Wireless Curriculum Development Section Wireless Curriculum Development Section Wireless Curriculum Development Section

ISSUE ISSUE
General Description of 3G General Description of 3G
1.0 1.0
Confidential Information of Huawei.
No Spreading without Permission.
Security Level: Internal
Course Contents Course Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction to IMT Chapter 1 Introduction to IMT- -2000 2000
Chapter 2 CDMA Fundamental Chapter 2 CDMA Fundamental
Chapter 3 Performance Enhancement Methods Chapter 3 Performance Enhancement Methods
Chapter 4 WCDMA FDD Mode Chapter 4 WCDMA FDD Mode
Confidential Information of Huawei.
No Spreading without Permission.
Security Level: Internal
1
st
Generation
1980s (analog)
2
nd
Generation
1990s (digital)
3
rd
Generation
current (digital)
3G provides:
Complete integrated service solutions
High bandwidth
Unified air interface
Best spectral efficiency and
a step towards PCS
AMPS
Analog to Digital
TACS
NMT
OTHERS
GSM
CDMA
IS95
TDMA
IS-136
PDC
UMTS
WCDMA
CDMA
2000
TD-
SCDMA
Development of Mobile Communications Development of Mobile Communications
Voice to Broadband
Confidential Information of Huawei.
No Spreading without Permission.
Security Level: Internal
Standardization Course of ITU IMT-2000 Standardization Course of ITU IMT-2000
l 1985: FPLMTS, renamed as IMT-2000 in 1996
l 1992: 230MHz spectrum was allocated in WRC92
l 1999.3: Key parameters of IMT-2000 RTT were completed
l 1999.11: Technical specifications of IMT-2000 RTT were
completed
l 2000: All the network standards of IMT2000 were
completed
l !Family concept " was adopted in network part
l Standardization organizations such as 3GPP(1998.12),
3GPP2 (1999) were established
Confidential Information of Huawei.
No Spreading without Permission.
Security Level: Internal
Target of IMT-2000 Target of IMT-2000
l Global uniform frequency band and standard, global
seamless coverage
l High efficient spectrum utility
l High quality of service, high security
l Easy for evolution from 2G system
l Providing multimedia service
Car speed environment: 144kbps
Walk speed environment: 384kbps
Indoor environment: 2048kbps
Confidential Information of Huawei.
No Spreading without Permission.
Security Level: Internal
Standards for 3G Standards for 3G
3G system
CDMA2000
3GPP2
FDD mode
WCDMA
3GPP
FDD/TDD mode
TD-SCDMA
CWTS
TDD mode
Confidential Information of Huawei.
No Spreading without Permission.
Security Level: Internal
Main CDMA 3G Proposals Main CDMA 3G Proposals
TD-SCDMA CWTS China
W-CDMA ETSI(SMG 2) Europe
W-CDMA ARIB Japan
TTA2(~W-CDMA)
TTA1(~cdma2000) TTA Korea
W-CDMA T1
cdma2000 TIA(TR 45.5) U.S.
Radio Transmission
Technology(RTT)
Regional Standard
Organization(RSO)
Confidential Information of Huawei.
No Spreading without Permission.
Security Level: Internal
Spectrum Allocation of IMT-2000 Spectrum Allocation of IMT-2000
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250
ITU
Europe
USA
MSS
PCS
A D B B C D C E F A F E
MSS Reserve
Broadcast auxiliary
2165 MHz 1990 MHz
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 220
0
225
0
1880 MHz 1980 MHz
UMTS
GSM 1800 DECT MSS
1885 MHz
2025 MHz
2010 MHz
IMT 2000
MSS
UMTS
Japan MSS IMT 2000
MSS IMT 2000
PHS
1
8
9
5
1
9
1
8
B C
1
8
8
5
A A
2170 MHz
IMT 2000
2110 MHz 2170 MHz
MSS MSS
CDMA
TDD
WLL
FDD
WLL
1
9
8
0
2025MHz
GSM
1800
CDMA
FDD
WLL
1
9
6
0
1
9
2
0
1
9
4
5
China
cellular(1) cellular(2) cellular(2)
1805 MHz
1
8
6
5
1
8
6
5
1
8
7
0
1
8
8
5
1
8
9
0
1
8
9
5
1
9
1
0
1
9
3
0
1
9
4
5
1
9
6
5
1
9
7
0
1
9
7
5
Confidential Information of Huawei.
No Spreading without Permission.
Security Level: Internal
3G Spectrum (After WARC2000) 3G Spectrum (After WARC2000)
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250
Reserve
UMTS
GSM 1800
D
E
C
TMSS
MSS
IMT 2000
P
H
SMSS IMT 2000
IMT 2000
MSS IMT 2000 IMT 2000
IMT 2000
MSS
UMTS
MSS
A D B EF A B C
MSS
MSS MSS
[GSM 1800, PCS]
F E B B C
ITU Identifications
Europe
China**
Japan,
Korea (w/o PHS)
Americas***
1700 1750 1800 950 1000 800 850 900
IMT 2000 IMT 2000
2500 2550 2600 2650 2700
IMT 2000
UMTS
GSM
Cellular
PDC
Cellular
MSS
GSM
IMT-
2000
IMT 2000
IMT 2000
U
P
C
S
PCS
* *
D
IMT 2000
Confidential Information of Huawei.
No Spreading without Permission.
Security Level: Internal
QoS Requirements of Different Services QoS Requirements of Different Services
Time delay
Quality (BER)
background
conversational
streaming
interactive
Confidential Information of Huawei.
No Spreading without Permission.
Security Level: Internal
Course Contents Course Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction to IMT Chapter 1 Introduction to IMT- -2000 2000
Chapter 2 CDMA Fundamental Chapter 2 CDMA Fundamental
Chapter 3 Performance Enhancement Methods Chapter 3 Performance Enhancement Methods
Chapter 4 WCDMA FDD Mode Chapter 4 WCDMA FDD Mode
Confidential Information of Huawei.
No Spreading without Permission.
Security Level: Internal
Chapter 2 CDMA Fundamental Chapter 2 CDMA Fundamental
l l 2.1 Radio Transmission Environment 2.1 Radio Transmission Environment
l 2.2 Multiple Access Technology and
Duplex Technology
l 2.3 CDMA Principle and RAKE Technology
Confidential Information of Huawei.
No Spreading without Permission.
Security Level: Internal
Multi-path Environment Multi-path Environment
Time
Received
signal
Transmitted
signal
Confidential Information of Huawei.
No Spreading without Permission.
Security Level: Internal
Fading Fading
l Transmitted Signal
- 40
- 35
- 30
- 25
- 20
- 15
- 10
- 5
0
d
B
l Received Signal
Confidential Information of Huawei.
No Spreading without Permission.
Security Level: Internal
Fading Fading
Distance(m)
Received Power(dBm)
10 20 30
-20
-40
-60
Slow fading
Fast fading
Confidential Information of Huawei.
No Spreading without Permission.
Security Level: Internal
Frequency Selection of Fading Frequency Selection of Fading
Narrowband
System
Fading
Fading
Transmit Signal
Transmit Signal
Received Signal
Received Signal
f
f
f
f
P(f)
P(f) P(f)
Fadin
g
Transmit Signal Received Signal
f
f
P(f) P(f)
Broadband
System
Confidential Information of Huawei.
No Spreading without Permission.
Security Level: Internal
Multi-path Characteristics of Mobile Channel Multi-path Characteristics of Mobile Channel
l Electromagnetic transmission - reflection,scattering,
diffraction
l Signal fading can be divided into three parts in radio
environment:
Path loss: with big range of fading
Big scale fading:slow-speed, with middle range of fading, also
with logarithm normal distribution characteristic
Small scale fading: fast-speed, with small range of fading
l Two typical types of small scale fading include:
Rayleigh distribution (not line-of-sight transmission)
Ricean distribution(line-of-sight transmission)
Confidential Information of Huawei.
No Spreading without Permission.
Security Level: Internal
Category of Typical Radio Channel Category of Typical Radio Channel
l Static Channel
l Indoor Channel
l Outdoor-to-indoor pavement Channel
l Vehicle mounted Channel
l Moving Channel
l Birth-death Channel
Confidential Information of Huawei.
No Spreading without Permission.
Security Level: Internal
Chapter 2 CDMA Fundamental Chapter 2 CDMA Fundamental
l 2.1 Radio Transmission Environment
l l 2.2 Multiple Access Technology and 2.2 Multiple Access Technology and
Duplex Technology Duplex Technology
l 2.3 CDMA Principle and RAKE Technology
Confidential Information of Huawei.
No Spreading without Permission.
Security Level: Internal
Multiple Access Technology and Duplex
Technology
Multiple Access Technology and Duplex
Technology
l Multiple access technology
Time division multiple access (TDMA)
Frequency division multiple access (FDMA)
Code division multiple access (CDMA)
l Duplex technology
Time division duplex (TDD)
Frequency division duplex (FDD)
Confidential Information of Huawei.
No Spreading without Permission.
Security Level: Internal
Traffic channels: different
users are assigned unique
code and transmitted over
the same frequency band,
for example, WCDMA and
CDMA2000
Traffic channels: different frequency bands
are allocated to different users,for example,
AMPS and TACS
Traffic channels: different time slots
are allocated to different users, for
example, DAMPS and GSM
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
T
i
m
e
Power
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
T
i
m
e
Power
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
T
i
m
e
Power
FDMA
TDMA
CDMA
U
s
e
r

U
s
e
r

U
s
e
r

U
s
e
r

U
s
e
r

U
s
e
r

Multiple Access Technology and Duplex
Technology
Multiple Access Technology and Duplex
Technology
Confidential Information of Huawei.
No Spreading without Permission.
Security Level: Internal
Characteristics of CDMA System Characteristics of CDMA System
l High Spectral Efficiency
Frequency multiplex coefficient is 1.
l soft capacity
Quality
Coverage
Interference
l Self-interference system
A UE transmission power is interference for another UE.
Confidential Information of Huawei.
No Spreading without Permission.
Security Level: Internal
Processing Procedure of CDMA System Processing Procedure of CDMA System
Source
coding
Channel
coding
Spreading
Modulation
Source
decoding
Channel
decoding
Despreading
Demodulation
Radio channel
Confidential Information of Huawei.
No Spreading without Permission.
Security Level: Internal
Chapter 2 CDMA Fundamental Chapter 2 CDMA Fundamental
l 2.1 Radio Transmission Environment
l 2.2 Multiple Access Technology and
Duplex Technology
l l 2.3 CDMA Principle and RAKE Technology 2.3 CDMA Principle and RAKE Technology
Confidential Information of Huawei.
No Spreading without Permission.
Security Level: Internal
correlation correlation
l Correlation is a measure of similarity of between any two
arbitrary signals.
l EXAMPLE:
-1 1 -1 1
1 1 1 1
-1 1 -1 1
Zero correlation
Orthogonal signals
-1 1 -1 1
-1 1 -1 -1
1 1 1 1
1 correlation
Identical signals
+1
0
-1
+1
0
-1
+1
0
-1
+1
0
-1
Confidential Information of Huawei.
No Spreading without Permission.
Security Level: Internal
OVSF&Walsh OVSF&Walsh
SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4
C
ch,1,0
= (1)
C
ch,2,0
= (1,1)
C
ch,2,1
= (1,-1)
C
ch,4,0
=(1,1,1,1)
C
ch,4,1
= (1,1,-1,-1)
C
ch,4,2
= (1,-1,1,-1)
C
ch,4,3
= (1,-1,-1,1)
l Creating the orthogonal code sequences
Confidential Information of Huawei.
No Spreading without Permission.
Security Level: Internal
Autocorrelation Autocorrelation
l Autocorrelation is related to the muti-path interference characteristic.
Delay time (chip)
Correlation
Delay time sequence correlation
0 -1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 1 1
1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1/7
2 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1/7
3 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1/7
4 1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1/7
5 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 -1/7
6 1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1/7
1
Example: -1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 1
Confidential Information of Huawei.
No Spreading without Permission.
Security Level: Internal
Configuration of Gold Sequence Generator Configuration of Gold Sequence Generator
c
long,1,n
c
long,2,n
MSB
LSB
l Gold sequence is used as scrambling code in WCDMA
Confidential Information of Huawei.
No Spreading without Permission.
Security Level: Internal
Spreading and Despreading (DS-CDMA) Spreading and Despreading (DS-CDMA)
Spreading
Despreading
Chip
Symbol
Data
Spreading code
Spreading signal
=Datacode
Data
=Spreadingcode
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
Spreading code
Confidential Information of Huawei.
No Spreading without Permission.
Security Level: Internal
Desired signal
Other users signal
Desired spreading signal
Spreading code
Data after despreading
Other spreading signal
Other signal after integration
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
8
-8
1
-1
8
-8
Data after integration
Other signal after despreading
Spreading and Despreading (DS-CDMA) Spreading and Despreading (DS-CDMA)
Confidential Information of Huawei.
No Spreading without Permission.
Security Level: Internal
Spreading code
Spreading code
Signal
Combination
Spectrum Analysis of Spreading & Despreading Spectrum Analysis of Spreading & Despreading
Narrowband signal
f
P(f)
Broadband signal
P(f)
f
Noise
P(f)
f
Noise+Broadband signal
P(f)
f
Recovered signal
P(f)
f
Confidential Information of Huawei.
No Spreading without Permission.
Security Level: Internal
Principle of RAKE Receiver Principle of RAKE Receiver
RAKE receiver help to overcome on the multi-path fading and enhance
the receive performance of the system
Receive set
Correlator 1
Correlator 2
Correlator 3
Searcher correlator
Calculate the
time delay and
signal strength
Combiner The combined
signal
t
t
s(t) s(t)
Confidential Information of Huawei.
No Spreading without Permission.
Security Level: Internal
Structure of RAKE Receiver Structure of RAKE Receiver
!"#$
%
Q
%I
Combiner
I
Matched
Filter
Phase
Rotator
Channel
estimator
Delay
Equalizer
I
Q
Path 1
Path 2
Path 3
Input signal
Correlator
Code
generators
Q
Confidential Information of Huawei.
No Spreading without Permission.
Security Level: Internal
Advantages of CDMA Advantages of CDMA
l RAKE receiver is adopted
The time diversity effect generated by channel coherence time is
efficiently used.
l frequency diversity
Wideband frequency spectrum
l Higher interference tolerance and security performance
Low signal transmission power
l Great flexibility in carrying multiple services with largely different
bit rate and QoS requirement.
Different spreading factors for different services with different data
rates
l High spectral efficiency
All users can share the same frequency spectrum simultaneously.
l Supporting soft handover and softer handover.
Confidential Information of Huawei.
No Spreading without Permission.
Security Level: Internal
Course Contents Course Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction to IMT Chapter 1 Introduction to IMT- -2000 2000
Chapter 2 CDMA Fundamental Chapter 2 CDMA Fundamental
Chapter 3 Performance Enhancement Methods Chapter 3 Performance Enhancement Methods
Chapter 4 WCDMA FDD Mode Chapter 4 WCDMA FDD Mode
Confidential Information of Huawei.
No Spreading without Permission.
Security Level: Internal
Introduction to Diversity Technique Introduction to Diversity Technique
l Reduce the effects of fading
fast fading caused by multipath
Slow fading caused by shadowing
l Improve the reliability of communication
l Increase the coverage and capacity
l Macroscopic diversity
Soft handover and softer handover
Reduce large-scale fading
l Microscopic diversity
l Diversity technique is used to obtain uncorrelated
signals for combining
Confidential Information of Huawei.
No Spreading without Permission.
Security Level: Internal
Microscopic Diversity Microscopic Diversity
l Time diversity
Channel coding, Block interleaving, error-correction
l Frequency diversity
The user signal is distributed on the whole bandwidth
frequency spectrum
l Space diversity
Receive diversity
Transmit diversity
l Polarization diversity
Vertical polarization
Horizontal polarization
Confidential Information of Huawei.
No Spreading without Permission.
Security Level: Internal
Basic Combining Methods Basic Combining Methods
l Maximal-Ratio Combiner
The mutipath signals are weighted proportional to their
signal SNR and then summed.
l Equal-Gain Combiner
Equal-gain combining is similar to maximal-ratio
combining, but there is no attempt to weight the signal
before addition.
l Selection Combiner
Choose the signal with the highest instantaneous quality,
so the output quality is equal to that of the best incoming
signal.
Confidential Information of Huawei.
No Spreading without Permission.
Security Level: Internal
WCDMA Rx/Tx Diversity WCDMA Rx/Tx Diversity
l Forward link capacity is the bottle neck of CDMA cellular
system capacity. WCDMA standard has deeply researched
the application of transmission diversity. New transmit
diversity scheme has been put forward. It will improve
forward link capacity.
l Open loop transmission diversity
transmit diversity based on space-time block coding (STTD)
Time switched transmit diversity on SCH (TSSD)
l Closed loop transmission diversity, FBI domain
l Site selection diversity(macro diversity) cell selection, FBI
domain
Confidential Information of Huawei.
No Spreading without Permission.
Security Level: Internal
Transmitter Antenna Diversity
Based on Time-space Block Coding
Transmitter Antenna Diversity
Based on Time-space Block Coding
b2 b0b1 b3
b0 b1
b2
b3
-b2 b3
b0
-b1
Antenna 1
Antenna 2
Channel bits
STTD encoded channel bits
for antenna 1 and antenna 2.
Confidential Information of Huawei.
No Spreading without Permission.
Security Level: Internal
Time Switched Transmit Diversity on SCH Time Switched Transmit Diversity on SCH
Antenna 1
Antenna 2
ac
s
i,0
ac
p
ac
s
i,1
ac
p
ac
s
i,14
ac
p
Slot #0 Slot #1
Slot #14
ac
s
i,2
ac
p
Slot #2
Confidential Information of Huawei.
No Spreading without Permission.
Security Level: Internal
Closed Loop Transmit Diversity Closed Loop Transmit Diversity
Spread/scramble
w
1
w
2
DPCH
DPCCH
DPDCH
Rx
Rx

CPICH
1
Tx

CPICH
2
Ant
Ant
Tx
Weight Generation
w
1
w
2
Determine FBI message
from Uplink DPCCH
Confidential Information of Huawei.
No Spreading without Permission.
Security Level: Internal
Receiving Effects for Different Multi-path Diversity Receiving Effects for Different Multi-path Diversity
5 10 15
SNR&dB)
0. 0001
0. 001
0. 01
0. 1
1
B
E
R
1-path rayl
2-path rayl
5-path rayl
No attenuati on
Confidential Information of Huawei.
No Spreading without Permission.
Security Level: Internal
Smart Antenna Smart Antenna
Wanted signal
interference
l Reduce interference
l Increase coverage and capacity
Confidential Information of Huawei.
No Spreading without Permission.
Security Level: Internal
Smart Antenna Smart Antenna
Omni antenna Directional antenna Smart antenna
Confidential Information of Huawei.
No Spreading without Permission.
Security Level: Internal
Course Contents Course Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction to IMT Chapter 1 Introduction to IMT- -2000 2000
Chapter 2 CDMA Fundamental Chapter 2 CDMA Fundamental
Chapter 3 Performance Enhancement Methods Chapter 3 Performance Enhancement Methods
Chapter 4 WCDMA FDD Mode Chapter 4 WCDMA FDD Mode
Confidential Information of Huawei.
No Spreading without Permission.
Security Level: Internal
Characteristics of WCDMA FDD Characteristics of WCDMA FDD
l Channel bandwidth: 5MHz
l Chip rate: 3.84Mcps
l Frame length: 10ms
l Voice coding: AMR (Adaptive Multi-Rate)
l Uplink and downlink modulation: QPSK/QPSK
l Coherence demodulation aided with pilot
l Fast closed loop power control: 1500Hz
l Handover: soft/hard handover
l Support synchronous and asynchronous NodeB
operation
Confidential Information of Huawei.
No Spreading without Permission.
Security Level: Internal
Characteristics of WCDMA FDD Characteristics of WCDMA FDD
l Satisfy the minimum performance requirement of IMT2000
l Compatible with GSM-MAP core network
l Comparatively steady version R99 has been released
l Support open loop and closed loop transmit diversity mode
l Support Common Packet Channel(CPCH) and Downlink Share
Channel, adapt to Internet data access mode
l Support macro diversity, selection diversity of NodeB location
l Support different fast power control algorithms and open loop,
out loop power control
l Fully support UE locating services
Confidential Information of Huawei.
No Spreading without Permission.
Security Level: Internal
WCDMA Voice Evolution WCDMA Voice Evolution
l Adopt AMR voice coding, and support voice quality of
4.75Kbps ~ 12.2Kbps
l Adopt soft handover and transmit diversity to improve
system capacity
l Provide high fidelity voice mode
l Fast power control
Confidential Information of Huawei.
No Spreading without Permission.
Security Level: Internal
Data Service Evolution of WCDMA Data Service Evolution of WCDMA
l Support maximum 2Mbps data service
l Support packet switch
l Adopt ATM platform currently
l Provide QoS
l Common Packet Channel(CPCH) and Downlink Share
Channel(DSCH) can support Internet packet services better
l Provide mobile IP service(dynamic allocation of IP addresses)
l TFCI domain provides dynamic data rate
l Provide high-quality support for uplink-downlink symmetric
data service, such as voice, video phone, conference TV
Confidential Information of Huawei.
No Spreading without Permission.
Security Level: Internal