I HC QUC GIA THNH PH H CH MINH

TRNG I HC BCH KHOA

KHOA IN - IN T
-----o0o-----

BK
TP HCM

TIU LUN MN HC

BO V RLE NNG CAO

GVHD: PGS. TS. NGUYN HONG VIT

HVTH: NG XUN QUANG
MSHV: 12180119

TP. H CH MINH, 5/2014

Bo v Rle nng cao

Ni dung
1. Khi nim chung ................................................................................................... 2
1.1 Nhim v ca bo v Rle .................................................................................... 2
1.2 Yu cu c bn ca mch bo v: .......................................................................... 2
1.2.1 Tnh chn lc .................................................................................................... 2
1.2.2 Tc ng nhanh ................................................................................................. 3
1.2.3 nhy ............................................................................................................ 3
1.2.4 Tnh bo m .................................................................................................... 3
2. Mt s loi Rle bo v ........................................................................................ 3
2.1 Bo v qu dng.................................................................................................... 4
2.1.1 Nguyn l hot ng ......................................................................................... 4
2.1.2 Bi tp p dng ................................................................................................. 4
2.2 Bo v khong cch .............................................................................................. 9
2.2.1 Nguyn l hot ng ......................................................................................... 9
2.2.2 Bi tp p dng ............................................................................................... 10
3. So snh t u dy my bin p tam gic/sao ni t v sao ni t/sao ni t .. 16
3.1 Trng hp ngn mch 3 pha (T s MBA bng 1): ............................................ 16
3.2 Trng hp ngn mch 2 pha (T s MBA bng 1): ............................................ 16
3.3 Trng hp ngn mch 1 pha chm t (T s MBA bng 1): ............................. 17
3.4 Kt lun .............................................................................................................. 17
4. Ti liu tham kho .............................................................................................. 18

Bo v Rle nng cao

1. Khi nim chung
1.1 Nhim v ca bo v Rle
Khi thit k v vn hnh bt k mt h thng in no cn phi k n kh nng pht
sinh ngn mch v cc tnh trng lm vic khng bnh thng trong h thng in y.
Ngn mch l loi s c c th xy ra v nguy him nht trong h thng in. Hu qu
ca ngn mch l:

St in p mt phn ln ca h thng in;

Ph hy cc phn t b s c bng tia la in;
Ph hy cc phn t c dng ngn mch chy qua do tc ng nhit v c;
Ph hy n nh ca h thng in.

Ngoi cc loi ngn mch, trong h thng in cn c cc tnh trng vic khng bnh
thng. Mt trong nhng tnh trng vic khng bnh thng l qu ti. Dng in qu
ti lm tng nhit cc phn dn in qu gii hn cho php lm cch in ca
chng b gi ci hoc i khi b ph hy.
ngn nga s pht sinh s c v s pht trin ca chng c th thc hin cc bin
php ct nhanh phn t b ngn mch ra khi mng in, loi tr nhng tnh
trng lm vic khng bnh thng c kh nng gy nguy him cho thit b v h dng
in.
m bo s lm vic lin tc ca cc phn khng ngn mch trong h thng in
cn c nhng thit b ghi nhn s pht sinh ca ngn mch vi thi gian b nht, pht
hin ra phn t b ngn mch v ct phn t b ngn mch ra khi h thng in. Thit
b ny c thc hin nh nhng kh c t ng c tn gi l rle. Thit b bo v
c thc hin nh nhng rle c gi l thit b bo v rle (BVRL).
Nh vy nhim v chnh ca thit b BVRL l t ng ct phn t ngn mch ra khi
h thng in. Ngoi ra thit b BVRL cn ghi nhn v pht hin nhng tnh trng lm
vic khng bnh thng ca cc phn t trong h thng in, ty mc m BVRL c
th tc ng i bo tn hiu hoc i ct my ct. Nhng thit b BVRL phn ng vi
tnh trng lm vic khng bnh thng thng thc hin tc ng sau mt thi gian
duy tr nht nh (khng cn phi c tnh tc ng nhanh nh cc thit b BVRL
chng ngn mch).
1.2 Yu cu c bn ca mch bo v:
1.2.1 Tnh chn lc
Tc ng ca bo v m bo ch ct phn t b ngn mch ra khi h thng in c
gi l tc ng chn lc. Khi c ngun cung cp d tr cho h tiu th, tc ng nh
vy to kh nng cho h tiu th tip tc c cung cp in.

Bo v Rle nng cao

Yu cu tc ng chn lc cng khng loi tr kh nng bo v tc ng nh l bo v
d tr trong trng hp hng hc bo v hoc my ct ca cc phn t ln cn.
Cn phn bit 2 khi nim chn lc:
Chn lc tng i: theo nguyn tc tc ng ca mnh, bo v c th lm vic
nh l bo v d tr khi ngn mch phn t ln cn.
Chn lc tuyt i: bo v ch lm vic trong trng hp ngn mch chnh
phn t c bo v.
1.2.2 Tc ng nhanh
Cng ct nhanh phn t b ngn mch s cng hn ch c mc ph hoi phn t
, cng gim c thi gian trt thp in p cc h tiu th v cng c kh nng
gi c n nh ca h thng in.
gim thi gian ct ngn mch cn phi gim thi gian tc ng ca thit b bo v
rle. Tuy nhin trong mt s trng hp thc hin yu cu tc ng nhanh th
khng th tha mn yu cu chn lc. Hai yu cu ny i khi mu thun nhau, v vy
ty iu kin c th cn xem xt k cng hn v 2 yu cu ny.
1.2.3 nhy
Bo v rle cn phi nhy i vi nhng ngn mch v tnh trng lm vic
khng bnh thng c th xut hin nhng phn t c bo v trong h thng in.
Thng nhy c c trng bng h s nhy Knh. i vi cc bo v lm vic
theo cc i lng tng khi ngn mch (v d, theo dng), h s nhy c xc nh
bng t s gia i lng tc ng ti thiu (tc dng ngn mch b nht) khi ngn
mch trc tip cui vng bo v v i lng t (tc dng khi ng).
1.2.4 Tnh bo m
Bo v phi lun lun sn sng khi ng v tc ng mt cch chc chn trong tt c
cc trng hp ngn mch trong vng bo v v cc tnh trng lm vic khng bnh
thng nh trc.
Mc khc bo v khng c tc ng khi ngn mch ngoi. Nu bo v c nhim v
d tr cho cc bo v sau n th khi ngn mch trong vng d tr bo v ny phi khi
ng nhng khng c tc ng khi bo v chnh t gn ch ngn mch hn cha
tc ng. tng tnh m bo ca bo v cn:
Dng nhng rle cht lng cao.
Chn s bo v n gin nht (s lng rle, tip im t).
Cc b phn ph (cc ni, dy dn) dng trong s phi chc chn, m bo.
Thng xuyn kim tra s bo v.
2. Mt s loi Rle bo v
3

Bo v Rle nng cao

2.1 Bo v qu dng
2.1.1 Nguyn l hot ng
Bo v dng in cc i l loi bo v phn ng vi dng trong phn t c bo v.
Bo v s tc ng khi dng in qua ch t thit b bo v tng qu mt gi tr nh
trc no .
Dng khi ng ca bo v IK, tc l dng nh nht i qua phn t c bo v m
c th lm cho bo v khi ng, cn phi ln hn dng ph ti cc i ca phn t
c bo v ngn nga vic ct phn t khi khng c ngn mch.
C th m bo kh nng tc ng chn lc ca cc bo v bng 2 phng php khc
nhau v nguyn tc:
Phng php th nht - bo v c thc hin c thi gian lm vic cng ln
khi bo v cng t gn v pha ngun cung cp. Bo v c thc hin nh
vy c gi l BV dng in cc i lm vic c thi gian.
Phng php th hai- da vo tnh cht: dng ngn mch i qua ch ni bo v
s gim xung khi ngn mch cng cch xa ngun cung cp. Dng khi ng
ca bo v IK c chn ln hn tr s ln nht ca dng trn on c bo
v khi xy ra ngn mch on k (cch xa ngun hn). Nh vy bo v c th
tc ng chn lc khng thi gian. Chng c gi l bo v dng in ct
nhanh.
Cc bo v dng in cc i lmvic c thi gian chia lm hai loi tng ng vi c
tnh thi gian c lp v c tnh thi gian ph thuc c gii hn. Bo v c c tnh
thi gian c lp l loi bo v c thi gian tc ng khng i, khng ph thuc vo
tr s ca dng in qua bo v. Thi gian tc ng ca bo v c c tnh thi gian
ph thuc gii hn, ph thuc vo dng in qua bo v khi bi s ca dng so vi
dng IK tng i nh v t ph thuc hoc khng ph thuc khi bi s ny ln.
2.1.2 Bi tp p dng
Bi tp 1: Tnh ton bo v dng cc i 51

Dng ti cc i:
I3

9 x103
167.35A
0.9 x 34.5 x 3

Bo v Rle nng cao

I2 I3 +

9x103
325.89A
0.9x34.5x 3

I1 I2

9 x103
484.43A
0.9 x 34.5 x 3

Bt u tnh ton cho rle xa ngun nht. Xt ti v tr BV3:

Tr t dng ti rle BV3 l 100% ImCT3, t s CT3=200/5, nh vy dng khi ng

rle bn s cp l 200A hay Ik3 = 200A.

5.95

Chn rle c dc U2: t 0.18 2 .TD

m 1
Vi:

m: Bi s dng ngn mch

TD: H s chn thi gian

Chn thi gian ct cho rle BV3 ng vi trng hp ngn mch ti 3,

Inm=Inm3max=2000A l t=0.1s.
Vi m=10, t=0.1s, thay vo phng trnh tnh TD:
5.95

t 0.18 2
.TD =>TD=0.42 => Chn: TD=1
m 1

ng cong c tnh ca rle BV3 (Ikd=200A, TD=1), kt qu bng sau:

Bo v Rle nng cao

Xt ti v tr BV2:

Tr t dng ti rle BV2 l 100% ImCT2, t s CT2=400/5, nh vy dng khi ng

rle bn s cp l 400A hay Ik2 = 400A.

5.95

Chn rle c dc U2: t 0.18 2 .TD

m 1
Vi:

m: Bi s dng ngn mch

TD: H s chn thi gian

Thi gian ct cho rle BV2 ng vi trng hp ngn mch ti 2, Inm=Inm2max=3000A l

t=t + 0.21s=0.3 + 0.21=0.51s.
Vi m=7.5, t=0.51s, thay vo phng trnh tnh TD:
5.95

t 0.18 2
.TD =>TD=1.77 => Chn: TD=2
m 1

ng cong c tnh ca rle BV2 (Ikd=400A, TD=2), kt qu bng sau:

Xt ti v tr BV1:

Bo v Rle nng cao

Tr t dng ti rle BV1 l 100% ImCT1, t s CT1=600/5, nh vy dng khi ng

rle bn s cp l 600A hay Ik1 = 600A.

5.95

Chn rle c dc U2: t 0.18 2 .TD

m 1
Vi:

m: Bi s dng ngn mch

TD: H s chn thi gian

Thi gian ct cho rle BV1 ng vi trng hp ngn mch ti 2, Inm=Inm1max=5000A l

t=t + 0.22s=0.3 + 0.22=0.52s.
Vi m=8.33, t=0.52s, thay vo phng trnh tnh TD:
5.95

t 0.18 2
.TD =>TD=1.77 => Chn: TD=2
m 1

ng cong c tnh ca rle BV1 (Ikd=600A, TD=2), kt qu bng sau:

ng cong phi hp gia cc rle:

Bo v Rle nng cao

Kim tra nhy:

k

BV 3
nhay

I3nm min 1500

7.5 (t)
Ikd 3
200

BV 2
k nhay

I3nm min 1500

3.75 (t)
Ikd 2
400

BV 1
k nhay

I3nm min 1500

2.5 (t)
Ikd 1
600

Bi tp 2: Tnh ton bo v ct nhanh 50

Xt ti v tr BV3:

Bo v Rle nng cao

Tr dng ct nhanh cho rle BV3: chn Kat=1.25

BV 3
ICN
K at .I3nm max 1.25 x 2000 2500A

Dng ngn mch ch min sau my ct BV3 c th xem bng gi tr ngn mch
min ti thanh ci s 2:
BV 3
I2nm min 2250A<ICN
2500A

BV3 khng t nhy ch ngn mch cc tiu, khng th s dng bo v 50 ti

v tr ny.
Xt ti v tr BV2:

Tr dng ct nhanh cho rle BV2: chn Kat=1.25

BV 2
ICN
K at .I2nm max 1.25 x 3000 3750A

Dng ngn mch ch min sau my ct BV2 c th xem bng gi tr ngn mch
min ti thanh ci s 1:
BV 2
I2nm min 3750A=ICN
3750A

BV2 t nhy ch ngn mch cc tiu nhng khng chc chn, khng nn s
dng bo v 50 v hot ng khng hiu qu.
2.2 Bo v khong cch
2.2.1 Nguyn l hot ng
Bo v khong cch l loi bo v dng rle tng tr c thi gian lm vic ph thuc
vo quan h gia in p UR v dng in IR a vo rle v gc R gia chng:
9

Bo v Rle nng cao

thi gian ny t ng tng ln khi khong cch t ch ni bo v n im ngn mch

tng ln. Bo v t gn ch ngn mch nht c thi gian lm vic b nht.
L quan h gia thi gian tc ng ca bo v vi khong cch hay tng tr n v tr
ngn mch.
2.2.2 Bi tp p dng
Bi tp 3: Tnh ton bo v khong cch 21 ti ABC

H s qui i tng tr v pha th cp:

k qd

nCT
1000 / 1

0.4783
nVT 230000 / 110

Tng tr ng dy L1:
Z1L1 L1.Z1 100.(0.089 j 0.476) 48.4279.41o
Z0L1 L1.Z0 100.(0.426 j 1.576) 163.2674.87o

Tng tr ca ng dy L2:
Z1L 2 L2 .Z1 60.(0.089 j 0.476) 29.0579.41o
Z0L 2 L2 .Z0 60.(0.426 j 1.576) 97.9574.87o

Tng tr ti:
Zt

U2
2302

26.4536.87o
SL 2000 x 0.8 i 2000 x 0.6

Tng tr cc ng dy v ti qui v pha th cp:

Z'1L1 k qd .ZL11 0.4783 x 48.4279.41o 23.1679.41o
Z'L01 k qd .ZL01 0.4783 x163.2674.87o 78.0974.87o
Z'1L 2 k qd .ZL12 0.4783 x 29.0579.41o 13.8979.41o

10

Bo v Rle nng cao

Z'L02 k qd .ZL02 0.4783 x 97.9574.87o 46.8574.87o
Z't k qd xZt 0.4783 x 26.4536.87o 12.6536.87 o

Tnh bo v khong cch 3 cp ti ABC:

Bo v vng I:

Chng ngn mch nhiu pha, gi tr khi ng l:

ZIABC K at .ZL'11 0.8 x 23.1679.41o 18.5379.41o

Chng chm t, gi tr khi ng l:

I
o
ZIG
ABC Z ABC 18.5379.41

H s b th t khng:
k bu

ZL' 01 ZL'11 78.0974.87o 23.1679.41o

0.79 6.45o
'1
o
3ZL1
3 x 23.1679.41

Bo v vng II:

Chng ngn mch nhiu pha, gi tr khi ng l:

ZIIABC ZL'11 0.5 xZL'12 23.1679.41o 0.5 x13.8979.41o 30.1179.41o

Kim tra iu khin nhy:

k nhay

ZIIABC 30.11

1.3 1.2 (t)

ZL'11
23.16

Chng chm t, gi tr khi ng l:

11

Bo v Rle nng cao

II
o
ZIIG
ABC Z ABC 30.1179.41

H s b th t khng:
k bu

ZL' 01 ZL'11 78.0974.87o 23.1679.41o

0.79 6.45o
'1
o
3ZL1
3 x 23.1679.41

Bo v vng III:

Chng ngn mch nhiu pha, gi tr khi ng l:

ZIIIABC 1.2 x(ZL'11 ZL'12 ) 1.2 x(23.1679.41o 13.89 79.41o ) 44.4679.41o

Chng chm t, gi tr khi ng l:

III
o
ZIIIG
ABC Z ABC 44.4679.41

H s b th t khng:
k bu

ZL' 01 ZL'11 78.0974.87o 23.1679.41o

0.79 6.45o
'1
o
3ZL1
3 x 23.1679.41

Chn c tnh bo v ti ABC:

12

Bo v Rle nng cao

Bi tp 4: Tnh ton bo v khong cch 21 ti A

Bo v vng I:

Chng ngn mch nhiu pha, gi tr khi ng l:

ZIA K at .ZL1 0.8 x 27.965o 22.3265o

Bo v vng II:

Chng ngn mch nhiu pha, gi tr khi ng l:

0.5
0.5

ZIIA ZL1 min

xZL 2 ;
xZT
k pd T
k pd L 2

13

Bo v Rle nng cao

H s phn dng khi ngn mch cui L2: k pd L 2

IL1
IL 2

Trng hp ch cc i ti A, cc i ti B:
k pd L 2

IL1
907.66

0.371
IL 2 2435.14

Trng hp ch cc i ti A, cc tiu ti B:
k pd L 2

IL1
675.6

0.434
IL 2 1556.96

Trng hp ch cc tiu ti A, cc i ti B:
k pd L 2

IL1
862.36

0.358
IL 2 2411.12

Trng hp ch cc tiu ti A, cc tiu ti B:

k pd L 2

IL1
933.43

0.42
IL 2 2222.13

Chn trng hp kpd=0.358 (nh nht) tnh gi tr khi ng cho trng hp ngn
mch cui ng dy L2:
ZIIA ZL1

0.5
0.5
ZL 2 27.965o
x13.565o 46.7565o
k pd
0.358

H s phn dng khi ngn mch sau my bin p T: k pd T

IL1
IT

Tng t trn, chn trng hp ch cc tiu ti A, cc i ti B:

k pd T

IL1
598.91

0.349
IT 1714.59

Tnh gi tr khi ng cho trng hp ngn mch cui MBA T:

ZIIA ZL1

0.5
0.5
ZT 27.965o
x 24.565o 6365o
k pd
0.349

Vy gi tr khi ng vng II l:
ZIIA ZL1

0.5
0.5
ZL 2 27.965o
x13.565o 46.7565o
k pd
0.358

Kim tra nhy:

k nhay

ZAII 46.7565o

1.68 1.2 (t)

ZL1
27.965o

Bo v vng III:
14

Bo v Rle nng cao

Chng ngn mch nhiu pha, so snh cc gi tr:

1

1
Z1IIIA 1.2 x (ZL1 max
xZL 2 ;
xZT ) max 65.665o ;98.165o 98.165o
k pd T

k pd L 2

V gi tr tng tr khi lm vic vi ti cc i:

ZIII2 A

Ulv min
3 xK at xK mm xK tv xIlv max x cos( dd lv )

0.9 x110000
83.3
3 x1.2 x1.5 x1.1x 400 x cos(65o 35o )

Vi: Kat=1.2: H s an ton;

Kmm=1.5: H s m my trng hp c ng c;
Ktv=1.05-1.1: H s tr v.
Vy chn gi tr khi ng vng III l:
ZIIIA Z2IIIA 83.3

c tnh bo v ti A:

15

Bo v Rle nng cao

3. So snh t u dy my bin p tam gic/sao ni t v sao ni t/sao ni t
Phn b dng trong MBA hai cun dy khi c ngn mch cc dng khc nhau pha th
cp MBA:
3.1 Trng hp ngn mch 3 pha (T s MBA bng 1):

MBA vi t y dy tam gic/ sao ni t

MBA vi t y dy sao ni t/ sao ni t

3.2 Trng hp ngn mch 2 pha (T s MBA bng 1):

MBA vi t y dy tam gic/ sao ni t

16

Bo v Rle nng cao

MBA vi t y dy sao ni t/ sao ni t

3.3 Trng hp ngn mch 1 pha chm t (T s MBA bng 1):

MBA vi t y dy tam gic/ sao ni t

MBA vi t y dy sao ni t/ sao ni t

3.4 Kt lun
Trong trng hp ngn mch bt i xng pha th cp/ti pha th cp mt i
xng:
17

Bo v Rle nng cao

MBA c t u dy tam gic/sao ni t khng xut hin dng th t khng
trn li pha s cp.
MBA c t u dy sao ni t/sao ni t xut hin dng th t khng trn
li pha s cp.
Cc my bin p thng c X1= X2, cn Xo ph thuc vo t ni dy. T ni dy
ch cho dng th th khng chy qun trong cun dy m khng ra ngoi li in.
T ni dy Y cho dng th th khng i qua cun dy ch khi trung tnh ni t v
s chy ra li in.
Hai my bin p vi cng cng sut, t l my bin p th dng lm vic cng nh
dng ngn mch qua cun dy pha s cp ca MBA c t u dy tam gic/ sao
ni t lun thp MBA c t y dy sao ni t/ sao ni t (Xt trng hp ngn
mch pha th cp).
4. Ti liu tham kho
[1] PGS. TS. Nguyn Hong Vit, Cc bi ton tnh Ngn mch v Bo v Rle trong
H thng in, Nh xut bn i hc Quc gia TP HCM, 2012.
[2] PGS. TS. Nguyn Hong Vit, Bo v rle v T ng ha trong h thng in,
Nh xut bn i hc Quc gia TP HCM, 2012.
[3] PGS. TS. Nguyn Kim Hng, Bo v rle v T ng ha, Nh xut bn i
hc Nng, 2008.
[4] Ngun ti liu trn internet.

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