Mobile Wireless Technology

Mobile
Wireless
Exponential Growth of World Wide
GSM Data Users
 Growth in mobile data is expected to be 70% p.a. in next 5 yrs (Merryl Lynch)
90 innovators early adaptors early majority Late majority

in million subscriber
80
70
60
50
40 ~ 1%
30
20
10
0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
N+I_2k © 2000, Peter Tomsu 01_mobile_wirel 2

Dramatic Increase of Mobile
Data Volume
UMTS study funded by the European Comission
data will account for up to 75% of total mobile traffic
 by 2005 up to 40% of people in the EU will be using mobile phones
35
Mbytes per user per month
30
25
20
15 Today
0.8 Mb/user/month
10
0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Wireless Data Network Drivers
• Information access
• PDAs
• Network computers
• Alpha paging,
information distribution
• Web/WAP technology

Services Most Often Requested
After Basic Wireless Telephony Service

Call Forwarding 37% Data
Applications
Paging 33%
Internet/E-mail 24%
Traffic/Weather 15%
Conference Calling 13%
News 3%
Source: CTIA Web Page

Peter D. Hart Research Associates, March 1997
Data Services on Cellular
• Standards for packet services on cellular are

already defined
GSM: GPRS - GSM Packet Radio System
CDMA: IWF and MobileIP
• Both utilize bandwidth over the
backhaul/backbone to gateway devices
• A data network built for packet data transport
can reduce the need to expand the backbone
beyond voice requirements

Wireless Market Segments
W ireless M arket Segments & Partners
Residential/ Fixed M obile

Premise/ Campus
Broadband M ultiservice
2G+ 3G
Cellular Cellular
M M DS Data Packet
LM DS
Services Data/Voice
Cisco/
Bosch GPRS UM TS
M obile IP

Residential WLANs
• Found in office environment for wireless

network access
• Either infrared or radio
• Standards are
Bluetooth
IEEE 802.11

Fixed Wireless
• Provide high speed wireless link to

connect remote sites
• Point-to-point or point-to-multipoint
• Line-of-sight or non-line-of-sight systems
• Two standards
LMDS – Local Multipoint Distribution System
MMDS
Mobile Wireless Networks
• Usually digital cellular radion networks

• Provide voice and data services
• 1G – analog transmission
• 2G – digital cellular networks (like GSM)
Circuit switched
• 2G+
HSCSD (circuit switched bundeled timeslots)
GPRS (voice CS, data PS)
• 3G – like UMTS
Completely packet switched voice and data

GPRS and other Mobile Wireless
Technologies
Technology Type Throughput Investment Std. Body Availability
GSM data Circuit 9.6 kbits/s Low ETSI Now
HSCSD Circuit 56 kbits/s Medium ETSI 1999-2000
EDGE Packet 380 kbits/s Medium Ericsson 2000-2001
GPRS Packet 150 kbits/s Medium ETSI 2000-2001
UMTS Packet 2 Mbits/s High (radio) ETSI 2002
HSCSD … High Speed Circuit Switched Data

EDGE … Enhanced Data Rate for GSM Evolution
GPRS … General Packet Radio Service
UMTS … Universal Mobile Telephone Service

GSM Packet Data Service Options
• Two services as part of "Phase 2+" of the GSM

specification
High Speed Circuit Switched Data

(HSCSD)
General Packet Radio Service
(GPRS)

High Speed Circuit Switched Data
(HSCSD)
• allows the combination of multiple timeslots

• Channels can be multiplexed together to offer a data rate of up
to 56 Kbit/s when using all four slots (14.4 Kbs/channel)
• because each time slot could carry a conventional conversation,
the use of multiple slots restricts the capacity for speech traffic,
resulting in the handset user specifying a minimum acceptable
data rate and a preferred (and usually higher) data rate
• will prove particularly useful for applications with high-speed
data requirements, such as large-scale file transfers, advanced
fax services and mobile video communications

General Packet Radio Service
(GPRS)
• available over GSM networks

• Data is packet switched - voice remains circuit switched
• may also be supported as part of other standards, such as DECT and
TDMA
• based on the transportation and routing of packetized data
• Capacity limitation is hence in terms of the amount of data being
transmitted rather than the time of connection
• reduces the time spent setting up and taking down connections
• works with public data networks using Internet protocol & X.25
• "bursty" applications such as e-mail, traffic telematics, telemetry,
broadcast services, and Web browsing
• requires modifications to the GSM system architecture and has
targeted commercial availability in the 1999 timeframe

HSCSD vs GPRS
• HSCSD is a small market

• HSCD doesn’t do anything to ease spectrum capacity
constraints that operators are facing
• GPRS benefits
ultimately, higher speed data
the packet data element is most important because it uses the
spectrum in a better way
not tying up a whole channel end-to-end for one user

Enhanced Data Rate for GSM Evolution
(EDGE)
•GSM Standard bodies are defining data networking

technologies which will build upon GPRS
•One such technology is Enhanced Data Rate for GSM

Evolution (EDGE)
•EDGE will offer a theroretical rate of up to 384 Kbs.
•Beyond EDGE, 3G (UMTS) cellular systems will eventually

offer data rates up to 2 Mbs

Universal Mobile Telephone Service
UMTS
• 3G mobile system
• Developed within ITU-2000 framework
• Frequency bands
Terrestrial: 1885 – 2025 MHz and 2110 – 2200 MHz
Sattelite: 1980 – 2010 MHz and 2170 – 2200 MHz
• Data rates up to 2Mbps
• Inherent IP support
• Fully packet switched (data and voice)
• Concept of VME (Virtual Home Environment)
GSM Cellular Packet Data
SSS … Switching Subsystem
BSS … Base Station Subsystem VLR … Visitor Location Register
BSC … Base Station Controller HLR … Home Location Register
BTS … Base Transceiver Stations AUC … Authentication Center
EIR … Equipment Identity Center
MSC … Mobile Switching Center
BTS GPRS SGSN and
BSS VLR GGSN provide
SSS HLR
packet data
services
AUC
Backhaul
EIR
BSC Internet
MSC GGSN
BTS
MSC Transit
Net
BSC SGSN
Transit
Net GSN … GPRS Support Node
SGSN … Serving GSN
GGSN … Gateway GSN
GSM Network Areas
Base Station
Subsystem
BS BS
BSC
BSC
BS
BS BS HLR AUC
BSC
BSC
EIR
BS
BS BS
VLR
BSC
BSC MSC
Switching Subsystem
BS
BS BS
BSC
BSC
MSC Service Area

BS
Location Area
BS BS
BSC
BSC
Cell
BS
Service Area 1
Service Area 2
Service Area n

Base Station
Subsystem
GSM Network Areas

BS BS
BSC
BSC
BS
BS BS HLR AUC
BSC
BSC
EIR
BS
BS BS
VLR
BSC
BSC MSC
Switching Subsystem
BS
BS BS
BSC
BSC
MSC Service Area

BS
Location Area
BS BS
BSC
BSC
Cell
BS
Service Area 1
Service Area 2
Service Area n
• GSM network consists of geographical areas

Location Areas – LA
made up of a group of cells served by a BSC
BSC hndles inter cell signaling updates
Keeps track of the cell a user is located
MSC/VLR Service Areas
MSC administers several BSCs
handles signaling traffic of inter LA updates
Public Land Mobile Networks – PLMNs
GPRS Logical Architecture
SMS-GMSC
SMS-IWMSC SM-SC
E C
Gd
MSC/VLR HLR
D
Gs
A Gc
Gr
Gb Gi
TE MT BSS SGSN GGSN PDN TE
Gn
R Um Gn Gf
Gp
EIR
SGSN GGSN
Other PLMN
Signalling Interface
Signalling and Data Transfer Interface
• PS GPRS uses completely different network architecture as underlying GSM network

• Thus introduction of two new network nodes GPRS Support Nodes
SGSN … Serving GSN (GPRS Support Node)
GGSN … Gateway GSN (GPRS Support Node)
SGSN and GGSN Functionality SMS-GMSC
SMS-GMSC
SMS-IWMSC SM-SC
SMS-IWMSC SM-SC
E C
E C
Gd
Gd
MSC/VLR HLR
MSC/VLR D HLR
Gs D
A Gs Gc
A Gr Gc
Gb Gr Gi
Gb Gi
Gn
R Um Gn Gn Gf
R Um Gn Gp Gf
Gp EIR
EIR
SGSN GGSN
SGSN GGSN
Other PLMN
Other PLMN
• SGSN
Keeps track of user’s location

Performs security functions and access control
• GGSN
Provides internetworking functions with external
networks
Simply a strong router with IP and X.25 capability

Further Elements and Enhancements SMS-GMSC
SMS-GMSC
SMS-IWMSC SM-SC
SMS-IWMSC SM-SC
E C
E C
Gd
Gd
MSC/VLR HLR
MSC/VLR D HLR
Gs D
A Gs Gc
A Gr Gc
Gb Gr Gi
Gb Gi
Gn
R Um Gn Gn Gf
R Um Gn Gp Gf
Gp EIR
EIR
SGSN GGSN
SGSN GGSN
Other PLMN
Other PLMN
• SGSNs are connected to PCUs (Packet Control Units which are

part of the BSC)
Via Gb interface – with FR links
• GSNs are interconnected over Gn interface via IP backbone
GPRS backbone or GPRS network
• HLR is enhanced with GPRS subscriber information
• SMS components are upgraded to support SMS transmission
via SGSN
Intra and Inter PLMN Backbone
Networks
• Gp interface
Packet Data Network
Connects two
Inter-PLMN Backbone independent GPRS
Gi Gp Gi
networks for message
exchange
GGSN BG BG GGSN
Message exchange done
Intra-PLMN Backbone Intra-PLMN Backbone
by BG (router)
SGSN SGSN SGSN

• Gi interface
PLMN A PLMN B Connection between
operator’s GPRS
networks and external
networks (Internet)
GPRS Support Nodes
• GSN is main element

in GPRS
BS BS
BSC
BSC
infrastructure
BS
BS BS
BSC
BSC
SGSN Internet
Mobility router
BS GGSN
BS BS
SGSN
BSC
BSC
BS
IP Backbone
Provides connection
BS BS
Intranet
Enables interworking
BSC SGSN GGSN
BSC
ISP
with various data

BS
BS BS
BSC
BSC
BS networks

GGSN
• Used to access external data network

• IP router containing all necessary
routing info for attached GPRS users
• Routing info used to tunnel PDUs to
MS’s current point of attachement
(SGSN)
• Allocation of dynamic IP addresses
Either itself or external DHCP server
SGSN
• Serves MS in terms of packet data services

• SGSN establishes connection via GGSN to requested data
network
• Maintains all data structures (contexts) for
Authentication
Routing process
• In case of roaming (SGSN and GGSN in different PLMNs) –
interconnected via Gp interface
Provides security and others

PCU
• Located in the BSC

• Acts as an interface to the SGSN
• Distinguishes data and voice
• Sends data over FR via SGSN into GPRS
backbone
• Realized in SW or HW

APN
• Access Point Name

• Defined by ETSI in order to deal with huge
number of IP networks to connect to
• Uniquely identifies the network a user
wants to access
• L3 protocols defined are IPv4 and IPv6

APN

Access Point Type (Ipv4, Ipv6,

Name (username) X.25) • Contains
Access mode DHCP local pool
Name of foreign NW
(non/transparent) information
Network access mode
Accept network
initiate PDP
List of PDP
contexts on the • Stored in HLR
create request APN
• User may select APN
IP for DHCP,
RADIUS …
IP for charging
gateway
by himself from the
MS

GPRS Concepts
• APN: targeted network (ISP, intranet)

• PDP context: session id
• 1) reach the SGSN (telecom part)
• 2) reach the GGSN serving the APN
(GTP=moving tunnel)
• 3) reach the APN (dedicated link, tunnel)

GPRS PDN Interworking Model
GGSN
Gi
IP IP
GPRS Bearer L2
L1
• GGSN is access point for internetworking

Seen from outside as normal router
GPRS network seems to be normal IP subnet
GPRS Transmission Plane
Application
IP / X.25 IP / X.25
Relay
SNDCP SNDCP GTP GTP
LLC LLC UDP / UDP /

Relay TCP TCP
RLC RLC BSSGP BSSGP
IP IP
MAC MAC Network Network L2 L2
Service Service
GSM RF GSM RF L1bis L1bis L1 L1
Um Gb Gn Gi
MS BSS SGSN GGSN
Um … radio interface GTP … GPRS Tunneling Protocol
Uses same PL coding as classical GSM SNDCP … Subnetwork Dependent
Thus no HW changes Convergence Protocol
TE requires up to 8 slots / TDMA frame BSSGP … Base Station System
GPRS Protocol

Gb Interface Application
Application
IP / X.25
IP / X.25
Relay
IP / X.25
IP / X.25
Relay
SNDCP SNDCP GTP GTP
SNDCP SNDCP GTP GTP
LLC LLC UDP / UDP /
LLC LLC UDP /
TCP UDP /
TCP
Relay TCP TCP
Relay
RLC RLC BSSGP BSSGP
RLC RLC BSSGP BSSGP IP IP
IP IP
Service Service
Service Service
Um Gb Gn Gi
MS Um BSS Gb SGSN Gn GGSN Gi
MS BSS SGSN GGSN
• Link layer is FR
• BSSGP (BSS GPRS) conveys routing and QoS
info between BSS and SGSN
• SNDCP encapsulates IP traffic between
terminal and SGSN
Multiplexing of L3 connections
Ciphering, segmentation, compression
Gn Interface Application
Application
IP / X.25
IP / X.25
Relay
IP / X.25
IP / X.25
Relay
SNDCP SNDCP GTP GTP
SNDCP SNDCP GTP GTP
LLC LLC UDP / UDP /
LLC LLC UDP /
TCP UDP /
TCP
Relay TCP TCP
Relay
RLC RLC BSSGP BSSGP
RLC RLC BSSGP BSSGP IP IP
IP IP
Service Service
Service Service
Um Gb Gn Gi
MS Um BSS Gb SGSN Gn GGSN Gi
MS BSS SGSN GGSN
• GTP (ETSI) tunnels IP packets between

SGSN and GGSN
One tunnel per active TE
• Runs either over UDP or TCP
Port #3386
IP UDP GTP DATA

MS
R reference point Um Gi reference point
PDNs or
TE MT GPRS network 1 other networks
MS Gp
GPRS network 2
• MS could be
Only GPRS phone
User with NW connection via GPRS to
his PC
Transparent Internet Access
The GGSN is effectively a router
The GPRS network appears to the PDN as another IP subnet

• User who wants to get connected to internet
• MS is given an IP address out of the operators address space
Could be statically or dynamically allocated
May be public or private
• Authentication performed by SGSN via HLR
Transparent Internet Access

Non Transparent Access
Corporate
VPN
GGSN Internet
GPRS IP
GSM L2TP & IPsec Tunnel
Backbone
SGSN
Firewall Firewall
and NAT and NAT
• Allows user to select SPs of his choice

• Connection to intranet VPN for email access, intraweb, databases
• Has to request IP address and perform authentication in company network
• Realized by SGSN during PDP context activation via selected APN
• MS sends authentication request
• GGSN requests authentication and IP address from specified server (Radius,
DHCP) of customers intranet
• Use of Ipsec and/or L2 tunnel for terminating private IP addresses at GGSN via
Internet
Interworking Between GPRS
Roaming User’s
BGP (RFC 1771)

QoS on GPRS
H.323
BTS BSC FR SGSN Transit GGSN IP GW PSTN
Net
H.323 FR CoS IP QoS IP QoS H.323

client Gateway
Priotities CAR WFQ
WFQ IP QoS
IP QoS WRED
CRTP CRTP

Quality of Service
Mapping between GPRS QoS and IP QoS levels
Delay Class Precedence Mean-Throughput Resulting “canonical” QoS

Class
Best Effort any any Best Effort
1, 2, 3 low any Best Effort
1,2, 3 any Best Effort Best Effort
1,2, 3 normal specified Normal
1,2,3 high specified Premium
• Use of IP CoS mechanisms in GGSN/SGSN and in the Backbone:

WRED, WFQ, CAR
• Admission Control (GGSN): traffic Total BW
Backbone Issues
• Leverage End-to-End Consistency

• WFQ, WRED, CAR
• MPLS (GGSN as edge router)
• Integrated management

IP Address Management
• GGSN can hold (local pool/DHCP):

– Operator’s public IP addresses
– Operator’s private IP addresses (NAT)
– Other’s public IP addresses (local pool)
– Other’s private IP addresses (local pool,
dedicated I/F)
• configuration per APN

IP Address Management
• GGSN can allocate addresses:

– transparently (local pool using built-in DHCP
server/DHCP)
– non-transparently (CHAP/IPCP processing,
RADIUS/DHCP requests generation) through IOS
built-in RADIUS/DHCP clients
• configuration per APN

GSM to UMTS Evolution

Evolution Towards
UMTS
• UMTS Backward compatibility to legacy systems

• Operators will try to use existing infrastructure as long as possible
• Development steps
1) MIP on top of GPRS
2) optimize existing routing mechanisms
3) SGSN and GGSN combined in one node
• In future UMTS will completely integrate PSTN
VSCs will replace all class 4 and class 5 switches
Calls will be routed over IP backbone
Questions ???

Mobile Wireless Technology

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Mobile

90 innovators early adaptors early majority Late majority

N+I_2k © 2000, Peter Tomsu 01_mobile_wirel 2

N+I_2k © 2000, Peter Tomsu 01_mobile_wirel 4

After Basic Wireless Telephony Service

Source: CTIA Web Page

• Standards for packet services on cellular are

N+I_2k © 2000, Peter Tomsu 01_mobile_wirel 6

W ireless M arket Segments & Partners

Residential/ Fixed M obile

N+I_2k © 2000, Peter Tomsu 01_mobile_wirel 7

• Found in office environment for wireless

N+I_2k © 2000, Peter Tomsu 01_mobile_wirel 8

• Provide high speed wireless link to

• Usually digital cellular radion networks

N+I_2k © 2000, Peter Tomsu 01_mobile_wirel 10

GSM data Circuit 9.6 kbits/s Low ETSI Now

HSCSD Circuit 56 kbits/s Medium ETSI 1999-2000

EDGE Packet 380 kbits/s Medium Ericsson 2000-2001

GPRS Packet 150 kbits/s Medium ETSI 2000-2001

UMTS Packet 2 Mbits/s High (radio) ETSI 2002

HSCSD … High Speed Circuit Switched Data

N+I_2k © 2000, Peter Tomsu 01_mobile_wirel 11

• Two services as part of "Phase 2+" of the GSM

High Speed Circuit Switched Data

N+I_2k © 2000, Peter Tomsu 01_mobile_wirel 12

• allows the combination of multiple timeslots

N+I_2k © 2000, Peter Tomsu 01_mobile_wirel 13

• available over GSM networks

N+I_2k © 2000, Peter Tomsu 01_mobile_wirel 14

• HSCSD is a small market

N+I_2k © 2000, Peter Tomsu 01_mobile_wirel 15

•GSM Standard bodies are defining data networking

•One such technology is Enhanced Data Rate for GSM

•Beyond EDGE, 3G (UMTS) cellular systems will eventually

N+I_2k © 2000, Peter Tomsu 01_mobile_wirel 16

MSC Service Area

N+I_2k © 2000, Peter Tomsu 01_mobile_wirel 19

GSM Network Areas

MSC Service Area

• GSM network consists of geographical areas

• PS GPRS uses completely different network architecture as underlying GSM network

Keeps track of user’s location

N+I_2k © 2000, Peter Tomsu 01_mobile_wirel 22

• SGSNs are connected to PCUs (Packet Control Units which are

SGSN SGSN SGSN

• GSN is main element

with various data

N+I_2k © 2000, Peter Tomsu 01_mobile_wirel 25

• Used to access external data network

• Serves MS in terms of packet data services

N+I_2k © 2000, Peter Tomsu 01_mobile_wirel 27

• Located in the BSC

N+I_2k © 2000, Peter Tomsu 01_mobile_wirel 28

• Access Point Name

N+I_2k © 2000, Peter Tomsu 01_mobile_wirel 29

Access Point Type (Ipv4, Ipv6,

N+I_2k © 2000, Peter Tomsu 01_mobile_wirel 30

• APN: targeted network (ISP, intranet)

N+I_2k © 2000, Peter Tomsu 01_mobile_wirel 31

• GGSN is access point for internetworking

LLC LLC UDP / UDP /

N+I_2k © 2000, Peter Tomsu 01_mobile_wirel 33