------------

-----------------

Static Magnetic Fields

) Magnesia (
.

.
.

c 2 , c1 I 2 , I 1
) I 2 , I 1 (

dl 2 dl1

])
Magnetic permeability

r r
v
v
v
I 2 dl 2 I 1 dl1 R2 R1
dF21 = k
w
v 3
R2 R1

= 0 = 4 10 4 H m

1
4
c 2 I 2 c I

=k


-----------------

v v
v
v
) I 1 dl1 (R2 R1
c2 I 2 dl 2 c1 Rv Rv 3
2
1

------------

F21 = 0
4

.
Magnetic flux density
) (c
v
c R2 .
v v
v
v
) 0 I 1 dl1 (R2 R1
= B21
v
v 3
4 c1
R2 R1

v r
v
F21 = I 2 dl 2 B21

v
B .
Tesla

c2

m2

Wb

Amp

v
v
R B
:

v
v
)Idl (R R
c Rv Rv 3

v v

B(R ) = 0
4

Biot & Savart .

v
v v
J , J S B
:

v
v v
)J S dS (R R
v v 3
R R
v
v r
JdV R R
v v 3
R R

v
v
v
: k J S J S

v v

B (R ) = 0
4

v v

B (R ) = 0
4

Amp.

m
v
: I L B

r :


------------

-----------------

v
v v
v v
) 0 Idl (R R
= ) B (R
v v
4 c R R 3
v
R = ra r
v
R = z a z
r
v
dl = dl z = a z dz
v r
R R = ra r z a z
v v
R R = r 2 + z 2
) Idz z z (ra r z a z
2
L

I
z
= a 0
4r r 2 + z 2

+ z2

[r

rdz a 0
2

+ z2
a

Tesla

v v

B (R ) = 0
4

v v I
B (R ) = 0
4

0 IL

v v
= ) B (R

[r

2r r 2 + L2

:
I W .

v
B = 4B1

W
= B1 W
2
W
2
0 I W

=r

a z

v 2 2 0 I
=B
a z
W

2
2

W W
+
2 2

W
2
2

4 0 I
a z
2 W
2
2

2L = W

v W
= B1
2
v
v
= B = 4 B1


------------

-----------------

v
B
v
. B
:

) Jv (Rv
v v
0
= ) B (R
v v dv
4 v
R R
v v

v
)J (R
B = v v dv
4 v R R

v v
v v
)J (R
A(R ) = 0 v v dv
4 v R R

Vector magnetic potential

.
v
v
B = A
] .
v v
v
v
[ E = V A Web . ) A, B (
m
.
v
: B L I
v
A

r
Idl
v v
R R

])

0 I
l n z + z2 + r 2
4

= a z

dz a z
r 2 + z2

v
A= 0
4

v I
A= 0
4

v v
I
L2 + r 2 + L
Web
A(R ) = a z 0 ln
m
4
L2 + r 2 L
v
v
A
1 Az
a z
B = A = a r
r
r
v
0 IL
A
z = 0 :
B = a

2nr L2 + r 2
v
v
v
) I ( A a z ) (B = A
v
I B a .


------------

-----------------

Magnetic Dipole

. b
b
I
) (R>>b .

P ) (R, , Idl

b, , .
2

v
v v
0
Idl
= )A(R
v r
4 c R R
v
R = a x x + a y y + a z = Ra R
r
R = a x b cos + a y b sin = ba r
v v
R R = ( x b cos )a x + ( y b sin )a y + za z
v v
2
2
R R = (x b cos ) + ( y b sin ) + z 2

1
v v = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + b 2 2bx cos 2by sin 2
R R

1
v v = R 2 + b 2 2bx cos 2by sin 2
R R
1
2

1
2by
b 2 2bx
1
v v = R 1 + 2 2 cos 2 sin
R
R
R R
R

:
2

b
0
R2

R >> b


------------

-----------------

1
1 bx
by

v v 1 + 2 cos + 2 sin
R
R R R R

v
dl = a bd = a x b sin d + a y b cos d
v
dl = bd a x sin + a y cos

v v Ib 2
by

bx
A(R ) 0 ( a x sin + a y cos )1 + 2 cos + 2 sin d
0
4R
R

R
v Ib
xb
yb
A = 0 a x 2 + a y 2
4R
R
R
v Ib 2
A = 0 3 ( a x y + a y x )
4R

v
M = a z SI
S = DipoleArea = b 2
v
v
M
A(R ) = 0 3 a z R
4R

v
a z R = a x y + a y x
v v
v
v v 0 M R 0
M

A(R ) =
4
4R 3
R
v v
M
A(R ) = a 0 2 sin
4R

:
a z a R = a sin

v Ib
v
B = A = 0 3 [a R 2 cos + a sin ]
4R
2

: V =

1
4 0

v
: A = 0
4

dv

Rv Rv

v
Jdv
v v
R R

v
P.a R

V =

4 0 R 2
v
v 0 M a R
A=
4R 2

:
v
E = V

v
v
B = A


-----------------

v
- B

------------

v
E

v
P

v
B

v
M

v
A

v
: J

v
v
.B = .( A) = 0
v
.B = 0

:
v
v
B B


.
B
S :

v v
= B.ds
S

v v
v
S B.ds = V.Bdv = 0v
v v
v v
v
= B.ds = A.ds = A.dl

.
:

v
v
v
F = (.F ) 2 F
v
v
v
0
J
= B = A
V 4 R R DV

:
v v
B = J
v
v
2
A = 0 J :

2V = .

0
Amperes circuital low
:

v
v
v
B = A = 0 J

v
v
B = 0 J
v v
v v
S B.ds = .J .ds
v v
v v
B.dl = 0 J .DS
s

v
B C 0 S

C .


------------

-----------------

v
B

.
: b I
:

v
I
J = 2 a Z
b

C r B r b : .
r v
v v
c1 B1 .dl = 0 s1J .ds
r
v
v
B1 = B1 a
,
dl = rd a
,
ds = r dr d

v v
2
B1 .dl = B1 a .ard = B1 2r
0

c1

v v
2 r I
I
2
s1 J .ds z = 0 0 ba z .a z r dr d = b 2 r

v
Ir
B1 = 0 2 a
2b

r>b

Ir
b2

B1 2r = 0

r v
v
B2 .dl = 0 J .ds = 0 I total
s2

v
I
B2 = 0 a
2r

c2

2rB2 = 0 I

:
N I .
b ) ( a .


------------

-----------------

r<b-a r
B= .
r>b+a = NI NI = 0

I total B= .

b-a<r<b+a

v v
B
.dl = 0 I total
c

B 2r = 0 NI
v NI
B = 0 a
2r
v 0 NI
=B
a
l eff

v
: B .

a I
n . z
B z.

:
abcd

v
B
.dl = 0 I total
abcd

I total = (nI nI )ab = 0

v v
b v v
c v v
d v v
a v v
B .dl = B.dl + B.dl + B.dl + B.dl = 0
abcd
a
d
c
b
v v
b v v
d v v
= B.dl + 0 + B.dl + 0 = 0
dl , B bc da
c

= B1 .(ab ) B2 (cd ) = 0

B z


------------

-----------------

ab cd
B ) B (
) ( .
:

B1 = B2 = B = 0

:
efgh

v v
B
.dl = 0 I total
efgh

) I total = nI (ef

ef

v v
f v v
) B.dl = B.dl = B(ef
e

v
B = 0 nIa z

efgh

) B(ef ) = 0 nI (ef

: )( ) (
)(
.
: ) l, a (s=al I
v
B
.

v v
) ( B, M

v
F l

v
M = Iala n
v
M = ISa n
v
v v
F = Il B
F = IlBisn90 o = IlB


------------

-----------------

a
2 IlB sin
2

=T

v v
v
T = r 2F
T = alIB sin
T = SIB sin
T = MB sin
v v v
T = M B

v
v
M B .


.

.

)(
-
.
:Diamagnetic
:

:Paramagnetic .
.
:
Nonmagnetic Materials
:
Ferromagnetic.

mm 3.


------------

-----------------

.
.
:


.
.
v
m N
v
v
M = Nm .

.

Mv
v v
0
= ) dA(R
v v dv
4
R R
) Mv (R
v v
0
= ) A(R
v v dv
4 v
R R
:

v
v
0 M n
M
v Rv Rr dv + 4 s Rv Rr ds

v v

A(R ) = 0
4

n s.
v

J dv
A = 0 v r
v
4 R R
:

] [A m
2

][A m

v v
M J m
v
v
M n J ms

v
v
J m J ms


------------

-----------------

Magnetic Field Intensity

v v
J + Jm
v Rv Rv dv

v v

A(R ) = 0
4

v v
v 0
v v
J + Jm
v v dv
= B (R ) = A
4
R R

v v
H = J

v
v r
B = 0 J + J m
v
v
v
B = 0 J + M
v
v
B v
= J + M
0
v
v v
B

M = J

0
v
B
v
Amp
=H
M
m

v
H

v v
v v
H .dl = I total = J .ds
c

v
v
v 1
v
v
v
B
.B .M = 0 .M
.H = .
= M
0
0
v
v
H ) (M
v
v
.M = 0
.H = 0
v
v
v
v
H ) (M ) M ( H
.
v
v
M H ) (
.

v
v
M = XmH

X m ) (Magnetic Susceptibility
v
H .
v
v
v
B
:
M
=H

v
v
v
B = 0 H + 0 M
v
v
v
v
B = 0 H + 0 X m H = 0 (1 + X m )H
v
v
B = H


------------

-----------------

= 0 (1 + X m ) = 0 r
r = 1 + X m

absolute permeability
r relative permeability

r ) X m
(
r )

X m

(
r ) (
H.
r : r = 0.99983

r r = 1.00002
: N
l S I

.

v v

v v

H .dl = J .ds
s

v NI
=H
a
l

Hl = NI

H 2r = NI
v NI
=H
a
2r
v
= B.ds = BS

NIS
2r

S .
: I
a +z r = 100
z .
v v v
b c ) .(c>b M , B, H


------------

-----------------

I,c,b,a c
r b<r<c

2rH = I

v v

v v

H .dl = J .ds

v
I
=H
a
2r
v
v 100 0 I
a
= B = H
2r
v
v
v
v 99 I
B
a
= H = ( r 1)H
= M
2r
0

a z

z
0

a r

99 I
r
2r

a r
s
v 1
= Jm = M
r r
0

v
v
J ms = M n
v
v
99 I
99 I
r =b:
= J ms = (M n ) r =b
= ) a ( a r
a z
2b
2b
v
v
99 I
99 I
r =c:
= J ms = (M n ) r =c
a (a r ) =
a z
2b
2b

)(
.

.
B
dv = 0
v r
v v
v v
B1 .ds1 + B2 .ds + B.ds = 0

v
.B = 0
v v
B.ds = 0
s

v v
B = Bn + B t


------------

-----------------

h 0:
B1n S + B2 n S + 0 = 0
B1n = B2 n

H 1n 2 r2
=
=
H 2 n 1 r1

1 H 1n = 2 H 2 n

v
v
B
= M M .
H

v
J s

v v
v v
v v
H = J

s H .ds = s J .ds
r v
v v
v v
v v
v v
H
.
d
l
=
H
.
d
l
+
H
.
d
l
+
H
.
d
l
+
H
1
2

.dl
4

= H 1t l + 0 + H 2t l + 0 = (H 2t H 1t )l

J l .

v v
J .ds = J s l
s

H 2t H 1t = J s

(H 2t H H )l = J s l

r
v
v
(H 2 H 1 ) a 21 = J s
r
v
v
a 21 (H 1 H 2 ) = J s

a 21 .
:

H 1t = H 2t

v NI
=H
a
l
v
v
B = H
v NI
=B
a
l
NIS
= = BS
l


------------

-----------------

NI
l

= I
R

I NI V emf
NI magnetomotive force mmf
Reluctance
.

l
s
l
)
S

= R = Reluctance

= R (

)(
KCL . KVL
mmf 1.
H
v
NI B
:

: B

= r
) Effective length ( = l i
) (air gap = l g
= S

l g << l i

fringing field
v
B
.


------------

-----------------

Bi ~B g = Bn = B
B

0 r
.

= , Hi

= Hg

v v
v v
c H .dl = s J .ds
v
v v
+
.
H
dl
H
i

g .dl = NI
cg

NI

li

0 r
NI
R g + Ri

lg

=B

ci

l i = NI

0 r

lg +

NI

li

0 r S

li

lg

= BS

0 S

0 r S

= Ri

lg

0 S

= Rg

R g >> Ri.
:
.

: .


------------

-----------------

Self Inductance & mutual Inductance

c c I I
.

)( S 2 , S1 .
v
B1 c I 1.
s ) (
v v
B1 .ds1

= 11

s ) (
v v
B1 .ds 2

= 12

s1

s2

N N .
v
C B1
11 = N 111 = flux linkage
v
12 = N 212 = flux linkage
C B1
:
)(Self Inductance

11

= ) (/

) (

I1

12

)) = (Mutual Inductance (/

) (

I1

v v
B2 .ds1

= 21

s1

21 = N 1 21
21
I2

L11
L12

v v
B2 .ds 2

,
,

= L21

= 22

s2

22 = N 2 22
22
I2

= L22

) ( .
:

d 12
= L12
dI 1

N :

d 11
= L11
dI 1


------------

-----------------

=L
=A
=B I

= AB
d = AdB
= N

d = Nd = NAdB

NI = lH
l
dH
N

= dI

NdI = ldH

N 2 A dB
d
NAdB
=L
=

l dH
l dH
dI
N
) (

=L

dB
=
dH

l

A

N2
R

= R:

=L

N 2 A
l

=L

N2
l
A

=L

R = N 1 I 1 N 2 I 2

) ( :

l
=0
A
I 2 N1

=
I1 N 2

=R

N1 I1 = N 2 I 2

I 2 = 0:

N 1 I 1 A
N 12
R

l
= L11

= 11 = B1 S

N A
2
1

11
I1

= L11

N 1 I 1
l

N1 N 2
l

= L12

11 = N 1 11

12 = N 212

N 1 N 2 A
l

= B1 = H

12 = B1 A
12
I1

= L12


------------

-----------------

I 1 = 0:

N1 N 2
= L12
R

= L21

2
2

N
R

= L22

.

) (
v
v
v
B I H B
B H .

.
dB
B H

dH
.

d
:
e=
dt
Ni
Hl
= H
:
= = N , = BA , i
N
l
d
dB
= V
= NA

dt
dt
P = Vi :

dB Hl
P = NA

dt N
dB
P = AlH
dt
dwm = pdt = AlHdB
wm = dwm = AlHdB = Al HdB
Joul

m 3

wm = HdB

Al
wm B0 B.

B = H


------------

-----------------

dB

B0

B0

= wm = HdB
0

1 2
B0
2

1 v v
B H B.H
2

1
1
H 02 = B0 H 0
2
2

= wm

H0

= wm = HdH
0

= wm

1 v v
B.Hdv
2 V

= Wm = wm dv

d
) d (LI
= Idt
Idt
dt
dt
1
Wm = LI 2
2

= LI

= Wm = pdt = VIdt

Wm = LIdI

Wm.
Hysteresis

B H
) (
.

i )
(


------------

-----------------

i
.

. .
Hysteresis loop .


. .

v v
W = F .L

W + W m = 0

v v
W = Wm = F . l = Fl

) l (

dWm
W m
=
F =
dl
l

= Wm

v
F

)(
I .
W = Wm

= + W m

= I

v
F

:
)(
N I
) U
( S .


------------

-----------------

dy

) (W = Wm
:

1 B02
Sdy
dW = dWm = 2
2 0

v
B2S
2
F = Wm = a y 0 = a y 0
0
0 S
I
.
dy d
dR .

1 2
I dL
2

= dWm

1 2
LI
2
NI
=
R
R = Ri + R g

= Wm

y
0 S
NI
=
Ri + 2 y

Rg = 2

0 S
R L :

N
N
=
I
Ri + 2 y
2

0 S
2 N 2 dy
2

0 S Ri + 2 y S
0

0 S
2

2 dy

R + 2y

i
0 S

=L

dL = N

2 N 2 I 2 dy
1
1
NI
=

= dWm

dy
2
0 S R + 2 y
2

2
y

i
0 S Ri + S
0 S

1 2
0 dy
dWm =
0 S

v
2
F = Wm = a y 0
0 S
.