Basics commands of Unix / Linux

I will explain all basics of unix /linux here . Firstly basic directories of unix operating
system .
** /bin --> this directory contains all essential files for correct functioning of operating
system .all users have permissions of these files .
** /home in this directory all user's home directory resides . his is very commonly used
directory .
** /var this directory contains all variables files li!e logs " db directory etc .
** /etc all system configuration files are stored here .
** /dev additional devices li!e cd-rom " pendrive " hard dis! will found here .
** /sbin binary files " generaly super user uses these files .
** /tmp all temporary files stay here .
hese locations are by default . For our ease we can change them also and we can use it .
#inux is case sensitive .
Permissions :-
$s linux is multi-user operating system . %very file and directory have permissions
defined for every user . %very file and directory have their owner . owner is a user . and
also a group . group is group of users .
&o we have three different type of permissions .
'( permissions given to owner
)( permissions given to group
*( permissions given to all other users .
$nd every file have three types of permissions
'( read permission -- those users who have read permission can read the file
)( write permission -- those users who have read permission can write into the file
*( execute permission -- user with this permission can execute the file .
+o ls ,l in any directory
hen you will see something li!e
-rw-r--r-- ' root root '* -une . ''/)' file'
0ere following will explain this .
r/readable" w/writable" x/ executable
we can use two commands chmod and chown to change permissions and owner of the
file respectively .
1ow about commands of unix .
2ne command consists of three parts i.e command name " options " parameters .
example 3 grep -i 4abcds4 file.txt
here "
grep --> command name
i --> option
abcds and file.txt are the parameters of the command .
2ptions will always start with - mar! .
basic commands are /-
command name function
ls show files in current position
cd change directory
cp copy file or directory
mv move file or directory
rm remove file or directory
pwd show current position
m!dir create directory
rmdir remove directory
less" more" catdisplay file contents
man display online manual
su switch user
passwd change password
useradd create new user account
userdel delete user account
mount mount file system
umount unmount file system
df show dis! space usage
shutdown reboot or turn off machine
sort this command is used to sort
to understand use of any command use man command
man 5comand name >
e.g man cp -->> this comand will explain everything about cp
run some commands in your linux/unix machine then you will understand the difference .
ls
ls a
ls la
ls -Fa
ls .bash_profile
cp .bash_profile sample.txt
less sample.txt (note: to quit less, press q)
rm sample.txt
mkdir linux
pwd
cd linux
pwd
cd
pwd
rmdir linux
ls .bash_profile
cp .bash_profile sample.txt
less sample.txt (note: to quit less, press q)
rm sample.txt
df
df -k
df -hk
Paths:- relative and absolute path
$bsolute 6ath /-
$bsolute pathe is address from root path . li!e
/home/linux/
7/linux
8elative path /-
this path is relative to your current path
. / your current location
../ one directory above your current location
pwd it will show you your current directory
8un following command one-by-one and you will understand
pwd
cd .
pwd
cd ..
pwd
cd ..
pwd
cd
m!dir mydir
pwd
cd /9sers/invite
pwd
cd /9sers
pwd
cd /
pwd
cd /9sers/invite
cd ~/mydir
Redirect, Append and Pipe
:e !now output of a command is shown on the screen . i f we want to process the output
then we will need some special parts .
6ipe 4;4 /-
some commands need input from another command or any file .
4;4 pipe will help u in giving output of one command as input to another command
$ppend and redirect /-
'>' this sign will redirect output of a command to a file .
'>>' this sign will append all output to the end of the file.