Bao Cao LVTN TranQuoc Hoan0

Lun Vn Tt Nghip GVHD: Ts Nguyn Vn Nh
SVTH: Trn Quc Hon 1/102

Mc lc
Mc lc............................................................................................................................1
Tm tt lun vn..............................................................................................................4
Chng 1
TNG QUAN V B NGHCH LU P ....................................................................5
1. Gii thiu tng qut..............................................................................................5
1.1 B nghch lu p...........................................................................................6
1.2 Phn loi b nghch lu p............................................................................6
2. Cc dng cu trc c bn ca b nghch lu p a bc........................................7
2.1 Cu trc dng Diode kp NPC (Diode Clamped Multilevel Inverter) .........7
2.2 Cu trc dng t in thay i (Flying Capacitor Multilevel Inverter)........9
2.3 Cu trc dng ghp tng (Cascade Inverter)...............................................10
2.4 So snh s linh kin s dng trong 3 dng nghch lu p a bc trn........12
3. Nhn xt..............................................................................................................12
Chng 2
CU TRC B NGHCH LU P A BC DNG CASCADE............................13
1. B nghch lu p cu 1 pha ................................................................................13
2. B nghch lu p a bc dng cascade...............................................................14
Chng 3
IU KHIN B NGHCH LU P A BC DNG CASCADE PHNG
PHP IU CH RNG XUNG (Carrier based PWM).....................................17
1. Tng qut v k thut iu ch rng xung PWM......................................17
1.1 Mt s ch tiu nh gi k thut PWM ca b nghch lu .......................17
1.2 Cc dng sng mang dng trong k thut PWM........................................18
2. Phng php iu ch rng xung Sin (Sin PWM) ........................................20
2.1 Nguyn tc thc hin ..................................................................................20
2.2 M phng cho b nghch lu p cascade 5 bc ..........................................21
2.3 Kt qu m phng.......................................................................................26
2.4 Nhn xt ......................................................................................................29

3. Phng php iu ch rng xung ci bin ....................................................30
3.1 M phng cho b nghch lu p cascade 5 bc ..........................................31
3.2 Kt qu m phng.......................................................................................33
3.3 Nhn xt ......................................................................................................37
Chng 4
IU KHIN B NGHCH LU P A BC DNG CASCADE - PHNG
PHP IU CH VECTOR KHNG GIAN (Space Vector PWM) ..........................38
1. Khi nim vector khng gian .............................................................................38
1.1 Vector khng gian v php bin hnh vector khng gian ...........................38
1.2 Vector khng gian ca b nghch lu p a bc.........................................39
2. Phng php iu ch vector khng gian ..........................................................41
3. Nhn xt..............................................................................................................44
Chng 5
IU KHIN B NGHCH LU P A BC DNG CASCADE PHNG
PHP IU CH VECTOR KHNG GIAN DNG SNG MANG........................45
1. Tng qut v phng php iu ch vector khng gian dng sng mang.........45
1.1 tng tng qut ca phng php...........................................................45
1.2 Gii thut iu ch ca phng php..........................................................47
2. ng dng cho b nghch lu p a bc dng cascade........................................54
3. M phng cho b nghch lu cascade 5 bc ......................................................57
3.1 Ch Medium common mode SVPWM...............................................57
3.2 Ch Minimum common mode SVPWM............................................63
3.3 Ch Minimum common mode DPWM...............................................63
3.4 Ch Medium common mode DPWM.................................................63
4. Nhn Xt.............................................................................................................63
Chng 6
IU KHIN B NGHCH LU A BC DNG CASCADE VI NGUN DC
KHNG CN BNG...................................................................................................63
1. M phng cho trng hp ngun DC khng cn bng......................................63
1.1 Thc hin m phng ...................................................................................63
1.2 Kt qu m phng.......................................................................................63

2. Phng php iu khin b nghch lu p a bc vi ngun DC khng cn bng
............................................................................................................................63
2.1 Nguyn l iu ch .....................................................................................63
2.2 ng dng cho b nghch lu a bc dng cascade.....................................63
3. M phng iu khin b nghch lu cascade vi ngun DC khng cn bng...63
3.1 Chng trnh trong khi DLL.....................................................................63
3.2 M phng trong trng hp ngun khng cn bng l ngun DC.............63
3.3 M phng trong trng hp ngun khng cn bng c ly t b chnh
lu cu 3 pha diode................................................................................................63
4. Nhn xt..............................................................................................................63
Kt lun..........................................................................................................................63
Ti liu tham kho.........................................................................................................63


Tm tt lun vn
Lun vn thc hin nhim v nghin cu k thut iu ch rng xung - PWM
(Pulse Width Modulation) cho b nghch lu a bc ghp tng (Cascade inverter).
Thng qua m phng trong Psim nh gi cht lng in p v dng in ti t
c theo tng phng php.
Chng 1: Gii thiu tng qut v cu to, u nhc im v phn loi cc dng
mch ca b nghch lu p a bc.
Chng 2: Gii thiu cu to b nghch lu p cu 1 pha, b nghch lu p 5 bc
dng cascade v dng in p ti.
Chng 3: Trnh by k thut iu ch rng sung sin cho b nghch lu p
dng cascade 5 bc.
Chng 4: Gii thiu l thuyt v phng php iu ch vector khng gian cho
b nghch lu p a bc.
Chng 5: Trnh by phng php iu ch vector khng gian dng sng mang
cho b nghch lu p a bc, thc hin m phng iu khin b nghch lu p dng
cascade 5 bc trong trng hp ngun cn bng.
Chng 6: Trnh by phng php iu ch vector khng gian dng sng mang
cho b nghch lu p a bc vi ngun DC khng cn bng.

Chng 1
TNG QUAN V B NGHCH LU P
1. Gii thiu tng qut
B nghch lu c nhim v chuyn i nng lng t ngun in mt chiu
khng i sang dng nng lng in xoay chiu cung cp cho ti xoay chiu.
i lng c iu khin ng ra l in p hoc dng in, tng ng ta c b
nghch lu c gi l b nghch lu p v b nghch dng.
Ngun mt chiu cung cp cho b nghch lu p c tnh cht ngun in p v
ngun cho b nghch lu dng c tnh cht l ngun dng in. Cc b nghch lu
tng ng c gi l b nghch lu p ngun p v b nghch lu dng ngun dng
hoc gi tt l b nghch lu p v b nghch lu dng.
Trong trng hp ngun in u vo v i lng ng ra khng ging nhau,
v d b nghch lu cung cp dng in xoay chiu t ngun in p mt chiu, ta gi
chng l b nghch lu iu khin dng in t ngun in p hoc b nghch lu
dng ngun p.
Cc b nghch lu to thnh b phn ch yu trong cu to ca b bin tn. ng
dng quan trng v tng i rng ri ca chng nhm vo lnh vc truyn ng in
ng c xoay chiu vi chnh xc cao. Trong lnh vc tn s cao, b nghch lu
c dng trong cc thit b l cm ng trung tn, thit b hn trung tn. B nghch lu
cn c dng lm ngun in xoay chiu cho nhu cu gia nh, lm ngun in lin
tc UPS, iu khin chiu sng, b nghch lu cn c ng dng vo lnh vc b
nhuyn cng sut phn khng.
Cc ti xoay chiu thng mang tnh cm khng (v d ng c khng ng b,
l cm ng), dng in qua cc linh kin khng th ngt bng qu trnh chuyn mch
t nhin. Do , mch b nghch lu thng cha linh kin t kch ngt c th iu
khin qu trnh ngt dng in.
Trong cc trng hp c bit nh mch ti cng hng, ti mang tnh cht dung
khng (ng c ng b kch t d), dng in qua cc linh kin c th b ngt do qu

trnh chuyn mch t nhin ph thuc vo in p ngun hoc ph thuc vo in p
mch ti. Khi linh kin bn dn c th chn l thyristor (SCR).
1.1 B nghch lu p
B nghch lu p cung cp v iu khin in p xoay chiu ng ra. Ngun
in p mt chiu c th dng n gin nh acquy, pin in hoc dng phc tp
gm in p xoay chiu c chnh lu v lc phng.
Linh kin trong b nghch lu p c kh nng kch ng v kch ngt dng in
qua n, tc ng vai tr mt cng tc. Trong cc ng dng cng sut va v nh, c
th s dng transistor BJT, MOSFET, IGBT lm cng tc v phm vi cng sut ln
c th s dng GTO, IGCT hoc SCR kt hp vi b chuyn mch.
Vi ti tng qut, mi cng tc cn trang b mt diode mc i song vi n. Cc
diode mc i song ny to thnh mch chnh lu cu khng iu khin c chiu dn
in ngc vi chiu dn in ca cc cng tc. Nhim v ca b chnh lu cu diode
l to iu kin thun li cho qu trnh trao i cng sut o gia ngun mt chiu v
ti xoay chiu, qua hn ch qu in p pht sinh khi kch ngt cc cng tc.
1.2 Phn loi b nghch lu p
B nghch lu p c rt nhiu loi cng nh nhiu phng php iu khin khc
nhau.
Theo s pha in p u ra: 1 pha, 3 pha.
Theo s bc in p gia mt u pha ti v mt im in th chun trn
mch (phase to pole voltage): 2 bc (two level), a bc (multi level , t 3
bc tr ln).
Theo cu hnh ca b nghch lu: dng cascade (Cascade inverter), dng
diode kp NPC (Neutral Point Clamped Multilevel Inverter), hoc dng
dng t in thay i (Flying Capacitor Multilevel Inverter)
Theo phng php iu khin:
Phng php iu rng.
Phng php iu bin.
Phng php iu ch rng xung sin (Sin PWM).
Phng php iu ch rng sung sin ci bin (Modifield SPWM).

Phng php iu ch vector khng gian (Space vector modulation,
hoc Space vector PWM).
Phng php Discontinuous PWM.
2. Cc dng cu trc c bn ca b nghch lu p a bc
C 3 dng thng c s dng trong b nghch lu p a bc:
Dng diode kp NPC (Diode Clamped Multilevel Inverter).
Dng dng t in thay i (Flying Capacitor Multilevel Inverter).
Dng ghp tng cascade (Cascade Inverter).
2.1 Cu trc dng Diode kp NPC (Diode Clamped Multilevel Inverter)
S dng thch hp khi cc ngun DC to nn t h thng in AC. B nghch lu
a bc cha cc cp diode kp c mt mch ngun DC c phn chia thnh mt s
cp in p nh hn nh chui cc t in mc ni tip.
Gi s nhnh mch DC gm n ngun c ln bng nhau mc ni tip. in p
pha - ngun DC (phase to pole voltage) c th t c (n+1) gi tr khc nhau v t
b nghch lu c gi l b nghch lu p (n+1) bc. V d (nh hnh 1.1) chn
mc in th 0 cui dy ngun, cc mc in p c th t c gm (0, U, 2U,
3U,nU). in p t mt pha ti (v d pha a) thng n mt v tr bt k trn mch
DC (v d M) nh cp diode kp ti im (v d D1, D1). in p pha - ngun
DC t c mc in p nu trn (U
ao
= U), tt c cc linh kin b kp gia hai diode
(D1, D1) - gm n linh kin mc ni tip lin tc k nhau, phi c kch ng (v d
S1, S5, S4, S3, S2), cc linh kin cn li phi c kho theo nguyn tc kch i
nghch. Tng ng vi su trng hp kch ng linh kin b kp gia su cp diode,
ta thu c su mc in p pha - ngun DC: 0, 1U, 2U, 3U, 4U, 5U. V c kh nng
to ra su mc in p pha - ngun DC nn mch nghch lu trn H1.1 gi l b
nghch lu 6 bc.
B nghch lu p a bc dng diode kp ci tin dng sng in p ti v gim
shock in p trn linh kin n ln. Vi b nghch lu ba bc, dv/dt trn linh kin v tn
s ng ct gim i mt na. Tuy nhin vi n > 3, mc chu gai p trn cc diode
s khc nhau. Ngoi ra, cn bng in p gia cc ngun DC (p trn t) tr nn kh
khn, c bit khi s bc ln.

Hnh 1.1: Diode Clamped Multilevel Inverter NPC.
Bng 1.1: in p ra ca B nghch lu NPC ng vi cc trng thi kch ng.
Vout=Vxo Sx5 Sx4 Sx3 Sx2 Sx1 Sx5 Sx4 Sx3 Sx2 Sx1
Vxo = 5U 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
Vxo = 4U 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
Vxo = 3U 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
Vxo = 2U 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
Vxo = U 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0
Vxo = 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
Vi x = a, b, c.


2.2 Cu trc dng t in thay i (Flying Capacitor Multilevel Inverter)

Hnh 1.2: Flying Capacitor Multilevel Inverter.
u im chnh ca nghch lu dng ny l:
Khi s bc tng cao th khng cn dng b lc.
C th iu tit cng sut tc dng v phn khng nn hin c vic
iu tit cng sut.
Mi nhnh c th c phn tch c lp vi cc nhnh khc. Khng
nh nghch lu a bc dng NPC khi phn tch phi quan tm n cn
bng in p ba pha ng vo.
Nhc im:
S lng t cng sut ln tham gia trong mch nhiu, dn n gi thnh
tng v tin cy gim.
Vic iu khin s kh khn khi s bc ca nghch lu tng cao.

2.3 Cu trc dng ghp tng (Cascade Inverter)

Hnh 1.3: Cascade Inverter.
S dng cc ngun DC ring, thch hp trong trng hp s dng ngun DC c
sn, v d di dng acquy, battery. Cascade inverter gm nhiu b nghch lu p cu
mt pha ghp ni tip, cc b nghch lu p dng cu mt pha ny c cc ngun DC
ring.
Bng cch kch ng cc linh kin trong mi b nghch lu p mt pha, ba mc
in p (-U, 0, U) c to thnh. S kt hp hot ng ca n b nghch lu p trn
mt nhnh pha ti s to nn n kh nng mc in p theo chiu m (-U, -2U, -3U,
-4U,... nU), n kh nng mc in p theo chiu dng (U, 2U, 3U, 4U,nU) v mc
in p 0. Nh vy, b nghch lu p dng cascade gm n b nghch lu p mt pha
trn mi nhnh s to thnh b nghch lu (2n+1) bc.

Tn s ng ngt trong mi module ca dng mch ny c th gim i n ln v
dv/dt cng gim i nh vy. in p trn p t ln cc linh kin gim i 0,57n ln,
cho php s dng IGBT in p thp.
Ngoi dng mch gm cc b nghch lu p mt pha, mch nghch lu p a bc
cn c dng ghp t ng ra ca cc b nghch lu p ba pha. Cu trc ny cho php
gim dv/dt v tn s ng ngt cn 1/3. Mch cho php s dng cc cu hnh nghch
lu p ba pha chun. Mch nghch lu t c s cn bng in p cc ngun DC,
khng tn ti dng cn bng gia cc module. Tuy nhin, cu to mch i hi s
dng cc my bin p ng ra.

Hnh 1.4: Cascade Inverter s dng b nghch lu p ba pha.


2.4 So snh s linh kin s dng trong 3 dng nghch lu p a bc trn
Bng 1.2 so snh s linh kin c s dng trong mi pha ca 3 dng nghch lu
k trn. Ta thy, s cng tc IGBT v s diode mc i song c s dng trong mi
dng nghch lu cng bc l nh nhau. Diode kp th khng cn trong dng t thay i
v dng cascade inverter, trong khi t cn bng th khng cn cho dng diode kp
v cascade inverter. Tm li, dng cascade inverter l s dng t linh kin nht.
Bng 1.2: So snh s linh kin trong 1 pha ca 3 dng nghch lu.
Cu hnh
nghch lu
Diode kp NPC T thay i Cascade inverter
Cng tc IGBT 2(n-1) 2(n-1) 2(n-1)
Diode i song 2(n-1) 2(n-1) 2(n-1)
Diode kp (n-1)(n-2) 0 0
T trn ngun DC (n-1) (n-1) (n-1)/2
T cn bng 0 (n-1)(n-2)/2 0

Mt u im khc ca cascade inverter l cu hnh c th thay i linh hot, ta c
th tng hoc gim s bc mt cch d dng, bng cch thm hoc bt s b nghch
lu cu 1 pha tng ng.
3. Nhn xt
u im ca b nghch lu p a bc: cng sut ca b nghch lu p tng ln;
in p t ln cc linh kin b gim xung nn cng sut tn hao do qu trnh ng
ngt cc linh kin cng gim theo; vi cng tn s ng ngt, cc thnh phn sng hi
bc cao ca in p ra gim nh hn so vi trng hp b nghch lu p 2 bc.
i vi ti cng sut ln, in p cung cp cho cc ti c th t gi tr tng i
ln.


Chng 2
CU TRC B NGHCH LU P A BC DNG CASCADE
1. B nghch lu p cu 1 pha
B nghch lu p mt pha dng mch cu (cn c gi l b nghch lu p dng
ch H) cha bn cng tc v bn diode mc i song.

Hnh 2.1: B nghch lu p cu 1 pha.
Quy tc kch ng i nghch: cp cng tc trn cng mt nhnh khng c kch
ng ng thi, tc l 2 cng tc trn cng mt nhnh lun trong trng thi mt
c kch ng v mt c kch ngt. Trng thi c 2 cng kch ng (trng thi
ngn mch in p ngun) hoc cng kch ngt khng c php xy ra.
Nu biu din trng thi c kch ng ca linh kin l 1 v trng thi c kch
ngt l 0 th ta c:
S1 + S4 = 1 (2.1)
S2 + S3 = 1
Bng cch iu khin ng ngt cc kha ta c th thu c in p xoay chiu
ng ra ca b nghch lu. in p ng ra trn 2 im A, B ca b nghch lu thay
i gia 3 trng thi +V, 0, -V. in p ca b nghch lu c to ra nh sau: kha
S1 v S2 ng thi c kch ng s to ra in p V
AB
= +V, kha S3 v S4 ng
thi kch ng s to ra in p V
AB
= -V v khi (S1, S3) hoc (S4, S2) c kch
ng s to ra mc in p 0.

Hnh 2.2: Dng in p ng ra b nghch lu cu 1 pha.
2. B nghch lu p a bc dng cascade
B nghch lu p a bc dng cascade nh gii thiu trn, c cu to gm
nhiu b nghch lu p cu mt pha ghp ni tip vi nhau. Mt b nghch lu p
dng cascade n bc th trn mi nhnh pha s c (n-1)/2 b nghch lu p cu mt pha
ghp ni tip vi nhau.
Ta xt b nghch lu p 5 bc dng cacade: cu to gm 2 b nghch lu p cu 1
pha ghp ni tip, mi b c cung cp bi 1 ngun in p DC ring bit. in p
ng ra ca mi b nghch lu p cu mt pha c 3 bc (V, 0, +V), do in p ng
ra ca b nghch lu cascade s c 5 bc (-2V, -V, 0, +V, +2V).

Hnh 2.3: Cu trc mch ca b nghch lu p 5 bc dng cascade.


Trng thi ng ngt cc cng tc trong 1 nhnh pha phi tha mn iu kin kch
ng i nghch:
S1x + S4x = 1; S2x + S3x = 1 (2.2)
S1x + S4x = 1; S2x + S3x = 1
Ty theo trng thi ng ngt, in p pha tm ngun DC (phase to pole
voltage) ca b nghch lu c tnh theo cng thc sau:
V
x out
= V
xo
= V
x 01
+ V
x 02
(2.3)
Vi x = A, B, C

Hnh 2.4: Biu din 1 pha ca cascade inverter 5 bc.
in p pha ti trong trng hp 3 pha ti i xng u dng sao Y c th c
thit lp tng t nh trng hp b nghch lu p 2 bc:
U
ta
=
3
2
0 0 0 c b a
u u u
; U
tb
=
3
2
0 0 0 a c b
u u u
; U
tc
=
3
2
0 0 0 b a c
u u u
(2.4)
Trong trng hp 3 pha ti dng tam gic, in p pha ti bng in p dy do b
nghch lu cung cp:
U
t ab
= u
ao
u
bo
; U
t bc
= u
bo
u
co
; U
t ca
= u
co
u
ao
(2.5)
V tng in p t cc pha n tm ngun DC (common mode voltage):
U
NO
=
3
co bo ao
u u u + +
(2.6)


Hnh 2.5: Dng in p ng ra ca b nghch lu cascade 5 bc.
Bng 2.1: in p ng ra ng vi cc trng thi ng ngt ca cascade inverter 5 bc.
V
out
= V
x0
V
01
V
02
S
x1
S
x2
S
x3
S
x4
S
x1
S
x2
S
x3
S
x4
V
x0
= +2V +V +V 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
+V 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0
+V 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1
0 +V 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0
V
x0
= +V
0 +V 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0
+V -V 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1
-V +V 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0
0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0
V
x0
= 0
0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
-V 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0
-V 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1
0 -V 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
V
x0
= -V
0 -V 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1
V
x0
= -2V -V -V 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1


Chng 3
IU KHIN B NGHCH LU P A BC DNG
CASCADE PHNG PHP IU CH RNG
XUNG (Carrier based PWM)
Cc b nghch lu p thng c iu khin da theo k thut iu ch rng
xung PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) v qui tc kch ng i nghch. Qui tc kch
ng i nghch m bo dng p ti c iu khin tun theo gin kch ng
cng tc v k thut iu ch rng xung c tc dng hn ch ti a cc nh hng
bt li ca sng hi bc cao xut hin pha ti.
Ph thuc vo phng php thit lp gin kch ng cc cng tc trong b
nghch lu p, ta c th phn bit cc dng iu ch rng xung khc nhau.
1. Tng qut v k thut iu ch rng xung PWM
1.1 Mt s ch tiu nh gi k thut PWM ca b nghch lu
Ch s iu ch (Modulation Index) m: c nh ngha nh t s gia bin
thnh phn hi c bn to nn bi phng php iu khin v bin
thnh phn hi c bn t c trong phng php iu khin su bc
(sixstep)
m =
sixsteps m
m
U
U
1
1
=
d
m
V
U
2
1
(3.1)
vi V
d
_ tng in p cc ngun DC.
mo dng tng do sng hi THD (Total Harmonic Distortion)
L i lng dng nh gi tc dng ca cc sng hi bc cao (2,3) xut
hin trong ngun in, c tnh theo:
THD
I
=
) 1 (
1
2
) (
I
I
j
j
(3.2)
mo dng trong trng hp dng in khng cha thnh phn DC c tnh
theo h thc sau:

THD
I
=
) 1 (
2
2
) (
I
I
j
j
=
=
) 1 (
2
) 1 (
2
I
I I
(3.3)
Trong I
(j)
: tr hiu dng sng hi bc j, j 2.
I
(1)
: tr hiu dng thnh phn hi c bn ca dng in.
Tn s ng ngt v cng sut tn hao do ng ngt:
Cng sut tn hao xut hin trn linh kin bao gm hai thnh phn: tn hao cng
sut khi linh kin trng thi dn in P
on
v tn hao cng sut ng P
dyn
. Tn hao
cng sut P
dyn
tng ln khi tn s ng ngt ca linh kin tng ln. Tn s ng ngt
ca linh kin khng th tng ln ty v nhng l do sau:
Cng sut tn hao trn linh kin tng ln t l vi tn s ng ngt.
Linh kin cng sut ln thng gy ra cng sut tn hao ng ngt ln
hn. Do , tn s kch ng ca n phi gim cho ph hp, v d cc
linh kin GTO cng sut MW ch c th ng ngt tn s khong
100Hz.
Cc qui nh v tng thch in t (Electromagnet Compatibility
EMC) qui nh kh nghim ngt i vi cc b bin i cng sut
ng ngt vi tn s cao hn 9KHz.
1.2 Cc dng sng mang dng trong k thut PWM
Hai sng mang k cn lin tip nhau s b dch 180 - APOD (Alternative
Phase Opposition Disposition)

Hnh 3.1: Hnh dng sng mang APOD.


B tr cng pha PD (In Phase Disposition): tt c cc sng mang u cng
pha.

Hnh 3.2: Hnh dng sng mang PD.
B tr i xng qua trc zero POD (Phase Opposition Disposition): cc
sng mang nm trn trc zero s cng pha nhau, ngc li cc sng mang
cng nm di trc zero s b dch i 180 .

Hnh 3.3: Hnh dng sng mang POD.
Trong cc phng php b tr sng mang, phng php b tr cc sng mang a
bc cng pha PD cho mo dng p dy nh nht. i vi b nghch lu p ba
bc, phng php POD v APOD cho cng kt qu dng sng mang.


2. Phng php iu ch rng xung Sin (Sin PWM)
Phng php cn c tn Subharmonic PWM (SH PWM), hay Multi carrier
based PWM.
2.1 Nguyn tc thc hin
to gin kch ng cc linh kin trong cng mt pha ti, ta s dng mt s
sng mang (dng tam gic) v mt tn hiu iu khin (dng sin).
V nguyn l, phng php c thc hin da vo k thut analog. Gin
kch ng cc cng tc ca b nghch lu da trn c s so snh hai tn hiu c bn:
Sng mang u
p
(carrier signal) tn s cao, c th dng tam gic.
Sng iu khin u
r
(reference signal) hoc sng iu ch (modulating
signal) dng sin. V d, cng tc l c kch ng khi sng iu
khin ln hn sng mang (u
r
> u
p
). Trong trng hp ngc li, cng
tc chn c kch ng.
Tn s sng mang cng cao, lng sng hi bc cao xut hin trong dng in p
v dng in ti b kh cng nhiu.
i vi b nghch lu p n bc, s sng mang c s dng l (n-1). Chng c
cng tn s f
c
v cng bin nh - nh A
c
. Sng iu ch (hay sng iu khin) c
bin nh bng A
m
v tn s f
m
, dng sng ca n thay i xung quanh trc tm ca
h thng (n-1) sng mang. Nu sng iu khin ln hn sng mang no th linh
kin tng ng vi sng mang s c kch ng, ngc li nu sng iu khin
nh hn sng mang th linh kin s b kho kch.
Gi m
f
l t s iu ch tn s ( frequency modulation ratio):
m
f
=
reference
carrier
f
f
=
m
c
f
f
(3.4)
Vic tng gi tr m
f
s dn n vic tng gi tr tn s cc sng hi xut hin.
im bt li ca vic tng tn s sng mang l vn tn hao do s ln ng ct ln
Tng t, gi m
a
l t s iu ch bin (amplitude modulation ratio):
m
a
=
carrier m
reference m
U
U
=
c
m
A n
A
). 1 (
(3.5)

Nu m
a
1 (bin sng sin nh hn tng bin sng mang) th quan h gia
thnh phn c bn ca in p ra v in p iu khin l tuyn tnh.

Hnh 3.4: Quan h gia bin sng mang v sng iu khin.
Khi gi tr m
a
> 1, bin tn hiu iu ch ln hn tng bin sng mang th
bin hi c bn ca in p ra tng khng tuyn tnh theo m
a
. Lc ny, bt u xut
hin lng sng hi bc cao tng dn cho n khi t mc gii hn cho bi phng
php 6 bc. Trng hp ny cn c gi l qu iu ch (overmodulation) hoc
iu ch m rng.
Phng php Sin PWM t c ch s iu ch ln nht trong vng tuyn tnh
khi bin sng iu ch bng tng bin sng mang :
m
SPWM_max
=
step six m
m
U
U
_ ) 1 (
) 1 (
=
U
U
2
2 /
=
4
= 0.785 (3.6)
trong U_tng in p cc ngun DC.
2.2 M phng cho b nghch lu p cascade 5 bc
2.2.1 Phn tch cch to xung kch
Phn tch cho mt pha (v d pha a), xung kch cho cc linh kin c thit lp
da trn c s so snh sng iu khin U
dka
v cc sng mang V
p1
, V
p2
, V
p3
, V
p4
, c
th nh sau:


U
dka
> V
p1
S1 = 1; S4 = 0
U
dka
> V
p2
S2 = 1; S3 = 0
U
dka
> V
p3
S1 = 1; S4 = 0 (3.7)
U
dka
> V
p4
S2 = 1; S3 = 0
Ta xc nh c in p pha tm ngun (phase to pole voltage):
U
ao
=
d
d
d
d
V
V
V
V
2
0
2
(3.8)
T y ta hon ton c th xc nh c in p ti trn cc pha nh trnh
by trong (2.4) v (2.5).

Hnh 3.5: S xung kch 1 pha ca BNL p 5 bc.

2.2.2 Phn tch cc trng hp iu khin
iu khin b nghch lu p dng cascade phi tha mn yu cu l cng sut tn
hao trn cc linh kin trong mt chu k phi tng i bng nhau, tc l cc b nghch
lu cu mt pha cn phi t c trng thi cn bng cng sut (khong thi gian dn
v ngt phi tng i u nhau). Mun vy ta phi b tr cc sng mang sao cho t
c cc yu cu trn. Di y phn tch cc trng hp ng ngt ca b nghch lu
cu mt pha trong mt chu k p iu khin: c 4 trng hp tng ng vi 4 khong
gi tr ca in p iu khin.

Hnh 3.6: Cc khong gi tr ca V
ref
.
Trng hp 1: 2V
d
V
d
V
ref
0
C 2 cch iu khin:
C nh in p ng ra ca b nghch lu H1 vi V
01
= 0, iu khin b
nghch lu H2 sao cho in p ng ra thay i ty theo V
ref
.
iu khin b nghch lu H1 sao cho in p ng ra thay i theo gi tr
V
ref
, c nh in p ng ra ca b nghch lu H2 sao cho V
02
= 0.
Trng hp 2: 2V
d
V
ref
V
d
0
C 2 cch iu khin:

C nh in p ng ra ca b nghch lu H1 sao cho V
01
= V
d
, iu
khin b nghch lu H2 sao cho in p tng ca c 2 b nghch lu
t c gi tr mong mun V
0
= V
01
+ V
02
= V
ref
.
iu khin b nghch lu H1 sao cho tng in p V
0
= V
ref
, c nh
in p ng ra ca b nghch lu H2 sao cho V
02
= V
d
.
Trng hp 3: 0 V
ref
-V
d
-2V
d

C 2 cch iu khin:
01
= 0, iu
khin b nghch lu H2 sao cho tng in p ng ra l V
0
= V
ref
.
iu khin b nghch lu H1 sao cho tng in p ng ra V
0
= V
ref
, c
nh in p ng ra b nghch lu H2 sao cho V
02
= 0.
Trng hp 4: 0 -V
d
V
ref
-2V
d

C 2 cch iu khin:
01
= -V
d
, iu
khin b nghch lu H2 sao cho tng in p ng ra l V
0
= V
ref
.
iu khin b nghch lu H1 sao cho tng in p ng ra ca c 2 b l
V
0
= V
ref
, c nh in p ca b nghch lu H2 sao cho V
02
= -V
d
.
Vy t c s cn bng cng sut gia cc b nghch lu cu mt pha, ta
chn phng n iu khin nh sau:
Trng hp 1 (2V
d
V
d
V
ref
0): c nh in p ca b nghch lu H2
sao cho V
02
= 0, iu khin b nghch lu H1 sao cho V
01
= V
ref
.
Trng hp 2 (2V
d
V
ref
V
d
0): c nh in p ng ra ca b nghch
lu H1 sao cho V
0
= V
d
, iu khin b nghch lu H2 sao cho tng in p
t c V
0
= V
ref
.
Trng hp 3 (0 V
ref
-V
d
-2V
d
): c nh in p ca b nghch lu
H2 sao cho V
02
= 0, iu khin b nghch lu H1 sao cho V
02
= V
ref
.
Trng hp 4 (0 -V
d
V
ref
-2V
d
): c nh in p ng ra ca b nghch
lu H1 sao cho V
01
= -V
d
, iu khin b nghch lu H2 sao cho tng in
p ca 2 b nghch lu V
0
= V
ref
.
Do ta b tr sng mang vi dng nh sau:

Hnh 3.7: Dng b tr cc sng mang PD.
2.2.3 Cc thng s m phng trong Psim
so snh kt qu gia cc phng php iu ch, t y v sau ta thng nht
kho st cc phng php vi ch s iu ch m t (0 1) quy chun nh sau:
Khi m = 1 th in p ti t cc i U
t(1)m
= U
d
/ 3 . Vy ng vi m bt
k ta c U
t(1)m
= m.
3
d
U

Khi bin tn hiu iu khin u
dk
= (n-1)/2 th U
t(1)m
= U
d
/2. Vy ng
vi U
t(1)m
= m.
3
d
U
th bin tn hiu iu khin c tnh theo:
u
dk
=
3
) 1 .( n m
(3.9)
vi n l s bc ca b nghch lu.
U
d
l tng in p cc ngun DC (v d i vi b nghch lu cascade 5 bc
nh trn th U
d
= 4V
d
).
S m phng b nghch lu p 5 bc dng cascade theo phng php PWM
(bn v A3). Cc thng s m phng:
Ch s iu ch m = 0.7.
Sng iu khin c tn s 50Hz, sng mang dng PD tn s 2000 Hz.
Cc ngun DC c gi tr Vd = 200V.
Ti RL u dng sao (Y) c R = 5, L = 0.01H (cos = 0.85), hng s
thi gian =
R
L
= 2 ms.

2.3 Kt qu m phng

Hnh 3.8: Tn hiu in p iu khin trn 3 pha A, B, C.

Hnh 3.9: in p pha tm ngun trn pha A (phase to pole voltage).

Hnh 3.10: in p pha tm ngun DC ca pha B.

Hnh 3.11: in p pha tm ngun DC trn pha C.

Hnh 3.12: in p ti trn pha A.

Hnh 3.13: in p ti trn pha B.

Hnh 3.14: in p ti trn C.

Hnh 3.15: Phn tch Fourier cho in p ti trn pha A.

Hnh 3.16: Dng in ti trn pha A.

Hnh 3.17: Dng in ti trn 3 pha A, B, C.

Hnh 3.18: in p ng ra ca 2 b nghch lu cu mt pha.
2.4 Nhn xt
in p ng ra ca b nghch lu c dng 5 bc, gn vi dng sin hn so vi in
p ng ra ca b nghch lu cu 1 pha (dng ch H, ba bc).
Sng hi bc cao vn cn tn ti trong dng in p trn ti, nu tn s sng
mang cng ln th lng sng hi xut hin s gim.
Thi gian qu ca dng in trn 3 pha nh, do dng in nhanh chng t
c trng thi xc lp.

Dng in ti trn 3 pha trong trng thi xc lp l cn bng.
Trong 1 chu k khong ng v ngt ca mi b nghch lu cu 1 pha l tng
i u nhau.
3. Phng php iu ch rng xung ci bin
Phng php cn c tn l Modified PWM hoc Switching Frequency optimal
PWM method SFO PWM.
K thut iu khin tng t nh phng php iu ch rng xung va trnh
by, im khc bit l sng iu ch c ci bin. Theo , mi sng iu ch c
cng thm tn hiu th t khng (sng hi bi ba). Tn ti nhiu kh nng to nn
thnh phn th t khng, mt trong cc tn hiu th t khng c th chn bng tr
trung bnh ca gi tr tn hiu ln nht trong 3 tn hiu iu ch vi tn hiu nh nht
trong 3 tn hiu iu ch - phng php SFO PWM.
Gi Va, Vb,Vc l cc tn hiu iu khin ca phng php iu ch PWM. Tn
hiu iu khin theo phng php SFO PWM c th biu din di dng ton hc
nh sau:
V
offset
=
2
) , , min( ) , , max(
c b a c b a
V V V V V V +
(3.10)
V
aSFO
= V
a
V
offset
; V
bSFO
= V
b
V
offset
; V
cSFO
= V
c
- V
offset
(3.11)
Phng php ny cho php thc hin iu khin tuyn tnh in p ti vi ch s
iu ch nm trong phm vi 0 m 0.907, bin sng hi in p t gi tr cc
i bng U/ 3 v tng ng ch s iu ch lc l:
m
SFO_PWM
=
U
U
2
3 /
=
3 2
= 0.907 (3.12)

Hnh 3.19: Quan h gia bin p iu khin v bin sng mang.
3.1 M phng cho b nghch lu p cascade 5 bc
3.1.1 Phn tch cch to p iu ch
Qua vic phn tch l thuyt nh trn, ta thy cn phi to mt hm tnh in
p V
offset
, tuy nhin trong phn mm Psim khng c khi trc tip tnh c V
offset
. V
vy ta phi dng khi DLL (Dynamic Link Library) trong Psim kt hp vi vic vit
chng trnh trong Microsoft Visual C++ hoc trong Borland C++. u tin ta vit
chng trnh bng ngn ng C/C++, ri dch sang nh dng file .dll, sau chp
(copy) file .dll ny vo th mc Psim. Trong Psim ta dng khi DLL vi tn khi l
file .dll va to m phng.
Chng trnh tnh in p iu ch theo SFO PWM nh sau:
namespace SFOPWM {
#i ncl ude<mat h. h>
voi d_decl spec( dl l expor t ) ham( doubl e t , doubl e del t , doubl e *i n, doubl e
*out )
{
doubl e a, b, c;
doubl e vmax, vmi n, vof f set ;
doubl e vasf o, vbsf o, vcsf o;
a = i n[ 0] ;
b = i n[ 1] ;
c = i n[ 2] ;
/ / Ti nh gi a t r i Vof f set , VaSFO, VbSFO, VcSFO


i f ( a>b)
{
i f ( a>c)
{
vmax = a;
i f ( b>c) { vmi n = c; }
el se { vmi n = b; }
}
el se { vmi n = b; vmax = c; }
}
el se
{
i f ( b>c)
{
vmax = b;
i f ( a>c) { vmi n = c; }
el se { vmi n = a; }
}
el se { vmax = c; vmi n = a; }
}
vof f set = ( vmax + vmi n) / 2;
vasf o = a - vof f set ;
vbsf o = b - vof f set ;
vcsf o = c - vof f set ;
/ / Gan gi a t r i cho cac ngo r a
out [ 0] = vmax;
out [ 1] = vmi n;
out [ 2] = vof f set ;
out [ 3] = vasf o;
out [ 4] = vbsf o;
out [ 5] = vcsf o;
}
}
3.1.2 Cc thng s m phng trong Psim
S m phng b nghch lu p 5 bc dng cascade theo phng php SFO
PWM (bn v A3). Cc thng s trong m phng:
Ch s iu ch m = 0.8.
Sng iu khin c tn s 50Hz, sng mang dng PD tn s 2000Hz.
Ti RL u dng sao c R = 5, L = 0.01H (cos =0.85), hng s thi
gian =
R
L
= 2 ms.
S dng khi DLL vi chng trnh nh trn.

3.2 Kt qu m phng

Hnh 3.20: Tn hiu in p iu ch ban u (ging PWM).

Hnh 3.21: Tn hiu in p V
max
, V
min
, V
offset
.

Hnh 3.22: Tn hiu iu ch V
aSFO
trn pha A.

Hnh 3.23: in p pha tm ngun trn pha A.

Hnh 3.24: in p pha tm ngun trn pha B.

Hnh 3.25: in p pha tm ngun C.



Hnh 3.28: in p ti trn pha C.


Hnh 3.30: Dng in ti trn A.



3.3 Nhn xt
Ta thy phng php SFO PWM c p ng ti tng t nh phng php
PWM thng thng, tuy nhin s xut hin ca sng hi bc cao trong dng in p ti
c t hn.
Tn tht do chuyn mch trn cc linh kin cng gim v loi bt thnh phn
th t khng trong dng sng in p iu ch.
Dng in ti 3 pha trng thi xc lp l cn bng.
Qua phng php ny, ta thy c mt hng pht trin mi trong iu khin
b nghch lu p a bc, l tp trung nghin cu hm offset nhm t c mc
ch ti u trong iu ch.


Chng 4
CASCADE - PHNG PHP IU CH VECTOR
KHNG GIAN (Space Vector PWM)
Phng php iu ch vector khng gian (Space vector modulation hoc Space
vector PWM) xut pht t nhng ng dng ca vector khng gian trong my in
xoay chiu, sau c m rng trin khai trong cc h thng in ba pha. Phng
php iu ch vector khng gian v cc dng ci bin ca n c tnh hin i, gii
thut ch yu da vo k thut s v l cc phng php c s dng ph bin nht
hin nay trong lnh vc in t cng sut lin quan n iu khin cc i lng xoay
chiu ba pha nh iu khin truyn ng in xoay chiu, iu khin cc mch lc tch
cc, iu khin cc thit b cng sut trn h thng truyn ti in.
1. Khi nim vector khng gian
1.1 Vector khng gian v php bin hnh vector khng gian
Cho i lng ba pha cn bng v
a
, v
b
, v
c
, tc tha mn h thc:
v
a
+ v
b
+ v
c
= 0 (4.1)
Php bin hnh t cc i lng 3 pha v
a
, v
b
, v
c
sang i lng vector
v theo h
thc:
v = k.(v
a
+ a .v
b
+
2
a .v
c
) (4.2)
trong : a = e
3 / 2 j
= -
2
1
+ j
2
3
(4.3)
c gi l php bin hnh vector khng gian v i lng vector v c gi l
vector khng gian ca i lng ba pha.
Hng s k c th chn vi cc gi tr khc nhau. Vi k = 2/3 php bin hnh
khng bo ton cng sut v vi k = 3 / 2 php bin hnh bo ton cng sut.
V d, ta c i lng ba pha dng cos nh sau:


v
a
= V
m
.cos(x- )
v
b
= V
m
.cos(x-
3
2
- )
v
c
= V
m
.cos(x-
3
4
- )
Vector khng gian theo nh ngha s l:
v = k.(v
a
+ a .v
b
+
2
a .v
c
)
v =
3
2
[V
m
.cos(x- ) + a .V
m
.cos(x-
3
2
- ) +
2
a .V
m
.cos(x-
3
4
- )]
v = V
m
.[cos(x- ) + j.sin(x- )] = V
m
.e
) ( x j

Nh vy trong h ta vung gc _ , vector khng gian v c bin V
m
bt
u t v tr V
m
.e
j
s quay chung quanh trc toa vi tn s gc .
1.2 Vector khng gian ca b nghch lu p a bc
Qu trnh ng ngt cc linh kin to ra in p ba pha ti. Theo l thuyt v
khng gian vector th in p ba pha c th biu din di dng vector khng gian.
V n s thay i nhy cp trn hnh lc gic a bc. V tr ca mi vector in p
trong khng gian s ph thuc vo cc trng thi ng ngt ca linh kin.
Ta xt b nghch lu p 5 bc dng cascade nh sau:

Hnh 4.1: Cu hnh b nghch lu p 5 bc dng cascade.
Vi b nghch lu p 5 bc, kh nng kch dn linh kin to nn 125 trng thi
khc nhau, mi trng thi c minh ha bi t hp (k
a
k
b
k
c
) vi:


k
a
= -2, -1, 0, 1, 2
k
b
= -2, -1, 0, 1, 2 (4.4)
k
c
= -2, -1, 0, 1, 2
Cc h s k
a
, k
b
, k
c
ph thuc vo cch ta quy c trc, cc quy c ny da vo
bng trng thi ng ngt. Chng hn, ta quy c nh sau:
k
a
= -2 khi S3a = S4a = S3a = S4a = 1
k
a
= -1 khi
= = = =
= = = =
= = = =
= = = =
1 4 ' 2 ' 4 3
1 3 ' 1 ' 4 3
1 4 ' 3 ' 4 2
1 4 ' 3 ' 3 1
a S a S a S a S
a S a S a S a S
a S a S a S a S
a S a S a S a S

k
a
= 0 khi
= = = =
= = = =
= = = =
= = = =
= = = =
= = = =
1 4 ' 2 ' 4 2
1 3 ' 1 ' 4 2
1 4 ' 2 ' 3 1
1 3 ' 1 ' 3 1
1 2 ' 1 ' 4 3
1 4 ' 3 ' 2 1
a S a S a S a S
a S a S a S a S
a S a S a S a S
a S a S a S a S
a S a S a S a S
a S a S a S a S
(4.5)
k
a
= 1 khi
= = = =
= = = =
= = = =
= = = =
1 2 ' 1 ' 4 2
1 2 ' 1 ' 3 1
1 4 ' 2 ' 2 1
1 3 ' 1 ' 2 1
a S a S a S a S
a S a S a S a S
a S a S a S a S
a S a S a S a S

k
a
= 2 khi S1a = S2a = S1a = S2a
tng t cho k
b
, k
c
.
Trong qu trnh ng ngt, quy lut ng ngt i nghch phi c tun th:
S1x + S4x = 1; S2x + S3x = 1
S1x + S4x = 1; S2x + S3x = 1 (4.6)
Vi x = a, b, c.
Theo nh ngha vector khng gian, tng ng 125 trng thi kch dn linh kin ta
thu c 61 v tr vector khng gian ca vector in p to thnh. Ti tm ca lc gic
c nm trng thi khc nhau cho cng v tr ti l vector khng. Cc v tr cn li
ng vi cc trng thi c biu din trong gin vector sau:

200
210
220
120
020
021
022
012
002
102
202
201
000
111
222
211
100
221
110
121
010
122
011
112
001 101
212
-1-1-1
-2-2-2
01-1
-1-2-2
00-1
-1-1-2
-10-1
-2-1-2
100
-2-1-1
-1-10
-2-2-1 -1-2-1
0-10
-111
-200
-110
-20-1
-20-2
-11-1
-10-2
01-1
11-1
00-2
0-1-2
10-1
111
0-2-2
0-2-1
1-10
0-20
1-11
-1-20
0-11
-1-11
-2-20
-210
-101
-1-21
0-12
0-21
1-12
1-21
2-12
2-11
1-20
-2-21
-1-12
-2-11
-102
-201
-112
-211
-122
-210
-121
-120
-21-1
-21-2
-12-1
-11-2
02-1
12-1
01-2 11-2
22-1
10-2
21-1
1-1-2
20-1
1-2-2
2-1-1
1-2-1
2-10
2-2-2
2-1-2
20-2
21-2
22-2
12-2 02-2 -12-2 -22-2
-22-1
-220
-221
-222
-212
-202
-2-12
-2-22 -1-22
0-22
1-22
2-22
2-21
2-20
2-2-1

Hnh 4.2: Gin vector in p ca b nghch lu p 5 bc.
2. Phng php iu ch vector khng gian
Phng php iu khin su bc (six step) to nn s dch chuyn nhy cp tun
hon ca vector khng gian gia su v tr nh ca hnh lc gic. iu ny lm qu
trnh in p pha ti nghch lu hnh thnh cha nhiu thnh phn sng hi bc cao.
H qu l qu o vector khng gian b bin i v pha v bin so vi trng hp
p ba pha ti dng sin. Mt khc, phng php iu ch rng xung dng sin d to
ra in p pha ti gn dng sin nhng ch c th m bo phm vi iu khin tuyn
tnh thnh phn in p c bn ca pha ti n bin U
d
/2.
Phng php iu ch vector khng gian khc phc cc nhc im ca hai
phng php nu trn.
tng ca phng php iu ch vector khng gian l to nn s dch chuyn
lin tc ca vector khng gian tng ng trn qu o ng trn ca vector in p
b nghch lu, tng t nh trng hp vector khng gian ca i lng sin ba pha

to c. Vi s dch chuyn u n ca vector khng gian trn qu o trn, cc
sng hi bc cao c loi b v quan h gia tn hiu iu khin v bin p ra tr
nn tuyn tnh. Vector tng ng y chnh l vector trung bnh trong thi gian
mt chu k ly mu Ts ca qu trnh iu khin b nghch lu p.
Nguyn l iu ch vector khng gian i vi b nghch lu p a bc c thc
hin tng t nh nghch lu hai bc. to vector trung bnh tng ng vector v
cho trc cn xem xt vector v nm v tr no ca hnh lc gic. thun tin, thng
thng din tch hnh lc gic c chia nh thnh cc hnh tam gic con. V d, gc
phn su th nht ca hnh lc gic gii hn bi ba vector
0
v ,
2
v v
5
v c chia nh
thnh cc din tch (1), (2), (3), v (4) nh hnh v:

Hnh 4.3: Gc phn su c gii hn bi
0
v ,
2
v v
5
v .
Vector v ang kho st cn iu khin t c c v tr nm trn phn din
tch (2). Bc tip theo, ta xc nh cc vector khng gian cn thit gi l cc vector
c bn, cn s dng to nn vector trung bnh nm trong din tch (2). Ta nhn thy
chnh l cc vector
1
v ,
2
v v
3
v . Nh vy, vector tng ng vi vector v c th
thc hin bng cch iu khin duy tr tc dng theo trnh t vector
1
v trong thi gian
T1, vector
2
v trong thi gian T2 v vector
3
v trong thi gian T3 theo h thc:
V .Ts =
1
v .T1 +
2
v .T2 +
3
v .T3 (4.7)
trong Ts = T1 + T2 + T3 l chu k ly mu.

Vn cn li l xc nh thi gian tc dng T1, T2 v T3 ca cc vector c bn.
Nu ta bit c vector v di dng cc thnh phn vung gc V
, V
trong h ta
ng yn (stationary frame), quan h gia cc thnh phn vector V
, V
vi
thi gian duy tr trng thi vector
1
v ,
2
v v
3
v c th biu din di dng ma trn sau:
(4.8)
Vi V
1
, V
2
, V
3
,V
1
, V
2
, V
3
l cc thnh phn theo trc ta v
ca cc vector trn hnh lc gic
1
v ,
2
v v
3
v .
T , thi gian c xc nh (p dng ma trn ngc):
(4.9)
Hay dng thi gian tng i: d
j
= T
j
/ T
s
; j = 1, 2, 3
(4.10)
p dng c th vo bn din tch hnh tam gic trong gc phn su th nht ca
hnh lc gic, ch n vector c bn trong mi din tch trn, ta thu c kt qu:
Trong din tch (1), vector v bn
0
v ,
1
v v
4
v :
d
1
= d
0 v
= 1 - d
2
- d
3
= 1- m
a
.(sin + 3 .cos )
d
2
= d
1 v
= m
a
.(-sin + 3 .cos ) (4.11)
d
3
= d
4 v
= 2.m.sin
Trong din tch (2), vector c bn
1
v ,
2
v v
3
v :
d
1
= d
1 v
= 2 - m
a
.(sin + 3 .cos )
d
2
= d
2 v
= -1 + m
a
.(-sin + 3 .cos ) (4.12)
d
3
= d
3 v
= 2.m
a
.sin

Trong din tch tam gic (3), vector c bn
1
v ,
3
v v
4
v :
d
1
= d
1 v
= 1- 2.m
a
.sin
d
2
= d
3 v
= -1 + m
a
. (sin + 3 .cos ) (4.13)
d
3
= d
4 v
= 1 + m
a
.(sin - 3 .cos )
Trong din tch tam gic (4), vector c bn
5
v ,
3
v v
4
v :
d
1
= d
4 v
= 2 m
a
.(sin + 3 .cos )
d
2
= d
5 v
= -1 + 2.m
a
.sin (4.14)
d
3
= d
3 v
= m
a
.(-sin + 3 .cos )
Nu vect nm V gc phn su th i so vi gc phn su th nht ca hnh lc
gic tnh t v tr trc thc , ta c th qui i n v gc phn su th nht xc
nh thi gian tc ng ca cc vector c bn theo h thc:

Vi V =
2 2

V V + ; =
V
V
(4.15)
3. Nhn xt
Phng php iu ch vector khng gian cho php iu khin tuyn tnh tt, hiu
qu cao, rt cn thit cho cc h t ng iu khin. N m ra mt l thuyt thc
hnh iu khin mi c cht lng cao cho vic chuyn i nng lng in t cc
ngun DC sang AC. Tuy nhin, phng php iu ch vector khng gian vn cn tn
ti mt s nhc im nh: i hi b vi x l c kh nng tnh ton cao v b nh
ln, vic tnh ton cng phc tp khi s bc ca b nghch lu tng ln, lp trnh gii
thut kh phc tp


Chng 5
CASCADE PHNG PHP IU CH VECTOR
KHNG GIAN DNG SNG MANG
Trong cc nghin cu gn y, nhiu tc gi tm ra c mi quan h gia
phng php iu ch rng xung sin v phng php iu ch vector khng gian.
Vi nhng khm ph ny, mt phng php mi da trn mi quan h ca hai phng
php trn c ngh: Phng php iu ch vector khng gian dng sng mang
(Carrier based Sapce vector PWM). Theo , phng php ny s tp hp nhng u
im ca hai phng php trn: qu trnh tnh ton n gin hn, m rng c phm
vi iu ch
Phng php iu ch vector khng gian dng sng mang (Carrier based
SVPWM) c ngh bi hai tc gi: Nguyn Vn Nh v Hong Hee Lee [2] [4].
Cc tc gi phn tch mi quan h gia phng php iu ch vector khng gian v
k thut PWM dng sng mang, t a ra thut ton v m phng cho b nghch
lu p a bc dng diode kp (NPC multilevel inverter). Lun vn ny tp trung tm
hiu, nghin cu phng php trn nhng a ra cch m phng ng dng cho b
nghch lu p a bc dng cascade (Cascade inverter).
1. Tng qut v phng php iu ch vector khng gian dng sng mang
1.1 tng tng qut ca phng php
Da trn c s l thuyt phn tch tng quan gia SVPWM v sng mang n
cc (carrier based unipolar PWM), phng php iu ch vector khng gian dng
sng mang thc cht l to ra mt sng iu ch mi c nhiu u im hn so vi cc
sng iu ch c.
Cc tc gi a ra gii thut iu ch da trn phn tch cho b nghch lu p
a bc dng diode kp NPC.
in p iu ch ca b nghch lu p a bc c th c phn tch thnh cc
thnh phn nh sau:

Hnh 5.1: B nghch lu p 5 bc dng diode kp v phn tch in p iu ch.
Reference phase to pole voltages (in p pha tm ngun DC hay cn gi
n gin l in p iu ch) l ln in p gia mt u pha ti ca b
nghch lu v mt im in th chun trn mch DC (thng chn l im
trung tnh O, nh trn hnh), bao gm in p thnh phn th t thun
nghch (active voltages) V
x12
v in p thnh phn th t khng (reference
common mode) V
0ref
:
V
xref
= V
x12
+ V
0ref
, vi x = a, b, c (5.1)
Gii hn ca in p iu ch:
0 V
xref
V
s
(5.2)
Vi V
s
l tng in p ca cc ngun DC.
Active voltages (in p thnh phn th t thun nghch): trong biu
vector, in p ba pha th t thun nghch c xc nh bi bin V
ref

v gc pha ca vector in p tng ng, hoc t in p phase to
pole voltages sau khi loi tr thnh phn offset.
V
a12
= V
ref
.cos
V
b12
= V
ref
.cos( 3 2 ) (5.3)
V
c12
= V
ref
.cos( 3 4 )
nh ngha hai gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca in p ba pha th t thun
nghch:

V
max
= Max(V
a12
, V
b12
, V
c12
)
V
min
= Min(V
a12
, V
b12
, V
c12
) (5.4)
Reference common mode voltage (in p thnh phn th t khng) V
0ref
:
c s dng lm gim s ln chuyn mch v gi cn bng ngun DC,
c gi tr thay i trong gii hn V
0max
v V
0min

V
0max
= (n 1).V
dc
V
max

V
0min
= - V
min
(5.5)
V V
k
= k.V
dc
, vi k = 0, 1, 2, 3... (n-1) l bc ca in p DC.
nh ngha hai bc in p gn nht vi in p iu ch V
xref
:
0 V
Lx
V
xref
V
Hx
V
s

V
Hx
= V
Lx
+ V
dc
(5.6)
Additional common mode (in p offset) V
0add
: c ngh cng thm
vo in p iu ch nhm thu c mt in p iu ch mi ti u hn
V
xref

V
xref
= V
xref
+ V
0add
= V
x12
+ V
0ref
+ V
0add
(5.7)

Hnh 5.2: Mi quan h gia cc thnh phn in p.
1.2 Gii thut iu ch ca phng php
thun tin cho qu trnh tnh ton v m phng, tt c cc i lng in p s
c chuyn v dng tn hiu theo php tham chiu:


dc x x
V v V . = ; vi x = a, b, c (5.8)
T y ta s c cc tn hiu tng ng: v
xref
, v
xref
, v
x12
, v
0ref
, v
0add
.
Gii thut ca phng php iu ch vector khng gian dng sng mang c th
c biu din tng qut thng qua s khi sau:

Hnh 5.3: S khi tng qut ca phng php.
Gm 2 khi chnh, vi cc chc nng nh sau:
Khi Primitive voltages Generator c chc nng to ra in p
Primitive phase to pole voltages V
xp
(tng ng reference phase to
pole voltages V
xref
).
Khi Additional common mode Generator dng tnh ton v a ra
mt in p offset_V
0add
thch hp cho tng ch iu ch PWM
(lin tc hay gin on).
Tn hiu in p cui cng thu c l Reference modulating signals_v
xref
s
c a vo so snh vi cc tn hiu sng mang sinh ra cc trng thi chuyn
mch ca b nghch lu.
Khi Primitive voltages Generator: c chc nng sinh ra tn hiu iu ch s
cp primitive phase to pole voltages v
xp
:
v
xp
= v
x12
+ v
op
; x = a, b, c (5.9)

nh ngha hai bc iu ch c gi tr gn nht vi tn hiu primitive
voltages v
xp
:
L(x) v
xp
H(x) (5.10)
H(x) =
=
< +
) 1 ( 1
) 1 ( 0 1 ) (
n v khi n
n v khi x n
xp
xp
(5.11)
L(x) = H(x) 1
Vi n(x) = Int(v
xp
) ; x = a, b, c
Thnh phn active voltages v
x12
c th c suy ra t v tr ca vector
in p tng ng trong gin vector in p:
v
a12
= V
ref
.cos
v
b12
= V
ref
.cos( 3 / 2 ) (5.12)
v
c12
= V
ref
.cos( 3 / 4 )
Primitive common mode: nm trong gii hn ca v
0max
v v
0min
. Thnh
phn ny khng nh hng n in p ti, nhng n lm thay i
dng tn hiu iu ch v ng gp vo vic lm gim s ln chuyn
mch trong mt chu k.
Max = Max (v
a12
, v
b12
, v
c12
)
Min = Min (v
a12
, v
b12
, v
c12
) (5.13)
i vi b nghch lu p n bc, hai gi tr common mode cc tr l:
v
0min
= - Min
v
0max
= (n-1) Max (5.14)
Hai gi tr c th chn ca in p primitive common mode:
Medium common mode:
v
0p
= (v
0max
+ v
0min
) / 2 (5.15)
Minimum common mode:
v
0p
=
>

<
2 / ) 1 (
2 / ) 1 ( 2 / ) 1 (
2 / ) 1 (
min 0 min 0
min 0 max 0
max 0 max 0
n v khi v
v n v khi n
n v khi v
(5.16)
Tm li thut ton to ra tn hiu primitive phase to pole voltages nh sau:

Hnh 5.4: Thut ton ca primitive common mode v phase to pole voltages.
Minh ha mi quan h gia cc tn hiu in p v dng sng mang PD trong b
nghch lu p 5 bc dng diode kp NPC:

Hnh 5.5: Quan h dng sng mang v tn hiu iu ch.
Khi Additional common mode voltage: cng ging nh thnh phn
primitive common mode, thnh phn additional common mode cng khng
nh hng n in p ti. Tuy nhin, khi thm vo mt gi tr additional
common mode thch hp s ci tin ng k hiu qu ca k thut PWM.
Thnh phn ny gip phn chia hai ch thc thi k thut PWM: DPWM
cho cc ng dng cn gim s ln chuyn mch v SVPWM trong trng
hp cn lm gim nhp nh dng in


d
minH
= Min(v
Ha
, v
Hb
,v
Hc
)
d
minL
= Min(v
aL
, v
bL
, v
cL
) (5.17)
v
Hx
= H(x) v
xp

v
xL
= v
xp
L(x) ; x = a,b,c (5.18)
Ty theo cc ch PWM, ta c cch tnh cc gi tr additional common mode
khc nhau:

Carrier based SVPWM method (ch PWM lin tc): sng iu ch
dng lin tc
v
0add1
= (d
minH
- d
minL
) / 2 (5.19)
v
xSVM
= v
xref
= v
xp
+ v
0add1
(5.20)

Hnh 5.6: Additional common mode i vi trng hp PWM lin tc, v
0add
= d
0
.
Discontinuous PWM methods (ch PWM gin on): sng iu ch
dng gin on. u im ca sng iu ch dng gin on l s ln
chuyn mch trong mt chu k b gim xung, do cng sut tn hao
do qu trnh ng ngt cng gim theo.
v
0add
=
>
<
L H L
L H H
d d khi d
d d khi d
min min min
min min min
(5.21)


Nu d
minH
= d
minL
(trong trng hp medium common mode DPWM):
v
0add
=
>
<
2 / ) 1 (
2 / ) 1 (
0 min
0 min
n v khi d
n v khi d
p L
p H
(5.22)
v
xDPWM
= v
xref
= v
xp
+ v
0add
(5.23)

Hnh 5.7: Discontinuous PWM vi v
0add
= d
minL
= v
cL
.

Hnh 5.8: Discontinuous PWM vi v
0add
= d
minH
= v
Hb
.


Tm li, ta c s thut ton tnh additional common mode v tn hiu iu ch
cho tng ch PWM nh sau:

Hnh 5.9: a) S gii thut tnh additional common mode.
b) ng vi ch carrier Space vector PWM.

Hnh 5.10: Trng hp ch PWM l Discontinuous PWM.
2. ng dng cho b nghch lu p a bc dng cascade
Ta xt b nghch lu p 5 bc dng cascade nh sau:

Hnh 5.11: B nghch lu p cascade 5 bc.
Trong b nghch lu 5 bc dng cascade, vi im trung tnh O nh hnh trn th
cc mc in p ca ngun DC phn b quanh gi tr 0: +2V
dc
, +V
dc
, 0, -V
dc
, -2V
dc
.

Dng b tr cc sng mang PD v cc mc in p DC tng ng trong b nghch
lu 5 bc dng cascade:

Hnh 5.12: Phn b cc mc in p DC tng ng vi dng sng mang.
in p iu ch so vi im trung tnh O _ V
ref, O
thay i trong cc khong gi
tr: -2V
d
V
ref
+2V
d
iu ny s gy kh khn cho qu trnh xc nh cc mc in
p H(x), L(x), cng nh l cc in p tng ng V
H(x)
, V
L(x)
khi V
ref, O
< 0.
Do , thun tin hn ta bin i cc mc in p DC theo php tham chiu
tng ng sau:

Hnh 5.13: Phn b mc in p DC v dng sng mang sau khi bin i.

Php bin i ny dn n in p iu ch cng thay i tng ng:
V
ref mi
= V
ref,O
+ 2.V
d
(5.24)
Khi , cu trc mch xem nh tn ti mt im trung tnh O c in th l 0
(zero), quan h vi trung tnh O:
V
OO
= 2.V
d
(5.25)
V in p ng ra ca b nghch lu so vi im trung tnh O (phase to pole
voltages) cng thay i tng ng:
V
XO
= V
XO
+ V
OO
= V
XO
+ 2.V
d
; X = A, B, C (5.26)
V c th xem nh tn ti mt m hnh mch nghch lu tng ng nh sau:

Hnh 5.14: M hnh mch nghch lu tng ng.
Ta thy rng vi php bin i nh trn, dng phn b in p DC ca b nghch
lu cascade hon ton tng t nh trong trng hp b nghch lu NPC phn tch
trn (nh H5.2 v H5.5). Do ta hon ton c th ng dng gii thut iu khin
ca phng php iu ch vector khng gian dng sng mang vo b nghch lu dng
cascade ging nh trong trng hp ca b nghch lu NPC. Hn na php bin i
ny xem nh khng nh hng n cu trc phn cng ca mch nghch lu v tt c
ch din ra trong mch kch, nhm to ra mt tn hiu in p iu ch ti u hn.

Trong m phng, cc gii thut iu ch s c thc hin trong cc khi DLL
c vit bng chng trnh Microsoft Visual C++ .
3. M phng cho b nghch lu cascade 5 bc
S m phng b nghch lu p 5 bc dng cascade theo phng php iu ch
vector khng gian dng sng mang (bn v A3). Cc thng s trong m phng dng
chung cho c bn ch :
Ch s iu ch m = 0.8.
Sng iu khin c tn s 50Hz, sng mang dng PD tn s 2000 Hz.
Ti RL u dng sao (Y) c R = 5, L = 0.01H (cos = 0.85), hng s
thi gian =
R
L
= 2 ms
Ta phi xy dng khi DLL thay i theo tng ch iu ch.
3.1 Ch Medium common mode SVPWM
M phng trong trng hp chn ch PWM l lin tc (SVPWM) v medium
common mode:
v
0p
= (v
0max
+ v
0min
) / 2
v
0add
= (d
minH
- d
minL
) / 2
3.1.1 Chng trnh ca khi DLL
/ / MedCM_SVPWM. h
#pr agma once
usi ng namespace Syst em;
namespace MedCM_SVPWM {
#i ncl ude <mat h. h>
voi d _decl spec( dl l expor t ) ham( doubl e t , doubl e del t , doubl e*i n,
doubl e *out )
{
doubl e a, b, c, Max, Mi n;
doubl e vomax, vomi n, vop;
doubl e vap, vbp, vcp;
doubl e na, nb, nc;
doubl e Ha, Hb, Hc, La, Lb, Lc;
doubl e vHa, vHb, vHc, vaL, vbL, vcL;
doubl e dmi nH, dmi nL;
doubl e voadd, vaSVM, vbSVM, vcSVM;
a = i n[ 0] ;
b = i n[ 1] ;
c = i n[ 2] ;


/ / Ti nh gi a t r i Pr i mi t i ve Phase t o Pol e Vol t age Vxp
i f ( a > b)
{
i f ( a > c)
{
Max = a;
i f ( b > c) { Mi n = c; }
el se { Mi n = b; }
}
el se { Max = c; Mi n = b; }
}
el se
{
i f ( b > c)
{
Max = b;
i f ( a > c) { Mi n = c; }
el se { Mi n = a; }
}
el se { Max = c; Mi n = a; }
}
vomax = 4 - Max;
vomi n = - Mi n;
/ / Medi umcommon mode
vop = ( vomax + vomi n) / 2;
vap = a + vop;
vbp = b + vop;
vcp = c + vop;
/ / Ti nh cac gi a t r i vHx, vxL
i f ( vap == 4)
{
Ha = 4;
La = 3;
}
el se
{
Ha = i nt ( vap) + 1;
La = Ha - 1;
}
vHa = Ha - vap;
vaL = vap - La;
i f ( vbp == 4)
{
Hb = 4;
Lb = 3;
}
el se
{
Hb = i nt ( vbp) + 1;
Lb = Hb - 1;
}
vHb = Hb - vbp;
vbL = vbp - Lb;
i f ( vcp == 4)
{
Hc = 4;

Lc = 3;
}
el se
{
Hc = i nt ( vcp) + 1;
Lc = Hc - 1;
}
vHc = Hc - vcp;
vcL = vcp - Lc;
/ / Ti nh gi a t r i dmi nH
i f ( vHa < vHb)
{
i f ( vHa < vHc)
{
dmi nH = vHa;
}
el se { dmi nH = vHc; }
}
el se
{
i f ( vHb < vHc)
{
dmi nH = vHb;
}
}
/ / Ti nh gi a t r i dmi nL
i f ( vaL < vbL)
{
i f ( vaL < vcL)
{
dmi nL = vaL;
}
el se { dmi nL = vcL; }
}
el se
{
i f ( vbL < vcL)
{
dmi nL = vbL;
}
}
/ / Ti nh gi a t r i Addi t i onal common mode va Modul at i ng si gnal s
voadd = ( dmi nH - dmi nL) / 2;
vaSVM = vap + voadd;
vbSVM = vbp + voadd;
vcSVM = vcp + voadd;
out [ 0] = vap;
out [ 1] = vaSVM;
out [ 2] = vbp;
out [ 3] = vbSVM;
out [ 4] = vcp;
out [ 5] = vcSVM;
out [ 6] = vop;

out [ 7] = vomax;
out [ 8] = vomi n;
out [ 9] = voadd;
}
}
3.1.2 Kt qu m phng

Hnh 5.15: Cc thnh phn in p trn pha A.
Vi: Va_SVM l tn hiu in p iu ch ca phng php
Va12 l tn hiu in p thnh phn th t thun nghch
Vop l tn hiu in p thnh phn th t khng
Voadd l tn hiu in p cng thm vo.



Hnh 5.18: in p pha tm ngun trn pha C.





Hnh 5.23: Dng in ti trn pha A

3.2 Ch Minimum common mode SVPWM
Ch PWM l lin tc (SVPWM) v minimum common mode:
v
0p
=
>

<
2 / ) 1 (
2 / ) 1 ( 2 / ) 1 (
2 / ) 1 (
min 0 min 0
min 0 max 0
max 0 max 0
n v khi v
v n v khi n
n v khi v

v
0add
= (d
minH
- d
minL
) / 2

3.2.1 Chng trnh cho khi DLL
Tng t nh chng trnh trong phn trn, nhng thay cng thc tnh v
op
v
v
oadd
cho ph hp vi ch m phng.
3.2.2 Kt qu m phng





Hnh 5.28: Phn tch Fourier cho in p ti pha A.


Hnh 5.30: Dng in ti trn 3 pha.


3.3 Ch Minimum common mode DPWM
Ch PWM gin on v minimum common mode:
v
0add
=
>
<
L H L
L H H
d d khi d
d d khi d
min min min
min min min

v
0p
=
>

<
2 / ) 1 (
2 / ) 1 ( 2 / ) 1 (
2 / ) 1 (
min 0 min 0
min 0 max 0
max 0 max 0
n v khi v
v n v khi n
n v khi v

/ / Mi nCM_DPWM. h
#pr agma once
namespace Mi nCM_DPWM {
voi d _decl spec( dl l expor t ) ham( doubl e t , doubl e del t , doubl e
*i n, doubl e *out )
{
doubl e a, b, c, Max, Mi n;
doubl e vomax, vomi n, vop;
doubl e vap, vbp, vcp;
doubl e Ha, Hb, Hc, La, Lb, Lc;
doubl e vHa, vHb, vHc, vaL, vbL, vcL;
doubl e dmi nH, dmi nL;
doubl e voadd, vaDPWM, vbDPWM, vcDPWM;
a = i n[ 0] ;
b = i n[ 1] ;
c = i n[ 2] ;
i f ( a > b)
{
i f ( a > c)
{
Max = a;
i f ( b > c) { Mi n = c; }
el se { Mi n = b; }
}
}
el se
{
i f ( b > c)
{
Max = b;
i f ( a > c) { Mi n = c; }
el se { Mi n = a; }
}
}


vomax = 4- Max;
vomi n = - Mi n;
/ / Mi ni mumcommon mode
i f ( vomax < 2) {vop = vomax; }
i f ( ( vomax >= 2) &&( vomi n <= 2) ) {vop = 2; }
i f ( vomi n > 2) {vop = vomi n; }
vap = a + vop;
vbp = b + vop;
vcp = c + vop;
/ / Ti nh cac gi a t r i vHx, vxL
i f ( vap == 4)
{
Ha = 4;
La = 3;
}
el se
{
La = i nt ( vap) ;
Ha = La + 1;
}
vHa = Ha - vap;
vaL = vap - La;
i f ( vbp == 4)
{
Hb = 4;
Lb = 3;
}
el se
{
Lb = i nt ( vbp) ;
Hb = Lb + 1;
}
vHb = Hb - vbp;
vbL = vbp - Lb;
i f ( vcp == 4)
{
Hc = 4;
Lc = 3;
}
el se
{
Lc = i nt ( vcp) ;
Hc = Lc + 1;
}
vHc = Hc - vcp;
vcL = vcp - Lc;
/ / Ti nh gi a t r i dmi nH
i f ( vHa < vHb)
{
i f ( vHa < vHc)
{
dmi nH = vHa;
}
}
el se

{
i f ( vHb < vHc)
{
dmi nH = vHb;
}
}
/ / Ti nh gi a t r i dmi nL
i f ( vaL < vbL)
{
i f ( vaL < vcL)
{
dmi nL = vaL;
}
}
el se
{
i f ( vbL < vcL)
{
dmi nL = vbL;
}
}
/ / Ti nh gi a t r i Addi t i onal common mode va Modul at i ng si gnal s
i f ( dmi nH < dmi nL) { voadd = dmi nH; }
i f ( dmi nL < dmi nH) { voadd = - dmi nL; }
i f ( dmi nH == dmi nL)
{
i f ( vop < 2) { voadd = dmi nH; }
el se { voadd = - dmi nL; }
}
vaDPWM = vap + voadd;
vbDPWM = vbp + voadd;
vcDPWM = vcp + voadd;
out [ 0] = vap;
out [ 1] = vaDPWM;
out [ 2] = vbp;
out [ 3] = vbDPWM;
out [ 4] = vcp;
out [ 5] = vcDPWM;
out [ 6] = vop;
out [ 7] = vomax;
out [ 8] = vomi n;
out [ 9] = voadd;
}
}


3.3.2 Kt qu m phng










3.4 Ch Medium common mode DPWM
Ch PWM gin on v medium common mode:
v
0p
= (v
0max
+ v
0min
) / 2
v
0add
=
>
<
L H L
L H H
d d khi d
d d khi d
min min min
min min min

Tng t nh chng trnh trong phn trn, nhng thay cng thc tnh v
op
v
v
oadd
cho ph hp vi ch m phng.
3.4.2 Kt qu m phng






4. Nhn Xt
T nhng kt qu m phng trn, ta c th nhn xt s b nh sau:
Vi b nghch lu p 5 bc th dng p pha ti rt tt, tt hn b nghch
lu p 3 bc nhiu, dng sin chun hn.
Mi phng php c mt dng sng offset khc nhau, v th tng ng
ta c nhng sng iu ch khc nhau. iu ny cho thy phng php
iu ch vector khng gian dng sng mang rt linh hot khi cn thay
i gia cc ch .
Vi phng php DPWM cho s ln chuyn mch t, ta c th thy r
iu ny qua th p ti cng nh in p pha tm ngun DC.

Sng hi bc cao xut hin trong dng in p ti gim nhiu so vi
phng php iu ch rng xung sin.
Trong 4 ch m phng trn th ch Medium common mode
SVPWM cho kt qu tt nht: dng sng hi bc cao ca in p ti
xut hin t, h s mo dng ca dng in ti cng nh hn so vi 3
ch cn li.


Chng 6
IU KHIN B NGHCH LU A BC DNG CASCADE
VI NGUN DC KHNG CN BNG
K thut Carrier based PWM v Space Vector PWM trn y c pht trin trn
c s cc ngun DC n nh v cn bng, khi gin vector l h tnh bt bin.
Tuy nhin trong thc t, cc ngun DC thng khng cn bng v in p ca chng
khng n nh. Ly v d trong b nghch lu a bc cu hnh NPC, in p trn cc t
in lun dao ng theo thi gian v khi gin vector l mt h ng, bin thin
theo thi gian. Cn trong trng hp ca b nghch lu dng cascade, th khi in p
ngun cho cc b nghch lu cu mt pha c ly t h thng in thng qua cc b
chnh lu, th cc in p ny cng dao ng ty theo h thng cung cp. Do , vi
k thut iu khin ging nh trong trng hp ngun DC cn bng v n nh th s
cho ra kt qu dng in ti b mo dng v xut hin cc thnh phn sng hi bc
thp, nh hng n ph ti
1. M phng cho trng hp ngun DC khng cn bng
1.1 Thc hin m phng
thy r c nh hng ca ngun DC khng cn bng ln dng dng in
ti, ta s thc hin m phng cho b nghch lu dng cascade 5 bc.
Phng php c s dng l Medium common mode DPWM nh trong
trng hp ngun DC cn bng. Thng s m phng:
Cc ngun DC c gi tr ln lt l Va1 = 250V, Va2 = 150V, Vb1 =
280V, Vb2 = 120V, Vc1 = 160V, Vc2 = 240V.
Sng iu khin c tn s 50Hz, sng mang dng PD tn s 2000 Hz;
Ch s iu ch m = 0.8;
Ti RL u dng sao (Y) c R = 5, L = 0.02H.

1.2 Kt qu m phng

Hnh 6.1: Cc ngun DC khng cn bng.

Hnh 6.2: Dng dng in ti trn 3 pha.

Hnh 6.3: Dng in p pha tm ngun DC trn pha A.

Hnh 6.4: Dng in p pha tm ngun DC trn pha B.

Hnh 6.5: Dng in p pha tm ngun DC trn pha C.

Hnh 6.6: Dng in p ti trn pha A.

Hnh 6.7: Dng in p ti trn pha B.

Hnh 6.8: Dng in p ti trn pha C.

Nhn xt:
Khi ngun DC khng cn bng p ng dng in ti b mo dng rt nhiu, cn
trn dng ca in p ti tn ti nhiu sng hi bc cao. T vn trn i hi phi c
phng php thch hp iu khin b nghch lu trong iu kin ngun DC khng
cn bng iu ny gp rt nhiu trong thc t v khng th iu khin ngun DC cn
bng tuyt i.
2. Phng php iu khin b nghch lu p a bc vi ngun DC khng
cn bng
2.1 Nguyn l iu ch
Phng php ny c phn tch da trn b nghch lu p a bc dng diode
kp NPC, v cc thnh phn in p cng c phn tch nh trong trng hp ngun
DC cn bng (nh trnh by trong chng 5).
Reference phase to pole voltages:
V
xref
= V
x12
+ V
0ref
; x = a,b,c (6.1)
Active voltages:
V
a12
= V
m
.cos
V
b12
= V
m
.cos( 3 / 2 ) (6.2)
V
c12
= V
m
.cos( 3 / 4 )
Gii hn ca in p iu ch:
0 V
xref

s
V (6.3)

Vi V
s
l tng in p ca cc ngun DC:
V
s
= V
d1
+ V
d2
+ ... + V
d(n-1)
= V
(n-1)
(6.4)
nh ngha hai gi tr cc tr ca thnh phn in p th t thun - nghch:
V
max
= Max(V
a12
, V
b12
, V
c12
)
V
min
= Min(V
a12
, V
b12
, V
c12
) (6.5)
Hai gi tr cc tr ca thnh phn common mode:
V
omin
= -V
min

V
omax
= V
s
V
max
(6.6)
V
omin
V
oref
V
omax

nh ngha hai bc in p H(x), L(x) gn nht vi V
xref
v in p tng
ng ca chng V
H(x)
, V
L(x)
:
0
1 ) ( ) (

n x H xref x L
V V V V (6.7)
V
dx
= V
H(x)
V
L(x)
(6.8)
Mi quan h gia V
H(x)
, V
L(x)
:
= =
< <

1 1 ) (
1 ) ( ) (
n xref n x H
n xref x H xref x L
V V khi V V
V V khi V V V
(6.9)
H(x) = L(x) + 1 ; x = a,b,c (6.10)
nh ngha hai gi tr E
Hx
v E
xL
= E
xref
nh l chnh lch in p gia
V
xref
v V
H(x)
, V
L(x)
nh sau:
= =
= =
) (
) (
, , ;
x L xref xL xref
xref x H Hx
V V E E
c b a x V V E
(6.11)

Hnh 6.10: in p iu ch v quan h gia cc bc in p.
nh ngha hai gi tr nh nht tng ng ca E
Hx
v E
xL
:

=
=
) , , (
) , , (
min
min
Hc Hb Ha H
cref bref aref L
E E E Min E
E E E Min E
(6.12)
nh ngha thng s
xref
nh l tn hiu iu ch nh:
dx
xref
xref
V
E
= ; 0 1
xref
(6.13)
Do , in p iu ch c th biu din nh sau:
dx xref x L xref
V V V .
) (
+ = (6.14)

Hnh 6.11: Nguyn l iu ch ca phng php
a)Quan h gia cc in p iu ch
b)Tn hiu iu ch trong th a sng mang
c)Tn hiu iu ch nh trong th mt sng mang.
Quan h gia cc tn hiu iu ch vi dng sng mang tng ng v mu in
p DC trong b nghch lu 5 bc dng NPC c biu din trong th sau:

Hnh 6.12: Mi quan h gia cc tn hiu iu ch trong th sng mang.
Nguyn l hiu chnh trong trng hp ngun DC khng cn bng c biu din
nh sau:

Hnh 6.13: S gii thut trong trng hp ngun DC khng cn bng.
Tm li, phng php iu ch vector khng gian dng sng mang i vi trng
hp ngun DC khng cn bng c th c biu din tng qut nh sau:

Hnh 6.14: S gii thut ca phng php iu ch vector khng gian dng sng
mang trong trng hp ngun DC khng cn bng.
2.2 ng dng cho b nghch lu a bc dng cascade
Ta xt trng hp b nghch lu dng cascade 5 bc vi ngun DC khng cn
bng nh sau:

Hnh 6.15: B nghch lu cascade 5 bc vi ngun DC khng cn bng.

n gin ta thc hin cc php phn tch trn mt pha (v d pha A), cc pha
cn li tng t. Nh bit mi b nghch lu cu 1 pha c th to ra 3 mc in p
ng ra: b nghch lu H1 c th to c (-Va1, 0, +Va1) v b nghch lu H2 cng
c th to c (-Va2, 0, +Va2). Do khi 2 b nghch lu cu 1 pha vi ngun DC
khc nhau ghp ni tip th c th to ra ti a 9 bc in p, v d khi Va1 > Va2 ta
c:

Hnh 6.16: Cc mc in p c th t c ca b nghch lu cascade 5 bc.
Ty theo tng cch b tr sng mang c th m mi b nghch lu cascade 5 bc
cng ch c th to ra c in p dng 5 bc ng ra. V d mt s cch b tr sng
mang v in p to c tng ng nh sau:

a)

b)
Hnh 6.17: Mt s trng hp b tr sng mang v mc in p DC to c.
Trong lun vn ny chn cch b tr sng mang nh H6.17a, v theo cch b tr
sng mang ny s t c s cn bng cng sut gia 2 b nghch lu cu mt pha
( trnh by trong chng 3 phn 2.2.2).
Tng t nh trng hp ngun DC cn bng, vi cch phn b ca cc ngun
DC nh H6.17a th s gp kh khn trong vic xc nh cc bc in p H(x), L(x) v

cc mc in p V
H(x)
, V
L(x)
khi thc hin phng php iu ch vector khng gian
dng sng mang trong vng iu ch c V
ref
< 0. Do , ta thc hin php bin i
tng ng sau:

Hnh 6.18: Bin i tng ng cc mc in p.
Khi trong mch nghch lu ta xem nh tn ti 1 im trung tnh O c in th
bng 0 (zero), quan h vi trung tnh O nh sau:
V
OO
= Va1 + Va2 (6.15)
V in p iu ch cng thay i tng ng:
V
xref,O
= V
xref,O
+ V
OO
= V
xref,O
+ (Va1 + Va2) (6.16)
Cu trc mch nghch lu sau khi thc hin php bin i ny c th minh ha
nh sau:

Hnh 6.19: Minh ha mch nghch lu sau khi bin i.
thun tin cho qu trnh tnh ton trong m phng, cc mc in p DC s
c chuyn thnh cc mc tn hiu in p DC theo php tham chiu:
vx1 = Vx1 / Vdx ;
vx2 = Vx2 / Vdx ; (6.17)
Vi Vdx = (Vx1 + Vx2) / 2 ; x = A,B,C.
Tm li, ng dng phng php iu ch vector khng gian dng sng mang
vo b nghch lu dng cascade ta phi thc hin cc bc bin i sau:

Hnh 6.20: Biu din cc php bin i trong gii thut ca b nghch lu cacscade.


T y ta thy phn b cc mc in p DC ca b nghch lu cascade hon ton
ging vi cch phn b ngun DC ca b nghch lu dng NPC. Do ta hon ton c
th p dng gii thut ca phng php iu ch vector khng gian dng sng mang
trong trng hp ngun DC khng cn bng nh trnh by trong phn trn cho b
nghch lu a bc dng cascade.
3. M phng iu khin b nghch lu cascade vi ngun DC khng cn
bng
3.1 Chng trnh trong khi DLL
Ta xy dng khi DLL phc v cho m phng b nghch lu cascade i vi
ngun khng cn bng nh sau:
Ng vo ln lt l Va1, Va2, Vb1, Vb2, Vc1, Vc2, va12, vb12, vc12
tng ng vi in[0], in[1], in[2], in[3], in[4], in[5], in[6], in[7], in[8].
Ng ra ln lt l vap, varef, vbp, vbref, vcp, vcref, vomax, vomin, vop,
voadd tng ng vi out[0], out[1], out[2], out[3], out[4], out[5],
out[6], out[7], out[8], out[9].
Chng trnh trong khi DLL:
/ / KCB_MedCM_DPWM. h
#pr agma once
namespace KCB_MedCM_DPWM {
__decl spec( dl l expor t ) voi d mat h ( doubl e t , doubl e del t , doubl e *i n,
doubl e *out )
{
doubl e Va1, Va2, Vb1, Vb2, Vc1, Vc2;
doubl e a, b, c, Max, Mi n, e;
doubl e vomax, vomi n, vop, vap, vbp, vcp;
doubl e Eha, Ehb, Ehc, Ear ef , Ebr ef , Ecr ef ;
doubl e Vda, va1, va2;
doubl e Vdb, vb1, vb2;
doubl e Vdc, vc1, vc2;
doubl e Emi nH, Emi nL, voadd;
doubl e vaf , vbf , vcf , var ef , vbr ef , vcr ef ;
e = 0. 1; / / Bi en e khong c gi a t r i t r ong t huat t oan va
Va1 = i n[ 0] + e; / / khong anh huong den ket qua, no chi l a
Va2 = i n[ 1] + e; / / mot sai so de mo phong duoc t r ong Psi m
Vb1 = i n[ 2] + e; / / t a co t he chon gi a t r i bat ki
Vb2 = i n[ 3] + e;
Vc1 = i n[ 4] + e;
Vc2 = i n[ 5] + e;


a = i n[ 6] ;
b = i n[ 7] ;
c = i n[ 8] ;
i f ( a>b)
{ i f ( a>c)
{ Max = a;
i f ( b>c) { Mi n = c; }
el se { Mi n = b; }
}
}
el se
{ i f ( b>c)
{ Max = b;
i f ( a>c) { Mi n = c; }
el se { Mi n = a; }
}
}
vomax = 4- Max;
vomi n = - Mi n;
/ / Ti nh Medi umCommon Mode
vop = ( vomax + vomi n) / 2;
vap = a + vop;
vbp = b + vop;
vcp = c + vop;
/ / Ti nh cac muc di en ap t r ung bi nh
Vda = ( Va1 + Va2) / 2;
va1 = Va1/ Vda;
va2 = Va2/ Vda;
Vdb = ( Vb1 + Vb2) / 2;
vb1 = Vb1/ Vdb;
vb2 = Vb2/ Vdb;
Vdc = ( Vc1 + Vc2) / 2;
vc1 = Vc1/ Vdc;
vc2 = Vc2/ Vdc;
/ / Ti nh Eha, Ear ef
i f ( vap<=va2) {Eha = va2- vap; Ear ef = vap; }
el se i f ( vap<=2) {Eha = 2- vap; Ear ef = vap- va2; }
el se i f ( vap<=( 2+va1) ) {Eha = 2+va1- vap; Ear ef = vap- 2; }
el se {Eha = 4- vap; Ear ef = vap- ( 2+va1) ; }
/ / Ti nh Ehb, Ebr ef
i f ( vbp<=vb2) {Ehb = vb2- vbp; Ebr ef = vbp; }
el se i f ( vbp<=2) {Ehb = 2- vbp; Ebr ef = vbp- vb2; }
el se i f ( vbp<=( 2+vb1) ) {Ehb = 2+vb1- vbp; Ebr ef = vbp- 2; }
el se {Ehb = 4- vbp; Ebr ef = vbp- ( 2+vb1) ; }
/ / Ti nh Ehc, Ecr ef
i f ( vcp<=vc2) {Ehc = vc2- vcp; Ecr ef = vcp; }
el se i f ( vcp<=2) {Ehc = 2- vcp; Ecr ef = vcp- vc2; }
el se i f ( vcp<=( 2+vc1) ) {Ehc = 2+vc1- vcp; Ecr ef = vcp- 2; }
el se {Ehc = 4- vcp; Ecr ef = vcp- ( 2+vc1) ; }
/ / Ti nh Emi nH, Emi nL
i f ( ( Eha<=Ehb) &&( Eha<=Ehc) ) {Emi nH = Eha; }
i f ( ( Ehb<=Eha) &&( Ehb<=Ehc) ) {Emi nH = Ehb; }
i f ( ( Ehc<=Eha) &&( Ehc<=Ehb) ) {Emi nH = Ehc; }

i f ( ( Ear ef <=Ebr ef ) &&( Ear ef <=Ecr ef ) ) {Emi nL = Ear ef ; }
i f ( ( Ebr ef <=Ear ef ) &&( Ebr ef <=Ecr ef ) ) {Emi nL = Ebr ef ; }
i f ( ( Ecr ef <=Ear ef ) &&( Ecr ef <=Ebr ef ) ) {Emi nL = Ecr ef ; }
/ / Ti nh gi a t r i Addi t i onal common mode
i f ( Emi nH < Emi nL) {voadd = Emi nH; }
i f ( Emi nH > Emi nL) {voadd = - Emi nL; }
i f ( Emi nH == Emi nL)
{
i f ( vop < 2) {voadd = Emi nH; }
el se {voadd = - Emi nL; }
}
/ / Ti nh vaf , vbf , vcf
vaf = vap + voadd;
vbf = vbp + voadd;
vcf = vcp + voadd;
/ / Compar at or and Sel ect or
/ / Ti nh var ef
i f ( vaf <=va2) {var ef = 0 + vaf / va2; }
el se i f ( vaf <=2) {var ef = 1 + ( vaf - va2) / ( 2- va2) ; }
el se i f ( vaf <=( 2+va1) ) {var ef = 2 + ( vaf - 2) / va1; }
el se {var ef = 3 + ( vaf - 2- va1) / ( 2- va1) ; }
/ / Ti nh vbr ef
i f ( vbf <=vb2) {vbr ef = 0 + vbf / vb2; }
el se i f ( vbf <=2) {vbr ef = 1 + ( vbf - vb2) / ( 2- vb2) ; }
el se i f ( vbf <=( 2+vb1) ) {vbr ef = 2 + ( vbf - 2) / vb1; }
el se {vbr ef = 3 + ( vbf - 2- vb1) / ( 2- vb1) ; }
/ / Ti nh vcr ef
i f ( vcf <=vc2) {vcr ef = 0 + vcf / vc2; }
el se i f ( vcf <=2) {vcr ef = 1 + ( vcf - vc2) / ( 2- vc2) ; }
el se i f ( vcf <=( 2+vc1) ) {vcr ef = 2 + ( vcf - 2) / vc1; }
el se {vcr ef = 3 + ( vcf - 2- vc1) / ( 2- vc1) ; }
out [ 0] = vap;
out [ 1] = var ef ;
out [ 2] = vbp;
out [ 3] = vbr ef ;
out [ 4] = vcp;
out [ 5] = vcr ef ;
out [ 6] = vomax;
out [ 7] = vomi n;
out [ 8] = vop;
out [ 9] = voadd;
} }
3.2 M phng trong trng hp ngun khng cn bng l ngun DC
3.2.1 Thng s m phng
Ch m phng l Medium common mode DPWM. Thng s m phng:
Cc ngun DC c gi tr ln lt l Va1 = 250V, Va2 = 150V, Vb1 =
280V, Vb2 = 120V, Vc1 = 160V, Vc2 = 240V.
Ch s iu ch m = 0.8;

3.2.2 Kt qu m phng

Hnh 6.21: Cc ngun in p DC khng cn bng.

Hnh 6.22: Cc thnh phn tn hiu in p iu ch.

Hnh 6.23: in p pha tm ngun pha A.

Hnh 6.24: in p pha tm ngun pha B.

Hnh 6.25: in p pha tm ngun pha C.

Hnh 6.26: in p ti pha A.

Hnh 6.27: in p ti pha B.

Hnh 6.28: in p ti pha C.


Hnh 6.30: Dng in ti pha A.

3.3 M phng trong trng hp ngun khng cn bng c ly t b chnh
lu cu 3 pha diode
3.3.1 Cc thng s m phng
Ch m phng l Medium common mode DPWM. Thng s m phng:
Cc ngun DC c ly thng qua b chnh lu cu diode 3 pha, cc t
in C = 1F, vi cc in p nhp vo ngun sin 3 pha ln lt l
Vsina1[linelinerms] = 155V, Vsina2 = 145V, Vsinb1 = 160V,
Vsinb2 = 140V, Vsinc1 = 135V, Vsinc2 = 165V.
Ch s iu ch m = 0.8;

3.3.2 Kt qu m phng

Hnh 6.32: Cc ngun DC khng cn bng.

Hnh 6.33: Cc thnh phn tn hiu in p iu ch trn pha A.










4. Nhn xt
Dng in p ti trong trng hp ngun khng cn bng r rng l c cht lng
km hn so vi trng hp ngun DC cn bng mc d c hiu chnh. Qua phn
tch Fourier ta thy thnh phn sng hi bc bc cao vn cn tn ti trong dng sng
ca in p ti.
Dng in ti trn 3 pha trong trng thi xc lp c th xem l cn bng.
Vic iu khin b nghch lu p trong trng hp ngun khng cn bng c th
kt hp vi cc ch common mode khc nhau ging nh trong trng hp ngun
cn bng.

Kt lun
Lun vn c bn thc hin c vic nghin cu k thut PWM cho b nghch
lu a bc ghp tng. i vi tng phng php iu ch trnh by c l thuyt
c bn, thc hin m phng trong Psim, phn tch v nh gi kt qu t c. c
bit i vi phng php iu ch vector khng gian dng sng mang a ra c
gii thut tng ng cho b nghch lu cascade c th thc hin m phng. Trong
trng hp iu khin vi ngun khng cn bng hiu chnh c p ng dng
in v in p v dng cn bng.
Tuy nhin, do qu thi gian hn ch nn lun vn cha thc hin m phng c
cho b nghch lu cascade dng 7 bc (hoc cao hn na), cha m phng c vic
iu khin vi ti c tnh thc t nh ng c khng ng b...
Hng pht trin ca ti c th l nghin cu m rng phm vi iu khin
tuyn tnh in p ng ra, thc hin m phng cho b nghch lu vi s bc cao hn,
hay iu khin vng kn trong trng hp ti l ng c c hi tip t c cht
lng in p v dng in cao hn.

Ti liu tham kho
[1] Nguyn Vn Nh, Gio trnh in t cng sut 1, Nh xut bn i hc Quc gia
Thnh ph H Ch Minh, 2002.
[2] Nguyn Vn Nh & Hong Hee Lee, Analysis of Carrier Based PWM Methods
Based on Optimization of Voltage Errors.
[3] Nguyn Vn Nh & Hong Hee Lee, Theoretical Analysis of Carrier Algorithms
For Multilevel Inverters with Unbalanced DC Voltages.
[4] Nguyn Vn Nh & Hong Hee Lee, Optimized Discontinuous PWM Algorithm
with Variable Load Power Factor for Multilevel Inverters.
[5] Nguyn Quang Tin, K thut PWM, Lun vn tt nghip i hc, Trng i
hc Bch Khoa Tp HCM, 2006.
[6] Nguyn B Mch, Nghin cu k thut iu ch PWM cho b nghch lu a bc
vi ngun p DC khng cn bng, Lun vn Thc s, Trng i hc S Phm K
Thut Tp HCM, 2006.
[7] Phm Xun H, So snh cc k thut iu ch gin on cho b nghch lu p a
bc, Lun vn Thc s, 2006.

Bao Cao LVTN TranQuoc Hoan0

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