WELSH JOINT EDUCATION COMMITTEE

CYD-BWYLLGOR ADDYSG CYMRU

General Certificate of Education Tystysgrif Addysg Gyffredinol
Advanced Level/Advanced Subsidiary Safon Uwch/Uwch Gyfrannol








MATHEMATICS



FORMULA BOOKLET


























Issued 2004

2
Pure Mathematics
Mensuration
Surface area of sphere =
2
4 r
Area of curved surface of cone = height slant r
Arithmetic Series
u
n
= a + (n 1)d
S
n
=
2
1
n(a + l) =
2
1
n [2a + (n 1)d]
Geometric Series
u
n
= ar
n1

S
n
=
r
r a
n

1
) 1 (

S

=
r
a
1
for | r | < 1
Summations
) 1 2 )( 1 (
6
1
1
2
+ + =

=
n n n r
n
r

2 2
4
1
1
3
) 1 ( + =

=
n n r
n
r

Binomial Series

+
+
=

+
+

1
1
1 r
n
r
n
r
n

) (
2 1
) (
2 2 1
N N + +

+ +

+ = +

n b b a
r
n
b a
n
b a
n
a b a
n r r n n n n n
K K
where
)! ( !
!
C
r n r
n
r
n
r
n

= =

) , 1 (
2 . 1
) 1 ( ) 1 (

2 . 1
) 1 (
1 ) 1 (
2
R R < +
+
+ +

+ + = + n x x
r
r n n n
x
n n
nx x
r n
K
K
K
K

Logarithms and exponentials
x a x
a =
ln
e
Complex Numbers
) sin i (cos )} sin i (cos { n n r r
n n
+ = +

sin i cos e
i
+ =
The roots of 1 =
n
z are given by
n
k
z
i 2
e

= , for 1 , , 2 , 1 , 0 = n k K

3
Maclaurins and Taylors Series
K K ) 0 (
!
) 0 (
! 2
) 0 ( ) 0 ( ) (
) (
2
+ + + + + =
r
r
f
r
x
f
x
f x f x f
K K ) (
!
) (
) (
! 2
) (
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
) (
2
+

+ +

+ + = a f
r
a x
a f
a x
a f a x a f x f
r
r

K K ) (
!
) (
! 2
) ( ) ( ) (
) (
2
+ + + + + = + a f
r
x
a f
x
a f x a f x a f
r
r

x
r
x x
x x
r
x
all for
! ! 2
1 ) exp( e
2
K K + + + + + = =
) 1 1 ( ) 1 (
3 2
) 1 ln(
1
3 2
< + + + = +
+
x
r
x x x
x x
r
r
K K
x
r
x x x
x x
r
r
all for
)! 1 2 (
) 1 (
! 5 ! 3
sin
1 2 5 3
K K +
+
+ + =
+

x
r
x x x
x
r
r
all for
)! 2 (
) 1 (
! 4 ! 2
1 cos
2 4 2
K K + + + =
) 1 1 (
1 2
) 1 (
5 3
tan
1 2 5 3
1
+
+
+ =
+

x
r
x x x
x x
r
r
K K
x
r
x x x
x x
r
all for
)! 1 2 ( ! 5 ! 3
sinh
1 2 5 3
K K +
+
+ + + + =
+

x
r
x x x
x
r
all for
)! 2 ( ! 4 ! 2
1 cosh
2 4 2
K K + + + + + =
) 1 1 (
1 2 5 3
tanh
1 2 5 3
1
< < +
+
+ + + + =
+

x
r
x x x
x x
r
K K
Hyperbolic Functions
1 sinh cosh
2 2
= x x
x x x cosh sinh 2 2 sinh =
x x x
2 2
sinh cosh 2 cosh + =
) 1 ( 1 ln cosh } {
2 1
+ =

x x x x
} { 1 ln sinh
2 1
+ + =

x x x
) 1 (
1
1
ln tanh
2
1
1
<

+
=

x
x
x
x

4
Coordinate Geometry
Conics

Ellipse Parabola Hyperbola
Rectangular
Hyperbola
Standard
Form
1
2
2
2
2
= +
b
y
a
x

ax y 4
2
=
1
2
2
2
2
=
b
y
a
x

2
c xy =
Parametric
Form
) sin , cos ( b a
) 2 , (
2
at at
) tan , sec ( b a
) sinh , cosh ( b a

) , (
t
c
ct
Eccentricity 1 < e
) 1 (
2 2 2
e a b =
1 = e 1 > e
) 1 (
2 2 2
= e a b
2 = e
Foci ) 0 , ( ae ) 0 , (a ) 0 , ( ae
) 2 , 2 ( c c
Directrices
e
a
x =
a x =
e
a
x =
c y x 2 = +
Asymptotes none none
b
y
a
x
=
0 , 0 = = y x

Trigonometric Identities
B A B A B A sin cos cos sin ) sin( =
B A B A B A sin sin cos cos ) cos( m =
) ) ( (
tan tan 1
tan tan
) tan(
2
1
+

= k B A
B A
B A
B A
m

For A t
2
1
tan = :
2
1
2
sin
t
t
A
+
= ,
2
2
1
1
cos
t
t
A
+

=
2
cos
2
sin 2 sin sin
B A B A
B A
+
= +
2
sin
2
cos 2 sin sin
B A B A
B A
+
=
2
cos
2
cos 2 cos cos
B A B A
B A
+
= +
2
sin
2
sin 2 cos cos
B A B A
B A
+
=
Vectors
The resolute of a in the direction of b is
b
a.b

The point dividing AB in the ratio : is


+
+ b a

Matrix transformations
Anticlockwise rotation through about O:

cos sin
sin cos

Reflection in the line x y ) (tan = :

2 cos 2 sin
2 sin 2 cos


5
Differentiation
Function Derivative
) (
) (
x g
x f

2
)) ( (
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
x g
x g x f x g x f

tan x sec
2
x
x sec x x tan sec
x cot x
2
cosec
x cosec x x cot cosec
x
1
sin

2
1
1
x

x
1
cos

2
1
1
x

x
1
tan

2
1
1
x +

x sinh x cosh
x cosh x sinh
x tanh x
2
sech
x
1
sinh

2
1
1
x +

x
1
cosh

1
1
2
x

x
1
tanh

2
1
1
x


6
Integration (+ constant; 0 > a where relevant)
Function Integral
x tan x sec ln
x cot x sin ln
x cosec ) tan( ln cot cosec ln
2
1
x x x = +
x sec ) tan( ln tan sec ln
4
1
2
1
+ = + x x x
sec
2
x tan x
x sinh x cosh
x cosh x sinh
x tanh x cosh ln
2 2
1
x a
) ( sin
1
a x
a
x
<

2 2
1
x a +

a
x
a
1
tan
1

2 2
1
a x
) ( ln cosh } {
2 2 1
a x a x x
a
x
> + =

2 2
1
x a +
} {
2 2 1
ln sinh a x x
a
x
+ + =

2 2
1
x a
) ( tanh
1
ln
2
1
1
a x
a
x
a x a
x a
a
<

+


2 2
1
a x

a x
a x
a +

ln
2
1


= x
x
u
v uv x
x
v
u d
d
d
d
d
d


7
Area of a sector

= d
2
2
1
r A (polar coordinates)
Arc length
x
x
y
s d
d
d
1
2

+ = (cartesian coordinates)
t
t
y
t
x
s d
d
d
d
d
2 2

= (parametric form)
Surface area of revolution
t
t
y
t
x
y s y S
x
d
d
d
d
d
2 d 2
2 2

= =


t
t
y
t
x
x s x S
y
d
d
d
d
d
2 d 2
2 2

= =



Numerical Mathematics
Numerical integration
The trapezium rule: } ) ( 2 ) {( d
1 2 1 0 2
1

+ + + + +
b
a
n n
y y y y y h x y K , where
n
a b
h

=
Simpsons Rule:

+ + + + + + + + +
b
a
n n n
y y y y y y y y h x y )} ( 2 ) ( 4 ) {( d
2 4 2 1 3 1 0 3
1
K K ,
where
n
a b
h

= and n is even
Numerical Solution of Equations
The Newton-Raphson iteration for solving 0 ) ( = x f :
) (
) (
1
n
n
n n
x f
x f
x x

=
+


Mechanics
Motion in a circle
Transverse velocity: r r v = =
&

Radial acceleration: r
r
v
r
2
2
2
= =
&

Centres of Mass of Uniform Bodies
Triangular lamina:
3
2
along median from vertex


8
Probability & Statistics
Probability
) P( ) P( ) P( ) P( B A B A B A + =
) | P( ) P( ) P( A B A B A =
) P( ) | P( ) P( ) | P(
) P( ) | P(
) | P(
A A B A A B
A A B
B A
+
=
Bayes Theorem:
) | P( ) P(
) | P( ) P(
) | P(
i i
j j
j
A B A
A B A
B A

=
Discrete distributions
For a discrete random variable X taking values
i
x with probabilities
i
p
Expectation (mean):
i i
p x X = = ) E(
Variance:
2 2 2 2
) ( ) Var( = = =
i i i i
p x p x X
For a function ) g(X :
i i
p x X ) g( )) E(g( =

Standard discrete distributions:

Distribution of X ) P( x X = Mean Variance
Binomial ) , B( p n
x n x
p p
x
n

) 1 (
np
) 1 ( p np
Poisson ) Po(
!
e
x
x

Continuous distributions
For a continuous random variable X having probability density function f
Expectation (mean):

= = x x xf X d ) ( ) E(
Variance:

= = =
2 2 2 2
d ) ( d ) f( ) ( ) Var( x x f x x x x X
For a function ) g( X :

= x x f x X d ) ( ) g( )) E(g(
Cumulative distribution function:

= =
x
t t f x X x d ) ( ) P( ) F(
Standard continuous distributions:

Distribution of X P.D.F. Mean Variance
Uniform (Rectangular) on [a, b]
U[a,b] a b
1

) (
2
1
b a +
2
12
1
) ( a b
Normal ) , N(
2

2
2
1
e
2
1

x


2



9
Expectation algebra
For independent random variables X and Y
) E( ) E( ) E( Y X XY = , ) Var( ) Var( ) Var(
2 2
Y b X a bY aX + =
Sampling distributions
For a random sample
n
X X X , , ,
2 1
K of n independent observations from a distribution having
mean and variance
2

X is an unbiased estimator of , with
n
X
2
) Var(

=
2
S is an unbiased estimator of
2
, where
1
) (
2
2

=
n
X X
S
i

For a random sample of n observations from ) , N(
2

) 1 , 0 N( ~
/ n
X

) 1 (
~
/
X

n
t
n S



If X is the observed number of successes in n independent Bernoulli trials in each of which the
probability of success is p, and
n
X
Y = , then
p Y = ) E( and
n
p p
Y
) 1 (
) Var(

=
For a random sample of
x
n observations from ) , N(
2
x x
and, independently, a random sample
of
y
n observations from ) , N(
2
y y

) 1 , 0 N( ~
) ( ) (
2
2
y
y
x
x
y x
n n
Y X

+




10
Method of Least Squares
If , ..., , 2 , 1 , n i e x y
i i i
= + + =
then the least squares estimates of and respectively, are
, /
,
x b y a S S b
xx xy
= =
where n y x y x y y x x S
i i i i i i xy
/ ) )( ( ) )( (

=
n x x x x S
i i i xx
/ ) ( ) (
2 2 2

=
If
n
e e e ..., , . ,
2 1
are independent and each is distributed as N(0,
2
), then

(i) a is an observation from N

xx
i
nS
x
2 2
,

,

(ii) b is an observation from N

xx
S
2
,

(iii) ,
0 0
bx a y + =
)
the least squares estimate of ,
0 0
x y + =

is an observation from

+
xx
S
x x
n
y
2
0 2
0
) ( 1
, N











RJC/JD/W177(04)
12 May, 2010