CNG NGH 4G

Tip theo mng thng tin di ng (TTD) th h th 3 (3G - 3

rd
Generation),
Lin minh Vin thng quc t (ITU) ang hng ti mt chun cho mng di
ng t bo mi th h th 4 (4G - 4
th
Generation). 4G c nhng tnh nng vt
tri nh: Cho php thoi da trn nn IP, truyn s liu v a phng tin vi
tc cao hn rt nhiu so vi cc mng di ng hin nay Theo tnh ton, tc
truyn d liu c th ln ti 100 Mb/s, thm ch ln ti 1 Gb/s trong cc iu kin
tnh.
Cc cng ngh tin 4G
3 cng ngh di y c xem l cc cng ngh tin 4G, l cc cng ngh lm s c xy
dng nn chun 4G trong tng lai.
LTE (Long-Term Evolution)
T chc chun ha cng ngh mng TTD t bo th h th ba 3G UMTS 3GPP (3
rd
Generation
Partnership Project) bao gm cc t chc chun ha ca cc nc chu , chu u v Bc M bt u
chun ha th h tip theo ca mng di ng 3G l LTE.
LTE c xy dng trn nn cng ngh GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications), v th n d
dng thay th v trin khai cho nhiu nh cung cp dch v. Nhng khc vi GSM, LTE s dng phng
thc ghp knh phn chia theo tn s trc giao (OFDM) - truyn d liu tc cao bng cch phn chia
thnh cc sng mang con trc giao. LTE s dng ph tn mt cch thch hp v mm do, n c th hot
ng bng tn c rng t 1,25 MHz cho ti 20 MHz. Tc truyn d liu ln nht (v l thuyt)
ca LTE c th t ti 250 Mb/s khi rng bng tn l 20 MHz. LTE khc vi cc cng ngh tin 4G
khc nh WiMAX II ch, n ch s dng OFDM hng ln, cn hng xung n s dng a truy
nhp phn chia theo tn s n sng mang nng cao hiu qu trong vic iu khin cng sut v nng
cao thi gian s dng pin cho thit b u cui ca khch hng.
UMB (Ultra Mobile Broadband)
T chc chun ha cng ngh mng TTD th h th ba CDMA2000 3GPP2 (3
rd
Generation Partnership
Project 2) c thnh lp v pht trin bi cc t chc vin thng ca Nht Bn, Trung Quc, Bc M v
Hn Quc cng vi cc hng nh Alcatel-Lucent, Apple, Motorola, NEC v Verizon Wireless. Thnh
vin ca 3GPP2, Qualcomm l hng i u trong n lc pht trin UMB, mc d hng ny cng ch tm
c vo vic pht trin LTE.
UMB da trn CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) c th hot ng bng tn c rng t 1,25
MHz n 20 MHz v lm vic nhiu di tn s. UMB c xut vi tc truyn d liu ln ti
288 Mb/s cho lung xung v 75 Mb/s cho lung ln vi rng bng tn s dng l 20 MHz. Cng
ngh ny s cung cp kt ni thng qua cc sng mang da trn a truy nhp phn chia theo m CDMA.
I EEE 802.16m (WiMAX I I )
IEEE 802.16 l mt chui cc chun do IEEE pht trin, chng h tr c c nh (IEEE 802.16-2004) v
di ng (IEEE 802.16e-2005). IEEE 802.16m (hay cn gi l WiMAX II) c pht trin t chun IEEE
802.16e, l cng ngh duy nht trong cc cng ngh tin 4G c xy dng hon ton da trn cng
ngh a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao OFDMA (k thut a truy cp vo knh truyn
OFDM).

Cng ngh WiMAX II s h tr tc truyn d liu ln ti 100 Mb/s cho cc ng dng di ng v c
th ln ti 1Gb/s cho cc ngi dng tnh. Khong cch truyn ca WiMAX II l khong 2 km mi
trng thnh th v khong 10 km cho cc khu vc nng thn.
Hng Intel ang dn u v xut s dng v pht trin WiMAX II cho h thng 4G, mt chin lc
m cc Hng Alcatel-Lucent, AT&T, Motorola, Nokia, Samsung, Sprint Nextel v cc thnh vin khc
ca WiMAX Forum cng h tr tch cc.
S pht trin ca hai cng ngh GSM v CDMA
Hin ti, cc mng di ng t bo trn th gii ang ch yu s dng hai cng ngh GSM v CDMA.
GSM da trn cng ngh a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian TDMA (Time Division Mutiple Access).
Vi cng ngh ny, bng tn c chia thnh cc bng tn con v ti cc bng tn con chng c thc
hin phn chia theo thi gian c th thc hin c a truy nhp cho nhiu ngi dng. CDMA l
cng ngh a truy nhp phn chia theo m. Cc thu bao ca mng di ng CDMA s chia s cng mt
di tn dng chung. Nhiu thu bao c th kt ni ng thi v tn hiu c pht i trn cng mt di
tn. Cc knh thu bao c tch bit bng cch s dng m ngu nhin. Cc tn hiu ca nhiu thu bao
khc nhau s c m ho bng cc m ngu nhin khc nhau, sau c trn ln v pht i trn cng
mt di tn chung v ch c phc hi duy nht thit b u cui thu bao vi m ngu nhin tng
ng.
im khc nhau gia chng l di tn s hot ng cng nh phng thc m ha thoi v d liu m
chng s dng. Thi gian qua, c hai cng ngh ny c nhiu pht trin vi vic tch hp thm nhiu
cng ngh nng cao hiu nng mng trong vic cung cp cc dch v vi tc cao hn, cht lng
tt hn. H GSM bao gm c cng ngh 2,5G vi dch v v tuyn gi chung GPRS (General Packet
Radio Service) v cng ngh 2,75G EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution) vi vic nng cao
tc truyn d liu cho GSM gii quyt c phn no nhc im trong vic truyn d liu tc
thp ca GSM ban u. Vi CDMA, s ra i ca cng ngh CDMA bng rng 3G (WCDMA) v truy
nhp gi tc cao HSPA (High Speed Packet Access) l cc gii php cho vic nng cao hiu nng ca
mng, hay vi CDMA2000 l s pht trin ln EV-DO (Evolution Data Only).
Nhu cu ngi dng l ng lc pht trin 4G
Nhu cu ca khch hng lun tc ng ln n s ra i, tn ti v pht trin ca mt cng ngh mi. C
th ni, hin nay c hai yu t t nhu cu ca ngi dng tc ng n s pht trin ca cng ngh 4G.
Th nht, l s gia tng v nhu cu cc ng dng ca mng khng dy v nhu cu bng thng cao khi
truy nhp Internet. Th hai, ngi dng lun mun cng ngh khng dy mi ra i vn s cung cp cc
dch v v cc tin ch theo cch tng t nh mng hu tuyn, mng khng dy hin c m h ang
dng vi nhng thi quen ca h. V hin nhin nhu cu v cht lng cc dch v cung cp c tt
hn, tc cao hn; tc truy nhp Web, ti xung cc ti nguyn mng nhanh hn; cc chng trnh
truyn hnh trc tuyn c cht lng tt hn l ch hng ti ca cng ngh di ng 4G trong tng
lai.
Tnh n ht thng 12.2007, tng s ngi dng ca cc mng s dng cng ngh GSM l khong 2.844
triu ngi (86,6%), trong khi con s ny ca cc mng CDMA l 381 triu ngi (11,6%) v s lng
thu bao ca cc mng s dng cc cng ngh khc l 69 triu ngi (1,8%). Trong nm 2007, s lng
thu bao tng thm ca cc mng GSM l 586 triu v ca cc mng CDMA l 41 triu. iu cho
thy, s lng thu bao mng GSM v cc cng ngh pht trin t GSM ang chim phn ln th phn
hin nay trn th gii. iu ny nh hng khng nh n s la chn cng ngh cho pht trin mng
ca cc nh u t trong tng lai.

Hnh 2 cho thy s pht trin ca cc cng ngh cho mng di ng t bo cng nh tc truyn
d liu tng ng ca chng. 4G l mt cng ngh di ng ca tng lai, n k tha v pht trin
t nhng cng ngh ca mng t bo trc - cc cng ngh tin 4G hay cc cng ngh siu 3G (Super
3G). Cc cng ngh 4G c xy dng s c tc truyn d liu cao trn 100 Mb/s, thm ch ln ti
1Gb/s cho cc iu kin tnh.
Cc nh sn xut, u t c th bt u thc hin cc sn phm ca h vo khong nm 2010 n 2012,
v mng 4G c th c xy dng v pht trin mnh khai thc khong trc nm 2015. Cng ngh
4G s cung cp mt mng dch v vi tc truyn d liu cao thng qua cc knh truyn dn bng
rng. N cho php gi v nhn lng thng tin nhiu hn v cc k thut thu pht MIMO (Multi-Input
Multi-Output) s gip h thng lm vic vi hiu nng cao, cht lng dch v tt hn.
nh hng v tng lai ca cng ngh 4G
Cho n nay, cha c mt chun no r rng cho 4G c thng qua. Tuy nhin, nhng cng ngh pht
trin cho 3G hin nay s lm tin cho ITU xem xt pht trin cho chun 4G. Cc s c quan trng
ITU thng qua cho chun 4G chnh l t h tr ca cc hng di ng ton cu; cc t chc chun ha
v c bit l s xut hin ca 3 cng ngh mng di ng t bo tin 4G (LTE, UMB v WiMAX II).
Chng s l cc cng ngh quan trng gip ITU xy dng cc chun 4G trong thi gian ti.
Mc d cha c chun no cho 4G c thng qua, nhng mt s hng sn sng lm vic vi cng
ngh 4G. Cho n nay, ITU vn cha nh ngha c th v cng ngh 4G, nhng cc nh u t nh NTT
DoCoMo v Sprint Nextel ang u t vo cc th nghim cho cng ngh ny nhm mc ch thu c
nhng kinh nghim lm vic vi 4G cng nh nng cao hiu nng cho 4G trc khi chnh thc c a
vo khai thc.
Theo d on ca cc nh phn tch, cc cng ngh nh EV-DO v HSPA s khng cn mnh vo
nhng nm 2011-2012. Theo h, rt nhiu thit b u cui s dng cc cng ngh 3G hay 3,5G u c
b vi x l khng thc s ph hp cho cc ng dng a phng tin, mc d tnh nng ny mng h
tr. V th m cc thit b u cui s phi ci tin trc khi ngi dng ngh n chi ph m h phi tr
cho cc thit b u cui s dng cc dch v tc cao tng xng hay cha. Hin ti, cc nh
u t c th m rng kh nng cho mng 3G bng cch nng cp ln 3,5G, iu ng ngha vi vic
ng dng 4G s b chm li.
Hin nay, phn ln cc nh khai thc vin thng u ln k hoch thc hin 4G cho cc vng th, ni
m c nhiu cc t chc, cng ty cng nh s lng khch hng ln - cc i tng m lun mong mun
cc dch v cht lng tt v tc truyn d liu cao. Tuy nhin, trc mt cc nh u t s tip tc
cung cp cc dch v 3G cng nh 3,5G v n c xem nh l qu trnh thc hin tng bc cho 4G.
iu ny khng ch gip h tip tc m rng vng ph sng, gia tng s lng khch hng m cn gip
thu hi vn u t cho 3G. Vi ngi dng, c th chuyn d dng sang cng ngh 4G, bi vi h n
gin ch l s m rng cc ng dng ca mng 3G hay 3,5G m h ang dng.
Ti cc nc chu Phi, khu vc M La tinh, Hn Quc v M s dng ph bin CDMA, v vy cc nh
khai thc ang hng mng ca h pht trin ln theo UMB. Vi cc quc gia chu u, phn ln s dng
GSM, v th h ang hng pht trin mng theo LTE m khng vi vng chuyn theo hng WiMAX II
tn km hn. Cc nh cung cp dch v vin thng cn li ca th gii nhiu kh nng s pht trin mng
theo WiMAX II.
Tuy nhin, th trng cho mng khng dy khng phi ch dnh ring cho 4G v vi ring 4G cng kh
c th p ng nhu cu ca ngi dng ngy cng cao. V vic thng qua chun cho 4G s khng xy

ra cho ti khi cc tin trnh chun ha c thc hin v cc nh u t bt u thu hi c vn m h
u t cho 3G v 3,5G.
_______________
Ti liu tham kho
- Jr. Sixto Ortiz, 4G Wireless Begins to Take a Shape, IEEE Communications Society.
- ITU: www.itu.int.
- GSA - The Global Mobile Suppliers Association: http://www.gsacom.com.
- NTT DoCoMo, Nht Bn: http://www.nttdocomo.com/technologies/future/index.html.