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vn 1
MC LC

LI NI U ............................................................................................................. 2
THUT NG VIT TT .......................................................................................... 3
DANH SCH BNG BIU ....................................................................................... 4
CHNG I: GIAO THC TCP/IP .............................................................................. 5
1.1. Cu trc tng giao thc tcp/ip .......................................................................... 5
1.2. So snh vi m hnh OSI .................................................................................... 7
1.3. Kt lun chng I ............................................................................................. 8
CHNG II: C CH ARQ TRONG GIAO THC TCP/IP ..................................... 9
2.1. c im ca ARQ............................................................................................. 9
2.2.Vn khi trao i d liu .................................................................................. 9
2.3. Kt lun chng II ............................................................................................ 11
CHNG III: IU KHIN LUNG TRONG VIN THNG .............................. 12
3.1. Khi nim. ........................................................................................................ 12
3.2. Cc k thut iu khin lung .......................................................................... 12
3.2.1. K thut dng v i (Stop and wait) ........................................................ 12
3.2.2. K thut ca s trt (Sliding Window) .................................................... 14
3.3. Kt lun chng III ........................................................................................ 15
CHNG IV: IU KHIN TC NGHN ......................................................... 16
4.1. Khi nim ........................................................................................................ 16
4.2. Cc k thut c s dng trong qun l tc nghn ................................... 17
4.3. iu khin tc nghn v trnh tc nghn trong mng TCP ........................ 18
TNG KT ............................................................................................................... 22
TI LIU THAM KHO ........................................................................................ 23



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LI NI U
Ngy nay nghnh cng nghip vin thng t c nhng thnh tu to ln
v tr thnh mt ngnh khng th thiu trong i sng con ngi. Nh s pht
trin ca k thut s, k thut phn cng v cc cng ngh phn mm v
ang em li cho ngi s dng cc dch v mi a dng v phong ph.
Mng IP v cc dch v ng dng cng ngh IP vi cc u im nh
tnh linh hot, kh nng m rng d dng v t hiu qu cao v ang dn
chim u th trn th trng vin thng th gii. Nhiu nghin cu v cng
ngh IP c thc hin a ra cc gii php tin n mt mng hi t
ton IP. Tuy nhin, vi tc yu cu ngy cng cao th vic sy ra tc nghn l
iu khng trnh khi.do vic qun l lu lng cng tt s m bo cho s
hot ng ca h thng n nh, p ng c nhu cu s dng. lun l mt
bi ton kh vi cc nh khoa hc my tnh cng nh ngnh vin thng ni
ring.
Hin nay vi s pht trin khng ngng ca khoa hc cng ngh p
ng c yu cu v phn cng ca h thng, tuy nhin cc thut ton nhm t
c s ti u vn lun l mt ti nng hi.n i hi phi c s nghin cu
chuyn su v mt hiu bit su sc v cc vn lin quan n h thng mng.
do vy vi ti iu khin lu lng trong mng vin thng nhm ca
em s trnh by cc phng thc iu khin lu lng v chng tc nghn trong
giao thc TCP/IP s dng c ch ARQ.
Do lnh vc ca ti ny tng i rng, v kin thc cn c nhiu hn
ch nn bi bo co ny khng trnh khi nhiu sai st. Em rt mong c s
gp v ch bo ca cc thy c v cc bn sinh vin bi bo co c hon
thin v phong ph hn.





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THUT NG VIT TT

IP Internet Protocol Giao thc Internet
IS Intergrated Service Dch v tch hp
ISP Internet Service Provider Nh cung cp dch v Internet
LAN Local Area Network Mng ni vng
ARQ Automatic Repeat Request C ch t ng pht li
MIB Management Information Base C s thng tin qun l mng
MPLS Multi Protocol Lable Swiching
Chuyn mch nhn a giao
thc
MTU Maximum Transport Unit n v truyn ln nht
NAT Network Address Translator Bin dch a ch mng
NP Network Performent Hiu nng mng
OSPF Open Shortest Path First Giao thc nh tuyn OSPF
PHB Per Hop Behavior
Cch hot ng trn tng
chng
PPP Point to Point Protocol Giao thc im -im
RED Random Early Detection Pht hin sm ngu nhin
RIP Realtime Internet Protocol
Giao thc bo hiu IP thi gian
thc
RSVP Resource Reservation Protocol
Giao thc dnh trc ti
nguyn
RTP Realtime Protocol Giao thc thi gian thc
SNMP
Simple Network Management
Protocol
Giao thc qun l mng n
gin


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DANH SCH BNG BIU

Stt Hnh v trang
1 Hnh 1.1: M hnh tng giao thc TCP/IP
6
2 Hnh 1.2: ng gi d liu trong gi tin UDP ca gi tin IP
7
3 Hnh 2.1: M hnh truyn khung c ch ARQ
10
4 Hnh 3.1: Hiu sut k thut dng v i
13
5 Hnh 3.2: K thut ca s trt
14












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CHNG I: GIAO THC TCP/IP

B giao thc TCP/IP, vit tt l TCP/IP (ting Anh: Internet protocol
suite hoc IP suite hoc TCP/IP protocol suite - b giao thc lin mng), l mt
b cc giao thc truyn thng ci t chng giao thc m Internet v hu ht cc
mng my tnh thng mi ang chy trn . B giao thc ny c t tn
theo hai giao thc chnh ca n l TCP (Giao thc iu khin Giao vn)
v IP (Giao thc Lin mng). Chng cng l hai giao thc u tin c nh
ngha.
Nh nhiu b giao thc khc, b giao thc TCP/IP c th c coi l mt tp
hp cc tng, mi tng gii quyt mt tp cc vn c lin quan n vic
truyn d liu, v cung cp cho cc giao thc tng cp trn mt dch v c
nh ngha r rng da trn vic s dng cc dch v ca cc tng thp hn. V
mt lgic, cc tng trn gn vi ngi dng hn v lm vic vi d liu tru
tng hn, chng da vo cc giao thc tng cp di bin i d liu thnh
cc dng m cui cng c th c truyn i mt cch vt l
1.1.Cu trc tng giao thc tcp/ip
B giao thc IP dng s ng gi d liu hng tru tng ha (thu nh li quan
nim cho d hiu) cc giao thc v cc dch v. Ni mt cch chung chung, giao
thc tng cao hn dng giao thc tng thp hn t c mc ch ca
mnh.


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Hnh 1.1: M hnh tng giao thc TCP/IP

Nhng tng gn trn nc gn vi ngi s dng hn, cn nhng tng gn y
gn vi thit b truyn thng d liu. Mi tng c mt giao thc phc v tng
trn n, v mt giao thc s dng dch v ca tng di n (ngoi tr giao
thc ca tng nh v tng y).
Cch nhn cc tng cp theo quan nim: hoc l cung cp dch v, hoc l s
dng dch v, l mt phng php tru tng ha c lp cc giao thc ca
tng trn, trnh quan tm n thc cht ca vn , nh vic truyn ti tng bit
qua Ethernet chng hn, v pht hin xung t (collision detection), trong khi
nhng tng di khng cn phi bit n chi tit ca mi mt chng trnh ng
dng v giao thc ca n.
S tru tng ha ny cho php nhng tng trn cung cp nhng dch v m
cc tng di khng th lm c, hoc c khng lm. Chng hn IP c
thit k vi ng tin cy thp, v c gi l giao thc phn pht vi kh
nng tt nht (thay v vi " tin cy cao" hoc "m bo nht"). iu c
ngha l tt c cc tng giao vn u phi la chn, hoc l cung cp dch v
ng tin cy, hoc l khng, v mc no. UDP m bo s ton vn ca d
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liu (bng cch dng kim tra tng (checksum)), song khng m bo s phn
pht d liu ti ch; TCP cung cp c hai, s ton vn ca d liu, v m bo
s phn pht d liu ti ch (bng cch truyn ti li gi d liu, cho n khi
ni nhn nhn c gi d liu).


Hnh 1.2: ng gi d liu trong gi tin UDP ca gi tin IP

1.2.So snh vi m hnh OSI
B giao thc IP (v chng giao thc tng ng) c s dng, trc khi m
hnh OSI c thnh lp, v t , rt nhiu ln trong sch in cng nh trong
lp hc, chng giao thc IP c so snh vi m hnh OSI rt nhiu ln. Cc
tng cp ca OSI cng thng c dng din t chc nng ca cc thit b
mng.
Tng t nh chng giao thc IP, cc tng di ca m hnh OSI khng c
nhiu chc nng, nm bt c thc trng cng vic ca b giao thc IP.
Chng hn, chng ta cn phi c mt "tng lin kt mng" gn vo khong
trng gia tng mng v tng giao vn, ch ra ni tn ti ca ICMP (Internet
Control Message Protocol - Giao thc iu khin thng ip Internet) v IGMP
(Internet Group Management Protocol - Giao thc qun l nhm Internet).
Thm vo , chng ta cng cn phi c mt tng gia tng mng v tng lin
kt d liu dnh cho ARP (Address Resolution Protocol - Giao thc tm a ch)
v RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol - Giao thc tm a ch ngc
li). Khng nhng th, n cn chu nh hng ca vic thit k ch nhm vo
mt ci t n gin ca mng li, vi mt tng lin kt d liu m thi
(chng hn ngi dng ADSL dng giao thc ng hm (tunnelling protocol)
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"o hm" thng vo mng li ca cng ty lin hip, dng IP trn PPTP,
hn l dng IP trn PPPoA, thng qua lin kt ADSL).
1.3. Kt lun chng I
TCP/IP cho ta mt phng thc kt ni hiu qu, linh hot. lm cho vic
chuyn mch s dng giao thc TCP/IP chng c tc nghn gii quyt xung
t n gin. tuy nhin, giao thc TCP/IP gy ra mt qu trnh s l phc tp.
i hi phn cng x l nhiu, cc trng kim tra li khng hiu qu. Do
giao thc TCP/IP khng thch hp cho mt kt ni tng th trong mng vin
thng. Tuy nhin, vi nhng u im c c ca TCP/IP, n vn ang c
tip tc nghin cu nhm nh hng cho pht trin tng lai.
















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CHNG II: C CH ARQ TRONG GIAO THC TCP/IP

2.1. c im ca ARQ
Trong thc t c 2 loi c s ARQ l idle RQ c dng vi truyn nh
hng k t ,continious RQ c dng vi cc loi truyn li selective repeat
hoc goback N.Loi RQ lin tc thng dng vi truyn nh hng bit.
Nguyn l kim sot li idle RQ c nh ngha cho php cc khung ca k
t c truyn mt cch tin cy . phn bit pha gi (ngun),v pha nhn
ch cc thut ng P (primary) v S(secondary) s c s dng. phn bit
cc khung d liu v cc khung gim st ta thng dng cc thut ng I-Frame
v ACK hay NAK Frame.
Idle RQ hot ng ch mode bn song cng,bi v sau khi P gi mt I-
Frame n phi ch bn S bo cho bit l khung trc nhn ng hay
sai.V P s truyn mt khung mi nu thng tin nhn c l ng ,v yu cu
gi li khung c nu thng tin nhn c l sai. C 2 cch thc hin nguyn l
ny l truyn hiu ngm v truyn tng minh
Khi truyn thng tin trong mng, thng tin truyn t pha pht sang pha thu c
th b sai li hoc mt. Trong trng hp thng tin b mt, cn phi thc hin
truyn li thng tin. Vi trng hp thng tin b sai, c th sa sai bng mt
trong hai cch:
-Sa li trc tip bn thu: pha thu sau khi pht hin li c th sa li trc tip
ngay bn thu m khng yu cu phi pht li. c th thc hin c iu ny,
thng tin trc khi truyn i phi c ci cc m sa li (bn cnh vic c kh
nng pht hin li, cn c kh nng sa li).
-Yu cu pha pht truyn li: pha thu sau khi kim tra v pht hin c li s
yu cu pha pht truyn li thng tin.
2.2.Vn khi trao i d liu
Mt s vn khi hai thit b kt ni trc tip truyn nhn d liu:
ng b khung
iu khin tc truyn d liu
X l li gp phi trn ng truyn
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nh v a ch (trong cu hnh multipoint)
Phn bit d liu v thng tin iu khin
Qun l lin kt
Ni dung
iu khin dng d liu
iu khin li
Mt s nghi thc iu khin lin kt d liu
iu khin dng d liu
Bn nhn thng c b m nhn d liu
Khi d liu n, bn nhn thng thc hin mt s x l trc khi gi ln lp
cao hn
iu khin dng: m bo bn pht khng gi d liu qu nhanh. Ngn nga
vic trn b m.
*M hnh truyn khung:

Hnh 2.1: M hnh truyn khung c ch ARQ
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2.3.Kt lun chng II

ARQ (Automatic Repeat Request) , c th dch l c ch t ng pht li ,
giao thc TCP c s dng n c ch ny . N dng iu khin lung v
iu khin chng tc nghn. n to ra mt s c ch nhm thc hin pht li cc
khung tin b sai. y chng ta quan tm n vic s dng c ch ny vo mc
ch iu khin lu lng trong b giao thc TCP/IP. Chng ta thy rng, khi
c hin tng qu ti trn ng truyn th gi tin khng n c ich. Lc
ny gi tin coi l b mt. pha pht s cn c vo thng tin thu thp c ny
tin hnh cc hot ng iu chnh mc lu lng pha pht cho ph hp.




































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CHNG III: IU KHIN LUNG TRONG VIN THNG
3.1. Khi nim.
iu khin lung l c ch nhm m bo vic truyn tin ca bn pht khng
vt qu kh nng x l ca bn thu.c thc hin trong mi trng khng
c li
C ch iu khin lung c thit k iu khin lung d liu gia ngi
nhn v ngi gi, sao cho vng m ca ngi nhn khng b trn. Nu b
trn, cc khung hoc gi d liu s b mt. iu khin lung c dng trong
tng lin kt d liu iu khin cc lin kt im-im v trong tng chuyn
ti iu khin lung end-to-end trn mng c nh tuyn.
Phn loi Bao gm:
+iu khin lung t trm ti trm(End-2-End)
+iu khin lung theo tng nt(Hop-By-Hop)
3.2.Cc k thut iu khin lung
3.2.1.K thut dng v i(Stop and wait)

Stop -and-wait l mt dng ca iu khin dng truyn dng v i m
rng cha cc chc nng truyn li d liu trong trng hp d liu b mt
hoc h hng. vic truyn li c th thc hin c b sung vo c cu
dng truyn 4 tnh cht sau:
Thit b gi lu bn copy khung c truyn cui cng cho n khi n nhn
c ACK ca khung . Vic ny cho php thit b gi truyn li khung b
mt hoc khung b h hng n khi chng c nhn ng. nhn dng ng,
c khung d liu ln khung ACK c nh s lun phin 0 v 1. Khung d
liu 1 c nhn bit bi khung ACK1 c ngha l thit b nhn nhn c
d liu 1 v by gi ang ch nhnn d liu 0. vic nh s ny cho php nhn
dng khung d liu trong trng hp d liu truyn 2 ln (iu ny l quan
trng khi cc khung ACK b mt). Nu mt li c pht hin trong khung d
liu th ni nhn gi khung NAK. Cc khung NAK khng c nh s , thit
b t hiu cn phi truyn li khung cui. Stop -and-wait ARQ i hi thit b
gi i n khi nhn ACK khung cui, trc khi truyn khung tip theo. Khi
thit b gi nhn khung NAK n gi li khung c truyn sau ACK cui
m b qua s khung ca n.

Thit b gi c trang b ng h. Nu ch khung NAK trong mt thi gian
xc nh m khng thy th cho rng khung d liu cui b mt v gi li
khung .

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a.Hot ng

Bn pht nhn c bo nhn s pht khung tin F1,c nh vy qu trnh di
Bn pht s pht khung tin F0 sau dng li i bo nhn ca bn thu.Khi
bn thu nhn c F0,s gi bo nhn(ACK) vi s hiu tng ng vi khung
tin mong mun c nhn (lc ny l ACK1)cho bn pht. (lu rng v mun
tit kim bng thng,nn ngi ta ch s dng 1 bit dnh s,tc l ACK k
thut ny ch c gi tr 0 v 1)

b. c im:

- A s khng lm g khi ch i ACK.
- Khng yu cu phi cho vo b m no c.(theo c ch c cu th mi c
cung)
- Hiu sut hn ch.

c.Hiu sut:

Gi n l hiu sut ca k thut dng v i


Hnh 3.1: hiu sut k thut dng v i

Tf l thi gian truyn 1 khung tin
Td l thi gian tr
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Tp l thi gian x l 1 khung tin
Tack l thi gian pht ACK ca bn thu
Tp l thi gian x l ACK


Gi T l thi gian cn thit pht xong 1 khung tin:
T=Tf+Td+Tp+Tack+Td+Tp
n = Tf / T
Do Tp,Tp,Tack l rt nh so vi Tf nn T = Tf+2Td
Vy n = Tf / (Tf+2Td) = 1 / (1+2a) vi a = Td / Tf

3.2.2.K thut ca s trt (Sliding Window)

a.Hot ng

Bn pht c pht ti a w khung trc khi nhn bo nhn(w:kch thc ca
s)

Mi khi pht 1 khung w gim i 1 n v,mi khi nhn 1 bo nhn,w li tng
ln 1 n v,khi w=0 th khng c php pht tip
Do bn pht c pht ng thi w khung nn cn c 1 trng nh s th t
cc khung tin
Gi s cn k bit nh s th t cc khung tin th 1<= w <= 2^k - 1
Vd :Dng 3 bit nh s th t cc khung tin => w<8,chn w=7

Hnh 3.2: k thut ca s trt
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b.Hiu sut
Hiu sut ca k thut sliding window c tnh nh sau
+n = 1 nu w>=2a+1
+n = w / (1+2a) nu w<2a+1


3.3.Kt lun chng III
Vi cc k thut ny ca c ch ARQ n cho php c ch ARQ c th gii quyt
xung t v iu khin lung. tuy nhin, trong cc k thut trn th k thut ca s
trt (siding-windown) l k thut chnh. K thut dng v i (stop-and-wait) c
coi nh k thut ca s trt vi W=1.














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CHNG IV: IU KHIN TC NGHN

4.1. Khi nim
Trong cc mng chuyn mch gi, cc gi tin i vo v i ra cc b m,
hng i hay thit b chuyn mch ging nh khi n c chuyn qua mng.
Mt c im quan trng ca mng l cc gi tin n di dng b t mt hoc
nhiu ngun khc nhau. Cc b m s gip cc router thu ht cc b cho n
khi chng nhn c. Khi cc b n vt qu kch thc b m th cc gi
n sau s b loi b. Vic tng b m khng phi l gii php do nu kch
thc b m qu ln th s to ra tr ln. Tc nghn xy ra khi lu lng t
nhiu tuyn dn v mt tuyn v tuyn ny khng c kh nng x l ht
c. Tc nghn cng xy ra ngay bn trong bn thn router ti mng li ca
mng khi cc node nhn c nhiu lu lng hn so vi thit k ca n. Khi
mng xy ra tc nghn nu khng c x l kp thi s gy ra cc hu qu
nghim trng: cc gi tin khng c x l, khng chuyn c n u cui
ngi nhn s n tc trong mng,mng khng hot ng c trong thi gian
di s khong th truyn ti c d liu,cc thnh phn c th b h hng. Do
vn quan trng cn phi l phi iu khin uc tc nghn trong mng.
c th hnh ng iu khin ngay khi c tc nghn phng trnh tc nghn
v cng c th l iu khin tc nghn khi n xy ra.
Cc tnh nng ca iu khin tc nghn cho php iu khin bng vic
sp xp li cc gi c gi ra giao din trn c s n nh cc u tin cho
cc gi. Qun l cc gi yu cu phi a ra cc loi hng i, n inh cc gi
vo hng i bng vic phn lp cc gi, sau lp lch cc gi v a ra
ng truyn. Tnh nng qun l hng i trong QoS cung cp 4 loi giao thc
hng i khc nhau, chng sp xp cc loi lu lng c mc khc nhau
c gi i. Trong cc chu k ca lu lng nu khng c tc nghn th cc gi
s c gi i vi tc nh khi n n, nu xy ra tc nghn th cc gi s n
vi tc ln hn tc truyn n giao din u ra. Nu ta dng cc chc
nng qun l tc nghn th cc gi b ng ti giao din s c sp xp vo
hng i gi i cho n khi giao din rng. Sau c lp lch gi i
tu theo u tin c n nh cho tng gi v c cu hng i c thit k
cho tng giao din. Router thc hin trnh t truyn dn ca cc gi bng vic
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iu khin xem gi no c t trong hng i no v hng i c phc
v nh th no vi s nh hng ca hng i khc.
Trong cc mng hn tp bao gm nhiu cc giao thc khc nhau c s
dng bi nhiu ng dng th iu qua trng l phi u tin ho cc lu lng
c th va truyn c cc lu lng yu cu tnh thi gian thc cao va truyn
c cc lu lng khng yu cu thi gian thc. Cc loi lu lng khc nhau
cng chia x mt ng truyn d liu c th nh hng ln nhau khi chng c
gng th hin cc ng dng ca mnh. Nu mng c thit k h tr cc
loi lu lng khc nhau cng chia x mt ng truyn d liu gia cc router
th c th s dng cc k thut iu khin tc nghn chc chn rng mi i
x vi cc gi khc nhau l cng bng.
Mt s lu trong qun l tc nghn:
S u tin lu lng c bit quan trng i vi cc ng dng nhy
vi tr v da trn c s giao dch tng quan,tuy nhin vic s
dng hng i WFQ m bo rng tt c lu lng u c i x
nh nhau
S u tin c s dng hiu qu nht trong cc kt ni WAN ni m
s phi hp gia lu lng dng b v cc lung d liu c tc
thp hn c th gy ra tc nghn tm thi.
Tu thuc vo kch thc gi trung bnh m s u tin cng hiu qu
hn khi c gi ti cc kt ni c tc bng lung T1/E1 hoc
thp hn.
4.2. Cc k thut c s dng trong qun l tc nghn
iu khin lung pha u cui: y khng phi lc iu khin
tc nghn nhng cng l cch trnh trng hp pha pht gi qu
nhiu lu lng vt qu c khng gian b m pha thu.
iu khin tc nghn mng: trong lc ny, cc h thng u cui
gim tc ca lung lu lng trnh tc nghn trong mng, c
ch ny tng t nh iu khin lung u cui, nhng mc ch
chnh l gim tc nghn trong mng ch khng phi pha thu.
Trnh tc nghn trn c s mng: trong lc ny, router s c gng
d tm ra tc nghn khi n c kh nng xy ra, v c gng gim tc
ca lung u vo trc khi hng i hng i y.
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Phn phi ti nguyn: k thut bao gm tin trnh lp lch c s dng
cc mch vt l hoc cc ngun ti nguyn khc. Mt mch o c
xy dng qua nhiu chuyn mch cng vi bng thng m bo cng
l mt loi phn phi ti nguyn. K thut ny rt kh nhng n c
kh nng loi tr tc nghn trong mng bng vic kho cc lu lng
vt qu kh nng ca mng.
Mt gii php quan trng nht trong iu khin tc nghn l s dng
hng i. Cc b m trong cc thit b mng c qun l bi rt nhiu k
thut hng i. Ni ng ra qun l hng i c th ti thiu ho vic mt gi
trong mng v tc nghn xy ra cng nh lci thin c hiu nng ca mng.
Mt k thut hng i c bn nht l FIFO, cc gi c x l theo trt t m
chng n hng i, cn hng i u tin s dng cu trc a hng i vi cc
mc u tin khc nhau s u tin x l cc gi quan trng nht v truyn ti cc
node k tip.
Mt k thut hng i quan trng na l t n nh cc lung cho chnh
bn thn cc hng i. Vi cc lung khc nhau th u tin cng c khc
nhau, v mi lung u c x l chc chn rng chng khng lm trn
hng i. Vic tch ri cc hng i theo cch ny m bo rng cc hng i
s ch cha cc gi t mt ngun n l.
4.3. iu khin tc nghn v trnh tc nghn trong mng TCP
Trong nhng nm 1980 Internet d xy ra hin tng sp tc
nghn,do c qu t chc nng iu khin qun l mng. Cc kt ni n l s
dng iu khin lung gia ngi gi v ngi nhn trnh pha gi lm trn
lu lng ti pha nhn.
Nhng vic iu khin lung trong thi im mi ch trnh trn lt lu
lng ti cc b m pha thu ch cha gii quyt c ti cc b m pha
trong cc node mng. Tuy nhin lu lng s dng trn mng Internet ngy
cha ln v n bao gm mt s lng cc kt ni tc chm do vn tc
nghn khng quan trng nh ngy nay.
Sau nhng nm 1980 Van Jacopson pht trin cc c ch iu khin
tc nghn,to ra cc p ng TCP hn ch tc nghn trong mng. Nn tng
c bn l loi b cc gi s lm cho cc host ngng li hoc chm dn.
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Thng thng khi mt host nhn mt gi hoc mt tp cc gi th n s
gi mt ACK(acknowlegement) cho pha pht thng bo l nhn c gi
tin. C ch ca s cho php host nhn a gi tin m ch dng mt ACK.Vic
pha gi khng nhn c cc ACK chng t rng phi thu b trn b m hoc
mng b nghn do pha pht phi dng vic chuyn gi hoc gim tc .
Mt chin lc c a ra l Gim theo cp s nhn, tng theo cp s
cng iu chnh s lng cc gi n trongcng mt thi im. Nu v lc
v lung d liu ta s thy s lng cc gi tng ln cho n khi c tc
nghn xut hin trong mng (tng theo cp s cng) v khi gi bt u b loi
b th ta gim nhanh cc gi truyn cho n khi vic truyn gi bt u dng
(gim theo cp s nhn). Kch thc ca s s ln lt gim mt na khi c tc
nghn xy ra. Cc host s tm ra tc truyn dn ti u bng vic thng
xuyn kim tra mng vi tc cao hn. Thnh thong tc truyn cao hn
ny c chp nhn nhng khi mng bn th cc gi bt u b loi b v host li
quay tr li tc ban u. Lc ny coi mng nh mt hp en loi b cc
gi khi c tc nghn. Do iu khin tc nghn c thc hin bi cc h
thng u cui v chng coi vic loi b cc gi l ch th tc nghn. Pha
ngi gi s truyn mt s lng ln cc file y ln tc cao hn cho ti
khi n t c tt c bng thng. Cc host khc c th gp vi vn khi
chuyn gi qua mng. Cc host b tm ly bng thng th ch truyn ti c rt
t lu lng quan trng.
Tt nhin, mng c th s dng role tch cc trong iu khin tc nghn.
C ch iu khin v trnh tc nghn c th chia ra thnh cc qu trnh:
Khi phc tc nghn: hon tr li trng thi hot ng ca mng khi
yu cu vt qu kh nng.
on trc c tc nghn xy ra v c th phng trnh c khng
cho tc nghn c th xy ra.
Ngy nay trnh tc nghn l cng c ci thin hiu nng v QoS trong
mng Internet. Chun RFC 2309 (gii thiu qun l hng i v trnh tc nghn
trong Internet) a ra c ch trnh tc nghn da trn c cu router. C ch ny
chia ra thnh cc thut ton qun l hng i v thut ton lp lch.
Mc ch quan trng l ti thiu s lng cc gi b loi b. Nu mt host
truyn ti tc cao hn v mng b nghn th s lng cc gi b mt s tng.
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RFC 2309 ch ra rng th chp nhn cc lung dng b n lm trn hng i
cn hn l c gng duy tr trng thi khng y ca hng i.
TCP c x l iu khin tc nghn, UDP c in hnh s dng cho cc
lung video v audio thi gian thc bi v n khng cn khi phc li cc gi b
mt.UDP l giao thc truyn ti khng m bo do n khng truyn li cc bo
hiu ngc tr li ngun. Cc lung UDP khng th c iu khin bi cch
iu khin tc nghn nh trong TCP truyn thng.
Trong chun RFC 2581 gii thiu 4 thut ton cho iu khin tc nghn:
khi u chm,truyn li nhanh,khi phc nhanh,trnh tc nghn.
iu khin tc nghn khi u chm:
Khi u chm lm gim nh hng ca b khi mt host u tin c
truyn. N yu cu mt host khi u vic truyn dn ca n chm hn, sau
n s x l cc im c tc nghn xy ra. Mt host lc u khng bit c bao
nhiu gi c gi do n s s dng cch khi u chm nh gi dung
lng ca mng. Mt host bt u vic truyn dn bng cch gi hai gi tin ti
pha thu. Khi pha thu nhn c cc segment th n s gi phn hi li pha
nhn mt ACK xc nhn. Pha pht s tng s gi gi theo c s hai, tc l
s gi 4 gi. Vic ny s tip tc ti pha pht cho n khi khng nhn c
phn hi ACK. Vic ch th ny cho thy kh nng x l lu lng ca mng
hoc kh nng x l lu lng ti ca pha thu.
Khi u chm khng c kh nng ngn chn tc nghn m n ch gip
cho cc host trnh c trng thi tc nghn tm thi. Nu mt host gi qu
nhiu gi th n s gy ra nghn mng, trn b m v cc gi s b loi b.
Nhng trong mt s ng dng mi nh: thoi qua IP th khng th chp nhn
c tr gy ra bi vic khi u chm, do trong mt s trng hp th mng
s khng s dng kiu ny
Khi phc v truyn li nhanh:
Truyn li v khi phc li nhanh l cc thut ton c thit k ti
thiu ho vic loi b gi khi truyn trong mng. C ch truyn li nhanh suy
lun t c ch truyn TCP. Pha thu s gi cc bo hiu ti pha gi rng n
nhn c cc gi khng theo trt t. K thut ny s phi gi rt nhiu bn sao
ACK ti pha pht. y l cch ch th cc gi b mt. Thay cho vic ch i
phn hi ACK cho n khi ht thi gian th ngun gi s t pht li gi khi
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nhn c 3 bn sao ACK. Vic ny xy ra trc khi thi gian ht hn do
chng ci thin c kh nng thng qua ca mng. V d khi mt host nhn
c gi th 5 v 7(m khng nhn c gi th 6) th n s gi phn hi ACK
cho gi th 5 khi n nhn c gi th 7.
Khi phc nhanh l c ch thay th cho kiu khi u chm khi truyn li
nhanh c s dng. Cc ACK vn tip tc c truyn ch th c b mt gi
hay khng cho ti khi pha ngun nhn c ACK c s th t cao hn gi b
mt. Trong trng hp c ngha l c mt gi n b mt v mng khng b
nghn hon ton. Do pha pht khng cn thit phi quay tr li khi ng
chm ngay lp tc m ch cn gim tc truyn xung bng mt na so vi
tc ban u.
Trnh tc nghn bng cch s dng qun l hng i tch cc
Vic loi b gi l hon ton khng hiu qu. Nu mt host b ngp trn
v tc nghn xy ra th s c rt nhiu gi b mt. Do vic loi b tc nghn
sp xy n v qun l tc nghn tch cc l iu rt cn thit. thc hin iu
ny ta s dng qun l hng i tch cc, v lp lch. Qun l hng i l mt k
thut m cc router loi b gi mt cch tch cc t ngay trong hng i
trnh trn hng i,v gim tc . Trong qun l hng i ta s dng thut
ton RED (pht hin sm ngu nhin) thc hin qun l hng i.












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TNG KT
Trong mng vin thng c ch iu khin lu lng (flow control) v
kim sot li ch yu l s dng c ch ARP trong giao thc TCP .c ch ARP
v nguyn tc l vic pht bn tin ti ch c xc nhn. khi c s c n s truyn
li bn tin . Vi phng thc hot ng n gin c ch ARP (automatic
repeat request) n l c ch c bn trong giao thc TCP/IP nhm kim sot li
v iu khin lu lng.
Trong bo co ny em trnh by mt s vn sau:
Cu trc v hot ng ca b giao thc TCP/IP gm c 4 lp, cc lp
trn cng hot ng da vo cc lp di nhm to ra bn tin c cu trc dn
dn ging cc cu trc vt l trn ng truyn. cng lp trn chng cng gn
gi hn vi ngi dng.
Phng thc hot ng ca ARQ (automatic repeat request) l mt c
ch pht li c s dng trong giao thc TCP nhm iu khin lung. c ch
ny thc hin pht li cc bn tin li
K thut ca s trt (siding-windown) v k thut dng v i c s
dng trong c ch ARQ .
Tuy nhin bn bo co ny cn nhiu hn ch. Bn bo co mi ch dng li
mc tng quan v iu khin lung trong giao thc TCP s dng c ch ARQ
(automatic repeat request) cha i su vo nghin cu phng thc ca chng.
Em rt mong c s gp ca thy c v cc bn nhm hon thin hn bn
bo co. cng l mt cch thc nhm cng c kin thc ca em v b mn
chuyn mch. c bit l m hnh TCP/IP v c ch t ng pht li ca giao
thc TCP.
Mt ln na em xin chn thnh cm n cc thy c trong khoa chuyn mch
gip em hon thnh ti ny.





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TI LIU THAM KHO
1. Bo co: Ethernet va ARQ. Hc vin k thut qun s.
2. Lun Vn tt nghip i hc- Thanh Huyn- D2001VT.
3. iu khin Lu lng- Wikipedia.org.