Dalai Lama 1

Dalai Lama
Dalai Lama
Gendun Drup, 1st Dalai Lama
Reign 1391-2005
Tibetan

Wylie transliteration taa la'i bla ma
Dalai Lama / Takla
Dalai Lama
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese

Simplified Chinese

Transcriptions
Mandarin
- Hanyu Pinyin
Dli
Lm
Tibetan name
Tibetan

Transcriptions
- Wylie taa la'i bla ma
Dalai Lama 2
T!e Dalai Lama is a !i"! lama in t!e Gelu" #r $%ell#& 'at$ bran(! #) *udd!ism+ T!e name is a (#mbinati#n #) t!e
,#n"#lian &#rd dalai meanin" $-(ean$ and t!e Tibetan &#rd bla-ma .&it! a silent $b$/
meanin" $tea(!er$+
011
2((#rdin" t# t!e (urrent Dalai Lama, t!e Tibetan &#rd $lama$ (#rresp#nds pre(isel3 t# t!e
betterkn#&n 4anskrit &#rd $"uru$+
5n reli"i#us terms, t!e Dalai Lama is belie6ed b3 !is de6#tees t# be t!e rebirt! #) a l#n" line #) tulkus &!# are
(#nsidered t# be mani)estati#ns #) t!e b#d!isatt6a #) (#mpassi#n, 26al#kite76ara+ Traditi#nall3, t!e Dalai Lama
is t!#u"!t #) as t!e latest rein(arnati#n #) a series #) spiritual leaders &!# !a6e (!#sen t# be reb#rn in #rder t#
enli"!ten #t!ers+ T!e Dalai Lama is #)ten t!#u"!t t# be t!e leader #) t!e Gelu" 4(!##l, but t!is p#siti#n bel#n"s
#))i(iall3 t# t!e Ganden Tripa, &!i(! is a temp#rar3 p#siti#n app#inted b3 t!e Dalai Lama &!#, in pra(ti(e,
e8erts mu(! in)luen(e+
9#r (ertain peri#ds #) time bet&een t!e 1:t! (entur3 and 1959, t!e Dalai Lamas s#metimes dire(ted t!e Tibetan
"#6ernment, &!i(! administered p#rti#ns #) Tibet )r#m L!asa+ T!e 1;t! Dalai Lama remained t!e !ead #) state
)#r t!e <entral Tibetan 2dministrati#n .$Tibetan "#6ernment in e8ile$/ until !is retirement #n ,ar(! 1;, 2011+
'e !as indi(ated t!at t!e instituti#n #) t!e Dalai Lama ma3 be ab#lis!ed in t!e )uture, and als# t!at t!e ne8t
Dalai Lama ma3 be )#und #utside Tibet and ma3 be )emale+
021
T!e <!inese (#mmunist "#6ernment &as 6er3
=ui(k t# re>e(t t!is and (laimed t!at #nl3 t!e3 !a6e t!e aut!#rit3 t# sele(t t!e ne8t Dalai Lama, despite bein" an
#))i(iall3 at!eist nati#n+
The origin of the title of Dalai Lama
5n 15:? t!e ,#n"#l ruler 2ltan @!an best#&ed t!e title Dalai Lama #n 4#nam G3ats#+ T!e title &as later
applied retr#spe(ti6el3 t# t!e t&# prede(ess#rs in !is rein(arnati#n line, Gendun Drup and Gendun G3ats#+
Gendun G3ats# &as als# 4#nam G3ats#'s prede(ess#r as abb#t #) Drepun" m#naster3+ '#&e6er, t!e 1;t! Dalai
Lama asserts t!at 2ltan @!an did n#t intend t# best#& a title as su(! and t!at !e intended #nl3 t# translate t!e
name $4#nam G3ats#$ int# ,#n"#lian+
+ + + man3 &riters !a6e mistranslated Dalai Lama as $-(ean #) Aisd#m$+ T!e )ull ,#n"#lian title,
$t!e &#nder)ul Ba>rad!ara, "##d splendid merit#ri#us #(ean$, "i6en b3 2ltan @!an, is primaril3 a
translati#n #) t!e Tibetan &#rds Sonam Gyatso .sonam is $merit$/+ 031
T!e 1;t! Dalai Lama (#mmentedC
T!e 6er3 name #) ea(! Dalai Lama )r#m t!e 4e(#nd Dalai Lama #n&ards !ad t!e &#rd G3ats# 0in
it1,&!i(! means $#(ean$ in Tibetan+ D6en n#& 5 am TenEin G3ats#, s# t!e )irst name is (!an"in" but
t!e se(#nd part 0t!e &#rd $#(ean$1 be(ame like part #) ea(! Dalai Lama's name+ 2ll #) t!e Dalai
Lamas, sin(e t!e 4e(#nd, !a6e t!is name+ 4# 5 d#n't reall3 a"ree t!at t!e ,#n"#ls a(tuall3 (#n)erred
a title+ 5t &as >ust a translati#n+ 0;1
A!ate6er t!e intenti#n ma3 !a6e been #ri"inall3, t!e ,#n"#lian $Dalai$, &!i(! d#es n#t !a6e an3 meanin" as a
Tibetan term, (ame t# be underst##d (#mm#nl3 as a title+
T!e name #r title Dalai Lama in ,#n"#lian ma3 als# !a6e deri6ed #ri"inall3 )r#m t!e title taken b3 TemF>in #r
Gen"!is @!an &!en !e &as pr#(laimed emper#r #) a united ,#n"#lia durin" 120G+ TemF>in t##k t!e name
Hin"is I"!an #r $#(eani( s#6erei"n$, t!e an"li(iEed 6ersi#n #) &!i(! is Gen"!is @!an+ 051
Tibetans address t!e Dalai Lama as Gyalwa Rinpoche .$Jre(i#us Bi(t#r$/, Kundun .$Jresen(e$/, Yishin Norbu
.$Ais! )ul)illin" Gem$/ and s# #n+ 0G1
4#nam G3ats# &as an abb#t at t!e Drepun" ,#naster3 &!# &as (#nsidered &idel3 as #ne #) t!e m#st eminent
lamas #) !is time+ 2lt!#u"! 4#nam G3ats# be(ame t!e )irst lama t# !a6e t!e title $Dalai Lama$ as des(ribed
ab#6e, sin(e !e &as t!e t!ird member #) !is linea"e, !e be(ame kn#&n as t!e $T!ird Dalai Lama$+ T!e pre6i#us
t&# titles &ere (#n)erred p#st!um#usl3 up#n !is supp#sed earlier in(arnati#ns+
%#nten G3ats# .15?9K1G1G/, t!e ;t! Dalai Lama, and a n#nKTibetan, &as t!e "rands#n #) 2ltan
@!an+T!e tulku traditi#n #) t!e Dalai Lama !as e6#l6ed int#, and been inau"urated as, an
instituti#nC
Dalai Lama 3
$T!e instituti#n #) t!e Dalai Lama !as be(#me, #6er t!e (enturies, a (entral )#(us #) Tibetan (ultural
identit3L $a s3mb#li( emb#diment #) t!e Tibetan nati#nal (!ara(ter+$ T#da3, t!e Dalai Lama and t!e
#))i(e #) t!e Dalai Lama !a6e be(#me )#(al p#ints in t!eir stru""le t#&ards independen(e and, m#re
ur"entl3, (ultural sur6i6al+ T!e Dalai Lama is re"arded as t!e prin(ipal in(arnati#n #) <!enreEi"
.re)erred t# as 26al#kites!6ara in 5ndia/, t!e b#d!isatt6a #) (#mpassi#n and patr#n deit3 #) Tibet+ 5n
t!at r#le t!e Dalai Lama !as (!#sen t# use pea(e and (#mpassi#n in !is treatment #) !is #&n pe#ple and
!is #ppress#rs+ 5n t!is sense t!e Dalai Lama is t!e emb#diment #) an ideal #) Tibetan 6alues and a
(#rnerst#ne #) Tibetan identit3 and (ulture+$ 0:1
Ber!ae"en menti#ns t!e transKp#lit3 in)luen(e t!at t!e 5nstituti#n #) t!e Dalai Lama !as !ad !ist#ri(all3 in areas
su(! as &estern <!ina, ,#n"#lia, Ladak! in additi#n t# t!e #t!er 'imala3an @in"d#msC
$T!e Dalai Lamas !a6e als# )un(ti#ned as t!e prin(ipal spiritual "uide t# man3 'imala3an kin"d#ms
b#rderin" Tibet, as &ell as &estern <!ina, ,#n"#lia and Ladak!+ T!e literar3 &#rks #) t!e Dalai
Lamas !a6e, #6er t!e (enturies, inspired m#re t!an )i)t3 milli#n pe#ple in t!ese re"i#ns+ T!#se
&ritin"s, re)le(tin" t!e )usi#n #) *udd!ist p!il#s#p!3 emb#died in Tibetan *udd!ism, !a6e be(#me
#ne #) t!e&#rld's "reat rep#sit#ries #) spiritual t!#u"!t+ $0?1
T!e (urrent Dalai Lama is #)ten (alled $'is '#liness$ .''/ b3 Aesterners .b3 anal#"3 &it! t!e J#pe/, alt!#u"!
t!isd#es n#t translate t# a Tibetan title+
*e)#re t!e 20t! (entur3, Dur#pean s#ur(es #)ten re)erred t# t!e Dalai Lama as t!e $Grand Lama$+ 9#r e8ample,
in 1:?5 *en>amin 9ranklin *a(!e m#(ked Ge#r"e Aas!in"t#n b3 termin" !im t!e $Grand Lama #) t!is <#untr3$+
091
4#me in t!e Aest belie6ed t!e Dalai Lama t# be &#rs!ipped b3 t!e Tibetans as t!e "#d!ead+
0101
@ublai @!an
History
Durin" 1252, @ublai @!an "ranted an audien(e t# Dr#"Mn <!M"3al J!a"pa
and @arma Jaks!i, t!e 2nd @armapa+ @arma Jaks!i, !#&e6er, s#u"!t t!e
patr#na"e #) ,Mn"ke @!an+ *e)#re !is deat! in 12?3, @arma Jaks!i &r#te
a &ill t# pr#te(t t!e establis!ed interests #) !is se(t b3 ad6isin" !is
dis(iples t# l#(ate a b#3 t# in!erit t!e bla(k !at+ 'is instru(ti#n &as based
#n t!e premise t!at *udd!ist ide#l#"3 is eternal, and t!at *udd!a &#uld
send emanati#ns t# (#mplete t!e missi#ns !e !ad initiated+ @arma Jaks!i's
dis(iples a(ted in a((#rdan(e &it! t!e &ill and l#(ated t!e rein(arnated
b#3 #) t!eir master+ T!e e6ent &as t!e be"innin" #) t!e tea(!er
rein(arnati#n s3stem )#r t!e *la(kK'at Line #) Tibetan *udd!ism+ Durin"
t!e ,in" D3nast3, Dmper#r %#n"le best#&ed t!e title Great Treasure
Prince of Dharma, t!e )irst #) t!e t!ree Princes of Dharma, up#n t!e
*la(kK'at @armapa+ Bari#us se(ts #) Tibetan *udd!ism resp#nded t# t!e
tea(!er rein(arnati#n s3stem b3 (reatin" similar linea"es+
Dalai Lama ;
nification of Tibet
GFs!i @!an
5n t!e 1G30s, Tibet be(ame entan"led in p#&er stru""les bet&een
t!e risin" ,an(!u and 6ari#us ,#n"#l and -irat )a(ti#ns+ Li"den
@!an #) t!e <!ak!ar, retreatin" )r#m t!e ,an(!u, set #ut t#
Tibet t# destr#3 t!e %ell#& 'at se(t+ 'e died #n t!e &a3 in @#k#
Nur in 1G3;+
0111
'is 6assal Ts#"t Tai> (#ntinued t!e )i"!t, e6en
!a6in" !is #&n s#n 2rslan killed a)ter 2rslan (!an"ed sides+
Ts#"t Tai> &as de)eated and killed b3 GFs!i @!an #) t!e
@!#s!ud in 1G3:, &!# &#uld in turn be(#me t!e #6erl#rd #)
Tibet, and a(t as a $Jr#te(t#r #) t!e %ell#& <!ur(!+$
0121
GFs!i
!elped t!e 9i)t! Dalai Lama t# establis! !imsel) as t!e !i"!est
spiritual and p#liti(al aut!#rit3 in Tibet and destr#3ed an3
p#tential ri6als+ T!e time #) t!e 9i)t! Dalai Lama &as, !#&e6er,
als# a peri#d #) ri(! (ultural de6el#pment+
T!e 9i)t! Dalai Lama's deat! &as kept se(ret )#r )i)teen
3ears b3 t!e re"ent .TibetanC L A3lieC
sde-srid /, 4an""3e G3ats#+ T!is &as apparentl3 d#ne s#
t!at t!e J#tala Jala(e (#uld be )inis!ed, and t# pre6ent
Tibet's nei"!b#urs takin" ad6anta"e #) an interre"num in t!e
su((essi#n #) t!e Dalai Lamas+
0131
Tsan"3an" G3ats#, t!e 4i8t! Dalai Lama, &as n#t
ent!r#ned until 1G9:+ Tsan"3an" G3ats# en>#3ed a li)est3le
t!at in(luded drinkin", t!e (#mpan3 #) &#men, and &ritin"
l#6e s#n"s+
01;1
5n 1:05, L#bEan" @!an #) t!e @!#s!ud used
t!e si8t! Dalai Lama's es(apades as e8(use t# take (#ntr#l
#) Tibet+ T!e re"ent &as murdered, and t!e Dalai Lama sent
t# *ei>in"+ 'e died #n t!e &a3, near @#k# Nur, #stensibl3
)r#m illness+ L#bEan" @!an app#inted a ne& Dalai Lama
&!#, !#&e6er &as n#t a((epted b3 t!e Gelu"pa s(!##l+
@elEan" G3ats# &as dis(#6ered near @#k# Nur and be(ame
a ri6al (andidate+
T!e DEun"ars in6aded Tibet in 1:1:, and dep#sed and killed
L#bEan" @!an's pretender t# t!e p#siti#n #) Dalai
Lama+ T!is &as &idel3 appr#6ed+ '#&e6er, t!e3 s##n be"an t# l##t
t!e !#l3 pla(es #) L!asa, &!i(! br#u"!t a s&i)t
resp#nse )r#m Dmper#r @an"8i in 1:1?L but !is militar3 e8pediti#n
&as anni!ilated b3 t!e DEun"ars, n#t )ar )r#m
L!asa+0151 01G1
2 se(#nd, lar"er, e8pediti#n sent b3 Dmper#r @an"8i
e8pelled t!e DEun"ars )r#m Tibet in 1:20 and t!e tr##ps
&ere !ailed as liberat#rs+ T!e3 br#u"!t @elEan" G3ats# &it!
t!em )r#m @umbum t# L!asa and !e &as installed as t!e
se6ent! Dalai Lama in 1:21+
01:1
$2)ter !im 0Oamp!el G3ats# t!e B555t! Dalai
Lama .1:5?1?0;/1, t!e 5Pt! and Pt! Dalai
Lamas died be)#re attainin" t!eir ma>#rit3C #ne
#) t!em is (redibl3 stated t# !a6e been
murdered and str#n" suspi(i#n atta(!es t# t!e
#t!er+ T!e P5t! and P55t! &ere ea(! ent!r#ned
but died s##n a)ter bein" in6ested &it! p#&er+
9#r 113 3ears, t!ere)#re, supreme aut!#rit3 in
Tibet &as in t!e !ands #) a Lama Qe"ent, e8(ept
)#r ab#ut t&# 3ears &!en a la3 n#ble !eld #))i(e
and )#r s!#rt peri#ds #) n#minal rule b3 t!e P5t!
and P55t! Dalai Lamas+
5t !as s#metimes been su""ested t!at t!is state
#) a))airs &as br#u"!t ab#ut b3 t!e 2mbanst!e
5mperial Qesidents in Tibetbe(ause it &#uld be
easier t# (#ntr#l t!e Tibet t!r#u"! a Qe"ent t!an
&!en a Dalai Lama, &it! !is abs#lute p#&er,
&as at t!e !ead #) t!e "#6ernment+ T!at is n#t
true+ T!e re"ular ebb and )l#& #) e6ents
)#ll#&ed its set (#urse+ T!e 5mperial Qesidents
in Tibet, a)ter t!e )irst )lus! #) Eeal in 1:50,
"re& less and less interested and e))i(ient+ Tibet
&as, t# t!em, e8ile )r#m t!e urbanit3 and (ulture
#) Jekin"L and s# )ar )r#m d#minatin" t!e
Qe"ents, t!e 2mbans all#&ed t!emsel6es t# be
d#minated+ 5t &as t!e ambiti#n and "reed )#r
p#&er #) Tibetans t!at led t# )i6e su((essi6e
Dalai Lamas bein" sub>e(ted t# (#ntinu#us
tutela"e+$
01?1
T!ubten Oi"me N#rbu, t!e elder br#t!er #) t!e present 1;t!
Dalai Lama, des(ribes t!ese un)#rtunate e6ents as )#ll#&sC
Dalai Lama 5
$5t is per!aps m#re t!an a (#in(iden(e t!at bet&een t!e se6ent! and t!e t!irteent! !#lders #) t!at #))i(e,
#nl3 #ne rea(!ed !is ma>#rit3+ T!e ei"!t!, G3ampal G3ats#, died &!en !e &as in !is t!irties, Lun"t#"
G3ats# &!en !e &as ele6en, Tsultrim G3ats# at ei"!teen, @!adrup G3ats# &!en !e &as ei"!teen als#,
and @rinla G3ats# at ab#ut t!e same a"e+ T!e (ir(umstan(es are su(! t!at it is 6er3 likel3 t!at s#me, i) n#t
all, &ere p#is#ned, eit!er b3 l#3al Tibetans )#r bein" <!ineseKapp#inted imp#st#rs, #r b3 t!e <!inese )#r
n#t bein" pr#perl3 mana"eable+$
0191
T!r#ne a&aitin" Dalai Lama's return+ 4ummer
residen(e #) 13t! Dalai Lama, Ne(!un", Tibet+
T!ubten G3ats#, t!e 13t! Dalai Lama, assumed rulin" p#&er )r#m t!e m#nasteries, &!i(! pre6i#usl3 !ad "reat in)luen(e #n
t!e Qe"ent, durin" 1?95+ Due t# !is t&# peri#ds #) e8ile in 190;K1909, t# es(ape t!e *ritis! in6asi#n #) 190;, and )r#m
1910K1912 t# es(ape a <!inese in6asi#n, !e be(ame &ell a&are #) t!e (#mple8ities #) internati#nal p#liti(s and &as t!e )irst
Dalai Lama t# be(#me a&are #) t!e imp#rtan(e #) )#rei"n relati#ns+ 2)ter !is return )r#m e8ile in 5ndia and 4ikkim durin"
Oanuar3 1913, !e assumed (#ntr#l #) )#rei"n relati#ns and dealt dire(tl3 &it! t!e ,a!ara>a and t!e *ritis! J#liti(al #))i(er
in 4ikkim and t!e kin" #) Nepal rat!er t!an lettin" t!e @as!a" #r parliament d# it+
0201
T!ubten G3ats# issued a De(larati#n #) 5ndependen(e )#r !is kin"d#m in <entral Tibet )r#m <!ina durin" t!e summer #)
1912 and standardised a Tibetan )la", t!#u"! n# #t!er s#6erei"n state re(#"niEed t!e independen(e+
0211
'e e8pelled t!e
2mbans and all <!inese (i6ilians in t!e (#untr3, and instituted man3 measures t# m#dernise Tibet+ T!ese in(luded
pr#6isi#ns t# (urb e8(essi6e demands #n peasants )#r pr#6isi#ns b3 t!e m#nasteries and ta8 e6asi#n b3 t!e n#bles, settin"
up an independent p#li(e )#r(e, t!e ab#lis!ment #) t!e
deat! penalt3, e8tensi#n #) se(ular edu(ati#n, and t!e pr#6isi#n #) ele(tri(it3 t!r#u"!#ut t!e (it3 #) L!asa in t!e 1920s+
0221
T!ubten G3ats# died in 1933+
T!e 1;t! Dalai Lama &as n#t )#rmall3 ent!r#ned until 1: N#6ember 1950, durin" t!e Je#ple's Qepubli( #) <!ina
in6asi#n #) t!e kin"d#m+ 5n 1951, !e and t!e Tibetan "#6ernment )#rmall3 a((epted t!e 4e6enteen J#int 2"reement
b3 &!i(! Tibet &as )#rmall3 in(#rp#rated int# t!e Je#ple's Qepubli( #) <!ina+ 9earin" )#r !is li)e in t!e &ake #) a
re6#lt in Tibet in 1959, t!e 1;t! Dalai Lama )led t# 5ndia &!ere !e !as led a "#6ernment in e8ile sin(e+ 0231
02;1
+ 5n
2001, !e (eded !is abs#lute p#&er #6er t!e "#6ernment t# an ele(ted parliament #) sele(ted Tibetan e8iles+ 'is
#ri"inal "#al &as )ull independen(e )#r Tibet, but b3 t!e late 19?0s, !e &as seekin" !i"!Kle6el aut#n#m3 instead+
0251
'e is still seekin" "reater aut#n#m3 )r#m <!ina, alt!#u"! !e !as t!reatened t# "# ba(k t# ad6#(atin" independen(e
i) t!is strate"3 d#es n#t &#rk+02G1
Dalai Lama G
J#tala Jala(e
Residence
4tartin" &it! t!e 5t! Dalai Lama and until t!e 1;t! Dalai Lama's )li"!t
int# e8ile durin" 1959, t!e Dalai Lamas spent t!e &inter at t!e J#tala
Jala(e and t!e summer at t!e N#rbulin"ka pala(e and park+ *#t! are in
L!asa and appr#8imatel3 3 km apart+
9#ll#&in" t!e )ailed 1959 Tibetan uprisin", t!e 1;t! Dalai Lama s#u"!t
re)u"e in 5ndia+ T!e t!en 5ndian Jrime ,inister, Oa&a!arlal Ne!ru,
all#&ed in t!e Dalai Lama and !is (#terie #) Tibetan "#6ernment
#))i(ials+ T!e Dalai Lama !as sin(e li6ed in e8ile in D!aramsala, in t!e
state #) 'ima(!al Jrades! in n#rt!ern 5ndia, &!ere t!e <entral Tibetan
2dministrati#n is als# establis!ed+ Tibetan re)u"ees !a6e (#nstru(ted
and #pened man3 s(!##ls and *udd!ist temples in D!aramsala+
02:1
N#rbulin"ka
Searching for the reincarnation
T!e sear(! )#r t!e 1;t! Dalai Lama t##k t!e 'i"!
Lamas t# Taktser in 2md#
*3 t!e 'imala3an traditi#n, p!#&a .Tibetan/ is t!e dis(ipline
t!at trans)ers t!e mindstream t# t!e intended b#d3+ Rp#n t!e deat!
#) t!e Dalai Lama and (#nsultati#n &it! t!e Ne(!un" -ra(le, a
sear(! )#r t!e Lama's rein(arnati#n, #r yansi .yan srid/, is
(#ndu(ted+ Traditi#nall3 it !as been
t!e resp#nsibilit3 #) t!e 'i"! Lamas
#) t!e Gelu"pa Traditi#n and t!e
Tibetan "#6ernment t# )ind !is
rein(arnati#n+ T!e pr#(ess (an take
ar#und t&# #r t!ree 3ears t# identi)3
t!e Dalai Lama, and )#r t!e 1;t!,
TenEin G3ats# it &as )#ur 3ears be)#re
!e &as )#und+ T!e sear(! )#r t!e Dalai
Lama !as usuall3 been limited
!ist#ri(all3 t# Tibet, alt!#u"! t!e t!ird
tulku &as b#rn in ,#n"#lia+ TenEin
G3ats#, t!#u"!, !as stated t!at !e &ill
n#t be reb#rn in t!e Je#ple's Qepubli(
#) <!ina+
02?1
5n !is aut#bi#"rap!3,
!reedom "n #$ile, !e states t!at i)
Tibet is n#t )ree, !e &ill rein(arnate
else&!ere%&
Dalai Lama :
Jalden L!am#, t!e )emale "uardian spirit #) t!e
sa(red lake, L!am# LaKts#, &!# pr#mised
Gendun Drup t!e 1st Dalai Lama in #ne #) !is
6isi#ns t!at $s!e &#uld pr#te(t t!e rein(arnati#n
linea"e #) t!e Dalai Lamas$
T!e 'i"! Lamas used se6eral &a3s in &!i(! t!e3 (an in(rease t!e (!an(es #) )indin" t!e rein(arnati#n+ 'i"! Lamas
#)ten 6isit t!e !#l3 lake, (alled L!am# LaKts#, in (entral Tibet and &at(! )#r a si"n )r#m t!e lake itsel)+ T!is ma3 be
eit!er a 6isi#n #r s#me indi(ati#n #) t!e dire(ti#n in &!i(! t# sear(! and t!is &as !#& TenEin G3ats# &as )#und+ 5t is
said t!at Jalden L!am#, t!e )emale "uardian spirit #) t!e sa(red lake, L!am# LaKts#, pr#mised Gendun Drup, t!e 1st
Dalai Lama in #ne #) !is 6isi#ns $t!at s!e &#uld pr#te(t t!e rein(arnati#n linea"e #) t!e Dalai Lamas+$ D6er sin(e t!e
time #) Gendun G3ats#, t!e 2nd Dalai Lama, &!# )#rmalised t!e s3stem, t!e Qe"ents and #t!er m#nks !a6e "#ne t#
t!e lake t# seek "uidan(e #n (!##sin" t!e ne8t rein(arnati#n t!r#u"! 6isi#ns &!ile meditatin" t!ere+
0291
T!e parti(ular )#rm #) Jalden L!am# at L!am# LaKts# is G3elm# ,aks#rma, $T!e Bi(t#ri#us -ne &!# Turns *a(k
Dnemies$+ T!e lake is s#metimes re)erred t# as $Jelden L!am# @alide6a$, &!i(! indi(ates t!at Jalden L!am# is an
emanati#n #) t!e "#ddess @ali, t!e s!akti #) t!e 'indu G#d S!i6a+
0301
L!am# Lats# +++ 0is1 a brilliant aEure >e&el set in a rin" #) "re3 m#untains+ T!e ele6ati#n and t!e surr#undin"
peaks (#mbine t# "i6e it a !i"!l3 (!an"eable (limate, and t!e (#ntinu#us passa"e
#) (l#ud and &ind (reates a (#nstantl3 m#6in" pattern #n t!e sur)a(e #) t!e &aters+ -n t!at sur)a(e 6isi#ns
appear t# t!#se &!# seek t!em in t!e ri"!t )rame #) mind+
0311
5t &as !ere t!at durin" 1935, t!e Qe"ent, Qetin" Qinp#(!e, re(ei6ed a (lear 6isi#n #) t!ree Tibetan letters and #) a
m#naster3 &it! a >adeK"reen and "#ld r##), and a !#use &it! tur=u#ise r##) tiles, &!i(! led t# t!e dis(#6er3 #)
TenEin G3ats#, t!e present 1;t! Dalai Lama+0321 0331 03;1
'i"! Lamas ma3 als# !a6e a 6isi#n b3 a dream #r i) t!e Dalai Lama &as (remated, t!e3 &ill #)ten m#nit#r t!e
dire(ti#n #) t!e sm#ke as an indi(ati#n #) t!e dire(ti#n #) t!e rebirt!+
02?1
-n(e t!e 'i"! Lamas !a6e )#und t!e !#me and t!e b#3 t!e3 belie6e t# be t!e rein(arnati#n, t!e b#3 under"#es a
series #) tests t# a))irm t!e rebirt!+ T!e3 present a number #) arte)a(ts, #nl3 s#me #) &!i(! bel#n"ed t# t!e
pre6i#us Dalai Lama, and i) t!e b#3 (!##ses t!e items &!i(! bel#n"ed t# t!e pre6i#us Dalai Lama, t!is is seen
as a si"n, in (#n>un(ti#n &it! all #) t!e #t!er indi(ati#ns, t!at t!e b#3 is t!e rein(arnati#n+
5) t!ere is #nl3 #ne b#3 )#und, t!e 'i"! Lamas &ill in6ite Li6in" *udd!as #) t!e t!ree "reat m#nasteries t#"et!er
&it! se(ular (ler"3 and m#nk #))i(ials, t# (#n)irm t!eir )indin"s and &ill t!en rep#rt t# t!e <entral G#6ernment
t!r#u"! t!e ,inister #) Tibet+ Later a "r#up (#nsistin" #) t!e t!ree ma>#r ser6ants #) Dalai Lama, eminent
#))i(ials and tr##ps &ill (#lle(t t!e b#3 and !is )amil3 and tra6el t# L!asa, &!ere t!e b#3 &#uld be taken,
usuall3 t# Drepun" ,#naster3 t# stud3 t!e *udd!ist sutra in preparati#n )#r assumin" t!e r#le #) spiritual leader
#) Tibet+
02?1
'#&e6er, i) t!ere are se6eral p#ssibilities #) t!e rein(arnati#n, in t!e past re"ents and eminent #))i(ials and m#nks at
t!e O#k!an" in L!asa, and t!e ,inister t# Tibet &#uld de(ide #n t!e indi6idual b3 puttin" t!e b#3s' names inside
an urn and dra&in" #ne l#t in publi( i) it &as t## di))i(ult t# >ud"e t!e rein(arnati#n initiall3+0351
Dalai Lama ?
List of Dalai Lamas
T!ere !a6e been 1; re(#"nised rein(arnati#ns #) t!e Dalai LamaC
!ame Pictur
e
Lifespan
Recognis
ed
"nthroneme
nt
Tibetan#Wylie Tibetan
pinyin#Chines
e
$lterna
ti%e
spelling
s
1 Gen
dun
Drup
1391
1;:;
N/2 03G1

GTdFn <!ub
&a "Tc
L
Gedun
Drub
GedFn
Drup
2 Gen
dun
G3at
s#
1;:5
15;2
N/2 03G1

GTdFn G3a(#
&R ro
GedF
n
G3at
s#
Gend
3 4#nam
G3ats#
15;3
15??
U 15:?

4#inam
G3a(#
~A ro
4Mn
am
G3at
; %#nten
G3ats#
15?9
1G1:
U 1G03

%#indain
G3a(#
9Mfl'r
o
%#n
tan
G3at
s#,
%Mn
5 N"a&
an"
L#bsa
n"G3a
ts#
1G1:
1G?2
1G1? 1G22

L#bsan"
G3a(#
t ro
L#bE
an"
G3ats
#
L#ps
G Tsan"3a
n"
G3ats#
1G?3
1:0G
1G?? 1G9:

<an"3
an"
G3a(#
AA ro
: @elE
an"
G3at
s#
1:0?
1:5:
U 1:20

Gaisan"
G3a(#
*t ro
@els
an"
G3at
s#
@als
? Oamp
!el
G3at
s#
1:5?
1?0;
1:G0 1:G2

IambT G3a(#
~~
ro
Oam
pel
G3a
ts#
Oam
9 Lun"
t#k
G3ats
#
1?05
1?15
1?0: 1?0?

Lun"d#"
G3a(#
n
~Icro
Lun"
t#"
G3ats
#
10
Tsultr
im
G3ats
#
1?1G
1?3:
1?22 1?22

<F(!im
G3a(#
~ffro
Ts!Flt
rim
G3ats#
11
@!end
rup
G3ats#
1?3?
1?5G
1?;1 1?;2

@ai(!ub
G3a(#
s11,~
ro
@ed
rub
G3at
s#
12
Trinle3
G3ats#
1?5:
1?:5
1?5? 1?G0

<!inlai G3a(#
Ae"Iro
Trinle
G3ats#
13
T!ub
ten
G3at
s#
1?:G
1933
1?:? 1?:9

Tubdain
G3a(#
~R ro
T!ubt
an
G3ats
#
T!upt
Dalai Lama 9
1;
TenEin
G3ats#
b#rn
1935
19
3:
1950
.(urrentl3
ine8ile/

DainEin
G3a(#

TenE
in"
G3ats
#
T!ere !as als# been #ne n#nre(#"nised Dalai Lama, N"a&an" %es!e3 G3ats#, de(lared 2? Oune 1:0:, &!en !e &as 25
3ears #ld, b3 L!aKbEan" @!an as t!e $true$ Gt! Dalai Lama !#&e6er, !e &as ne6er a((epted as su(! b3 t!e
ma>#rit3 #) t!e p#pulati#n+01G1 03:1 03?1
&uture of the position
T!e 1;t! Dalai Lama, TenEin G3ats# in 200:
T!e main tea(!in" r##m #) t!e Dalai Lama in
D!aramsala, 5ndia
$5n t!e midK19:0s TenEin G3ats#, T!e 9#urteent! Dalai Lama, t#ld a J#lis! ne&spaper t!at !e t!#u"!t !e &#uld
be t!e last Dalai Lama+ 5n a later inter6ie& publis!ed in t!e Dn"lis! lan"ua"e press !e stated $T!e Dalai Lama
#))i(e &as an instituti#n (reated t# bene)it #t!ers+ 5t is p#ssible t!at it &ill s##n !a6e #utli6ed its use)ulness+$
0391
T!ese statements (aused a )ur#r am#n"st Tibetans in 5ndia+ ,an3 (#uld n#t belie6e t!at su(! an #pti#n (#uld
e6en be (#nsidered+ 5t &as )urt!er )elt t!at it &as n#t t!e Dalai Lama's de(isi#n t# rein(arnate+ Qat!er, t!e3 )elt
t!at sin(e t!e Dalai Lama is a nati#nal instituti#n it &as up t# t!e pe#ple #) Tibet t# de(ide &!et!er #r n#t .si(/
t!e Dalai Lama s!#uld rein(arnate+$
0;01
T!e "#6ernment #) t!e Je#ple's Qepubli( #) <!ina .JQ</ !as (laimed t!e p#&er t# appr#6e t!e namin" #) $!i"!$
rein(arnati#ns in Tibet, based #n a pre(edent set b3 t!e Iianl#n" Dmper#r #) t!e Iin" D3nast3+ T!e Iianl#n"
Dmper#r instituted a s3stem #) sele(tin" t!e Dalai Lama and t!e Jan(!en Lama b3 a l#tter3 t!at used a "#lden urn &it!
names &rapped in (lumps #) barle3+ T!is met!#d &as used a )e& times )#r b#t! p#siti#ns durin" t!e 19t! (entur3, but
e6entuall3 )ell int# disuse+ 5n 1995, t!e Dalai Lama (!#se t# pr#(eed &it! t!e sele(ti#n #) t!e 11t! rein(arnati#n #) t!e
Jan(!en Lama &it!#ut t!e use #) t!e G#lden Rrn, &!ile t!e <!inese "#6ernment insisted t!at it must be used+ T!is
!as led t# t&# ri6al Jan(!en LamasC G3ain(ain N#rbu as (!#sen b3 t!e <!inese "#6ernment's pr#(ess, and Ged!un
<!#ek3i N3ima as (!#sen b3 t!e Dalai Lama+
Durin" 4eptember 200: t!e <!inese "#6ernment said all !i"! m#nks must be appr#6ed b3 t!e "#6ernment, &!i(! &#uld
in(lude t!e sele(ti#n #) t!e 15t! Dalai Lama a)ter t!e deat! #) TenEin G3ats#+ 4in(e b3 traditi#n, t!e Jan(!en Lama
must appr#6e t!e rein(arnati#n #) t!e Dalai Lama, t!at is an#t!er p#ssible met!#d #) (#ntr#l+
5n resp#nse t# t!is s(enari#, Tas!i Aan"di, t!e representati6e #) t!e 1;t! Dalai Lama, replied t!at t!e <!inese
"#6ernment's sele(ti#n &#uld be meanin"less+ $%#u (an't imp#se an 5mam, an 2r(!bis!#p, saints, an3 reli"i#n +++
3#u (an't p#liti(all3 imp#se t!ese t!in"s #n pe#ple,$ said Aan"di+ $5t !as t# be a de(isi#n #) t!e )#ll#&ers #) t!at
traditi#n+ T!e <!inese (an use t!eir p#liti(al p#&erC )#r(e+ 2"ain, it's meanin"less+ Like t!eir Jan(!en Lama+ 2nd
t!e3 (an't keep t!eir Jan(!en Lama in Tibet+ T!e3 tried t# brin" !im t# !is m#naster3 man3 times but pe#ple
&#uld n#t see !im+ '#& (an 3#u !a6e a reli"i#us leader like t!atU$0;11
Dalai Lama 10
T!e Dalai Lama said as earl3 as 19G9 t!at it &as )#r t!e Tibetans t# de(ide &!et!er t!e instituti#n #) t!e Dalai Lama
$s!#uld (#ntinue #r n#t$+
0;21
'e !as "i6en re)eren(e t# a p#ssible 6#te #((urrin" in t!e )uture )#r all Tibetan
*udd!ists t# de(ide &!et!er t!e3 &is! t# re(#"niEe !is rebirt!+
0;31
5n resp#nse t# t!e p#ssibilit3 t!at t!e JQ<
ma3attempt t# (!##se !is su((ess#r, t!e Dalai Lama !as said !e &ill n#t be reb#rn in a (#untr3 (#ntr#lled b3 t!e
Je#ple's Qepubli( #) <!ina #r an3 #t!er (#untr3 &!i(! is n#t )ree+ 02?1 0;;1 2((#rdin" t# Q#bert D+ @aplan, t!is
(#uld mean t!at $t!e ne8t Dalai Lama mi"!t (#me )r#m t!e Tibetan (ultural belt t!at stret(!es a(r#ss n#rt!ern 5ndia,
Nepal, and *!utan, presumabl3 makin" !im e6en m#re pr#K5ndian and antiK<!inese$+ 0;51
Dalai Lama and Mo Di%ination
T!e Dalai Lama pra(ti(es a )#rm #) 2stra"al#man(3 (alled ,#+ T!e Dalai Lama is rep#rted as usin" t!e m#,
balls #) d#u"! in &!i(! !a6e been pla(ed pie(es #) paper &it! p#ssible $(!#i(es$ &ritten #n t!em, t# !elp in
makin" imp#rtant de(isi#ns+
!otes and references
011 -nline Dt3m#l#"3 Di(ti#nar3 .!ttpC// &&&+ et3m#nline+(#m/ inde8+ p!pUtermVlama/+ Dt3m#nline+(#m+ Qetrie6ed #n 2011K0;K10+
021 .!ttpC//&&&+ne&ser+ (#m/st#r3/135;;/ne8tKdalaiKlamaKma3KbeK)emale+!tml/
031 Laird .200G/, p+ 1;2+
0;1 Laird .200G/, p+ 1;3+
051 Q#u8, OeanKJaul+ .2003/+ Genhis Khan and the 'onol #mpire, p+ 25+ Trans )r#m t!e 9ren(! b3 T#ula *alas+ T!ames W 'uds#n+ L#nd#n+
54*N 0K500K30113K1+
0G1 4!eel .19?9/, p+ 23+
0:1 Ber!ae"en .2002/, pp+ 5G+
0?1 Ber!ae"en .2002/, p+ G+
011 Pennsyl(ania )urora+ 2u"ust 1:95+
011 Ni(#las O#6et+ L*histoire des reliions de tous les royaumes du monde+ 1:10+ pp+ 553555+
021 ,i(!ael Aeiers, Geschichte der 'onolen, 4tutt"art 200;, p+ 1?2)
031 Qene Gr#usset, The #mpire of the Steppes, Ne& *runs&i(k 19:0, p+ 522
0;1 Laird .200G/, pp+ 1?11?2
051 @arenina @#llmarKJaulenE, Kleine Geschichte Tibets, ,Fn(!en 200G, pp+ 109122+
0G1 Qi(!ards#n .19?;/, pp+ ;?9+
0:1 4tein .19:2/, p+ ?5+
0?1 4(!ir#kauer, 2;2
091 Qi(!ards#n .19?;/, pp+ 59G0+
0101 N#rbu and Turnbull .19G?/, p+ 311+
0111 4!eel .19?9/, pp+ 2;, 29+
0121 4!eel .19?9/, p+ 20+
0131 N#rbu and Turnbull .19G?/, pp+ 31:31?+
011 Tibet in #$ile .!ttpC/ / tibet+ net/ en/ inde8+ p!pUidV9/, <T2 -))i(ial &ebsite, retrie6ed 2010K12K15+
021 Dalai Lama "ntends To Retire )s +ead of Tibetan State "n #$ile .!ttpC/ / &&&+ metr#li(+ (#m/ dalaiKlamaKintendsKt#KretireKasK!eadK
#)KtibetanKstateKinKe8ileK1;?5;0/ / b3 ,i!aiK4il6iu <!irila .2010K11K23/, ,etr#li(, retrie6ed 2010K12K15+
01;1 *urke, Denis .200?K11K2:/+ $Tibetans sti(k t# t!e 'middle &a3'$ .!ttpC/ / &&&+ atimes+ (#m/ atimes/ <!ina/ O@2:2d01+ !tml/+ 2sia Times+ +
Qetrie6ed 2010K0?K0:+
0151 4a8ena, 4!#b!an .2009K10K31/+ $T!e burden #) bein" Dalai Lama$ .!ttpC/ / times#)india+ indiatimes+ (#m/ india/
T!eKburdenK#)Kbein"KDalaiKLama/ arti(les!#&/ 51?3939+ (ms/+ T!e Times #) 5ndia+ + Qetrie6ed 2010K0?K0G+ $$5) t!e middle pat! )ails in t!e
s!#rt term, &e &ill be )#r(ed t# #pt )#r (#mplete independen(e #r sel)determinati#n as per t!e RN (!arter$$
01G1 $Dispat(!es )r#m t!e Tibetan 9r#ntC D!aramsala, 5ndia,$ .!ttpC/ / &&&+ br##kl3nrail+ #r"/ 200?/ 0;/
e8press/ dispat(!esK)r#mKt!eKtibetanK)r#ntKd!aramsalaKindia/ Litia Jerta, The ,roo-lyn Rail, 2pril ;, 200?
01:1 $T!e Dalai Lama$ .!ttpC/ / &&&+ bb(+ (#+ uk/ reli"i#n/ reli"i#ns/ budd!ism/ pe#ple/ dalailamaX1+ s!tml/+ **<+ Last updated 200GK09K21+ +
Qetrie6ed 200?K05K1:+
01?1 Laird .200G/, pp+ 139, 2G;2G5+
0191 D#&man .19??/, p+ 2G0+
0201 'ilt#n, 5sabel+ .1999/+ The Search for the Panchen Lama+ Bikin" *##ks+ QeprintC Jen"uin *##ks+ .2000/, pp+ 39;0+ 54*N 0K1;K02;G:0K3+
0211 Laird .200G/, p+ 139+
0221 N#rbu and Turnbull .19G?/, pp+ 22?230+ QeprintC p+ 311+
Dalai Lama 11
03;1 'ilt#n, 5sabel+ .1999/+ The Search for the Panchen Lama+ Bikin" *##ks+ QeprintC Jen"uin *##ks+ .2000/, p+ ;2+ 54*N 0K1;K02;G:0K3+
0351 $Dalai Lama's (#n)irmati#n #) rein(arnati#n$ .!ttpC/ / &&&+ tibettra6el+ in)#/ tibetanKbudd!ism/ (#n)irmati#nK#)Krein(arnati#n+ !tml/+ Tibet
Tra6el in)#++ Qetrie6ed 200?K05K1:+
03G1 T!e title $Dalai Lama$ &as (#n)erred p#st!um#usl3 t# t!e 1st and 2nd Dalai Lamas+
03:1 <!apman, 9+ 4pen(er+ .19;0/+ Lhasa. The +oly /ity, p+ 12:+ Qeaders Rni#n Ltd+ L#nd#n+
03?1 ,ullin 2001, p+ 2:G
0391 Glenn '+ ,ullin, $9a(es #) t!e Dalai LamaC Qe)le(ti#ns #n t!e ,an and t!e Traditi#n,$ 0uest, 6#l+ G, n#+ 3, 2utumn 1993, p+ ?0+
0;01 Ber!ae"en .2002/, p+ 5+
0;11 5nter6ie& &it! Tas!i Aan"di, Da6id 4!ankb#ne, 1i-inews, N#6ember 1;, 200:+
0;21 $Dalai's rein(arnati#n &ill n#t be )#und under <!inese (#ntr#l$ .!ttpC/ / &&&+ tibet+ (#m/ DL/ ne8tKrein(arnati#n+ !tml/+ G#6ernment #)
Tibet in D8ile+ +
0;31 Dalai Lama ma3 )#r"# deat! be)#re rein(arnati#n .!ttpC/ / &&&+ t!eaustralian+ ne&s+ (#m+ au/ st#r3/ 0,2519:,22?3?0;?K25?3:,00+
!tml/, Oerem3 Ja"e, The )ustralian, N#6ember 29, 200:+
0;;1 $Dalai's rein(arnati#n &ill n#t be )#und under <!inese (#ntr#l$ .!ttpC/ / &&&+ tibet+ (#m/ DL/ ne8tKrein(arnati#n+ !tml/+
G#6ernment #) Tibet in D8ile e8 5ndian D8press Oul3 G, 1999+ +
0;51 @aplan Q#bert, 9#rei"n 2))airs, $T!e Ge#"rap!3 #) <!inese J#&er$ .!ttpC/ / &&&+ )#rei"na))airs+ (#m/ arti(les/ GG205/ r#bertKdK
kaplan/ t!eK"e#"rap!3K#)K(!ineseKp#&er/
'ibliography
Y D#&man, @eit!+ .19??/+ The Power-Places of /entral Tibet. The Pilrim*s Guide+ Q#utled"e W @e"an Jaul
Ltd+,L#nd#n+ 54*N 0K:102K13:0K0 .pbk/+
Y Laird, T!#mas .200G/+ The Story of Tibet. /on(ersations with the Dalai Lama+ Gr#6e Jress, Ne& %#rk+
54*N 9:?K0K?021K?2:K1+
Y Qi(!ards#n, 'u"! D+ .19?;/+ Tibet and its +istory+ 4e(#nd Dditi#n, Qe6ised and Rpdated+ 4!amb!ala+
*#st#n W L#nd#n+ 54*N 0K?:::3K3:GK: .pbk/
Y ,urra3 4il6er, $A!en Dl6is ,eets t!e Dalai Lama,$ .*#na6enture *##ks, 4a6anna!, 2005/+
Y N#rbu, T!ubten Oi"me and Turnbull, <#lin ,+ .19G?/+ Tibet. )n account of the history2 the reliion and the
people of Tibet+ QeprintC T#u(!st#ne *##ks+ Ne& %#rk+ 54*N 0KG:1K20559K5+
Y 4(!ulemann, Guent!erC Geschichte der Dalai-Lamas, 'arrass#&itE, LeipEi", 195?+
Y 4!eel, Q+ N+ Qa!ul+ $T!e 5nstituti#n #) t!e Dalai Lama+$ The Tibet 3ournal, B#l+ P5B N#+ 3+ 2utumn 19?9+
Y 4tein, Q+ 2+ .19:2/+ Tibetan /i(ili4ation+ 4tan)#rd Rni6ersit3 Jress+ 54*N 0K?0;:K0?0GK1 .(l#t!/L 54*N
0K?0;:K0901K: .paper/+
Y Diki Tserin", edited W intr#du(ed b3 @!edr##b T!#nd#p+ .2000/+ Dalai Lama2 'y Son. ) 'other*s Story+
Bir"in Jublis!in" <#mpan3, L#nd#n+ 54*N 0K:535K05:1K1+
Y Ber!ae"en, 2rd3 .2002/+ The Dalai Lamas. The "nstitution and "ts +istory+ Dmer"in" Jer(epti#ns in
*udd!ist 4tudies, n#+ 15+ Ne& Del!i, 5ndiaC D+ @+ Jrint&#rld .J/ Ltd+ 54*N ?1K2;GK0202KG+
Y % 'nE!n" C The ,ioraphies of the Dalai Lamas .D5l6i L7m5 chu5n L *ei>in", 9#rei"n Lan"ua"es
Jress 1993/L 54*N :K119K012G:K3+
Dalai Lama 12
&urther reading
Y G##dman, ,i(!ael '+ .19?G/+ The Last Dalai Lama+ 4!amb!ala Jubli(ati#ns+ *#st#n, ,2+
Y ,ullin, Glenn '+ .2001/+ The !ourteen Dalai Lamas. ) Sacred Leacy of Reincarnation+ <lear Li"!t Jublis!ers+
4anta 9e, N,+ 54*N 1K5:;1GK092K3+
Y Dalai Lama+ .1991/ !reedom in #$ile. The )utobioraphy of the Dalai Lama% 4an 9ransis(#, <2+
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Y Dalai Lama .!ttpC/ / &&&+ dm#E+ #r"/ 4#(iet3/ Qeli"i#nXandX4piritualit3/ *udd!ism/ Linea"es/
Tibetan/ DalaiXLama// / at t!e -pen Dire(t#r3 Jr#>e(t
Y T!e #))i(ial site #) t!e Dalai Lama .!ttpC// &&&+ dalailama+ (#m/
Y 5nter6ie& &it! 1;t! Dalai Lama Dis(ussin" 'is Qein(arnati#n .!ttpC/ / &&&+ 3#&an"du+ (#m/
tibet/ !!KdalaiKlama/dalaiKlamaKinter6ie&+ !tml/
Y 2dditi#nal 5n)#rmati#n #n t!e Dalai Lama .!ttpC/ / dalai+ (#+ uk/
2rti(le 4#ur(es and <#ntribut#rs 13
$rticle Sources and Contributors
Dalai Lama SourceC !ttpC//en+&ikipedia+#r"/&/inde8+p!pU#ldidV;53;G9?39 /ontributorsC K,a>esti(K, 0GG0kli, 0PI, 12?+193+2G+888, 1=aE0#km13, 200+191+1??+888, 200+255+?3+888, 200;0302,
2;+93+53+888, 2?;21u2232n)en)(en(, 2D, :?Ga(e, 2?RD5, 2'Qtb2VV, 2QRN@R,2Q J+Q, 2B3000, 2(ademi( <!allen"er, 2(at!er9G, 2(rili(#, 2(t#ren"1, 2dam:?, 2dri @+, 2"amemnus,
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*mage Sources+ Licenses and Contributors
&ile,-st Dalai Lama.pg SourceC !ttpC//en+&ikipedia+#r"/&/inde8+p!pUtitleV9ileC1stXDalaiXLama+>p" LicenseC Jubli( D#main /ontributorsC -ri"inal upl#ader &as *l#)eld #) 4JD<TQD at
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&ile,/uan"mperor$lbum0hubilaiPortrait.pg SourceC !ttpC//en+&ikipedia+#r"/&/inde8+p!pUtitleV9ileC%uanDmper#r2lbum@!ubilaiJ#rtrait+>p" LicenseC Jubli( D#main /ontributorsC 2ni"e #)
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titleV9ileCT!r#neXa&aitin"XDalaiXLama'sXreturn+X4ummerXresiden(eXNe(!un"+X1993+OJG LicenseC GNR 9ree D#(umentati#n Li(ense /ontributorsC enCRserCO#!n 'ill
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