lm vic n nh, v trn on ny mi khi ch n
nh c b ph v th n li thit lp ch n nh mi. Trn on bc ta
khng c c tnh cht . T c tnh c ta thy c 2 ch c trng:
-Khi M=0 th c n=n0 (n0 l tc khng ti c gi tr bng tc t trng
quay). Ch ny thc t khng c, nghin cu ta phi gn my lai ngoi
vi ng c ri quay rotor vi tc bng tc quay ca t trng, ta gi
ch ny l ch khng ti l tng.
-Khi n=0. y l ch khi va a ng c vo li cung cp, ng c
cha kp quay, ta gi l ch khi ng , ng vi ch khi ng c
mmen khi ng.
Ngoi ra ng c cn c tc n = 0 trong trng hp ng c khng lm
vic, khng c in p cung cp cho stator. Lc ny khng c g xy ra,
chng ta khng bn ti.
2.3.4. c tnh c t nhin v c tnh c nhn to
c tnh c t nhin: y l c tnh c c xy dng khi cc thng s ca
my nh in p, in tr, tn s c gi tr nh mc. Cn c tnh c nhn
to l dc tnh c khi c mt trong cc thng s trn thay i, cc thng s
khc khng i. Trn hnh 2.12 biu din c tnh c cho cc trng hp thay
i in p, thay i s i cc, thay i tn s ngun cung cp v thay i
in tr rotor.


















Hnh 2.12. c tnh c nhn to ca ng c d b a) Khi U
1
=Var ;
b) Khi p=Var, c) Khi f=Var, d) Khi R
2
=Var
Qua c tnh chng ta thy: khi U1 = var th mmen cc i thay
i, cn khi s i cc thay i, tc khng ti thay i, mmen cc i
cng thay i. Khi thay i tn s, tc khng ti thay i, phm vi f=fm
nu iu chnh tn s theo nguyn tc U1/f1=const th mmen cc i khng
i, cn ngoi phm vi trn mc du iu chnh tn s theo nguyn tc
U1/f1=const vn lm cho mmen cc i gim. Thay i in tr rotor th
mmen cc i khng thay i.
2.4. CC PHNG PHP KHI NG
2.4.1. Khi ng trc tip.
Khi ng l qu trnh a ng c ang trng thi ngh (ng im) vo
trng thi lm vic quay vi tc nh mc.
Khi ng trc tip, l ng ng c vo li khng qua mt thit b ph
no. Vic cp mt in p nh mc cho stator ng c d b rotor lng sc
hoc ng c d b rotor dy qun nhng cun dy rotor ni tt, khi rotor
cha kp quay, thc cht ng c lm vic ch ngn mch. Dng ng
c rt ln, c th gp dng nh mc t 4 n 8 ln. Tuy dng khi ng ln
nh vy nhng mmen khi ng li nh do h s cng sut cos0 rt nh
(cos0 = 0,1-0,2), mt khc khi khi ng, t thng cng b gim do in p
gim lm cho mmen khi ng cng nh.
Dng khi ng ln gy ra 2 hu qu quan trng:
-Nhit my tng v tn hao ln, nhit lng to ra my nhiu (c
bit cc my c cng sut ln hoc my thng xuyn phi khi ng)
V th trong s tay k thut s dng my bao gi cng cho s ln khi
ng ti a, v iu kin khi ng.
-Dng khi ng ln lm cho st p li in ln, gy tr ngi cho cc
ph ti cng lm vic vi li in.
V nhng l do khi ng trc tip ch p dng cho cc ng c c
cng sut nh, v khi ng nh (mmen cn trn trc ng c nh). Khi
khi ng nng ngi ta khng dng phng php ny.
2.4.2. Khi ng dng phng php gim dng khi ng.
Dng khi ng ca ng c xc nh bng biu thc:
( ) ( )
2
'
2 1
2
2 1
1
X X R R
U
I
ngm
+ + +
=
(2.34)
T biu thc ny chng ta thy gim dng khi ng ta c cc phng
php sau:
-Gim in p ngun cung cp
-a thm in tr vo mch rotor;
-khi ng bng thay i tn s.
2.4.2.1. Khi ng ng c d b rotor dy qun
Vi ng c d b rotor dy qun gim dng khi ng ta a thm
in tr ph vo mch rotor. Lc ny dng ngn mch c dng:

( ) ( )
2
'
2 1
2
2 1
1
X X R R R
U
I
p
ngm
+ + + +
=
(2.35)
Vic a thm in tr ph Rp vo mch rotor ta c 2 kt qu: lm
gim dng khi ng nhng li lm tng mmen khi ng. Bng cch chn
in tr Rp ta c th t c mmen khi ng bng gi tr mmen cc i
hnh 2.13b.
Hnh 2.13. Khi ng ng c d b rotor dy qun a) S , b) c
tnh c.
Khi mi khi ng, ton b in tr khi ng c a vo rotor, cng
vi tng tc rotor, ta cng ct dn in tr khi ng ra khi rotor khi
tc t gi tr nh mc, th in tr khi ng cng c ct ht ra khi
rotor, rotor by gi l rotor ngn mch.
2.4.2.2. Khi ng ng c d b rotor ngn mch
Vi ng c rotor ngn mch do khng th a in tr vo mch
rotor nh ng c d b rotor dy qun gim dng khi ng ta thc hin
cc bin php sau:
a. Gim in p.
Ngi ta dng cc phng php sau y gim in p khi ng: dng
cun khng, dng bin p t ngu v thc hin i ni sao-tam gic. S
cc loi khi ng ny biu din trn hnh 2.14.


Hnh 2.14. Cc phng php gim in p khi khi ng ng c d b a)
Dng cun khng, b) Dng bin p t ngu (BATN); c) Dng i ni sao-tam
gic.
c im chung ca cc phng php gim in p l cng vi vic gim
dng khi ng, mmen khi ng cng gim. V mmen ng c t l vi
bnh phng in p ngun cung cp, nn khi gim in p mmen gim theo
t l bnh phng, v d in p gim 3 ln th mmen gim i 3 ln. Vic
thc hin i ni sao-tam gic ch thc hin c vi nhng ng c khi lm
vic bnh thng th cun dy stator ni tam gic. Do khi khi ng cun dy
stator ni sao, in p t ln stator nh hn 3 ln khi chuyn sang ni tam
gic, dng in gim 3 ln m men gim i 3 ln. Khi khi ng bng bin
p, nu h s bin p l k
u
th in p trn t u dy ca ng c gim i k
u

ln so vi in p nh mc, dng khi ng gim i k
u
, m men khi ng
s gim i k
u
2
ln.Tt c cc phng php khi ng bng gim in p, ch
thc hin c nhng ng c c khi ng nh, cn ng c khi ng
nng khng p dng c, ngi ta khi ng bng phng php nhm.
b. Khi ng bng phng php tn s.
Do s pht trin ca cng ngh in t, ngy nay ngi ta ch to
c cc b bin tn c tnh cht k thut cao v gi thnh r, do ta c th
p dng phng php khi ng bng tn s. Thc cht ca phng php ny
nh sau: ng c c cp in t b bin tn tnh, lc u tn s v in p
ngun cung cp c gi tr rt nh, sau khi ng ng c vo ngun cung cp,
ta tng dn tn s v in p ngun cung cp cho ng c, tc ng c
tng dn, khi tn s t gi tr nh mc, th tc ng c t gi tr nh
mc. Phng php khi ng ny m bo dng khi ng khng vt qu
gi tr dng nh mc.
2.4.2.3. Khi ng ng c c rnh su v ng c 2 rnh.
Nh chng ta bit khi ng ng c d b bng a in tr vo
mch rotor l tt nht, tuy nhin vi ng c d b rotor lng sc th khng
lm iu c. Song chng ta c th thc hin khi ng ng c d b
rotor lng sc c a in tr ph vo bng dng nhng ng c ngn mch
c bit: ng c rnh su v ng c 2 rnh.
a. ng c rotor lng sc 2 rnh.
ci thin khi ng i vi ng c d b lng sc, ngi ta ch to
ng c lng sc 2 rnh: rnh cng tc lm bng vt liu bnh thng, cn
rnh khi ng lm bng ng thau l kim loi c in tr ring ln (Hnh
2.15).










Hnh 2.15. ng c r to lng sc 2 rnh
1-Rnh khi ng,2 Rnh cng tc.
T hnh v ta thy rng, dn t ca t thng tn rnh di ln hn ca
rnh ngoi (trn). Nh vy tr khng ca cc rnh ny rt khc nhau: tr
khng ca rnh di ln hn tr khng ca rnh trn rt nhiu. Khi mi bt
u khi ng (s=1) tr khng ca rnh di ln, nn dng in b y ln
rnh trn, dng in chy trong n nh. rnh trn tr khng nh nhng in
tr thun li ln, kt qu lm cho dng khi ng nh, l hu qu ca vic
a thm in tr vo rotor. Khi tc rotor tng ln, s gim i, tr khng
rnh di gim, dng in li chy t rnh trn xung rnh di. Khi tc
t gi tr nh mc, th dng in chy trong thanh trn rt nh.
Nh vy thanh trn ch hot ng khi khi ng nn c gi l thanh khi
ng.
b. ng c rotor lng sc rnh su.
ng c rnh su c cu trc khc vi ng c rnh thng. Chiu cao h
ca rnh ng c rnh su thng gp 15-20 ln chiu rng ca rnh (hnh
2.16). Rnh c nhiu dng khc nhau: Ch nht, hnh thang hay trn di,
trn ch nht...










Hnh 2.16. a)Rnh ca ng c lng sc rnh su; b) S phn b dn t
theo chiu cao rnh, c) phn b mt dng in theo chiu cao rnh.
nghin cu tnh cht ca my in rnh su ta chia rnh ra tng lp vi
chiu cao h
i
. Do trong rnh c nhm, nn dn t thng tn quyt nh bi
dn t trong rnh.
dn t ca lp 1 biu din bi:

1
=
h
1
l
b
=ch
1

Lp k tnh nh sau:

k
=
h
k
l
b
=ch
k

Trong l - di li ca rotor. T biu thc ny ta thy rng, dn t
thng tn ln nht lp di cng, cn nh nht lp trn cng. Tr khng
tn ca mi lp xc nh nh sau:
X
k
=e
2
L
k
=C
k
f
2
(2.36)
n y, ta c th ni v s phn b mt dng in theo chiu cao
ca thanh dn. Gi tr dng in chy trong mi lp ph thuc vo in p v
tng tr ca mi lp. Do s cm ng bi t thng chnh trong cc lp nh
nhau do s phn b dng in cc lp ph thuc vo tng tr ca lp. Khi
ng c mi ng vo li, tn s f
2
=f
1
nn X
k
ln hn R
k
rt nhiu, ngc
li khi rotor quay vi tc gn bng tc nh mc th tn s f
2
rt nh
nn X
k
<<R
k
. Do khi mi khi ng, dng in chy trong cc lp di rt
nh, ngc li khi rotor quay vi tc gn nh mc th dng in chy
lp trn rt nh. Nh vy khi ng vi ng c rnh su mmen khi ng
ln (M
k
=1,2-1,6)M
m
.
Trn hnh 2.17 biu din ch tnh mmen v dng in ca ng c rnh
su, cn trn hnh 2.18 biu din c tnh c ca 3 loi ng c : dy qun,
lng sc thng v lng sc rnh su.
Do ng c lng sc rnh su c mmen khi ng ln nn n c
dng cho cc h truyn ng c khi ng nng v d: cn cu. So vi ng
c d b rotor dy qun, th ng c lng sc rnh su c cu to nh hn, r
tin hn.










Hnh 2.17. c tnh c v c tnh
dng in ca ng c rnh su. 1.
c tnh dng in;
2. c tnh c.

Hnh 2.18. c tnh c ca ng c
d b. 1) ng c dy qun, 2) ng
c lng sc thng, 3)ng c rnh
su.

2.5. CC PHNG PHP IU CHNH TC
2.5.1. Thay i tn s ngun in cung cp f
1

Phng php ny ch s dng c khi ngun cung cp c kh nng thay
i tn s. Ngy nay, do s pht trin ca cng ngh in t cc b bin tn
tnh c ch to t cc van bn dn cng sut m nhim c ngun
cung cp nng lng in c tn s thay i, do phng php iu chnh
tc bng thay i tn s ang c p dng rng ri v cnh tranh vi cc
h thng truyn ng in dng mt chiu.
Nu b qua tn hao in p mch stator ta c:
U
1
=E
1
=4,44f
1
W
1
k
cd1
| (2.37)
Hay U
1
=kf
1
| (2.37a)
T biu thc ny ta thy nu thay i f
1
m gi U
1
=const th t thng s
thay i. Vic thay i t thng lm gim iu kin cng tc ca my in,
thay i h s cos
1
, thay i hiu sut v tn hao li thp, do yu cu khi
thay i tn s phi gi cho t thng khng i.
Mt khc trong iu chnh tc phi m bo kh nng qu ti ca ng
c khng i trong ton b phm vi iu chnh, iu c ngha l phi gi
cho M
max
=const. Mun gi cho M
max
=const th phi gi cho t thng khng
i. Mun gi cho t thng khng i th khi thay i tn s ta phi thay i
in p m bo s cn bng ca (2.37a).
Mmen cc i c th biu din bi biu thc:
M
max
= C
2
1
1
|
|
.
|

\
|
f
U
(2.38)
Nu h s qu ti khng i, th t s ca mmen ti hn 2 tc khc
nhau phi bng t s mmen cn 2 tc tc l:
M
th
M
th

=
M
c
M
c

=
U
1
2

f
1
2


=
f
1
2

U
1
2


(2.39)
T y ta c:
U
1
U
1

=
f
1
f
1

=
M
c
M
c
(2.40)
trong M
th
v M
c
l mmen ti hn v mmen cn ng vi tn s ngun
np f
1
, in p U
1
cn M
th
v M
c
l mmen ti hn v mmen cn ng
vi tn s ngun np f
1
v in p U
1
. Nu iu chnh theo cng sut
khng i P
2
=const th mmen ca ng c t l nghch vi tc do vy:

M
c
M
c

=
f
1
f
1

(2.41)
Do :
U
1
U
1

=
f
1
f
1
(2.42)
Trong thc t ta thng gp iu chnh vi M
c
=const do :
U
1
f
1

= const (2.43)
Khi gi cho | =const th cos=const, hiu sut khng i, I
0
=const. Nu
mmen cn c dng qut gi th :
U
1
U
1
=
\

|
.
|
| f
1
f
1
2



(2.44)










Hnh 2.19. c tnh c khi iu chnh tn s theo nguyn l: f
1
>f
2
>f
3
.
Theo cc biu thc trn y th khi thay i tn s, mmen cc i khng
i. iu ch ng trong phm vi tn s nh mc, khi tn s vt ra ngoi
phm vi nh mc th khi tn s gim, mmen cc i cng gim do t thng
gim, s d nh vy v nhn c cc biu thc trn ta b qua st p
trn cc in tr thun, iu ng khi tn s ln, nhng khi tn s thp th
gi tr X gim, ta khng th b qua st p trn in tr thun na, do t
thng s gim v mmen cc i gim. Trn hnh 2.19 biu din c tnh c
khi iu chnh tn s vi f
1
>f
2
>f
3
.
2.5.2. Thay i s i cc.
Nu ng c d b c trang b thit b i ni cun dy thay i s i
cc th ta c th iu chnh tc bng thay i s i cc.
thay i s i cc ta c th :
-Dng i ni mt cun dy. Gi s lc u cun dy c ni nh hnh
2.20a, khi s cp cc l p, nu by gi i ni nh hnh 2.20b ta uc s
cp cc p/2. c tnh c khi thay i s i cc biu din trn hnh 2.20c.

Hnh 2.20. Cch i ni cun dy thay i s i cc: a) Mc ni tip, s
i cc l p b) Mc song song s i cc l p/2; c)c tnh c ca ng c
khi thay i s i cc.
Vi cch ni ny ta c: Gi thit rng hiu sut v h s cos khng i th
cng sut trn trc ng c s Y s l:
P
Y
= 3 U
d
I
p
qcos
1

Cho s YY ta c:
P
YY
= 3 U
d
2I
p
qcos
1
, do

P
Y
/P
YY
=2.
y I
p
-dng pha. Nh vy khi thay i tc 2 ln th cng sut cng
thay i vi t l y. Cch i ni ny gi l cch i ni c M=const.
Ngi ta cn thc hin i ni theo nguyn tc A sang YY(sao kp) hnh
2.21b.
Ta c:
P
A
= 3 U
d
3 I
p
qcos
1

P
YY
= 3 U
d
2I
p
qcos
1
, do

P
YY
/P
A
=2/ 3 =1,15 thc t coi nh khng i. y l cch i ni c
P=const.

Hnh 2.21. i ni cun dy a) YYY, b) AYY.
-Dng cun dy c lp vi nhng s cc khc nhau, l ng c d
b nhiu tc . Vi ng c loi ny stator c 2 hoc 3 cun dy, mi cun
dy c s i cc khc nhau. Nu ta trang b thit b i ni cun dy th ta
c 6 s cp cc khc nhau ng vi 6 tc .
c im ca phng php thay i tc bng thay i s i cc:
r tin, d thc hin. Tuy nhin do p l mt s nguyn nn thay i tc c
tnh nhy bc v phm vi thay i tc khng rng.


2.5.3. iu chnh tc bng thay i in p ngun cung cp.
Thay i in p ngun cung cp lm thay i c tnh c (hnh 2.22). V
m men cc i M
max
=cU
1
2
,

nn khi gim in p th mmen cc i cng
gim m khng thay i trt ti hn (v s
th
~ R
2
/X
2
). Nu mmen cn
khng i th khi gim in p t U
m
ti 0,9U
m
tc s thay i, nhng khi
in p gim ti 0,7U
m
th mmen ca ng c nh hn mmen cn, ng c
s b dng di in.
c im ca phng php iu chnh tc bng iu chnh in p
ngun cung cp l phm vi iu chnh hp, rt d b dng my, ch iu chnh
theo chiu gim tc . Mt khc v P
t
= CE
20
I
2
cos
2
= C
1
U
1
I
2
cos
1
=const
nn khi gim in p U
1
,

m

mmen cn khng i s lm tng dng trong
mch stator v rotor lm tng tn hao trong cc cun dy.
thay i in p ta c th dng b bin i in p khng tip im
bn dn, bin p hoc a thm in tr hoc in khng vo mch stator.
a thm in tr thun s lm tng tn hao, nn ngi ta thng a in
khng vo mch stator hn.
2.5.4. iu chnh tc bng thay i in tr mch rotor.
Phng php iu chnh ny ch p dng cho ng c d b rotor dy
qun. Bng vic tng in tr rotor, c tnh c mm i nhiu, nu mmen
cn khng i ta c th thay i tc ng c theo chu gim. Nu in tr
ph thay i v cp ta thay i c tc v cp, tuy nhin vic thay i v
cp tc bng phng php in tr rt t dng m thay i nhy bc do
cc in tr iu chnh c ch to lm vic ch lu di v c nhiu u
ra.
Gi tr in tr ph a vo rotor c th tnh bng cng thc:
R
p
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
1
1
2
s
s
R
2
trong s
1
v s
2
ng vi tc n
1
v n
2
.
Khi M
c
=const th phm vi iu chnh tc l n
1
n
3
(hnh 2.23), khi M
c

tng phm vi iu chnh tc s tng ln. Khi mmen cn khng i th
cng sut nhn t li in khng i trong ton phm vi iu chnh tc .
Cng sut hu ch P
2
=Me
2

trn trc ng c s tng khi trt gim.
V AP=P
t
-P
2
=M(e
1
-e
2
) l tn hao rotor nn khi trt ln tn hao s
ln.


Hnh 2.22. c tnh c ca ng c
d b khi thay i in p ngun cung
cp

Hnh 2.23. c tnh c ca ng c
d b dy qun khi thay i in in
tr rotor

c im ca phng php iu chnh in tr rotor l iu chnh lng,
d thc hin, r tin nhng khng kinh t do tn hao in tr iu chnh,
phm vi iu chnh ph thuc vo ti. Khng th iu chnh tc gn tc
khng ti.
2.5.5. Thay i in p mch rotor.
Trc khi bc vo nghin cu phng php iu chnh tc bng a
thm s vo mch rotor, ta thc hin vic thng k cng sut my in
khng ng b khi c a in tr ph vo mch rotor.
Cng sut nhn vo:
P
1
=m
1
U
1
I
1
cos
1
Cng sut in t hay cn gi l cng sut t trng quay:
P
t
=P
1
-AP
1
= P
1
-(AP
Cu1
+AP
Fe1
)
y l cng sut chuyn qua t trng sang rotor.
Cng sut in t c chia ra cng sut in v cng sut c:
P
t
=P
c
+P
in

trong : P
in
=AP
Cu2
+P
2

y P
2
l tn hao trn in tr ph a vo mch rotor , cn AP
Cu2
l
tn hao ng cun dy rotor do :
P
2
=m
2
I
2
R
p
, cn AP
Cu2
= m
2
R
2
.I
2
2

Cng sut c hc P
c
: l cng sut in tr : (R
2
+R
p
)
s
s 1
do vy:
P
c
=m
1
(R
2
+R
p
)I
2
2
s
s 1
.
Khi thay i tc quay bng thay i n tr mch rotor, l ta
lm thay i P
2
truyn cho in tr ph cng sut c kh P
c
thay i v:
P
t
=P
c
+P
2
+AP
Cu2
=const trong AP
Cu2
= const.
By gi chng ta nghin cu mt phng php khc thay i cng
sut P
2
trong mch rotor. l phng php a thm vo mch rotor mt
i lng:AE
2
(hnh 2.24) c cng tn s rotor v cng phi thay i theo tc
.
Gi thit rng iu chnh tc theo nguyn tc :M=const, P
t
=const.
Trong iu kin , thng k cng sut nh sau (hnh 2.24):
P
t
= P
c
+P
in
= P
c
+P
2
+AP
Cu2
=const (2.45)

Tn hao in AP
Cu2
trong trng hp ny khng i v gi tr dng in I
2

khng ph thuc vo trt. Trong vng n nh ca c tnh c tn ti mt
gi tr dng in I
2
v mt gi tr h s cos
2
tho mn quan h:
P
t
=m
2
E
20
I
2
cos
2
~ cI
2
cos
2
=const
Nu tng cng sut pht P
2
(cng sut pht mang du + trong biu thc (2.45)
cho mt ti no mch rotor s lm gim cng sut c kh P
c
vy khi
mmen cn khng i s lm tc thay i (n=cP
c
), nu mch rotor c
cp vo mt cng sut tc dng P
2
(c du m trong biu thc (2.45) th P
c
s
tng, ng ngha vi tc tng. Nu mch rotor c cung cp mt cng
sut P
2
bng tn hao AP
Cu2
lc ny P
in
=sP
t
=0 c ngha l s=0 vy ng c
quay vi tc t trng.

Hnh 2.24. S tng ng mch rotor ng c d b khi a thm s
vo.
Nu by gi cp cho mch rotor mt cng sut P
2
> AP
cu2
th ng c quay
vi tc ln hn tc ng b. Phng php thay i tc ny cho php
thay i tc trong phm vi rng (trn v di tc ng b). Thay i
pha ca AE
2
lm thay i h s cng sut stator v rotor, h s cng sut c
th t gi tr cos=1 thm ch c th nhn c h s cng sut m. Nu ta
a vo rotor cng sut phn khng th ng c khng phi ly cng sut
khng t li, lc ny dng kch t cn thit to t trng ng c nhn t
mch rotor.
Phng php iu chnh tc trn y gi l phng php ni tng
CHNG 3
TNH TON V M PHNG H THNG
3.1. M U
ng c khng ng b ba pha c s dng rng ri trong cng nghip
t cng sut nh n cng sut trung bnh v chim t l rt ln so vi cc
ng c khc. S d nh vy l do ng c khng ng b kt cu n gin,
d ch to, vn hnh an ton, s dng ngun cp trc tip t li in xoay
chiu ba pha. Vi s pht trin ca cng nghip ch to bn dn cng sut v
k thut in t tin hc th vic khai thc ti a cc u im ca ng c
khng ng b ngy cng tt hn. Mt trong nhng s tin b vt bc l
vic thay i tc ng c bng thay i in p xoay chiu ba pha. Di
y ta s xy dng h thng t ng truyn ng in ng c khng ng b
bng iu chnh in p s dng b iu chnh in p xoay chiu ba pha.
H thng gm 2 phn c bn:
- Mch ng lc.
- Mch iu khin.

Hnh 3.1. S h thng.
Cc thng s ca h thng: P = 3kW; cos = 0,8; q = 0,9.

3.2. MCH NG LC
Ta l chn mch ng lc l mch in p xoay chiu 3 pha bng cp
tiristor mc song song ngc ti u sao khng dy trung tnh.






















Hnh 3.2. S mch ng lc.


3.2.1. Tnh chn van bn dn
Trong iu p xoay chiu , dng in chy qua ti thng xc nh l dng
hiu dng. Thng s dng in chn van bn dn c tnh l dng in
ln nht trong qu trnh lm vic. Trong iu khin xung pha, dng in ln
nht khi gc m van dn nh nht. Gc m nh nht ca van bn dn thng
nhn gi tr s = 0 khi dng in ti l dng in hnh sin.
Dng in hiu dng chy qua van bn dn khi ti u sao bng:

Dng in ca tiristor c chn l:

Chn iu kin lm mt cho tiristor l cnh tn nhit. Vi iu kin ny
tiristor cho lm vic vi dng in n 30% dng in nh mc. Dng in
ca tiristor cn chn :

in p ca tiristo khi trng thi kho :
U
Tlv
= 2 . 380 = 537 V.
in p nh mc ca tiristor cn chn :
U
m
= K
dt
. U
Tlv
= 1,8 . 537 = 966 V.
K
dt
l h s d tr in p, chn K
dt
=1,8.
Tiristor mc vo li xoay chiu 50Hz nn thi gian chuyn mch ca
tiristor khng nh hng ln n vic chn tiristor.
T cc thng s trn ta chn loi tiristor BT151 c cc thng s :
U
m
= 1000 V ; I
mmax
= 12 A ; U
k
= 1.5 V; I
k
= 0,1 A ; I
h
= 20 mA ;
I
r
= 0,5 mA ; U = 1,75 V ; T
cm
= 70 s ; T
max
= 125 C
3.2.2. Chn phn t bo v van bn dn.
Bo v van bn dn khi nh thng do xung in p t li bng mch
R
1
C
1
, bo v xung in p t li in mc song song vi ti u vo 1
mch R - C nhm lc xung. Khi xut hin xung in p t ng dy nh c
mch lc ny m nh xung gn nh nm li hon ton trn in tr dy, chn
R
1
= (5 20) , C
1
= 4F
Bo v xung in p khi chuyn mch van bn dn bng mch R
2
C
2
.
bo v xung in p do qu trnh ng ct cc van dng mch R - C
mc song song vi cc van bn dn. Khi c s chuyn mch, do c s phng
in t van ra ngoi nn xung in p trn b mt tip gip P-N. Mch R-C
mc song song vi van bn dn to mch phng in tch qu trong qu
trnh chuyn mch van.
Chn R
2
= (5 30) , C
2
= (5 4)F.
Bo v ngn mch, qu dng in cho van chn aptomat lm thit b bo v :
U
mA
> U
ml

I
mA
> I
hd
= 6,33 A
Chn aptomat loi 50AFca hng LG c thng s : U
m
= 600V, I
m
= 10A
Bo v qu nhit cho van bn dn.
Khi van bn dn lm vic c dng chy qua trn van c st p , do tn
hao cng sut P. Tn hao ny sinh nhit, t nng van dn. mt khc van
bn dn ch c lm vic di nhit cho php T
cp
nu qu nhit cho
php th van bn dn s b ph hu. van bn dn lm vic hon ton khng
b chc thng v nhit, phi chn cch tn nhit hp l
Thng s cn c.
Tn tht cng sut trn mt tiristor: P = U.I
lv
= 1,75.3,165 = 5,54
Din tch b mt tn nhit:

t : l chnh lch nhit so vi mi trng
Chn nhit mi trng T
mt
= 40 . Nhit lm vic cho php ca
tiristo T
cp
= 125 . Chn nhit trn cnh tn nhit T
lv
= 80 .

K
m
l h s to nhit bng i lu v bc x. Chn K
m
= 8 W/m
2
. .
Vy S
tn
= 5,54/8.50 = 0,014 m
2

Chn loi cnh tn nhit c 6 cnh loi nh c lm bng nhm.


3.3. MCH IU KHIN.
3.3.1. S nguyn l mch iu khin.
Hnh 3.3. S nguyn l mch iu khin.
Nguyn l hot ng:
V nguyn l, trong mch iu p xoay chiu, van bn dn c mc vo
li in xoay chiu hon ton ging nh chnh lu. Trong s ny ta cn
c hai xung iu khin trong mi chu k. Mch iu khin c th s dng s
hon ton ging iu khin chnh lu mt pha c chu k, vi mi tiristor
c mt mch iu khin c lp. Khi s dng s mch iu khin chnh
lu cho in p xoay chiu, xut hin kh nng hai tiristor iu khin khng
i xng, do cc linh kin ca hai mch iu khin khng hon ton ging ht
nhau.
Ngoi ra ta cn phi to in p ta trng pha in p ngun cp, in p
ta ny phi lin tip c hai na chu k.
Khi so snh in p ta vi in p iu khin, mi na chu k u c
in p ta bng in p iu khin trong vng bin thin tuyn tnh c in
p ta ( ti cc im t
1
, t
2
, t
3
, t
4
). Ta c c kt qu l c cc xung iu
khin lin tip mi na chu k.
in p U
d
s xut hin trn ti t thi im c xung iu khin u tin,
ti cc thi im t
2
, t
4
trong chui xung iu khin, ca mi chu k in p
ngun cp, cho ti cui bn chu k in p dng ant.
Khu khuych i c nhim v khuych i xung t khu phn phi xung
a n kch m tiristor, ngoi ra cn s dng bin p xung nhm cch ly
mch iu khin v mch ng lc.



















Hnh 3.4. Dng in p ra ca mch iu khin.

3.3.2. Tnh ton v phn tch mch iu khin
Mch iu khin c tnh ton xut pht t yu cu xung m T
Cc thng s c bn tnh mch iu khin
in p iu khin Tiristor: U
k
= 1,5 V
Dng in iu khin Tiristor: I
k
= 0,1 A
Thi gian m xung: t
m
= 70
rng xung iu khin: t
x
= 70
in p ngun nui mch iu khin: U = 9 V
3.3.2.1. Tnh bin p xung
- Chn vt liu lm li st ferit HM. Li c dng hnh xuyn, lm vic trn
mt phn ca c tnh t ho c: = 0,3 T; = 30 A/m, khng c khe h
khng kh.
- T s bin p xung: thng m = 2 3, chn m = 3.
- in p cun th cp my bin p xung: U
2
= U
k
= 1.5V
- in p t ln cun s cp my bin p xung:
U
1
= m.U
2
= 3.1,5 = 4,5 V
- Dng in th cp my bin p xung: I
2
=I
k
= 0,1 A
- Dng in s cp bin p xung:
A
m
I
I 003 , 0
3
1 , 0
2
1
= = =
- t thm trung bnh tng i ca li st:
3
6
0
10 . 8
30 . 10 . 25 , 1
3 , 0
.
= =
A
A
=

H
B
tb

Trong
m
H
6
0
10 . 25 , 1

= l t thm ca khng kh
- Th tch ca li thp cn c:

2
1 1 0
. . . .
.
AB
= =
I U s t
l Q V
x x tb


3 3 6
2
6 6 3
413 , 0 10 . 413 , 0
3 , 0
33 , 0 . 5 , 4 . 15 , 0 . 10 . 167 . 10 . 25 , 1 . 10 . 8
cm m = =
=

Chn mch t c th tch V = 1.4 cm
3
. Vi th tch ta c cc kch thc
mch t nh sau:
a = 4,5 mm; b = 6mm; Q = 0,27 cm
2
=27 mm
2
; d = 12 mm; D = 21 mm.
Chiu di trung bnh mch t: l = 5,2 cm.







Hnh 3.5. Hnh li my bin p xung.
- S vng dy qun s cp my bin p xung:
Theo nh lut cm ng in t:

x
t
Q W
dt
dB
Q W u
AB
= = . .
1 1 1

39
10 . 27 . 3 , 0
10 . 70 . 5 , 4
.
.
6
6
1
1
= =
A
=

Q B
t u
W
x
vng
-S vng dy th cp:
13
3
39
1
2
= =
m
W
W vng
-Tit din dy qun s cp:
2
3
1
1
1
0056 , 0
6
10 . 3 , 33
mm
J
I
S = = =


Chn mt dng in J = 6 A/mm
2
.
- Tit din dy qun th cp:
2
2
2
2
025 , 0
4
1 , 0
mm
J
I
s = = =
Chn mt dng in J = 4A/mm
2
.
-ng knh dy qun th cp:
mm
s
d 178 , 0
025 , 0 . 4 . 4
2
2
= = =
t t

Chn dy qun c ng knh d
2
= 0,18mm
3.3.2.2. Tnh chn khu khuych i xung
Chn cc diode D
6
, D
7
, D
8
loi 2608 c cc thng s sau
U = 200v; I = 5A
Chn bng tranzitor cng sut loi TIP41 c cc thng s sau:
in p gia colector v bazor khi h mch emitor U
CB0
= 40V
in p gia Emitor v Bazor khi h mch Colector: U
EB0
= 5V
Dng in ln nht Colector c th chu ng: I
Cmax
= 10A
Dng in lm vic ca Colector: I
C
= 6A
Dng in lm vic ca Bazor: I
B
= 2A
Ta thy rng vi loi Tiristor chn c cng sut iu khin l kh b
U
k
=1,5V, I
k
= 0,1 A nn dng colector-bazor ca tranzitor kh b nn ch
cn phi s dng 1 tranzitor.
Chn ngun cp cho bin p xung l E = 12V ta phi mc ni tip thm
in tr R8 ni tip vi cc Emitor ca Tranzitor
R
8
= (E-U)/I1 = (12-4,5)/33,3.10
-3
= 225
Tt c cc diode trong mch iu khin u dng loi 1N4009, c tham s:
Dng in nh mc : I
m
= 10 mA
in p ngc ln nht : U
N
= 25 V
in p cho diode m thng : U
m
= 1 V



3.3.2.3. Chn cng AND
Ton b mch iu khin phi dng 3 cng AND nn ta chn mt IC 4081
h CMOS. Mi IC 4081 c 4 cng AND. Cc thng s:
Ngun nui IC : Vcc = 3 9 V, ta chn Vcc = 12 V.
Nhit lm vic :
in p ng vi mc logic 1 : 2 4.5 V
Dng in : <1 mA
Cng sut tiu th : P = 2,5 nW/1 cng.








Hnh 3.6. S chn IC 4081.
3.3.2.4. Tnh chn b to xung chm
Ba knh iu khin ch cn 1 khuych i thut ton, do ta chn IC loi
TL081
in p ngun nui : Vcc = 18 V, chn Vcc = 12 V.
Hiu in th gia hai u vo : 30 V
Nhit lm vic : T = -25 85
Cng sut tiu th : P = 680 mW = 0,68 W
Tng tr bin thin in p cho php :











Hnh 3.7. S chn IC TL081.
Mch to chm xung c tn s hay chu k ca xung
chm :

Ta c :
Chn R
7
= R
8
= 33 k th T = 2,2 R
9
.C
2
= 334 s.
Vy R
9
.C
3
=151,8 s.
Chn t C
3
= 0.1 s c in p U = 16 V R
9
= 1518
thun tin cho vic iu chnh khi lp mch, ta chn R
9
l bin thin tr
2 k.
3.3.2.5. Tng so snh
Khuych i thut ton chn loi TL084.


Chn




Hnh 3.8. S chn ca IC TL084.

Trong nu ngun nui Vcc = 12 V th in p vo A
2
l U
V
= 12 V.
Dng in vo c hn ch Ilv < 1 mA.
Do ta chn R
4
= R
5
k, khi dng vo A
2
:

3.3.2.6. Tnh chn khu ng pha.
Khu ng b bao gm bin p ng pha mc /Y, mch so snh in qua
khng v cch ly quang iu ch ra 3 xung vung tn s 50Hz lch nhau120
in ng pha vi in p pha.
in p ta c hnh thnh do s np ca t C
2
. Mt khc bo m
in p ta na chu k in p li l tuyn tnh th hng s thi gian t np
c T
r
= R
3
.C
2
= 0,005 s.
Chn t C
1
= 0,1 th in tr
thun tin cho vic iu chnh khi lp rp mch, R
3
thng chnl bin
tr ln hn 50 k. Chn tranzito Tr
1
loi A564 c cc thng s sau:
Tranzito loi PNP, lm bng Si.
in p gia colector v baz khi h mch emitor : U
CBO
= 25 V.
in p gia emit v baz khi h mch colector :U
BEO
= 7 V.
Dng in ln nht colector c th chu ng : I
Cmax
= 100 mA.
Nhit ln nht mt tip gip : T
CP
= 150
H s khuych i : = 250
Dng cc i ca baz :
in tr R3 hn ch dng in i vo baz ca tranzitor Tr
1
c chn
nh sau :
Chn R
2
sao cho R
2
= 30 k
Chn in p xoay chiu ng pha: U
A
= 9 V.
in tr R
1
v R
2
hn ch dng in i vo ghp quang. Thng chn
R
1
v R
2
sao cho dng vo ghp quang I
V
< 1 mA. Do

Chn R
1
= 10 k
Chn cch ly quang OPTO loi TIP41
3.3.3. Mch hin th in p.
3.3.3.1. o in p v hin th in p


Hnh 3.9. S mch o in p.
S trn ta s dng cc linh kin sau : IC LM358, in tr, t, iode v bin
tr.


Hnh 3.10. S mch hin th in p.
S mch hin th ta s dng vi iu khin AVR loi AMEGA 8 nhn
tn hiu in p a, sau vi iu khin x l tn hiu in a v v a ra
mn hnh hin th LCD.

Hnh 3.11. S ngun nui mch hin th in p.
Ngun nui mch o in p gm c cc IC n p 7812, 7912, 7805, cu
chnh lu, cc t c C = 470 F v 100 F.
3.4. M PHNG H THNG
3.4.1. Cc thng s ng c.
M hnh ng c bng cc phng trnh ton hc trn h to t thng
rotor.
H phng trnh m t ng c khng ng b c xy dng trn c
s chp nhn cc gi thit sau:
-H phng trnh thu c trn c s hi c bn ca cc i lng dng,
in p, t thng. Hin tng mc vng t thng gia stator v rotor ch xy
ra vi hi c bn. M men hi cha c quan tm.
-H cha xt ti hin tng bo ho vt liu t. Tuy nhin, c th s dng
hm xp x b xung c tnh bo ho mt cch rt d dng.
-Cha xt ti cc tn hao dng qun v tn hao st t.
-Cha xt n hin tng dn dng(xut hin i vi hi dng bc cao,
lm tng gi tr hiu dng ca in tr).
-Tham s ca m hnh l hng (vd: khng ph thuc vo nhit ).

-B qua tn hao ma st.
- xy dng h phng trnh m t ng hc ca MDB, ta c th xut
pht t s thay th mt pha di y:








T s thay th ta vit c cc phng trnh m t MDB.
Phng trnh in p stator

s
s
s s s
j
dt
d
i R u e +

+ =

Phng trnh in p rotor

r
r
r r
j
dt
d
i R e +

+ = 0

Phng trnh t thng stato

r m s s s
i L i L + =

Phng trnh t thng roto

r r s m r
i L i L + =


Hnh 3.12. S thay th ca my in d
b
U
trong :
R
s
l in tr Stator.
u
s
l vect in p Stator.
R
r
l in tr Rotor.
i
s
l vect dng Stator.
L
s
l in cm tiu tn Stator.
L
s
= L
m
+L
os
l in cm Stator.
i
s
l vect dng Rotor.
L
or
l in cm tiu tn Rotor.
L
r
= L
m
+L
or
l in cm Rotor.

s
l vect t thng Stator.
L
m
l h cm hai cun dy.

r
l vect t thng Rotor.
h to dq th cc i lng khng cn thit nh vect dng rotor i
r
, vect
t thng stator
s
b trit tiu ra khi h.
T phng trnh t thng ta rt ra c hai vect:

) L i (
L
i
m s r
r
r
=
1


) L i (
L
L
L i
m s r
r
m
s s s
+ =

Thay i
r
v
s
vo (3.1)v (3.2) v chuyn sang vit di dng cc phn
t vect ( i
s
=i
sd
+ ji
sq
, u
s
=u
sd
+ ju
sq
,
s
=
sd
+ j
sq,
i
r
=i
rd
+ ji
rq
, u
r
=u
rd
+ ju
rq
,

r
=
rd
+ j
rq
) ta thu c c phng trnh di y vi php bin i Laplat

sd
s
'
rq
'
rd
r
sq s sd
r s
sd
u
L T
i i
T T dt
di
o
+ e
o
o
+
o
o
+ e +
|
|
.
|

\
|
o
o
+
o
=
1 1 1 1 1

sq
s
'
rq
r
'
rd sq
r s
sd s
sq
u
L T
i
T T
i
dt
di
o
+
o
o
+ e
o
o

|
|
.
|

\
|
o
o
+
o
e =
1 1 1 1 1

'
rq d
'
rd
r
sd
r
'
rd
) (
T
i
T dt
d
e e + =
1 1


'
rd d
'
rq
r
sq
r
'
rq
) (
T
i
T dt
d
e e =

1 1

) i * (
L
L
z m
s r
r
m
p M
=
2
3

sq
'
rd s p M
i L ) ( z m o = 1
2
3

cc tham s trong cc cng thc trn :
o = 1L
m
2
(L
s
L
r
) : h s tiu tn tng.
T
r
= L
r
R
r
: hng s thi gian roto;
T
s
= L
s
/R
s
: hng s thi gian stator;

=(
rd
+ j
rq
) L
m
=
rd

+ j
rq

;
z
p
: s cp cc
r s
T T T o
o
+
o
=
o
1 1 1
;
Cng sut nh mc: 3 KW
in p nh mc: 380V
Dng in nh mc: 6,33 A
Tc nh mc: 1450 vng/pht
S cp cc z
p
= 2
in tr stator R
s
= 0.45 O
in tr roto R
r
= 1.43 O.
Cc h s in cm: L
m
=0.379(H), L
os
= L
or
= 0.011(H).
M men qun tnh: J = 0.25 (kg.m
2
).
T nhng thng s cho trn ta c c cc thng s tnh ton:
-Tnh cc h s in cm:
in cm Stator:
L
s
= L
m
+ L
os
=0.379 + 0.011 = 0.39 (H)
in cm Roto:
L
r
= L
m
+ L
or
=0.379 + 0.011 = 0.39 (H)
-Tnh dng kch t nh mc:
= cos I I
N SXN
1 2
91 0 1 5 12 2 . , . I
SXN
=
I
SXN
= 5.3(A)
-Tnh dng nh mc to m men quay:

2 2
2
SXN N SYN
I I I =


2 2
3 5 5 12 2 , , . I
SYN
=
I
SYN
= 16.86(A)
-Tnh tc gc nh mc ca roto:

|
|
.
|

\
|
t = e
60
2
N p
N rN
n z
f .


|
.
|

\
|
= e
60
1450 2
50 14 3 2
.
. , .
rN

e
rN
= 10.5(rad/s)
-Tnh hng s roto T
r
:

272 0
43 1
39 0
.
.
,
R
L
T
r
r
r
= = =

-Tnh hng s thi gian stator :

866 0
45 0
39 0
.
.
,
R
L
T
s
s
s
= = =

-Tnh in khng X
o
:
X
o
= 4.t.f
N
.L
os
= 4.3,14.50.0.011 = 6.28
-Tnh in khng X
N
:

22 52 28 6
3 5 3
380 2
3
2
, .
, .
.
X
I
U
X
SXN
N
N
= = =
o

-Tnh h s tiu tn tng o:

056 0
39 0 39 0
379 0
1 1
2 2
.
, . ,
.
L L
L
r s
m
= = = o

-TnhT
o
:

012 0
866 0 056 0 1 272 0
272 0 866 0 056 0
1
.
, ) , ( ,
, . , . ,
T ) ( T
T T
T
s r
r s
=
+
=
o +
o
=
o

3.4.2. S m phng ng c.
Da vo nhng thng s nu trnta p dng cho s h thng iu
khin tc ng c s dng b iu p xoay chiu (hnh 3.13).


Hnh 3.13. S h thng.



Hnh 3.14. M hnh ng c khng ng b.

Hnh 3.15. Matlab m phng logic iu khin.



Hnh 3.16. M hnh h thng xy dng trn Matlab.








Hnh 3.18. c tnh tc ca h thng.


Hnh 3.19. c tnh mmen ca h thng.

Da trn cc s trn y ta thc hin m phng, kt qu c biu
din trn hnh 3.18 v hnh 3.19. S c biu din trn h trc ta theo
thi gian.
Vi cc kt qu nghin cu bc u, h thng mong mun gp phn
cung cp mt gii php v iu khin v nh gi kt qu; t c th p
dng trong cc mch thc t v cng vic thi cng, ch to.

KT LUN

Sau thi gian thc hin ti, di s hng dn tn tnh ca thy gio
GS.TSKH Thn Ngc Hon v cc thy c gio trong khoa n nay gip
em hon thnh bn n vi ti : Xy dng h thng t ng truyn
ng in ng c d b bng iu chnh in p s dng b iu chnh in
p xoay chiu 3 pha cng sut P = 3kW ca phng th nghim.
Trong ti ny em thc hin c nhng vn c bn sau:
-Kho st cc b iu chnh in p dng xoay chiu.
-Kho st ng c d b v cc phng php iu chnh tc .
-Thc hin m phng trn Matlab.
-H thng ha phng php iu chnh tc ng c v cho thy c
u nhc im ca h thng.
n thc hin, mc d cn nhiu hn ch, nhng trong qu trnh thc
hin ti gip em t nh gi v hiu k hn v cc kin thc chuyn
mn. cng l kt qu ca nhiu nm hc tp cng vi s dy d rt tn
tnh ca cc thy c trong b mn in cng nghip v dn dng. Em xin
chn thnh cm n ti cc thy c v c bit l thy gio GS.TSKH Thn
Ngc Hon ch bo tn tnh em hon thnh bi n ny.
Em xin chn thnh cm n !
TI LIU THAM KHO

1. GS TSKH Thn Ngc Hon (2005), My in Nh xut bn xy dng.
2. GS TSKH Thn Ngc Hon, TS Nguyn Tin Ban (2007), iu khin t
ng cc h thng truyn ng in, Nh xut bn khoa hc v k thut.
3. L Vn Doanh, Nguyn Th Cng, Trn Vn Thnh (2009), in t cng
sut l thuyt, thit k, ng dng, Nh xut bn khoa hc v k thut.
4. Nguyn Bnh (2000), in t cng sut, Nh xut bn khoa hc v k
thut.
5. Xun Th, Nguyn c Thun, Nguyn V Sn, Ng Vn Ton,
Nguyn Vit Nguyn, Ng L Thy, ng Vn Chuyt (2008), K Thut
in T, Nh xut bn gio dc.
6. Nguyn Phng Quang (2004), Matlab & Simulink, Nh xut bn Khoa hc
v K thut, H ni.