Example: Reversible adiabatic ow of steam through nozzle:

Steady-State, Steady Flow (SSSF) Processes - II

Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

T185

Continuity equation: mi = me = m

Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology (BUET)
Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh

First law: 0 = 0 0 + (hi he ) +

+0

Second law: si = se .
hi = h (steam, Pi = 1 MPa, Ti = 300o C ) = 3051.2 kJ/kg

zahurul@me.buet.ac.bd
http://teacher.buet.ac.bd/zahurul/

si = s(steam, Pi = 1 MPa, Ti = 300o C ) = 7.1229 kJ/kg.K

se = si = 7.1229 kJ/kg.K & Pe = 0.3 MPa: state e dened.

ME 201: Basic Thermodynamics

he = h (Pe = 0.3 MPa, se = 7.1229 kJ/kg.K) = 2780.2 kJ/kg.

=
c
Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

Vi2 Ve2
2

(BUET)

SSSF Processes - II

ME 201 (2013)

1 / 15

Ve2
2

= (hi he ) +

c
Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

Vi2
2

= Ve = 737 m/s.

(BUET)

SSSF Processes - II

ME 201 (2013)

2 / 15

Example: Entropy production in a steam turbine:

Isentropic Nozzle Eciency

T178

Continuity equation: mi = me = m
First law: 0 = q w + (hi he ) +
Second law: (se si ) =

T181

For nozzle: w = 0, (PE ) = 0, V1 0 h1 = h2 +

c
Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

N =

Actual KE at nozzle exit

Isentropic KE at nozzle exit

(BUET)

SSSF Processes - II

2
V2
2
V2s

cv
m

+0

P1 = 30 bar, T1 = 400o C := h1 = 3230.9 kJ/kg, s1 = 6.9212 kJ/kg.K

2
V2
2 .

T2 = 100o C , x2 = 1.0 := h2 = 2676.1 kJ/kg, s2 = 7.3549 kJ/kg.K

h1 h2
h1 h2s
ME 201 (2013)

q
Tb

Vi2 Ve2
2

= q = 22.6 kJ/kg =
3 / 15

c
Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

cv
m

= 0.4983 kJ/kg.K .
SSSF Processes - II

ME 201 (2013)

4 / 15

 Example: Isentropic Eciency of a Steam Turbine:

Isentropic Turbine Eciency

T176

T179

wt = h1 h2 : for steady-state, adiabatic expansion.

cv
m = s2 s1 0: states with s2 < s1 is not attainable with
adiabatic expansion.
wt |s = h1 h2s : state 2s is for internally reversible expansion.
Isentropic turbine eciency, t =

c
Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

wt
wt |s

(P1 = 3 MPa, T1 = 400o C ) : h1 = 3231.7 kJ/kg, s1 = 6.9235 kJ/kg.K

(P2 = 50 kPa, T2 = 4100o C ) : h2 = 2682.4 kJ/kg
(P2s = 50 kPa, s2s = s1 ) : h2s = 2407.9 kJ/kg

h1 h2
h1 h2s

SSSF Processes - II

= t =
ME 201 (2013)

5 / 15

h1 h2
h1 h2s

= 66.7

c
Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

SSSF Processes - II

ME 201 (2013)

6 / 15

Isentropic Compressor and Pump Eciencies

Example: Compression & Pumping Works

T177

wc = h1 h2 = (h2 h1 ): for steady-state, adiabatic compression.

cv
m = s2 s1 0: states with s2 < s1 is not attainable with
adiabatic compression.
wc |s = h1 h2s = (h2s h1 )

T191

wP =

2
1

vdP vf (P2 P1 ) = 0.94 kJ/kg

wC = h1 h2 = 519.3 kJ/kg

c
Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

SSSF Processes - II

ME 201 (2013)

7 / 15

Isentropic turbine eciency, c =

c
Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

wc |s
wc

SSSF Processes - II

h2s h1
h2 h1
ME 201 (2013)

8 / 15

Example: Eect of Eciency on Compressor Power Input, if c = 80 :

Reversible Polytropic Process of an Ideal Gas

Pv n = constant

T180
T040

(k 1)/k

T2s = T1 (P2 /P1 )

c =

h2s h1
h2 h1

cP (T2s T1 )
cP (T2 T1 )

= 516.25 K

Isobaric process:
Isothermal process:
Isentropic process:
Isochoric process:

T2 = 574.1 K

Wc |s = m(h2s h1 ) = m cP (T2s T1 ) = 46.5 kW .

Wc = m(h2 h1 ) = mcP (T2 T1 ) = 58.1 kW .

c
Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

SSSF Processes - II

ME 201 (2013)

9 / 15

c
Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

P = constant
T = constant
s = constant
v = constant

SSSF Processes - II

ME 201 (2013)

10 / 15

Pv n = constant

Steady-state Flow Process

= 0,
= 1,
= k,
= ,

n
n
n
n

First Law: CM system & reversible process:

q = du + w = d(h Pv ) + Pdv = dh vdP
Second Law: q = Tds Tds = dh vdP
2
2
2
1 Tds = 1 (dh vdP ) = (h2 h1 ) 1 vdP
First Law: CV system & reversible process:
0 = q12 w12 + (h1 h2 ) + (ke) + (pe)
2
w12 = q12 + (h1 h2 ) + 0 + 0 = 1 Tds + (h1 h2 ) =

T2
=
T1

w12 :

=
=

P2
P1

P2 v2 P1 v1
1n
v2
RT ln v1

n1
n

v1
v2

n1

R(T2 T1 )
1n

= RT ln

:n =1
P2
P1

:n =1

q12 = u2 u1 + w12

T192

Example: In a reversible process, nitrogen is compressed in a cylinder from

100 kPa and 20o C to 500 kPa. During this compression process, the relation
between pressure and volume is Pv 1.3 =constant.

2
1 vdP

R = (8.314/28) = 0.2969 kJ/kg.K,

cv = R/(1.4 1) = 0.742 kJ/kg.K

T2 /T1 = (P2 /P1 )(n1)/n = T2 = 425 K.

T182

c
Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

w12 =

T183
(BUET)

SSSF Processes - II

ME 201 (2013)

11 / 15

R(T2 T1 )
1n

= 130.4 kJ/kg

q12 = cV (T2 T1 ) + w12 = 32.2 kJ/kg

c
Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

SSSF Processes - II

ME 201 (2013)

12 / 15

Pv n = constant
T2
=
T1
=

w12 :

P2
P1

n
1n (P2 v2
RT ln v2
v1

n1
n

P1 v1 ) =

v1
v2

Minimising SSSF Compressor Work for n = 1

n1

nR(T2 T1 )
1n

= RT ln

:n =1
P2
P1

:n =1

q12 = h2 h1 + w12

T182

Example: A compressor operates at steady state with nitrogen entering at

100 kPa and 20o C and leaving at 500 kPa. During this compression process,
the relation between pressure and volume is Pv 1.3 =constant.
R = (8.314/28) = 0.2969 kJ/kg.K,

cP = 1.0 kJ/kg.K

nR(T2 T1 )
1n

c
Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

SSSF Processes - II

ME 201 (2013)

13 / 15

Example: Single stage and 2 stage compression with intercooling:

T312

Single stage compression:

= 189.2 kJ/kg
w:
= 246.4 kJ/kg

= 263.2 kJ/kg

n = 1.0 : Isothermal process

n = 1.3 : Polytropic process
n = 1.4 : Isotropic process

Two stage compression with intercooling and n = 1.3:

Px =
c
Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

P1 P2 = 300 kPa : w = 215.3 kJ/kg

SSSF Processes - II

1 stage: w =

nR
1n (T2

w = wI + wII =

= 169.5 kJ/kg

q12 = cP (T2 T1 ) + w12 = 37.5 kJ/kg

T311

ME 201 (2013)

T1 ) =

P2
P1

nRT1
1n

(n1)/n

2 stage:

T2 /T1 = (P2 /P1 )(n1)/n = T2 = 425 K.

w12 =

T310

15 / 15

nRT1
1n

Px
P1

(n1)/n

1+

P2
Px

(n1)/n

For minimum work (2 stage with intercooling):

P2
w
P1 P2 Px = Px wI = wII
Px = 0 Px =
P1

c
Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

SSSF Processes - II

ME 201 (2013)

14 / 15