27/12/2006

Chuong 9 - Tien nghi phuc vu san

xuat 1
Chng 6: CAC NHU CAU HO TR
(Utilities)
6.1. ng ong Cac yeu to lien quan en lap at ng ong
6.2. Dung cu o va kiem soat qua trnh
6.3. Nguon va he thong cung cap nang lng
6.4. He thong cap thoat nc trong nha may
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6.1. ng ong Cac yeu to lien quan en lap at
ng ong Chon theo tieu chuan
Chi ph co the chiem t 50 en 70% chi ph thiet b.
v La chon vat lieu phu hp vi cac tieu chuan
v Chon ng knh ong mot cach kinh te
v Bo tr ng ong de lap at, thao can va ng suat toi thieu
v Chon cac van tot nhat trong ieu kien lam viec xac nh
v Chon cac phu tung noi ong va lam kn phu hp
v Chon cac bo phan ong phu hp cho cong viec lap at
v Xac nh be day toi u lp cach nhiet can thiet
v Xac nh mau sn ben ngoai ong phu hp vi lu chat c
dan ben trong e de nhan dang
v Tnh toan chi tiet va chnh xac toan bo chi ph ng ong
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Gia tr tham khao ve van toc dong chay trong ong
va ton that ap suat e tnh ng knh ong
0,5
0,05
0,02% ap
suat
-
1 3
-
15 30
30 60
Cac chat long o nht thap
Chat long chay do trong lc
Cac chat kh va hi
Hi nc ap suat cao, >8bar
DP,
kPa/m
Van toc,
m/s
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Ngoai ra co the tnh van toc theo ng
knh trong cua ong d(mm) nh sau
l Ong ay cua bm: 0,06d + 0,4m/s
l Ong hut cua bm: 0,02d + 0,1m/s
l Hi : 0,2d m/s
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ng ong dan hi nc
v Hi nc la lu chat nen c nhiet o va ap suat
cao nen viec tnh toan ng ong kho khan hn.
v Hi nc c cung cap t phan xng noi hi vi
ap suat t 10at tr len, tuy nhien cung co mot so
nha may ch s dung hi nc co ap suat di 1 at.
v Thng s dung ong thep e dan hi nc ngoai
tr co yeu cau ac biet.
v Khi s dung loai dau truyen nhiet cho cac qua trnh
cong nghe can nhiet o cao th khong can thiet
phai che tao thiet b chu ap suat cao.
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Bo tr ng ong- Ban ve ng ong
Sau khi a xac nh ng knh va vat lieu che tao ong,
thiet ke mang ong ap ng cac yeu cau sau:
De lap at va t ton kem
De thao tac, van hanh
De kiem tra, bao tr va thay the
Bao ve ng ong khoi nhng soc nhiet hay va cham c hoc
Chu ng suat toi thieu do moi trng nhiet va dao ong
xung quanh bang ng ong mem
Cac phu tung ong thch hp khong lam vng cac thao
tac van hanh thiet b
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Lap at ng ong
Ban thiet ke ng ong phai bao gom cac phng phap gia
co, ong va tang cng, vng chac cho he thong ng ong.
Mot so nguyen tac bo tr ng ong:
1) Ket hp cac ong thanh mot nhom e toi thieu hoa so
lng gian gia ong, co nh va tang cng ong.
2) Bo tr ng ong tren mat at neu co the.
3) Co khoang trong xung quanh e lap them cac ng ong
dch vu, dung cu o, ien va kha nang m rong trong tng
lai.
4) nh v ng ong gan nhng cau truc co the tan dung
e ong nh tng nha xng va cac gian gia khac co
san.
5) Neu c, lap at ng ong t
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Lap at ng ong
6) Lap at them cac gian gia e tang cng he thong
ng ong tranh s dao ong qua ln.
7) ng ong noi vi may nen hoac bm chan khong b
rung nen phai rieng oc lap vi cac ng ong cong
nghe khac va thng c noi mem hoac trt.
8) ng ong nen nen at gan bo ong e cho noi c
vng chac
9) ng ong noi vi pha tren bnh thang ng nen chu
len bnh e giam thieu chuyen ong tng oi gia bo
va ng ong; nh vay nhng ng ong nay nen i gan
bnh va gan cho noi.
10) ng ong phai co u khoang trong xung quanh e
thuan tien cho viec lap at va bao tr.
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Lap at van can chu y cac iem sau:
v Tat ca cac van, ac biet la cac van ln, nen at tai v
tr de tiep can t san nha hoac san thao tac.
v Cac van at tren ng ong thao vao cac bnh h nen
at sao cho khi van hanh chat long khong b vang ra
ngoai hoac boc khoi.
v Nen at mot van khoa sau van kiem soat tranh ro r.
v S dung van khoa hai lan tren cac ng ong ma mot
phan noi vi thiet b ang sa cha hoac thao ri, phan
ng ong con lai van ang s dung e dan lu chat.
v at cac van khan cap va ng ong mot v tr an
toan ben ngoai phan xng che bien.
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H th$ng ch'ng c(t
c*n
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Chuong 9 - Tien nghi phuc vu san
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Hnh nh #ng ong
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Ton that nhiet qua be mat nong khong boc
cach nhiet
Nhiet o moi trng 35
0
C, he so phat xa 0,8,
khong co gio
13.650 400
3.800 200
1.350 100
500 50
Ton that nhiet,
kcal/m
2
.h Sai biet gia nhiet o be mat
va nhiet o moi trng
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Be day lp cach nhiet,mm, cho ong dan
hi nc, nc ngng va be mat nong
100 90 75 50 50 25 250 - 300
90 75 65 50 50 25 200 250
90 75 65 50 40 25 150 200
75 65 50 50 25 25 100 - 150
50 65 50 50 25 25 > 100
150 100 75 50 25
Mat
phang
ng knh ong,mm Nhiet o
0
C
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6.2. Dung cu o va kiem soat qua trnh
Kiem soat qua trnh va dung cu o, t ong hoa la trung
tam ieu khien mot nha may.
Cac thong so trong qua trnh cong nghe phai c o ac,
kiem soat va tong hp e at c cac ieu kien cong
nghe toi u.
v Cac bien so nao anh hng len qua trnh cong nghe va
mc o anh hng the nao?
v Tnh chat vat ly nao can o va mc o chnh xac?
v Tnh chat vat ly nao can kiem soat t ong va mc o?
Ky s hoa hoc khong phai chuyen mon ve lnh vc kiem
soat t ong tuy nhien can co kien thc ve lnh vc nay e
co the anh gia nhng ket qua cua qua trnh o va kiem
soat t ong.
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Dung cu o lu lng hi
nc
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Kiem soat qua trnh
*bien so anh hng len cac phan ng hoa hoc
* qua trnh lien tuc.
Cac iem kiem soat chu yeu c la chon t cac s o qui
trnh cong nghe (chng 3).
v dung cu o phai c xac nh ro qui cach
v o, so sanh vi tieu chuan mong muon, tnh toan, tong
hp, va hieu chnh, khi can thiet, e qua trnh c van
hanh mot cach on nh.
v ly thuyet vong kn (closed-loop) cua cac he thong kiem
soat t ong.
v qua trnh kiem soat thu cong.
v qua trnh kiem soat t ong.
v bo phan chu yeu cho he thong kiem soat vong kn la
dung cu o. Th du o va ghi nhiet o, ap suat, lu lng.
v bo phan cuoi cung cua he thong kiem soat vong kn la
van, cong tac
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La chon cac dung cu o thong so cong nghe
Bien so cua qua trnh va phep o tng ng c phan chia
nh sau:
(1) nang lng nh nhiet o, ap suat, bc xa;
(2) lng va toc o nh dong chay, mc chat long, be day;
(3) cac tnh chat ac trng vat ly, hoa hoc.
S la chon thch hp da tren mot so thong so nh:
v mc o, khoang va chc nang cua dung cu,
v mc o chnh xac,
v vat lieu che tao,
v cac anh hng co the co len cac ieu kien cua qua trnh
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Cac nguyen ly s ang cua kiem soat t ong
Cac chc nang c ban cua kiem soat t ong
(1) o ac,
(2) so sanh,
(3) tnh toan, va
(4) hieu chnh.
C che s dung la o gia tr cua mot bien so qua trnh
c kiem soat va van hanh e gii han sai so cua bien so
nay so vi gia tr mong muon hay gia tr at la kiem soat
t ong.
Nhng nhieu loan lam sai cac bien so can kiem soat
c chia thanh hai loai s bien oi tai cung cap va s
bien oi tai nhu cau.
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6.3. He thong cung cap nang lng
Cac yeu cau ve nang lng trong nha may di nhieu dang
khac nhau:
(1) nang lng s dung trong cac qua trnh cong nghe di
dang hi nc, ien, dau ot lo;
(2) c nang;
(3) ien nang;
(4) he thong lanh;
(5) nhiet nang, thong gio, ieu hoa khong kh;
(6) kh nen.
Nhng dang nang lng nay co the c cung cap bang
nhieu cach tuy thuoc vao tnh kinh te.
Cac nguon nang lng tieu bieu la (1) ien li quoc
gia; (2) may phat ien d phong , noi hi cua nha may;
(3) cac lo ot, cac lo nung, thiet b trao oi nhiet
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Nang lng hi nc
Hau het cac nha may s dung hi nc nh la moi
trng truyen nhiet re tien va tien li.
v Ap suat Nhiet o cua hi nc thay oi rat nhieu
theo yeu cau cua tng nha may (bang hi nc).
v Noi hi co the chia lam thap ap, trung ap va cao ap.
v Co the co mot hay hai phan xng noi hi va he thong
phan phoi phc tap hay mot so noi hi nho at canh
cac phan xng cong nghe co yeu cau tuy theo tnh
kinh te cua nha may.
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HI BAO HOA
Tham khao nhanh:
l Nhiet o bao hoa, T
s
= 100 x (P/0,965)
1/4
, P
tnh theo atm
l Enthalpy cua hi, h
s
= 2.500 + 1,7 T
s
Thuan li cua viec s dung hi bao hoa
l Truyen nhiet nhiet o khong oi
l Lam nong ong nhat tren be mat trao oi
nhiet.
l He so truyen nhiet cao
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Nang lng ien
Dang nang lng rat quan trong cua nha may. Cac nha
may ien hoa da tren nguon nang lng nay.
S dung e van hanh bm, quat, may nen, khuay va cac
thiet b c hoc khac, dung cu o va chieu sang
Khi thiet ke can xem xet can than nguon, chi ph, o tin
cay cua nguon ien.
ien co the mua t ien li quoc gia, nha may t nhan
hoac t mot nha may lan can nh la san pham phu.
ng ien hien co san hoac xa co chi ph chap nhan
c.
Cong suat nguon can thiet
Nguon ien d phong
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6.4. He thong cap thoat nc trong nha may
He thong cap nc
v e cung cap nc sach, co the khai thac t nguon nc
cua mang cap nc Cong ty cap nc thanh pho hoac t
nguon nc thien nhien la nc mat, nc ngam.
v Nc mat bao gom cac nguon nc trong cac ho cha,
song suoi. Do ket hp t cac dong chay tren be mat va
thng xuyen tiep xuc vi khong kh nen nc mat co
cac ac trng sau:
Cha kh hoa tan, ac biet la oxy
Cha nhieu chat ran l lng
Ham lng chat hu c cao
Co nhieu loai tao hien dien
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Nc ngam
c khai thac t cac tang cha nc di at.
chat lng phu thuoc vao cau truc a tang ma nc tham
qua.
nc chay qua cac a tang cha cat hoac granit co tnh axit
va cha t chat khoang hoac khi chay qua a tang a voi
nc co o kiem bicarbonat kha cao.
ac trng chung cua nc ngam la:
o uc thap
Nhiet o va thanh phan hoa hoc tng oi on nh
Khong co oxy, nhng co the cha nhieu kh H
2
S, CO
2
Cha nhieu chat khoang hoa tan, ang ke la Fe, Mn, F
Khong co s hien dien cua vi sinh vat
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Bang 9.1. Nhng iem khac nhau gia nc ngam va nc mat
Thng co nong o cao
do phan bon hoa hoc
Thng thap NO
3
2-
Thng co nong o cao Thng co nong o trung bnh SiO
2
Thng co Khong Kh H
2
S
Thng co Nguon nc nhiem ban Kh NH
3
Thng khong co Thng gan bao hoa Kh O
2
hoa tan
Thng co nong o cao Thng rat thap, ~ 0 Kh CO
2
hoa tan
Thng xuyen co Rat thap, tr di ay ho Ham lng Fe
2+
,Mn
2+
t thay oi, cao hn nc
mat cung mot vung
Thay oi theo chat lng at,
lng ma
Khoang hoa tan
Thap, gan bang khong Cao va thay oi theo mua Chat ran l lng
Tng oi on nh Thay oi theo mua Nhiet o
Nc ngam Nc mat Thong so
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Trong mot so ieu kien san xuat yeu cau, can
khao sat cac tnh chat cua nc cap nh sau:
(1) Tnh chat ly hoc: T, o mau, o uc, mui v,.
(2) Tnh chat hoa hoc: pH, o kiem, o cng, o oxy hoa,.
(3) Cac ch tieu vi sinh
v Tnh on nh tranh c qua trnh an mon ng ong
hoac ong can trong qua trnh van chuyen va lu tr.
v Chat lng nc cap a dang tuy vao nganh cong nghiep.
v Nha may nho hoac trung bnh co the dung t mang li
cap nc o th hay cac gieng khoan sau.
v Nha may qui mo ln thng phai co he thong cap nc
oc lap vi gia thanh re hn, tin cay va an toan hn.
v Tnh a dang ve chc nang va nhu cau ve nc, nhat la
ve chat lng nc, nhieu khi can x ly ac biet e thoa
man yeu cau cong nghe san xuat va chat lng san pham.
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Bang 6.2: Cac tac hai do hoa chat trong nc gay ra
Tao qua trnh ph dng trong cac ao ho PO
4
2-
Lam cho nc co tnh an mon kim loai. Khi hiem kh tao thanh sunfur S trong Sunfat
Phan ng vi oxy hoa tan, tieu thu oxy trong nc S trong Sunfit
Gay mui kho chu trong nc. oc hai cho cac loai thuy sinh. (S)
Gay mui v trong nc. oc hai cho cac loai thuy sinh Phenol
Nong o cao gay an mon kim loai. (H
2
S)
Nong o thap co hai cho ca. Thieu oxy khong kh c mui trong nc (DO)
oc hai cho tre em, kch thch qua trnh ph dng, lam tang cac tap
chat trong nc.
Nitrat (NO
3
-
)
Kch thch qua trnh ph dng, tang cac tap chat ban. oc hai cho
thuy sinh
NH
3
, NH
4
+
o cng, gay bam can ong dan, thiet b. Khong tot cho thuy sinh Calci (Ca)
Tao thanh triclometan oc hai, nguy hiem cho ca va thuy sinh Clor (Cl
2
)
oc hai cho ngi va cac loai thuy sinh Arsen (As)
Tac hai Hoa chat
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Bang 6.3: Tieu chuan chat lng nc cap cho lam nguoi
< 5 < 5 Chat l lng, mg/lt
< 0,15 < 0,15 Mangan, mg/lt
< 1,0 < 1,0 Sat, mg/lt
< 1.000 < 1.000 Hp chat clorua, mg/lt
< 1.000 < 3.000 Tong ham lng muoi, mg/lt
< 80 < 50 o cng toan phan, dH
8 - 15 8 - 15 o cng tam thi, dH
< 3 < 20 Axit carbonic xam thc, mg/lt
7,2 - 9,5 7,2 - 9,5 pH
Tai s dung
nhieu lan
Lam nguoi mot
lan
Ch tieu
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Bang 6.4: Tieu chuan chat lng nc cap cho noi hi
< 0,4 < 2,0 < 72 < 180 < 240 SiO
2
, mg/lt
< 30 Sat, mg/lt
Cang thap cang tot o oxy hoa,KMNO
4
, mg/lt
< 1 < 1 < 3 < 3 < 3 Dau m, mg/lt
< 20 < 20 < 50 < 50 < 50 Oxy hoa tan, mg/lt
< 5 < 5 < 10 < 10 Axitcarbonic, mg/lt
< 0,01 < 0,01 < 0,05 0,1 < 0,1 o cng toan phan, dH
158 112 52 16 13
Ap suat noi hi, atm Ch tieu
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Tram x ly va bm nc cap
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Tram x ly va bm nc cap
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Tram x ly va bm nc cap 2
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He thong thoat nc
v Thu dan nc thai (a qua s dung) ra khoi khu vc
san xuat va x ly en mc am bao tieu chuan qui
nh trc khi xa ra song, ho, e bao ve nguon nc
khong b nhiem ban.
v Nen s dung lai nc thai hoac nc thai a x ly neu
thoa man yeu cau cong nghe va hp ly ve cac ch tieu
kinh te va ky thuat.
v Mang li thoat nc trong nha may co the nhieu hn
hai (nuc ma va nc thai san xuat) tuy thuoc vao
nguon, thanh phan va tnh chat cua nc thai, cac bien
phap x ly va bien phap s dung lai sau x ly.
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Nc thai trong nha may co the la:
vNc giai nhiet.
vNc e van chuyen cac tap chat c hoc hoac chat tan
(dung e ra, lam sach nguyen lieu, san pham) b
nhiem ban vi tap chat c hoc va chat tan.
vNc s dung lam dung moi trong san xuat e pha che
hoa chat, pham nhuom hoac la mot thanh phan cua
san pham.
vNc e van chuyen cac tap chat c hoc, chat tan va
giai nhiet (lam nguoi khoi lo), khi o nc va nong va
nhiem ban.
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Nhu cau s dung nc trong san xuat
v Khi nhu cau s dung nc ngay mot tang len can
phai ngh en he thong cap nc tuan hoan, tai
s dung nc cac loai nc thai tren.
v Khi thiet ke nha may can phai lu y en viec
bao ve nguon nc.
v Phng hng chnh e giai quyet van e bao ve
nguon nc;
cac giai phap cong nghe hp ly nham lam giam lng
nc thai va nong o cac chat o nhiem trong nc
nghien cu cac phng phap x ly nc thai co hieu
suat cao e thu hoi tai s dung cac chat co gia tr
trong nc thai.
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Nhu cau s dung nc trong san xuat
Ngoai ra can phai giam ton that nguyen lieu va san pham
trong qua trnh san xuat e lng chat o nhiem trong nc
thai la t nhat
Thu hoi nhng chat co gia tr trong nc thai
Khi giam lng nc thai th nong o chat o nhiem se tang
len,
giam c qui mo cong trnh x ly,
giam chi ph au t va quan ly, van hanh.
nong o tang len, thu hoi cac chat co gia tr de dang hn.
Tom lai, khi thiet ke nha may, van e cap thoat nc phai
c giai quyet mot cach tong the, ong thi cung phai lu
y en cac cong trnh ky thuat khac trong pham vi nha may.