ĐHCN.giáo Trình Bảo Vệ Rơ Le Và Tự Động Hóa Trong Hệ Thống Điện - Nhiều Tác Giả, 126 Trang

TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHIEP TP HCM KHOA IEN
GIAO TRNH BAO VE R LE VA T ONG HOA TRONG HT Trang 1

Chng 1 KHAI NIEM C BAN

1.1 NHIEM VU CUA BAO VE .
Trong qua trnh van hanh he thong ien co the xuat hien trnh trang s co va
che o lam viec khong bnh thng cua cac phan t. Phan ln cac s co
thng kem theo hien tng dong ien tang kha cao va ien ap giam kha
thap. Cac thiet b co dong ien tang cao chay qua b ot nong qua mc cho
phep dan en h hong. Khi ien ap giam thap th cac ho tieu thu khong the
lam viec bnh thng, tnh on nh cua cac may phat lam viec song song va
cua toan he thong b giam. Cac che o lam viec khong bnh thng cung lam
cho ap, dong va tan so lech khoi gii han cho phep va neu e keo dai trnh
trang nay co the xuat hien s co. Co the noi, s co lam roi loan cac hoat ong
bnh thng cua he thong ien noi chung va cua cac ho tieu thu ien noi
rieng. Che o lam viec khong bnh thng co nguy c xuat hien s co lam
giam tuoi tho cua cac may moc thiec b.
Muon duy tr hoat ong bnh thng cua he thong va cua cac ho tieu thu ien
th khi xuat hien s co can phat hien cang nhanh cang tot cho s co e cach ly
no khoi phan t khong b h hong, co nh vay phan t con lai mi duy tr c
hoat ong bnh thng, ong thi giam mc o h hong cua s co. Nh vay
ch co cac thiet b t ong bao ve mi co the thc hien tot c cac yeu cau
neu tren. Cac thiet b nay hp thanh he thong bao ve. Cac mang ien hien ai
khong the lam viec thieu cac he thong bao ve, v no theo doi lien tuc trnh
trang lam viec cua tat ca cac phan t trong he thong ien.
Khi xuat hien s co, bao ve phat hien va cho tn hieu khi cat cac phan t h
hong thong qua cac may cat ien (MC).
Khi xuat hien che o lam viec khong bnh thng, bao ve se phat hien va
tuy thuoc theo yeu cau co the tac ong e khoi phuc che o lam viec bnh
thng hoac bao tn hieu cho nhan vien trc.
He thong bao ve la to hp cua cac phan t c ban la cac rle, nen con c
goi la bao ve rle.

1.2 CAC YEU CAU C BAN OI VI HE THONG BAO VE.
1.2.1 Cac yeu cau oi vi chong ngan mach.
a) Tnh chon loc.
Kha nang cua bao ve ch cat phan t b s co khi s co xay ra c goi la tnh
chon loc. oi vi v du hnh 1.1, yeu cau nay c thc hien nh sau: Khi
ngan mach (NM) tai iem N
1
, may cat 3(MC
3
) la may cat gan cho s co
nhat c cat ra, nh vay cac phu tai khong noi vao ng day h hong van
c nhan ien. Khi ngan mach tai iem N
2
ng day s co II c cat ra t
hai pha nh MC
1
va MC
2
, con ng day I van lam viec, v vay toan bo cac
ho tieu thu van nhan c ien. Yeu cau tac ong chon loc la yeu cau c ban
nhat e am bao cung cap ien an toan cho cac ho tieu thu ien. Neu bao ve
tac ong khong chon loc th s co co the lan rong.
b) Tac ong nhanh.
Tnh tac ong nhanh cua bao ve la yeu cau quan trong khi co ngan mach ben
trong cua thiet b. Bao ve tac ong cang nhanh th:
am bao tnh on nh lam viec song song cua cac may phat trong he thong,
lam giam anh hng cua ien ap thap len cac phu tai.
Giam tac hai dong ngan mach ti cac thiet b.
Giam xac suat dan en h hong nang hn.
Nang cao hieu qua thiet b t ong lai.
Thi gian cat h hong t bao gom thi gian tac ong cua bao ve (t
bv
) va thi
gian cat cua may cat (t
mc
), t
mc
la hang so cua may cat.
t= t
bv
+ t
mc

oi vi cac he thong ien hien ai, thi gian cat NM ln nhat cho phep theo
yeu cau am bao tnh on nh la rat nho. V du oi vi ng day tai ien
300 500 kV, can phai cat s co trong vong 0.1 0.12 giay (s) sau khi NM
xuat hien, con trong mang t 110 220 kV th trong vong 0.15 0.3s. Muon
giam thi gian cat NM can giam thi gian tac ong cua bao ve va thi gian
cat cua may cat. Hien nay dung pho bien cac MC co t
mc
= 0.15 0.06 s. Neu
can cat NM vi thi gian t = 0.12 s bang MC co t
mc
= 0.08 s th thi gian tac
ong cua bao ve khong c vt qua 0.04s (2 chu ky cua song dong ien co
tan so 50Hz). Bao ve co tac ong di 0.1s c xep vao loai tac ong nhanh.
Loai bao ve tac ong nhanh hien ai co t
bv
= 0.01 0.04s.
Viec che tao bao ve va co tac ong nhanh, va co tnh chon loc la van e
rat kho. Cac bao ve nay phc tap va at tien. e n gian, co the thc hien
Hnh 1.1 Cat chon loc phan t b h hong khi NM trong mang ien
cat nhanh NM khong chon loc, sau o dung thiet b t ong lai phan b cat
khong chon loc.
c) o nhay.
Tren hnh 1.1 ta thay moi bao ve can tac ong khi s co xay ra trong vung bao
ve cua mnh (e bao am th va co bao ve chnh va va co bao ve d tr tai
cho). V du bao ve 1 va 2 can tac ong khi NM xay ra trong oan DE. Ngoai
ra bao ve 1 va 2 con can tac ong khi s co xay ra trong oan BC cua bao ve
3 (bao ve 1 va 2 goi la bao ve d tr cho bao ve 3). ieu nay can thiet e d
phong trng hp NM tren oan BC ma BV3 hoac MC
3
khong lam viec. Tac
ong cua BV oi vi oan ke tiep c goi la d phong xa. Moi bao ve can
tac ong khong ch vi trng hp NM trc tiep ma ca khi NM qua ien tr
trung gian cua ho quang ien. Ngoai ra no con tac ong khi NM xay ra trong
luc he thong lam viec che o cc tieu ( che o nay, mot so nguon c cat
ra va do o dong NM co ga tr nho).
o nhay cua bao ve thng c anh gia bang he so nhay k
nh
. oi vi bao
ve cc ai tac ong, ai lng theo doi tang khi co s co h hong (v du qua
dong ien) th k
nh
c xac nh:

kdbv
N
nh
I
I
k
min
=
vi I
Nmin
dong NM nho nhat; I
kdbv
gia tr dong nho nhat ma BV co the tac
ong.
oi vi bao ve cc tieu tac ong khi ai lng theo doi giam khi h hong (v
du ien ap cc tieu) he so k
nh
c xac nh ngc lai bang tr so ien ap khi
ong chia cho ien ap d con lai ln nhat khi h hong.
Bao ve can co o nhay sao cho no tac ong chac chan khi NM qua ien tr ho
quang cuoi vung c giao bao ve trong che o cc tieu cua he thong.
d) o tin cay.
o tin cay the hien yeu cau bao ve phai tac ong chac chan khi NM xay ra
trong vung c giao bao ve va khong c tac ong oi vi cac che o ma
no khong co nhiem vu tac ong. ay la yeu cau rat quan trong. Mot bao ve
nao o hoac khong tac ong hoac tac ong nham rat co the dan en hau qua
la so phu tai b mat ien nhieu hn hoac lam cho s co lan tran. V du khi NM
tai iem N
2
tren hnh 1.1 ma bao ve khong tac ong cat MC
1
va MC
2
c th
cac bao ve d phong xa cat nguon II MC
4
, MC
5
va tram B nh vay bao ve
khong tin cay, lam mat ien nhieu gay thiet hai cho kinh te.
e bao ve co o tin cay cao can dung s o n gian, giam so rle va tiep
xuc, cau tao n gian, che o lap rap am bao chat lng, ong thi kiem tra
thng xuyen trong qua trnh van hanh.
1.2.2 Yeu cau oi vi cac bao ve chong cac che o lam viec khong bnh
thng.
Tng t bao ve chong NM, cac bao ve nay cung can tac ong chon loc, nhay
va tin cay. Yeu cau tac ong nhanh khong e ra. Thi gian tac ong cua bao
ve loai nay cung c xac nh theo tnh chat va hau qua cua che o lam viec
khong bnh thng. Thong thng cac che o nay xay ra choc lat va t tieu
tan, v du nh hien tng qua tai ngan han khi khi ong ong c khong ong
bo. Trng hp nay neu cat ngay se lam phu tai mat ien. Trong nhieu trng
hp, nhan vien van hanh co nhiem vu loai tr che o khong bnh thng va
nh vay ch can yeu cau bao ve bao tn hieu.

1.3 CAC BO PHAN CUA HE THONG BAO VE .
Trong trng hp tong quat, s o bao ve gom hai phan chnh : phan o lng
va phan logic (hnh 1.2).

- Phan o lng(PL) lien tuc thu nhap tin tc ve tnh trang cua phan t
c bao ve, ghi nhan s xuat hien s co va tnh trang lam viec khong
bnh thng ong thi truyen tn hieu en phan logic. PL nhan nhng
thong tin cua oi tng c bao ve qua cac bo bien oi o lng s
cap may bien dong (BI)va cac may bien ien ap (BU).
- Phan logic tiep nhan tn hieu t PL. Neu gia tr, th t va tong hp
cac tn hieu phu hp vi chng trnh nh trc no se phat tn hieu
ieu khien can thiec (cat MC hoac bao tn hieu ) qua bo phan thc hien
.
1.3.1 o lng s cap .
May bien dong (BI), may bien ien ap (BU) dung e:
- Giam dong ien va ien ap cua oi tng bao ve en gia tr thap u e
he thong bao ve lam viec an toan (dong th cap BI nh mc la 5A hoac
1A, ap th cap BU nh mc la 100V hoac 120V).
- Cach ly bao ve vi oi tng c bao ve .
- Cho phep cung dong va ap chuan thch ng vi he thong bao ve .
Tong tr th cap cua BI rat thap , ngc lai tong tr cua BU rat cao. Loi
cua BI co the che tao bang thep hay khe h khong kh, BI co loi thep co
cong suat ra ln nhng co nhieu sai so ca trong che o lam viec bnh
thng hay qua o. BI co loi khong kh co cong suat ra thap thng khong
u cho rle, vi mach. Chung co ac tnh lam viec tuyen tnh va khong co
sai so trong che o qua o.
Tieu chuan chon t so BI la theo dong ien tai cc ai. Cac oi tng bao
ve co ien the cao, co the s dung BU qua bo chia ien the bang tu ien,
e ien the BU ch bang 10% ien the he thong (hnh 1.3).
MAY BIEN DONG IEN (ky hieu BI, TI ,CT).
T so bien oi dong ien cua BI theo ly thuyet la nghch vi so vong cuon
s cap va th cap cua BI. Nhng thc te dong th cap c xac nh bang :
N
I
.I
T
=I
S
-I

Trong o : I
T
, I
S
, I
lan lt la dong ien th cap, dong ien s cap va

dong ien t hoa. N
I
: he so bien oi dong ien .
Dong t hoa t le vi tong tr cua mach th cap, v the sai so cua BI t le vi
tong tr th cap (phu tai cua BI). Cac BI co the am bao c o chnh xac
khi chung lam viec tnh trang gan vi tnh trang noi tat pha th cap BI,
ngha la phu tai th cap BI be th luc o dong t hoa (I
) be. V du, khi phu

tai 30VA va dong ien nh mc 5A, ta co ien the th cap U
T
= 6V. Khi ien
tr cua phu tai thay oi trong mot pham vi gii han, dong ien th cap I
T
thc
te hau nh khong bien oi v I

rat be so vi dong ien s cap I
S
. V the phu
tai cua BI luon luon noi tiep, khac vi phu tai cua BU luon luon ghep song
song. Noi tat th cap la trng hp lam viec bnh thng cua BI. Khong cho
Hnh 1.3 Mach phan the bang tu ien
Uht
C1
L1
C2 U2 UT
U
T
=(U
ht.
.C
1
)/(C
1
+C
2
).
U
ht
ien the he thong.
C
1
,C
2
ien dung cua
bo phan the.
L
1
khang tr.
U
T
ien the th cap
cua BU.
phep may bien dong lam viec tnh trang h mach th cap khi dong ien s
cap nh mc. ac biet khi ngan mach, dong s cap rat ln, sc ien ong
pha th cap (neu h mach) co the at en hang chuc KV. Cung can chu y
rang neu ien tr cua phu tai mach th cap ln cung co the gay ra qua ien
ap nguy hiem. o chnh xac cua BI c tnh bang ty so:
% sai so = 100 * ) (
S
S T I
I
I I N

oi vi mot so loai rle o chnh xac cua bien dong t 10% en 15% khi NM
co the chap nhan c, v du rle dong ien co thi gian. Con nhng rle
khac nh khoang cach, so lech yeu cau o chnh xac cua bien dong cao hn la
t 2% en 3%. Trong trng hp tong quat co the dung o chnh xac la 5%.
Sai so cho phep ve goc pha la 7
0
.
1 .Cach xac nh phu tai cua BI trong s o bao ve.
Trong s o BV phu tai cua BI bao gom ien tr cua cac rle, day noi phu va
ien tr tiep xuc. Gia tr tnh toan cua phu tai BI xac nh nh sau:

T
T
pt
I
U
Z
&
&
&
=
oi vi dong ien th cap a cho, ien ap au ra cuon th cap cua BI phu
thuoc vao s o noi gia BI va phan o lng, dang NM va s phoi hp cac
pha h hong.
Trong mot so trng hp e giam phu tai cua BI, ngi ta giam U
T
bang cach
noi tiep hai (hay oi khi la ba hoac la bon) may bien dong co he so bien oi
giong nhau(nh hnh 1.4).

Luc o:
) 2 ( 5 . 0
dd R
T
T
pt
Z Z
I
U
Z + = =
&
&
&

vi Z
R
tong tr cua rle; Z
dd
tong tr cua day dan.

2 .Cach anh dau cuon day.
I
Hnh 1.4 Noi
tiep hai may
bien dong
R

Trong cac s o bao ve can phai noi ung au cac cuon day cua BI va phan
o lng cua BV, v the can phai biet cach anh dau cac cuon day s cap va
th cap cua BI.
Cac au cua cuon s cap chung ta anh dau S
1
va S
2
.
Cac au cua cuon th cap ta anh dau T
1
va T
2
.
Xac nh au day theo quy tac sau: chon au day S
1
cua cuon s cap tuy y,
au con lai cua cuon s cap la S
2
. au T
1
cua cuon th cap c xac nh
theo au S
1
cua cuon s cap vi qui c la khi gia tr tc thi cua dong ien s
cap I
S
i t au S
1
en S
2
dong ien th cap I
T
se i t T
2
en T
1
. cac au S
1
va T
1
oi khi ngi ta anh dau bang ngoi sao (*). Neu chon au day theo qui
c va neu th hau nh la dong ien i thang t mach s cap qua rle khong
b oi chieu. V the tren cac ban ve thng ngi ta khong anh dau ngoai
cac oan day ma ch hieu ngam rang cac au cung ten S
1
va T
1
nam canh
nhau. oi vi BI loi thep, ac tnh bao hoa t cua no rat quan trong. Khi dong
ien NM ln lam loi thep bao hoa, ieu nay se gay anh hng nhieu hay t
en cac bao ve, mc o anh hng tuy thuoc vao nguyen tac bao ve, chang
han khong anh hng nhieu en bao ve mot tn hieu au vao nh bao ve dong
ien. Mc o chnh xac cua BI anh hng rat ln en s o bao ve so lech v
can so sanh s khac nhau gia cac dong ien. S bao hoa cua BI co the c
tnh phong oan bang ba phng phap sau:
- Phng phap ng cong t hoa hay con goi ng cong bao hoa.
- Phng phap cong thc.
- Phng phap mo phong tren may vi tnh.
(Cac phng phap tren c trnh bay ro trong giao trnh bao ve rle va t
ong hoa cua tac gia Ts Nguyen Hoang Viet.)
3 .Bo bien oi dong ien quang.
e khac phuc hien tng bao hoa cua loi thep BI, ta co the dung bo bien oi
dong ien quang. Nguyen tac lam viec cua cac bo bien oi nay la o lng
vung t trng lan can cua day dan mang dong ien. u iem cua phng
phap nay la:
Hnh 1.5 Cach
anh dau cac au
cuon day BI
- Khoang lam viec cua bo phan quang ln hn nhieu so vi loai BI ien t.
- Bo bien oi quang gon nhe.
Khuyet iem: Loai nay la tn hieu au ra nho khoang vai microwatt so vi vai
watt cua loai co ien. Phan cng cua bo bien oi dong ien quang ngay cang
phat trien va co 5 dang khac nhau nh sau:
- Loai 1: BI co ien ket hp vi bo bien oi ien - quang.
- Loai 2: dung mach t quang day dan ket hp va o t trng ben trong loi
thep qua khe h khong kh.
- Loai 3: dung ng i anh sang ben trong khoi vat lieu quang bao boc day
dan ien.
- Loai 4: dung mot day quang quan quanh day dan.
- Loai 5: o t trng tai mot iem gan day dan.
MAY BIEN IEN AP( ky hieu BU, TU, PT).
May bien ien ap c che tao chuan hoa hn may bien dong ien. ien the
th cap gia cac pha thng la 100V (115V). Thng co 2 loai la t va ien
dung( dung tu phan the). Khi ien the he thong ln 500 kV may bien ap ien
dung c dung.
BU khac vi may biem ap ien lc cho lam nguoi, c day dan va o yeu
cau lam viec chnh xac. Tr so sai cua BU c nh theo he so:
% sai so = 100 *
S
S T U
U
U U N

Hnh 1.6 Cac loai bo bien oi dong ien quang
vi: N
U
la he so bien oi ien ap; U
T
, U
S
: lan lt la ien ap th va s cap.
Sai so la mot phan do ien the s cap tao dong ien t hoa va mot phan do tai
pha th cap. e dung cho bao ve, BU c che tao thng la ba pha co loi
tru. Moi pha co 2 cuon th cap, mot cuon noi sao e cho ien the ba pha can
thiet cho bao ve va cuon con lai noi tiep thanh tam giac h dung e loc thanh
phan th t khong (H.1.7a). BU mot pha cung c dung nhng ni khong can
ien ap th t khong, luc o ch can ien ap mot pha noi theo kieu tam giac
thieu (H.1.7b).
S o noi BI, BU vi phan o lng cua mach bao ve.
Phan o lng cua mach bao ve nhan thong tin cua oi tng bao ve t cuon
day th cap cua BI, BU. Trang thai, che o ay u cua oi tng bao ve c
xac nh bang dong va ap ba pha tai cho at bao ve. Trong vai trng hp, e
cho bao ve tac ong ch can dong hai pha hay ch can dong ien ap gia cac
pha (ien ap day), trong trng hp nh the ch can at BI hai pha va hai
bien ap mot pha.
Thanh phan th t khong co the nhan c bang cach noi thch hp gia cac
cuon day th cap BI va BU. Thanh phan nay cung co the nhan c qua bo
loc cua cac thanh phan th t t phan o lng cua bao ve.
oi vi bao ve c thc hien bang ban dan, vi mach, cac thanh phan th t
cua dong s cap c tao bang phan o lng cua bao ve, sau khi phan nay
nhan c U
T
, I
T
t BU, BI. Van e ke tiep c at ra la can dung them
nhng BI, BU, bo phan the, phan dong trung gian e chuyen dong va ap nh
mc t BI, BU (5A hay 1A va 100V) xuong dong va ap thch hp cho phan o
lng va ban dan hay vi mach.
i vi bao ve thc hien bang vi x ly, cac thanh phan va hoa tan co the
nhan c bang cach tnh toan khi a biet dong va ap pha.
May bien dong th t khong (BI
0
).
Trong mang ien co trung tnh khong noi at, thng dong cham at rat be,
neu dung bo loc 3 BI se khong u o nhay e BV tac ong, dong khi ong s
Hnh 1.7 May bien ien ap
cap cua BV nay khong nho hn 20 en 25A, trong trng hp nay dung BI
0
co
o nhay cao hn.
u iem chnh cua BI
0
la I
kc
(dong khong can bang)rat be va co kha nang
chon so vong cuon th cap tuy ieu kien bao am cho o nhay ln nhat ma
khong b gii han bi phu tai. Nh vay BI
0
co kha nang lam cho BV tac ong
vi dong s cap 3 en 5 A.

Neu dung BI
0
ket hp vi rle co o nhay cao co the tao nen BV tac ong vi
dong s cap 1 en 2A. Tren hnh 1.8a gii thieu cau tao cua BI
0
khung t (1)
gom cac la thep bien ap co dang hnh vanh khan hoac ch nhat om lay ca ba
pha cua ng day c BV, cac day dan pha A, B, C chui qua lo cua BI
0
, con
cuon th cap (2) th quan tren khung t. Cac dong I
A
, I
B
, I
c
tao trong khung t
cac t thong tng ng
A
,
B
,
C
. T thong tong cua cuon s cap:

=
A
+
B
+
c

Neu
0 : trong cuon th cap co sc ien ong e

2
tao nen dong trong L.
Gia tr t thong va dong tao ra co lien he qua = I/R = KI. Khi cac day dan
cac pha co v tr nh nhau oi vi khung t va cuon th cap, co the coi he so k
cua cac pha nh nhau, khi o:

=
A
+
B
+
c
= k (
C B A
I I I
& & &
+ + )
v tong cac dong
0
3I I I I
C B A
= + +
& & &
nen co the noi la t thong tong tao nen bi
dong s cap cua BI
0
t le vi thanh phan th t khong
= k3I
0
.
T thong tong
va cac ai lng ma no tao nen la S th cap e

2
va dong
th cap I
R
ch co the co khi tong dong cac pha khac khong, hay noi cach khac
khi ma trong cac dong pha i qua BI
0
co cha thanh phan th t khong.
Trong thc te v tr cac day dan pha oi vi cuon th khong nh nhau. He so
ho cam cac pha oi vi cuon th cap k co gia tr khac nhau, v vay ngay ca khi
dong s cap hoan toan can bang, t thong tong van khac khong. o la t
thong khong can bang tao nen trong cuon th cap S va dong khong can
bang. Dong khong can bang trong BI
0
nho hn rat nhieu so vi bo loc dung
Hnh 1.8 May bien dong th t khong BI
0
3BI. Trong BI
0
thc hien cong t thong cac dong I
kc
ch phu thuoc vao mc o
khong oi xng cua vi tr dong s cap cac pha. e bao ve ng day, ong c
ien, hien nay ngi ta che tao BI
0
loai cap. Khi can thiet BV ng day tren
khong ngi ta lam them oan cap va at BI
0
tren oan o. Khi co dong I
v

chay tr ve trong vo cap cua ng day khong s co ma co at BI
0
, BV ng
day co the tac ong sai. Kinh nghiem van hanh cho biet la theo vo cap bang
thep hay bang ch co the co dong I
v
chay vong qua at. Cac dong nay xuat
hien khi cham at gan cho at cap. Dong I
v
chay theo vo cap cua ng day
khong h hong chay qua BI
0
va do o BV tac ong sai. e loai tr ieu neu
tren, triet tieu anh hng cua dong o nh sau: vo oan cap t pheu cho en
BI
0
at cach ien vi at, day noi at noi pheu cap luon qua lo BI
0
(H1.8b).
Nh vay khi co I
v
chay theo vo cap, Dong nay qua day noi at chay ngc tr
ve. T thong trong khung cua BI
0
do dong chay trong vo va dong noi at triet
tieu nhau, nen bang khong. Khung t cua BI
0
cung can phai at cach ien oi
vi vo cap.
b. S o noi BU vi phan o lng cua BV
S o c ban noi cuon day cac BU la noi hnh sao, tam giac, loc ap th t
khong.
- S o hnh sao (co the dung 3 BU mot pha hay BU ba pha).
S o ba MBA thng dung cho mang t 35KV tr len. BU ba pha 5 tru
thng dung cho mang di 15KV, khi cung mot luc can lay ien ap th t
khong.
Trong s o nay cuon day s cap BU c noi hnh sao, trung tnh noi at. Bo
phan o lng cua bao ve co the nhan ien ap day (H.1.9a), ien ap pha
(H.1.9b) cung co the nhan ap pha vi trung tnh gia (H.1.9c), gian o vect
cho (H1.10).
Trong trng hp c, khi tong tr cua cac L bang nhau th:

3
;
3
;
3
cb ca
c
ba bc
b
ac ab
a
U U
U
U U
U
U U
U
+
=
+
=
+
=
A B C
`
L L L L L L L L L
a) b)
c)

Hnh 1.9 S o hnh sao
Hnh 1.10 ien ap pha cua
he thong co trung tnh gia
ca
U
&

ba
U
&

cb
U
&

N
a
b
c
Neu trung tnh cua s cap BU khong noi at th ien ap trong s o Hnh 1.9b
se nh trong trng hp c ma trung tnh s cap co noi at.
_S o tam giac khuyet.
S o c thc hien bang hai ien ap day (hnh 1.11). Bo phan o lng
cua BV co the noi e nhan ien ap day va ien ap pha co trung tnh gia.
S o nay c dung khi khong can nhan ien the pha vi at.

Bo loc ap th t khong: e nhan thanh phan ien ap th t khong thng
dung ba BU mot pha, hay ba pha nam tru. Cuon s cap noi hnh sao, trung tnh
noi at, cuon th cap noi tam giac h, e noi bo phan L vao(hnh 12a).
ien ap nhan c L la:
U U
C B A
c b a R
K
U
K
U U U
U U U U
0
3
& & & &
& & & &
=
+ +
+ + = .
ien ap nhan c ty le vi ien ap th t khong nen s o nay c goi la
bo loc ap th t khong.
A B C
`
L L L L L L
Hnh 1.11 S o tam giac khuyet (s o noi hnh ch V)

A B C
a)
L
a
c
b
L
b)
Hnh 1.12 S o noi BU
nhan ap th t khong
May
phat
ien ap th t khong con co the nhan t trung tnh cua he thong. V du trung
tnh may phat (Hnh 1.12b) noi at qua mot may bien ap mot pha. Khi co
cham at mot pha, trung tnh co dong I
0
va do o th cap BU xuat hien th t
khong. e cung cap ap th t khong cho cac rle c cau tao bang ban dan
hay vi mach, ngi ta co the nhan ap th t khong qua trung gian cac bo loc
th cap noi vao ien ap pha cua cuon th cap BU (hnh 1.13). Bo loc dung
ien tr (Hnh 1.13a) BU trung gian tam giac h (Hnh 1.13b)hay tu ien.

1.3.2 Phan logic cua bao ve
Phan logic nhan tn hieu phan anh tnh trang cua oi tng BV t phan o
lng. Phan logic co the la to hp cua cac rle trung gian (rle ien c, ban
dan) hay mach logic tn hieu (0 1), rle thi gian, phan t ieu khien may
cat. Phan nay hoat ong theo chng trnh a nh san i ieu khien may cat.
Nh tren a khao sat phan o lng a dien ra so sanh cac ai lng o lng
vi nhau hay vi ai lng chuan. Trng hp tong quat co the bieu dien
phan o lng bang n ham so chc nang co dang:
>
=
j i
j i
j i i
B khiA
B khiA
B A
0
1
) , (

trong o: A
i
= f
1
(U
R
, I
R
), B
j
= f
2
(U
R
, I
R
)
oi vi phan logic co the bieu dien bang ham:

=
0
1
) ,..., , , (
3 2 1 n
L
A B C
L
R
L
L
a) a)
b) c)

Hnh 1.13 Bo loc th cap ap th t khong
Ham so L lien he cac phan t logic chuan, phan t thi gian, tn hieu. Trang
thai cua L phu thuoc vao phan o lng. e thc hien chng trnh lam viec
cua phan logic co the dung tiep iem cua cac rle trung gian hay phan t logic
c ban.
Vi ba toan t logic c ban OR (y = x
1
x
2
x
3
), AND (y = x
1
. x
2
. x
3
) va NO
(y = x ) va cac phan t thi gian, bao tn hieu ta co the thc hien phan logic
cua bat ky mach BV nao.
Hnh 1.14 gii thieu cac toan t logic c ban thc hien bang tiep iem rle va
ky hieu.
Trong so mach BV, phan logic co them pham t CAM (khoa) hay can tn hieu
thi gian cung phan t gi ( NH). Ky hieu va cach thc hien cho Hnh
1.15.
Cach lam viec cua mach t gi nh sau: khi x
1
= 1 (cuon x
1
co ien) th y=1 (y
co ien do dong i qua tiep iem x
1
va tiep iem ong x
2
). Trang thai y=1
van c tiep tuc gi ( mac du x
1
tr ve 0) nh tiep iem y va y tr ve khong
khi x
2
h ra, ngha la x
2
=1. Trong thc te co nhng s o mach BV phc tap.
e co the n gian hoa mach logic, tuy theo cong cu che tao BV ngi ta co
the dung cac quy luat bien oi ai so logic c ban.

1.3.3 Mach thc hien ieu khien may cat.
He thong mach ieu khien may cat phai am bao lam viec tin cay. Hnh 1.16
gii thieu s o khoi dang he thong ieu khien thng c dung trong he
thong BV.
- Dang 1: He thong hai rle nhan ien t 1 nguon thao tac mot chieu va cac
may bien ien.
- Dang 2: c lam tin cay hn bang cach dung hai bo bien ien rieng biet
cung cap cho hai rle.

1
X1
X2
X3
Y X
X Y
Y
X1
X2
X2
Y
X1
X1
X2
S
R
T
Y
Y
Y +
X1 X2
X3
X1
X2
X3
A
N
D
X1
X2
X3
X2
Y
X1
a)
b) c) a) b)
Hnh 1.14 Nhng toan t logic c ban
a) y=x1+x2+x3; b) y=x1.x2.x3; c) y= x
Hnh 1.15 a) Mach khoa x 1, x 2
b) Mach t gi y=(x1+y) x 2
&
- Dang 3: dung may cat co hai cuon cat, moi rle a tn hieu en mot cuon
cat rieng biet.
- Dang 4: hai he thong BV rieng biet ieu khien mot may cat.
Nhan xet: dang 2 c tin cay hn v co 2 bo bien ien rieng biet cung cap
cho 2 rle. Dang 4 la dang at tien nhat va tin cay nhat v co hai he thong BV
rieng biet ieu khien mot may cat.
1.3.4 Cac nguon thao tac.
Dong ien thao tac dung e cung cap cho cac rle trung gian, thi gian, tn
hieu, phan cc cac linh kien ien t, ong cat ieu khien cac may cat ien va
mot so muc ch khac.
Nguon dong ien thao tac can phai am bao cho BV lam viec mot cach chac
chan trong trng hp NM, khi ma ien ap cho h hong co the giam en
khong. V vay cac may bien ap t dung va cac may bien ien ap khong the la
nguon cung cap duy nhat cho BV c.
Hien nay thng dung cac nguon thao tac mot chieu do accu cung cap va
nguon xoay chieu do may bien dong, bien ap mang ien ap thap cung cap.
a) Nguon thao tac mot chieu.
Accu ien ap 110 220 V, cac tram bien ap nho th accu ien ap 24 48 V
c dung lam nguon mot chieu. Accu am bao cung cap nang lng ien can
thiet cho cac mach thao tac thi iem bat ky, khong phu thuoc vao trang
thai cua mang c BV, v vay no la nguon cung cap bao am nhat. Tuy
nhien nguon accu at hn nhieu so vi cac nguon thao tac khac, no oi hoi
thiet b nap, phong rieng va s bao tr thng xuyen.
b) Nguon thao tac xoay chieu.
oi vi BV chong NM, may bien dong la nguon cung cap rat am bao cho
cac mach thao tac. Khi co NM dong va ap au cc cua may bien dong tang
len am bao cung cap nang lng can thiet cho cac mach thao tac. Tuy nhien
oi vi cac s co va che o khong bnh thng ma dong qua phan t BV
khong tang len th may bien dong khong am bao cong suat can thiet.
rle1 rle2
Cuon cat
May cat
BI
accu
BU
rle1 rle2
Cuon cat
May cat
BU1 accu BI2 BI1 BU2
rle1 rle2
May cat
BU1 accu BI2 BI1 BU2
Cuon cat2 Cuon cat1
rle1 rle2
May cat
BI2 BU2
Cuon cat2 Cuon cat1
BI1 BU1 Accu
1
Accu
2
Hnh 1.16:S o khoi he thong ieu khien may cat tieu bieu
1) 2) 3) 4)
May bien ien ap va may bien ap t dung khong the dung e cung cap cho
mach thao tac cua BV chong NM khi ap cua mang ien giam. Nhng oi vi
cac s co va che o khong bnh thng ap khong giam nhieu th chung co the
lam viec tot.
Tu nap san. Thong thng tu c nap ien san t mang trong che o bnh
thng. Khi ap cua tram b mat, nang lng trong tu van c duy tr, v vay
tu nap san c dung e cung cap nang lung cho cac BV va thiet b t ong
lam viec khi mat ap cua tram.
To cung cap lien hp, cung cap cho ta dong ien thao tac bang cach tong hp
cac dong ien chnh lu t cac dong ien (co may bien dong) va ien ap (may
bien ap). Trong cac to lien hp can phai chu y en viec chon cac pha dong
ien va ien ap nh the nao e co the nhan c cong suat ln nhat.
c) Nguon mot chieu cho cac phan t thc hien bang ien t, vi mach.
He thong BV bang ban dan, vi mach can nguon ien ap mot chieu on nh.
Tr so ien ap phu thuoc vao transistor, hay vi mach. Nhng ien ap thong
dung cung cap cho cac mach nay la 5 V, 9 V, 15 V. e cung cap nguon
mot chieu cac linh kien ban dan, vi mach ngi ta thng dung hai phng
phap sau:
- Dung bo chia the t mang 110 V hay 220 V
- Bo bien oi mot chieu 110 V (220 V DC) thanh ien mot chieu co ien the
ra thch hp.
Phng phap au tien thng dung cho cac mach rle rieng biet (rle trung
gian, dong ien, thi gian) nang lng tieu thu tng phan khong ln. S o
nguyen ly n gian cua phng phap nay Hnh1.17.

Trong trng hp nguon cung cap cho BV phc tap, cung mot luc cung cap
cho phan o lng va logic can thiet dung phng phap th hai.

1.3.5 Cac ky hieu thng gap trong s o BV rle.
a) Cuon day rle (ngo vao cua rle).
+
_
CL
CL
BU
Hnh 1.17:To cung cap lien hp

b) Tiep iem rle (ngo ra cua rle).
Tiep iem thng m(a) cho biet tiep iem nay m khi cuon day cua no
khong co ien ( rle cha tac ong).
Tiep iem thng ong (b) cho biet khi tiep iem nay ong khi cuon day
khong co ien.
Khi rle tac ong th trang thai cua tiep iem se thay oi.

1.4 CAC DANG RLE
1.4.1 Cac rle ien c.
Rle ien c c s dung e thc hien cac phan chc nang cua BV. Rle
ien c lam viec tren c s lc c di tac dung cua dong ien chay trong
rle; rle ien c tn hieu ien au vao thanh tn hieu trang thai la s ong,
m cua tiep iem. Trong rle ien c, nang lng ien t c chuyen oi
thanh nang lng c, lam chuyen oi phan ong cua rle.
1.4.2 Bao ve thc hien bang ien t (S dung linh kien ban dan, vi mach
trong cac s o BV hay con goi la rle ban dan) .
Giai oan au tien, linh kien ban dan dung trong he thong BV rat t va chu
yeu la trong rle ien c, nhng cang ve sau ty le s dung cac phan t ban
dan, vi mach trong cac he thong BV tang dan len, va trong nhieu trng hp
ch co phan t cuoi cung mi dung rle ien c. Trong nhng s o BV bang
ien t, hien nay ngi ta a dung nhng linh kien ban dan khac nhau. o la
50
50
50
50
a b
c d

diod, transistor, thyristo, phan t Hall, khuyech ai thuat toan . Cac linh kien
nay c dung e tao thanh nhng phan t chc nang khac nhau cua BV. Cau
truc va s lam viec cua tng linh kien neu tren c trnh bay trong hang loat
nhng tai lieu ky thuat. V vay viec gii thieu nay se gop phan thiet ke va
giai thch de dang s lam viec cua cac bo phan chc nang cua he thong BV.

1.4.3 Bao ve dung ky thuat so vi x ly (Rle ky thuat so).
Trong thi gian gan ay, ngi ta co kha nang x ly mot khoi lng ln thong
tin trong mot thi gian rat ngan oi vi che o lam viec cua trang thiet b ien
c BV. Hien nay trong he thong ien nhng thong tin nay c x ly bang
may vi tnh. Do o a tao nen mot s thay oi quan trong trong viec thc hien
cua he thong BV. Viec s dung he thong vi tnh thiet ke, thc hien cac phan
cua BV ang la van e cua thi s. Cung tng t nh cac BV thc hien bang
ien c, ien t, BV bang vi tnh ky thuat so cung co nhng phan chc nang
o lng, tao thi gian, phan logic hoat ong theo chng trnh nh trc e
i ieu khien cac may cat. Vi kha nang linh ong cua cac rle dung ky thuat
so, ngoai chc nang phat hien NM, con lam nhiem vu o lng, nh v tr s
co, lu tr cac hien tng trc va sau thi iem NM, phan tch d lieu he
thong, de dang giao tiep vi cac BV khac, hien th thong tin ro rang cho ngi
s dung. Sau ay gii thieu s lc nguyen ly hoat ong cua mot rle ky thuat
so.
Mot rle ky thuat so co the bao gom cac bo phan: Bo bien oi dong sang ap,
bo loc, bo chnh lu chnh xac, bo dch pha, bo phat hien i qua iem zero, bo
chon kenh, mach lay mau va gi, bo bien oi ADC, bo x ly, bo xuat nhap,
cac tiep iem rle ieu khien.
Tn hieu t may bien ien ap va tn hieu t may bien dong sau khi a c
bien oi thanh tn hieu ap tng ng c cho qua bo loc e tranh loi gia. Sau
khi qua bo loc cac tn hieu nay se c cho qua (hay khong cho qua) bo chnh
lu chnh xac va au ra se c a vao bo chon kenh. Bo vi x ly trung tam
se gi lenh en bo chon kenh e m ra kenh mong muon. au ra cua bo chon
kenh se a vao bo bien oi A/D, e bien tng t thanh tn hieu dang so.
Nguyen ly bien oi tn hieu phai qua mang lay mau va gi cho tn hieu ien
ap tc thi khong thay oi trong chu ky bien oi.
au ra cua bo bien oi AD la tn hieu so tng ng vi tn hieu tng t au
vao va c a vao bo vi x ly . Tac ong lien thong gia bo vi x ly trung
tam vi bo nh ( chng trnh phan mem) cho phep o ch so at, xac nh
ac tuyen khi ong cua BV theo chng trnh nh trc, xac nh thi gian
lam viec, logic tac ong, t ong thay oi s quan he trong phan logic phu
thuoc vao cac tn hieu t cac oi tng c BV, va sau cung cho quyet nh
i ieu khien may cat, thong qua bo xuat nhap, DAC , tiep iem rle oi vi
rle can xac nh cong suat, th cac bo dch pha, va bo phat tn hieu i qua
iem zero co the c dung.

Hnh 1.18 S o khoi cua bao ve bang vi x ly
GIAO TRNH BAO VE RLE VA T ONG HOA TRONG HT Trang 20
CHNG 2
BAO VE QUA DONG IEN

2.1 BAO VE QUA DONG IEN KHONG HNG.
2.1.1 Nguyen tac tac ong.
BV qua dong ien la loai BV tac ong khi dong ien qua cho at thiet b bao
ve tang qua gia tr nh trc. Co the chon BV qua dong ien thanh BV dong
ien cc ai hay BV dong ien cat nhanh. Chung khac nhau cho cach am
bao yeu cau tac ong chon loc va vung bao ve tac ong. e BV dong cc ai
tac ong chon loc, ngi ta tao cho no thi gian tr hoan thch hp. e am
bao chnh xac chon loc BV cat nhanh can chon dong khi ong thch hp.
Vung BV cua BV dong cc ai gom ca phan t c BV va cac phan t lan
can. Vung BV cat nhanh ch mot phan cua phan t c BV.

2.1.2 Bao ve dong ien cc ai.
Khao sat mot ng day hnh tia, co mot nguon cung cap, co at BV dong cc
ai (DC) au pha nguon moi oan ng day (Hnh 2.1a). Nh vay moi
oan ng day co BV rieng biet.
Khi NM xay ra tai N
1
, dong s co chay tren ca bon oan, v vay cac BV 1, 2,
3, 4 eu khi ong. Tuy nhien theo yeu cau chon loc, ch co BV 4 c tac
ong cat phan t h hong. Muong vay, bao ve DC can co ac tnh thi gian
tr hoan tac ong, thi gian nay tang dan tnh t ho tieu thu en nguon (Hnh
2.1b). Nh cach chon nay, khi NM tai N
1
, bao ve 4 tac ong sm nhat cat
oan s co ra khoi mang. Sau o cac BV 1, 2, 3 tr ve v tr ban au ma khong
tac ong. Tng t nh tren, khi NM tai N
2
bao ve 3 se tac ong trc bao ve
2 va 1. Nguyen tac chon thi gian tr hoan tac ong (thi gian tac ong) neu
tren goi la nguyen tac tng cap.
2.1.2.1 Dong ien khi ong cua bao ve .
Hnh 2.1 Bao ve dong ien cc ai cho ng day hnh tia mot nguon cung cap
Theo nguyen tac tac ong, dong ien khi ong cua BV phai ln hn dong
ien phu tai cc ai qua cho at bao ve, tuy nhien trong thc te viec chon
dong khi ong con phu thuoc vao nhieu ieu kien khac.
I
k
> I
lv max

V du: chon dong khi ong cua BV 1 tren ng day (H.2.1). Bao ve DC
khi ong chac chan khi NM, nhng ong thi khong c khi ong oi vi
dong ien phu tai cc ai cung nh oi vi nhng bien ong ngan han do cac
ong c t khi ong oi vi bao ve tren ta xet hai trng hp sau khi NM
tren mot trong nhng phan t noi vi tram B (N
3
, N
5
, N
6
) va khi NM tren oan
AB (N
4
) neu co at thiet b t ong lai tai MC1.
Khi NM tai N
3
(H.2.1a) cac rle dong cua bao ve 1, 2 eu khi ong. Sau khi
bao ve 2 cat oan s co th BV 1 khong con dong NM nhng con dong phu tai
cua cac oan day con lai. Yeu cau BV 1 phai tr ve v tr ban au trong ieu
kien co dong phu tai chay qua neu khong tr ve BV cat sai ng day khong
h hong, mac du s co a c loai tr.
Khi NM do ien ap tut xuong, toc o cac ong c b ham lai. Sau khi NM cac
ong c nay t khi ong lai cung mot luc vi dong kha ln I
TK
(H.2.2a).
Dong nay giam ti gia tr I
lv
(I
lv
< I
lv max
) co the viet: I
TK
= K
mm
.I
lvmax

Vi K
mm
: he so m may, phu thuoc vao loai ong c, v tr tng oi gia cho
at bao ve va ong c, s o mang ien va nhieu yeu to khac. Gia tr thng
gap:K
mm
= 23.
T ieu kien rle dong ien cc ai phai tr ve v tr ban au sau khi cat
mach, ta co the viet:
I
tv
> I
TK
= k
mm
I
lvmax
; I
tv
= K
at
. K
mm
. I
lvmax

Quan he gia dong ien khi ong I
k
va dong ien tr ve cua rle c ac
trng bang he so tr ve: 1 p
kd
tv
tv
I
I
K =
T o dong ien khi ong cua bao ve bang:
Hnh 2.2 Dong ien qua bao ve

max
.
lv
tv
mm at
kd
I
K
K K
I = (2.1)
Trong mot so s o noi day, dong ien I
T
cuon th cap cua BI khac vi dong

ien I
R
chay vao bao ve. tnh trang oi xng, chung ta co:
I
R
(3)
= K
s
(3)
. I
T
(3)

Trong o: K
s
la he so s o. Neu ke en s o noi day va he so bien oi
n
BI
cua bien dong th:
max
.
. .
lv
BI tv
sd mm at
kd
I
n K
K K K
I
R
=
(2.2)
Trong trng hp co at thiet b t ong ong tr lai tai v tr MC1 dong khi
ong phai ln hn dong t m may sau khi t ong lai ng day neu co NM
tai N
4
. Sau khi cat oan AB, dong qua bao ve khong co va bao ve tr ve trang
thai ban au (H.2.2b). Sau khi t ong lai oan AB bang MC1 dong vao bao
ve 1 la dong t khi ong cua cac ong c I
k
. Dong nay c xac nh:
I
TK
= K
mm
. I
lvmax
(2.3)
Trong o dong khi ong c tnh: I
k
= K
at
. K
mm
. I
lvmax

Dong khi ong cua BV1 c chon bang gia tr ln hn cua (2.1) va (2.3).
He so K
mm
> K
mm
.
Ta thay dong khi ong cua bao ve phu thuoc vao K
tv
va I
lvmax
; muon giam
dong khi ong e tang o nhay ngi ta dung rle co he so tr ve cao ( gan
bang 1).
Khi xac nh dong lam viec cc ai can tnh en trng hp tang ln nhat
nhng co the xay ra cua dong phu tai khi xay ra che o khong bnh thng
cua mang. V du oi vi hai ng day song song (H.2.3a), can tnh en
trng hp mot ng day c cat ra va phu tai tap trung tren ng day con
lai lam tang gap oi. Khi co thiet b t ong nguon d tr, can tnh en trng
hp mot ng daynhan them tai cua ng day kia (H 2.3b).
2.1.2.2 o nhay cua bao ve.
Vung tac ong cua bao ve gom phan t c bao ve (v du oan AB cua bao
ve 1 (H.2.1a) va cua phan t lan can (cac phan t noi vi tram B). Phan t
a) b
AT
M
M
Hnh 2.3 Cac trng
hp can chu y khi
tnh I
lvmax
lan can c bao ve thuoc vung bao ve d tr. o nhay c anh gia bang
he so nhay:

kd
N
nh
I
I
K
min
=
vi: I
Nmin
dong NM cc tieu khi NM cuoi vung bao ve.
- Khi NM cuoi phan t c bao ve ( vung chnh) yeu cau K
nh
> 1,5
- Khi NM tai cuoi vung d tr yeu cau K
nh
> 1,2.
2.1.2.3 Thi gian tac ong cua bao ve.
a. Bac thi gian.
e am bao tnh chon loc, thi gian tac ong cua bao ve dong cc ai c
chon theo nguyen tac bac thang (H.2.1b). o chenh lech gia thi gian tac
ong cua bao ve ke nhau c goi la bac thi gian hay bac chon loc: t = t
1
-t
2

Gia tr cua bac thi gian t c chon sao cho khi NM tai N
3
, bao ve 1 khong
kp tac ong mac du a khi ong. Ta hay xem xet gia tr t phu thuoc vao
yeu to nao. Khi NM tren oan dayBC BV1 lam viec trong khoang thi gian
NM chay qua:
t
N
+ t
BV
+ t
SS
+ t
MC

vi: t
BV
la thi gian tac ong cua BV; t
ss
la sai so cua cac rle thi gian
t
MC
la thi gian cat cua MC2.
Nh vay muon BV1 khong kp tac ong khi NM trong oan BC so vi BV2 th
thi gian tac ong cua no phai:
t
1
> t
2
+ t
BV
+ t
MC
,
t
= t
BV
+ t
SS
+ t
MC

Khi chon t phai phan biet loai rle co ac tnh thi gian oc lap hay phu
thuoc .
b. Rle dongien co ac tnh thi gian oc lap.

Thi gian tr hoan tac ong cua bao ve c tao nen nh rle thi gian va
khong phu thuoc vao dong ngan mach, v vay bao ve nay c goi co ac tnh

t
k
I
k
1
2
3
I
N
t

ac tnh phu thuoc

ac tnh phu thuoc co gii han

ac tnh oc lap

Hnh 2.4 ac tuyen lam viec dong ien
thi gian oc lap. ac tuyen nay cua rle dong co dang ng thang 1
(H.2.4), thi gain tac ong khoang 0.1s hay nho hn.

c) Rle co ac tuyen thi gian phu thuoc.
Rle lam viec vi thi gian xac nh nao o khi dong ien vt qua gia tr
khi ong ac tnh nay goi la phu thuoc, ng cong 3 va 2 (H.2.4). Rle co
ac tnh phu thuoc khi ong khi dong vt qua gia tr khi ong; thi gin tac
ong cua rle phu thuoc vao tr so dong ien qua rle. Thi gian lam viec
giam khi dong ien tang cao.
ac tnh thi gian phu thuoc co gii han nho nhat (o doc chuan). Loai nay
lam viec theo ac tnh dong ien thi gian phu thuoc vao cac gia tr cua
dong ien ngan mach nho va ac tnh phu thuoc co gii han khi dong ien
ngan mach ln. Noi cach khac, khi dong ien ngan mach nho hn 10 lan dong
nh mc th rle lam viec theo ac tnh phu thuoc. Khi t so dong NM tren
dong nh mc 10 en 20 lan th ac tnh la ng thang, ngha la ac tnh
thi gian gii han. ng cong 1 (H.2.5) cho dang ac tnh o doc chuan.
Loai ac tnh nay c dung rong rai e bao ve mang phan phoi.
ac tnh thi gian rat doc ( ng cong 2 (H.2.5)). Loai nay cho o doc phu
thuoc nhieu hn loai o doc chuan ac tnh phu thuoc cua no nam gia ac
tnh o doc chuan va loai cc doc nh ng cong 3 hnh 2.5. ac tnh phu
thuoc nhieu co ac tnh chon loc tot hn loai doc chuan. V the ac tnh nay
c dung khi ac tnh doc chuan khong am bao tnh chon loc.
ac tnh thi gian cc doc. Loai nay cho ac tnh doc nhieu hn loai rat doc
va doc chuan nh H.2.5. ac tnh nay thch hp dung e may phat, may bien
ap ong lc, may bien ap noi at,cap, e chong qua nhiet.
oi vi rle co ac tnh thi gian oc lap bac chon loc t thng c chon t
0,35 0,6 s. Thi gian tac ong bao ve vi ac tuyen oc lap c chon theo
nguyen tac bac thang:
t
1
= t
2
+ t (2.4)
oi vi rle ac tnh phu thuoc thng chon t = (0,3 0,6)s; neu dung rle
cam ng can phai them thi gian quan tnh cua bao ve ma rle tiep tuc lam
viec khi dong NM a c cat ra nen ngi ta thng chon:
t = (0,6 1)s
Thi gian tac ong cua bao ve vi ac tnh phu thuoc hoac phu thuoc co gii
han cung can phai thoa man (2.4), nhng v thi gian tac ong cua rle nay
phu thuoc vao dong nen can phai xac nh gii han thay oi dong ma ieu
kien nay can c thoa man. Gia thiet tren ng day (H.2.6a) c trang b
bao ve vi ac tuyen phu thuoc co gii han, can chon ac tuyen phu thuoc A
va phoi hp vi ac tuyen cua bao ve B. Gia thuyet ac tuyen cua bao ve B
a c chon trc. Trong suot vung ma ca hai bao ve A va B cung lam viec
(ng day E H.2.6a), bao ve A can co tac ong ln hn bao ve B t nhat la
t.
Gia thiet I
N2
la dong NM i qua bao ve A va B khi NM au ng day B.
Ro rang la khi NM sau ien o, dong se nho hn. Nh vay ieu kien (2.4)
can c thoa vi I
N2max
. Khi NM tren ng day A, ch co bao ve A lam viec,
nen no khong can phoi hp vi B, mac du khi NM tren ng dayA, dong co
gia tr ln, thi gian tac ong cua bao ve A co the kha nho. T nhng ieu
kien neu tren co the dan ra qui tac chon ac tuyen phu thuoc nh sau:
- Ve ac tuyen cho trc cua bao ve B
1
= f(I) (H.2.6b). ac tuyen nay c
xay dng t ieu kien phoi hp bao ve B vi bao ve trc no (bao ve cua cac
ng day, hoac phan t i ra t tram at cuoi ng day B)
- Xac nh gia tr cc ai cua dong NM I
N2max
la dong i qua cac bao ve A va
B khi NM tai au ng day B (N
2
)
Hnh 2.5
Cac dang
ac tnh
thi gian
phu thuoc
- Theo ac tuyen cho trc cua bao ve B ng vi gia tr I
N2max
tm thi gian tac
ong cua bao ve B: t
B1
. Nh vay t
B1
la thi gian tac ong cua bao ve B khi
NM tai N
2

- e am bao yeu cau chon loc, thi gian tac ong cua bao ve A khi NM tai
iem N
2
phai thoa man ieu kien:
1 1
t t + t (2.5)
Nh vay ta a xac nh c iem A
1
tren H.2.6c ac tuyen cua boa ve A.
Da vao ac tuyen chuan cho trong tai lieu hng dan cua rle, chon mot
ng cong trong ho ac tuyen cua rle sao cho ieu kien (2.5) c thoa
man oi vi moi dong I
N
I
N2max
. Neu bao ve can phoi hp cac cua may
bien ap th can phai xay dng cac ac tuyen ng vi dong a qui oi ve cung
mot cap ien ap.
u iem cua bao ve co ac tuyen thi gian phu thuoc la:
- Co the phoi hp vi thi gian lam viec cua BV cac oan gan nhau e lam
giam thi gian cat NM cua cac bao ve at gan nguon.
- Co the giam he so m may K
mm
khi chon dong ien khi ong cua bao ve.
ieu nay cat ngha nh sau: sau khi cat ngan mach, dong ien m may qua
cac oan con lai se giam xuong rat nhanh va bao ve se khong kp lam viec v
gia tr cua dong ien m may nho(thng bang dong ien khi ong va bao
ve), thi gian lam viec cua bao ve tng oi ln la:
Khuyet iem cua loai bao ve nay la:
_Thi gian cat NM tang khi dong ien NM co gia tr gan bang dong ien khi
ong
_ oi khi s phoi hp cac ac tnh thi gian tng oi phc tap.
2.1.3 Bao ve dong ien cat nhanh.
Bao ve dong ien cat nhanh la loai bao ve am bao tnh chon loc bang cach:
chon dong ien khi ong ln hn dong ien ngan mach ln nhat qua cho at
bao ve khi ngan mach ngoai phan t c bao ve (cuoi vung bao ve cua

Hnh 2.6 Chon thi gian tac ong cua BV co ac tnh thi gian phu thuoc
phan t c bao ve). Khi ngan mach trong vung bao ve dong ien ngan
mach se ln hn dong ien khi ong va bao ve se tac ong. Bao ve dong
ien cat nhanh thng lam viec tc thi hoac vi thi gian rat be.
2.1.3.1 BV cat nhanh cua ng day co mot nguon cung cap.

Xet v du H.2.7. Dong NM chay tren ng day:

N H
H
N H
H
N
xl x
E
x x
E
I
+
=
+
= (2.6)
trong o: E
H
la sc ien ong tng ng cua he thong; x la ien tr tren 1
km ng day. x
H
, x
N
lan lt la ien tr cua he thong va ng day ti cho
NM. l
N
la chieu dai ng day tnh t au en cho NM.
ng cong bieu dien quan he I
N
= f(I
N
) theo (2.6) c trnh bay H.2.7b.
Muon bao ve cat nhanh, khong tac ong khi NM tren cac phan t i ra t tram
B, can chon dong khi ong cua bao ve cat nhanh:
I
k
> I
NB
(2.7)
Nh vay vung bao ve cua bao ve cat nhanh ch bao gom mot phan ch khong
phai toan bo ng day c bao ve (H.2.7b).
a)Dong khi ong cua bao ve.
Muon bao ve khong tac ong khi NM ngoai ng day bao ve AB, can chon
dong khi ong phu hp vi (2.7): I
k
= K
at
.I
NBmax

trong o: I
NBmax
la dong ien NM ln nhat tai cuoi vungbao ve (tai thanh cai
tram B). K
at
= (1,2 1,3) la he so an toan tnh en sai so trong khi tnh toan
dong NM va sai so rle.
e co I
NBmax
can phai chon che o van hanh cua he thong cung nh dang NM
thch hp (ngan mach 3 pha (N
3
)). V thi gian tac ong cua ban than bao ve
Hnh 2.7 Chon I
k
cua bao ve cat nhanh
A
A
N

B
HT
a)
Vung bao ve

I
N
I
NB
I
k
b)
khoang vai phan tram cua giay, nen dong NM c tnh ng vi thi iem
au cua NM (t=0).
b) Vung tac ong cua bao ve.
Vung bao ve cat nhanh co the xac nh bang phng phap o th (H.2.8).
Ta xay dng cac ng cong quan he I
N
= f (I
N
) oi vi che o cc ai (ng
cong 1) va cc tieu (ng cong 2, H.2.8). iem cat gia ng thang I
k
vi
ng cong 1 (iem L
1
) ta xac nh c iem cuoi vung bao ve trong che o
cc ai va iem cat gia ng thang I
k
oi vi ng cong 2 (iem L
2
) la
iem cuoi vung bao ve trong che o cc tieu.
Vung tac ong cua bao ve cat nhanh con phu thuoc vao o doc cua ng
cong I
N
= f (I
N
). Dong I
N
khi NM au va cuoi ng day cang khac nhau
nhieu, th vung tac ong cua bao ve cang ln. Ngi ta cho phep dung bao ve
cat nhanh neu nh vung tac ong cua no khong nho hn 20% chieu dai ng
day c bao ve (am bao o nhay).
Neu ng day lam viec thanh khoi MBA (H.2.9) th bao ve CN ch can tranh
tac ong khi NM sau MBA tai N. Trong trng hp nay, bao ve CN rat co
hieu qua v vung bao ve co the bao gom toan bo ng day. V bao ve cat
nhanh tat n gian nen trong trng hp vung tac ong cua bao ve nho hn
20%, no c dung bo sung cho bao ve chnh cua ng day, neu bao ve nay
co vung chet au ng day.
c) Thi gian tac ong cua bao ve.
Hnh 2.9 Trng hp ng day lam
viec thanh khoi vi may bien ap
cn
A
N

B
I
N
l

Vung cat nhanh

I
N
I
Nl
I
k
X
l

l

X
B
A
1

L2
L1
L1 L2
I
N
I
k
l
min
l
max
2

Hnh 2.8 Vung tac ong
cua bao ve cat nhanh
Thi gian tac ong cua bao ve CN la tc thi gom thi gian lam viec cua
phan o lng va phan logic. Thi gian tac ong BV khoang 0,02 0,06 s.
oi vi cac ng day tren khong co at chong set ong e chong qua ien ap,
khi cac chong set nay lam viec chung tao nen ngan mach tam thi tren cac
ng day trong khoang 0,5 1,5 chu ky ien (0,01 0,03 s). Muon cho bao
ve CN khong tac ong trong trng hp nay co them phan t tr hoan thi
gian t = 0,06 0,08 s.
2.1.3.2 Bao ve cat nhanh ng day co hai nguon cung cap.
Gia thiet tren hai au ng day co hai nguon cung cap AB(H.2.10) co at
bao ve cat nhanh CN
A
va CN
B
. e chung khong tac ong sai khi ngan mach
tai iem N
1
va N
2
th dong khi ong cua chung can c chon ln hn dong
t nguon A khi NM tai N
2
(I
AN 2
)va dong t nguon B khi NM tai N
1
(I
BN1
). Gia
thiet I
AN 2
>I
BN1
. Dong khi ong cua CN
A
va CN
B
chon theo ieu kien neu
tren se co gia tr bang nhau:
I
kA
=I
kB
=K
at
.I
AN 2
. (2.8)

Ngoai ra, dong khi ong cua bao ve cat nhanh con can phai chon ln hn
dong khong can bang chay gia hai nguon A va B khi no dao ong :
I
kA
=I
kB
=K
at
.I
dmax
. (2.9)
Dong khi ong cua bao ve lay bang gia tr ln nhat trong hai gia tr nhan
c t (2.8) va (2.9). iem cat cua cac ng cong NM vi ng thang nam
ngang I
k
tai iem 1 va 2, ta xac nh c vung bao ve nh hnh 2.10b). Tuy
N
1
3
1

CN
A
2
4 N
2

CN
N

B
I
A
I
AN1
I
BN2
I
B
1

1

Hnh 2.10 Bao ve cat nhanh tren ng day co hai nguon cung cap
thuoc vao s khac nhau gia tham so cac nguon A va B, vung bao ve cat
nhanh A va B khac nhau nhieu hay t.Trng hp ng vi hnh 2.10 ta thay,
khi NM trong vung gia iem 1 va 2th khong co bao ve nao lam viec. Vung
gia iem 1 va 2 goi la vung chet.
2.1.4 Bao ve dong ien ba cap.
Bao ve dong ien 3 cap gom cat nhanh tc thi (cap 1), cat nhanh co thi gian
(cap 2) va dong ien cc ai (cap 3). Ta quan sat v du hnh 2.11, gia thiet BV
at tren ng day la BV dong ien 3 cap. Thi gian tac ong cua cap 1 la
thi gian lam viec cua BV va thi gian cat cua MC. oi vi ng day cao ap
t
1
0.01s hay co khi t 0.01 en 0.02s.
-Vung BV cap 1 cua oan ng day AB (ky hieu l
A
1
). Dong khi ong cap 1
la I
kA
1
=k
at
.I
NBmax
.
-Vung bao ve cap 2 (l
A
2
) la oan AB va mot phan cac oan ke noi vao tram
B, cap 2 la BV d tr cho cap 1. Thi gian cua cap 2 la t
A
2
=t
A
1
+t, t cua
bao ve cat nhanh thng c chon nho hn t theo tng cap cua BV dong
cc ai. Thng chon : t
A
2
=(0.3 en 0.5)s.
Dong khi ong cap 2 c chon theo s phoi hp vi dong khi ong cap 1
cua BV ke tiep noi vao tram B: I
kA
2
=k
at
.I
kB
1
(k
at
= 1.1 en 1.2) hay theo
ieu kien ngan mach sau may bien ap noi vao tram B: I
kA
2
=k
at
I
N2 max

Dong khi ong co gia tr ln hn hai ieu kien neu tren. BV cap 2 nay la BV
cat nhanh tac ong theo thi gian.
BV cap 3 la BV dong cc ai. Thi gian tac ong chon theo nguyen tac bac
thang: t
A
3
=t
A
2
+ t.
Hnh 2.11 Bao ve dong ien ba cap
Dong khi ong c chon nh (2.1). Nh vay BV dong ien 3 cap bao am
cat nhanh ng day c BV, ong thi d tr cho chnh ng day mnh BV
va cac tram hay ng day pha sau.
2.1.5 anh gia bao ve qua dong.
u iem cua BV dong ien cc ai la n gian, o tin cay cao. BV tac ong
chon loc trong mang hnh tia vi 1 nguon cung cap.
Khuyet iem la thi gian cat ngan mach kha ln, nhat la cac oan gan nguon
trong khi o NM gan nguon can c cat nhanh e am bao on nh he
thong, va co o nhay kem trong mang phan nhieu nhanh va co phu tai ln .
Ap dung: BV c dung rong rai nhat trong mang hnh tia cua tat ca cac cap
ien ap .Trong mang thap hn 15KV no la BV chnh, con trong mang ien ap
cao hn no thng la BV d tr .
BV cat nhanh co u iem la tac ong nhanh, n gian, o tin cay cao.
Nhc iem cua chung la vung tac ong cua BV khong bao gom toan bo
ng day.
Ap dung: BV dong ien 3 cap ket hp vi BV cat nhanh va dong ien cc ai
trong nhieu trng hp no dung e thay the BV phc tap.
2.2 BAO VE DONG IEN CO HNG.
2.2.1 Nguyen tac hoat ong .

e tang cng tnh am bao cung cap ien cho cac ho tieu thu, hien nay
ngi ta thng thiet ke cac mang hnh vong va mang co 2 au cung cap. oi
vi loai mang ien nay, BV dong ien cc ai co thi gian lam viec chon theo
nguyen tac tng cap khong the am bao cat NM mot cach chon loc c.
V du trong mang hnh tia (hnh 2.12), gia thiet moi au ng day at cac
BV qua dong ien thong thng anh so th t t 1 en 6. Muon thc hien
cat chon loc NM tai N
1
can thoa man t
3
<t
2
. Nhng muon cat chon loc NM tai
N
2
th yeu cau ngc lai t
2
< t
3
. Trong thc te khong the ong thi thoa man 2
yeu cau o. Ta co the khac phuc kho khan tren bang cach ch cho BV tac
ong khi cong suat NM i t thanh gop en ng day. Muon vay moi bo BV
can co them bo nh hng cong suat, bo phan nay ch cho phep BV tac ong
khi cong suat NM i t thanh cai en ng day. Tren hnh 2.12 cac mui ten
ch hng tac ong cua BV. Nh vay khi NM tai N
1
BV 2 khong tac ong, con
Hnh 2.12 Mang hnh tia co hai nguon cung cap (a) va mang vong (b)
a) b)
NM tai N
2
BV 3 khong tac ong. Khi dung BV dong ien co hng ch can
cac BV cung hng tac ong t
5
<t
3
<t
1
va t
2
<t
4
< t
6
.
Trong bao ve dong ien co hng, rle cong suat lam nhiem vu cua bo nh
hng cong suat, tren hnh 2.13. Cho s o cau truc cua BV dong ien co
hng: RI la rle dong ien, AND la mach logic VA, RW la phan nh
hng cong suat .

2.2.2 Phan t nh hng cong suat .
e phan tch cach lam viec cua rle nh hng cong suat, chung ta se khao
sat cac o th vect tng ng vi nhng chieu khac nhau cua cong suat NM
i qua BV so 2 tren hnh 2.13. Lay ien ap a vao rle RW la ien ap
thanh gop tram B, lay U
B
lam goc. Goc lech pha gia dong ien va ien ap
co gia tr dng neu vec t dong ien cham sau ien ap va am neu ngc lai .
-Khi NM tai iem N
2
(h 2.12) gia thiet cong suat NM qua BV 2 i t thanh
gop vao ng day I
R
=I
N2
va
R
=(U
R
, I
R
).
-Khi ngan mach tai iem N
1
cong suat NM qua BV 2 i t ng day vao
thanh gop B, dong rle I
R
(vi chieu dng chap nhan trc ) bang I
N1
va
2

=
1
180
0
. Nh vay khi di iem NM t vung BV sang vung khong c BV,
pha cua dong ien I
R
oi vi ien ap U
R
a thay oi 180
0
giong nh chieu cua
cong suat NM. Nh the rle nh hng cong suat lam viec tren c s goc pha

RW
RI
AND
RT
U
R
BU

BI

I
R
Hnh 1.13 S o cau truc cua bao ve dong ien co hng
I
RN2
R
U
&

B
U
&

1
a)

B
U
&

R
U
&

I
RN1
b)

Hnh 1.14 o th vect cua ien ap va dong ien, khi
chieu cong suat ngan mach thay oi
tng oi gia dong va ap tai cho at BV. Rle nh hng cong suat co the
lam viec theo dong va ap toan phan hay dong va ap thanh phan th t.
e cho rle lam viec ung theo hng mong muon, ta quan sat s phan bo ap
va thanh phan th t khi co NM tren hnh 2.14, ta nhan xet : cong suat NM
toan phan va th t thuan i t nguon en cho NM, cong suat th t nghch i
t cho NM en nguon, con cong suat th t khong i t cho NM en thanh
gop .(trung tnh noi at cua may bien ap ).
Do o khi chon va noi s o cua rle nh hng cong suat phai lu y theo
chieu cong suat cua dong toan phan hay theo cac thanh phan th t, neu phan
t nh hng cong suat lam viec theo dong va ap toan phan va th t thuan th
chieu cong suat NM la t thanh gop vao cho NM, con lam viec theo thanh phan
th t nghch va th t khong th chieu cong suat NM i t cho NM en thanh
gop..

2.2.3 Bao Ve dong ien co hng 3 cap.
2.2.3.1Bao ve dong ien co hng cap 1.

Hnh 1.15 S phan bo cac thanh phan th t khi co ngan mach

1
A

2
B
C D
I
I
k1

I
I
k2

I
N
Hnh 2.16
Bao ve co hng cap 1 la BV cat nhanh thong thng va kem theo bo phan
nh hng cong suat. Quan sat hnh 2.16 dong khi ong cua BV cat nhanh
thong thng c ng day cung cap t 2 pha can c chon ln hn dong
ln nhat i qua BV ang xet khi NM tai thanh gop cac tram oi dien vi
nguon. Dong khi ong c chon nh vay nhieu khi qua ln va bao ve
khong u o nhay.
Rle nh hng cong suat trong bao ve cat nhanh co hng khong cho phep
tac ong khi cong suat NM hng ti thanh gop. V vay khi ong cua bao ve
nay ch can chon ln hn dong NM i ra t thanh gop cua tram o, ay la
iem khac nhau c ban gia bao ve cat nhanh co hng va bao ve cat nhanh
khong hng. Dong khi ong cua bao ve cat nhanh co hng nho hn. V
vay vung tac ong cua no ln hn nhieu so vi bao ve cat nhanh thong
thng. Dong khi ong c chon:I
k
= K
at
. I
Nngmax
vi: I
Nngmax
la dong NM cc ai i t thanh gop tram ang xet.
V du: oi vi bao ve 1 va 2 hnh 2.16: I
1
k2
= K
at
. I
NAmax

Khi co dao ong dong khong can bang I
kcb
co the ln hn dong NM ngoai cc
ai. Nhng trng hp nay khong cho phep bao ve lam viec. Phan t nh
hng cong suat co the tac ong sai khi dao ong. Do o dong khi ong cap I
kem theo ieu kien: I
1
k
= K
at
. I
kcbmax
.
2.2.3.2 Bao ve dong ien co hng cap 2.

Bao ve dong ien co hng cap 2 la bao ve cat nhanh co hng. Viec chon
thi gian t
2
va dong khi ong I
2
k
c tnh tng t nh trong trng hp cap
2 khong co hng nhng e y en he so phan dong K
pd
.
Trng hp tai tram B co re nhanh (H.2.18), dong khi ong cap 2 at tai
tram A c chon =
2
1 kd
I K
at
. K
pT
. I
NT

C A B
1 2
3
4
I
NT
2
3
C A B
1
4
I
NA
I
NB
I
NA
I
NB
I
2
k1
I
1

k1
Hnh 2.18 Chon dong khi ong
cap 2 khi tai tram B co nguon
Hnh 2.17 Chon dong khi ong
cap 2 khi co re nhanh
NT
NA
pd
I
I
K = <1
Trng hp tai tram B co nguon (H.4.12), dong khi ong cap 2 at tai tram
A c chon:
1
3
2
1
. .
kd pd at kd
I K K I = vi
NB
NA
pd
I
I
K = <1
2.2.3.3 Bao ve dong ien co hng cap 3.
Bao ve co hng cap III la bao ve dong ien cc ai co hng. Dong khi
ong cua bao ve can c chon theo cac ieu kien sau:
Bao ve phai tr ve sau khi NM ngoai c loai tr:

max
.
lv
tv
mm at
kd
I
K
K K
I =
e tang o nhay cua bao ve, co the khong can xet en phu tai cc ai vi
hng t ng day vao thanh gop, v luc o phan t cong suat khong tac
ong. Dong khi ong cua bao ve phai ln hn dong ien cac pha khong h
hong. Trong mot so dang NM, v du nh NM mot pha trong mang co trung
tnh noi at trc tiep, dong ien trong cac pha khong h hong bang tong dong
ien phu tai. Dong ien h hong nay oi khi co gia tr rat ln, co the lam cho
bao ve co hng tac ong nham. V the dong khi ong can phai chon loc ln
hn gia tr cc ai cua dong ien cac pha khong h hong:
I
k
= K
at
. I
kh

Vi: I
k
= I
pt
KI
N
; I
N
la mot phan cua dong NM
K
at
= 1,15 1,3 : tuy thuoc vao o chnh xac khi anh gia lng I
kh
.
oi vi mang co dong cham at nho (I
kh
= I
pt
) va mang co trung tnh trc tiep
noi at, nhng bao ve c khoa khi co NM cham at, th dong khi ong cua
bao ve ch can chon theo ieu kien au. e bao ve chong cham at ngi ta
dung nhng bao ve co hng th t khong ac biet.
Phai phoi hp o nhay vi cac bao ve lan can. Ngoai hai ieu kien neu tren,
oi vi mang vong co mot nguon cung cap con phai thc hien phoi hp cac
bao ve tac ong theo cung mot hng. ieu kien e thc hien s phoi hp o
nh sau (H.2.12b):
I
k6
> I
k4
> I
k2

I
k1
> I
k3
> I
k5
(2.10)
Can am bao cho dong khi ong cua cac bao ve ke nhau theo cung mot
hng phai khac nhau t nhat 10%. ieu kien neu tren co the giai thch c
nh sau:
Trong mang vong co mot nguon cung cap (H.2.12b) quan sat gia cac dong
I
N
va I
S
ngc vi quan he tong tr cua cac nhanh tng ng:
"
'
'
' '
N
N
N
N
Z
Z
I
I
=
Nh vay khi NM gan nguon (iem N
2
), Z
N
nho hn vi Z
N
, do o I
N
nho hn
I
N
. Neu I
N
nho hn en mc gan bang I
k2
, th khi o bao ve 1 se tac ong
trc (mac dau t
1
>t
2
) may cat at pha au nguon cua ng day s co. Ch
sau o dong tang vot len va bao ve 2 mi tac ong cat may cat au kia cua
ng day s co. Hien tng tac ong ch va noi tiep nhau nh vay goi la hien
tng khi ong khong ong thi. Khi NM xay ra bien gii cua vung nay,
I
N
= I
k2
va neu khong thc hien phoi hp theo (2.10) (v du ta co I
k4
> I
k2
)
th bao ve 4 se tac ong vt cap, va ket qua ng day AB va BC b mat
ien. Thi gian tac ong cua bao ve cap III chon theo nguyen tac bac thang.
Theo hng tac ong, co the chia cac bao ve thanh 2 nhom (H.2.19):
- Cac bao ve 1, 3, 5 va 7 tac ong theo hng cong suat NM theo chieu t trai
sang phai.
- Cac bao ve 0, 2, 4 va 6 tac ong khi hng cong suat NM theo chieu ngc
lai.
Theo yeu cau tac ong chon loc, thi gian tac ong cua cac bao ve trong cung
nhom can thoa man: t
7
<t
5
<t
3
<t
1
; t
0
<t
2
<t
4
<t
6

Nguyen tac nay goi la nguyen bac thang ngc chieu nhau.
Can lu y la bao ve ang xet khong nhng can phoi hp ve thi gian vi cac
bao ve at tren ng truc cua mang ma con ca vi cac bao ve cua cac phan
t i ra t thanh gop tram oi dien (v du t
7
va t
0
).
Xet ac tuyen thi gian H.2.19 ta thay khong nhat thiet ta ca cac bao ve eu
can bo phan nh hng cong suat. V du, theo hnh ve, ta co t
3
> t
2
do o bao
ve 3 khong can nh hng cong suat ma van khong tac ong sai. Qui tac
chung e xet van e nay nh sau: bo phan nh hng cong suat can at cho
bao ve nao ma khi hng cong suat NM t ng day en thanh gop bao ve
o co the tac ong sai. e xet xem bao ve nao can at bo phan nh hng
cong suat trc tien phai chon thi gian tac ong cua bao ve theo nguyen tac
bac thang ngc chieu nhau.
Hnh 2.19 nguyen tac bac thang e chon thi gian cua bao ve
A B D C
2
3 4 5 6
1
7
t
1
t
3
t
5
t
7
t
0
t
2
t
4
t
6

2.2.4 Mot so lnh vc va lu y khi ap dung bo phan nh hng cong suat cho
bao ve dong ien.
2.2.4.1 Hai ng day song song.
Khi dung rle dong ien bao ve hai ng song song, can thiet phai at bo
phan nh hng cong suat tat ca cac v tr may cat nh H.2.20.
2.2.4.2 ng day co 2 nguon cung cap t hai pha .
Viec quyet nh chon bo phan nh hng thng c xac ng bang ty so
dong ien chay qua rle hai au ng day.
T H.2.21, theo yeu cau thc te, can bo phan nh hng cong suat at v tr
1, neu bat ky dong tai va dong NM tai N
1
, N
2
, N
3
thoa:
I
N1max
0,25 I
N2min
; I
N1max
0,25 I
N3min
; I
lvmax ngc
0,25 I
lvmax thuan

vi: I
N1
; I
N2
; I
N3
; I
lvmax ngc
; I
lvmax thuan
la dong ien NM tai N
1
, N
2
, N
3
va
dong ien tai ra va vao thanh cai A.
Dong NM tai N
1
chay ngc t ng day vao thanh cai trong khi dong NM
tai N
2
, N
3
chay t thanh cai ra ng day. Neu dong NM hay dong tai chay ve
pha trai va vt qua dong khi ong rle dong ien th can thiet phai at bo
phan nh hng cong suat. Neu dong tai t B ti A (I
lv max ngc
)

ln hn dong
tai t A ti B (I
lv max thuan
) th dung bo phan nh hng cong suat se cho phep
chnh nh tr so at dong e co o nhay cao hn. Gia s rang rle bao ve d
tr t xa cho rle 1 khi co s co tai ng day BC.
2.2.4.3Mang vong kn hai nguon .
E
S
E
U
3

1

2

4

Hnh 2.20 Bao ve dong ien co hng hai ng day song song
Hnh 2.21 Bao ve dong ien co
hng ng day co hai nguon
E
S
E
U
4

D
1

A
2

B
3

C
H R G
N
1
N
2
N
3
I
lv thuan
I
lv thuan
I
N2
I
N1
I
N3
T mang vong kn mot nguon nh H.2.22 ta nhan thay: tai v tr 1 va 10
khong can at RW, v khi NM tren thanh cai A khong co dong ngan mach qua
v tr 1 va 10. Trong mang khi co bat ky mot may cat nao m, mang se tr
thanh s o hnh tia mot nguon. oi vi cac rle pha phai cua B va E, dong
ien tai co the chay theo hai hng tuy thuoc vao tai va ieu nay phai c
lu y khi tnh toan tr so khi ong cua tat ca rle, dong ien qua rle 2 va 9
cung co ca hai hng.

Khi ngan mach tai thanh cai A se khong co dong s co tren ng day AB.
Khi iem NM di ve pha phai, dong ien ngan mach trong rle 2 tang len
en tr so khi NM tai B. V tr so dong ngan mach qua rle 2 t 0 nen rle co
the chnh nh tac ong tc thi cua dong khi ong rat nho. ieu nay co the
rle 2 se la rle cat nhanh khong co bo phan thi gian. Tng t cho rle so 9.
Khi iem NM di chuyen t A en B, dong ien NM tai 2 bat au tang t 0,
con trong rle 1 t ch so dong NM cc ai va giam dan khi iem s co gan
ti thanh cai B. V dong NM tai 1 th ln nen rle nay se c chnh e cat
au tien, do o mang vong se h va tao mang hnh tia ngc chieu kim ong
ho t rle 10 en 2. ieu nay lam tang dong NM qua rle 2, 4, 6, 8, 10. Chung
ta lu y phoi hp cac rle nay giong nh mang hnh tia. V du sau se lam ro
dong phan bo trong mang vong (H.2.22), chung ta gia s tat ca cac ng day
co tong tr tng oi la 0,1 vt (ch tnh khang tr), va khang tr may phat
tng ng 0,1 vt. T ay tnh c dong NM tong thanh cai B va C s
phan bo dong NM va s thay oi dong tren ng day khi rle khong hng 1
va 10 a cat.
Giai: Ket qua tnh dong NM bang di ay. Dau tien khao sat NM tai B.
Dong trong rle 1 tren ng day AB tang t 4,44 khi vong kn ti 5,0 vt
Hnh 2.22 Bao ve dong ien co hng mang vong kn co mot nguon
E
S
2

3

1

5

4

10

9

8

7

6

B

A

C

D

E

neu ng day AB m (tai may cat 3). Dong trong rle 4 tren ng day BC
tang t 1,11 ti 2 neu ng day AB m (tai may cat 1) nhan thay rang rle 1
va 4 sau khi mang h.
Thanh
cai s co
Khang tr
NM tong
Dong NM
tong
Vong mach
kn rle
Dong ng
day cua rle
Mach h cua
ng day
Dong ng
day cua rle
B 0,180 5,555 AB (1)
CB (4)
4,444
1,111
BC
AB
AB(1)=5,00
CB(4)=2.00
C 0,220 4,545 BC (3)
DC (6)
2,727
1,818
DC
BC
BC(3)=3,33
DC(6)=2,50

oi vi rle dong ien ac tnh thi gian phu thuoc ieu kien phoi hp luon
luon tnh trang dong ien ln nhat, do o ieu kien phoi hp cua rle dong
trong mang vong mot nguon nh sau:
- Khao sat tnh trang cc ai.
- Chnh rle au mang vong (2 hay 9) cat tc thi.
- M vong mot au (2 hay 9).
- Tnh dong cc ai thanh cai B hay A.
- Phoi hp rle khi mang h.
- Lap lai cho hng khac nhau.
Lu y rang rle (RL) khong thi gian 1 va 9 khong the tac ong sai v dong
ien cham tai A la zero. Do o cac rle nay co the chnh nh dong khi ong
rat nho, ngay ca nho hn dong tai. e xac nh dong khi ong: tnh dong
ien tai cc ai lu y e cac he so an toan; tnh dong khi ong khi mang
vong h.
V NM cc ai chay qua bat ky v tr RL khao sat mang vong h, cho phep ta
nen phoi hp RL trong ieu kien nay, ngha la mang m mot au. S phoi
hp ieu kien dong cc ai e chac chan bat thi gian phoi hp tac ong
gia hai bao ve gan nhau la ln nhat (t). Trong mang hnh tia, RL c phoi
hp tng cap nh tha khi may cat 1 m, chung ta phoi hp 2 vi 4, 6 vi 4, 8
vi 6 va 10 vi 8, tng t chung ta phoi hp hng con lai.
2.2.4.4Mang vong co nhieu nguon cung cap .
Phoi hp mang loai nay phc tap hn nhieu. Tat ca cac RL dong ien can co
bo phan RW va tng cap RL phai phoi hp vi nhau xoay vong cho ca hai
hng. Hn na tai cac nut co nguon lien ket vi mang vong, RL cua nguon
cung c phoi hp RL cua mang vong. Qua trnh phoi hp RL dong ien
trong mang nhieu nguon rat phc tap. Thng trong cac mang vong ngi ta
dung cac RL lam viec theo cac nguyen tac chon loc tot hn nh bao ve
khoang cach hay so lech.

2.2.5 anh gia bao ve dong ien co hng .
Bao ve dong ien co hng n gian va am bao tac ong chon loc oi vi
mang ien c cung cap t hai pha. S dung ket hp cat nhanh co hng,
vi bao ve dong ien co hng ta nhan c bao ve trong nhieu trng hp
co o nhay cung nh thi gian tac ong thoa man yeu cau. Kinh nghiem van
hanh cho thay bao ve nay lam viec chac chan. Bao ve co nhc iem nh
sau:
- Thi gian tac ong kha ln nhat la oi vi bao ve gan nguon.
- Co o nhay kem trong mang vi phu tai ln va boi so dong NM nho.
- Co vung chet khi NM 3 pha.
Bao ve qua dong ien co hng dung rong rai lam bao ve chnh trong mang
ien co ien ap la 35 kV tr xuong va c cung cap t hai pha. Trong mang
ien 110 kV va 220 kV, no chu yeu la bao ve d tr va oi khi no c s
dung ket hp vi cat nhanh co hng lam bao ve chnh.

Bai tap
Cho mang ien nh hnh ve. Cac so lieu nh bang 1,2,3,4.
a)Chon thi gian tac ong va dong khi ong cua bao ve dong ien cc ai
co ac tnh thi gian oc lap at tai cac v tr may cat 1,2,3,4,5,6. Cho t=
0,5.

Bang 1
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
XIII
XIV
1
2 3 4
5
6
P/A t
I
t
II
t
II
t
IV
t
V
t
VI
t
VII
t
VIII
t
IX
t
X
t
XI
t
XII
t
XIII
t
XIV
1 1 1 0,5 2,5 0,5 1 0 0 1 1,5 0,5 1 0,5 1,5
2 1,5 2 2 1,5 1 2,5 1 1,5 1 1,5 1 1,5 1 0,5
2 4 1 3 1,5 2 1 1 1,5 1,5 2 1 1 0,5 1
Bang 2
Dong tai cc ai(A)
Phng
an
I
I
+I
II
I
III
+I
IV
I
V
+I
VI
I
VII
+I
VIII
I
IX
+I
X
I
XI
+I
XII
I
XIII
+I
XIV
1 215 37 80 39 78 24 68
2 315 68 19 51 25 36 24
3 135 71 63 48 70 29 41
Dong ngan mach nho nhat tai thanh gop co phu tai (I
N min TG
).
Phng
an
I+II III+IV V+VI VII+VIII IX+X XI+XII XIII+XIV
1 2110 1550 1100 770 1200 1080 950
2 1100 840 740 590 780 680 600
3 1430 1090 890 680 930 790 640
Bang 4
Dong ngan mach tai cuoi ng day (I
N cuoi ng day
).
Phng
an
I+II III+IV V+VI VII+VIII IX+X XI+XII XIII+XIV
1 1500 730 930 670 1100 690 710
2 850 550 650 510 640 510 530
3 1100 630 760 570 710 600 610

CHNG 3
BAO VE KHOANG CACH_ BAO VE SO LECH_ BAO VE DONG IEN
CHONG CHAM AT .
3.1 BAO VE KHOANG CACH.
3.1.1 Nguyen tac hoat ong.
Bao ve dong ien cc ai, co hng va khong hng, co thi gian lam viec
chon theo nguyen tac tng cap, oi khi qua ln va trong mang vong co so
nguon ln hn hai, hoac mang vong co mot nguon nhng co nhng ng
cheo khong qua nguon, khong the am bao cat chon loc nhng phan t h
hong. Nh vay, can phai tm cac nguyen tac bao ve khac va am bao tac
ong nhanh, va chon loc va co o nhay tot oi vi mang phc tap bat ky.
Mot trong cac bao ve o la bao ve khoang cach.
Bao ve khoang cach la loai bao ve co bo phan c ban la bo phan o khoang
cach, lam nhiem vu xac nh tong tr t cho at bao ve ti iem NM. Thi
gian lam viec cua bao ve phu thuoc vao quan he gia ien ap U
R
, dong ien
I
R
a vao phan o lng cua bao ve va goc lech pha
R
gia chung. Thi
gian nay tang len khi tang khoang cach t cho h hong en cho at bao ve.
Bao ve at cho gan h hong nhat co thi gian lam viec be nhat. V the bao ve
khoang cach ve nguyen tac bao am cat chon loc oan h hong trong cac
mang co hnh dang bat ky vi so lng nguon cung cap tuy y vi thi gian
tng oi be.
Ngi ta dung rle(RL) tong tr lam bo phan o khoang cach. No phan ng
trc tiep theo tong tr, ien tr hoac khang tr cua ng day ( Z
&
, R, X). Tuy
bo phan khoang cach phan ng theo Z
&
, R, X ngi ta phan biet khoang cach
loai tong tr, ien tr hoac ien khang. Bao ve khoang cach c dung thong
dung nhat la loai tong tr.
e bao am tac dung chon loc trong mang phc tap, ngi ta dung bao ve
khoang cach co hng, ch tac ong khi hng cong suat NM i t thanh gop
en ng day. Thi gian tac ong cua cac bao ve theo cung mot hng c
phoi hp vi nhau sao cho khi NM ngoai pham vi ng day c bao ve, thi
gian tac ong cua bao ve ln hn mot so cap so vi bao ve cua oan b NM.
S phoi hp chnh xac gia cac RL khoang cach tren he thong ien at c
bi viec chnh nh cac vung va thi gian tac ong cua cac vung khac nhau.
Thong thng bao ve khoang cach se bao gom bao ve vung I co hng tc
thi va mot va nhieu vung vi thi gian tr hoan. Cac tam chnh nh va thi
gian tac ong cho ba vung bao ve khoang cach at tai MC hai au ng
day B, C c cho tren H.3.1.
Thong thng vung bao ve th I co thi gian tac ong tc thi chiem khoang
80% chieu dai ng day bao ve. Ket qua la con 20% e am bao sai so RL
tranh tac ong mat chon loc oi vi phan ng day tiep theo do nhng sai so
cua cac BU va BI, d lieu ve tong tr ng day cung cap khong chnh xac
khi chnh nh va o lng cua RL. oi vi mot vai ng dung, trong o cac so
ket hp nay cho phep tam chnh nh cua vung I co the c tang en 90%
(khi ma d lieu tong tr cua ng day c o chnh xac). Phan con lai cua
ng day khong c bao phu bi vung I th c bao ve bi bao ve co
hng cap 2 co thi gian tr hoan. Tam chnh nh vung II cua bao ve thong
thng bao phu toan bo ng day bao ve, cong vi 50% cua ng day ke
can ngan nhat hay dai hn 120% ng day bao ve.
Thi gian tr hoan cua vung II phai c chnh nh e phan biet vi bao ve
chnh cua phan ng day ke tiep, bao gom bao ve khoang cach cap 1 cong
vi thi gian cat cua may cat.

Bao ve d tr t xa cho tat ca cac s co tren ng day ke can thng thng

Hnh 3.1 ac tnh thi gian / khoang cach cho ba vung bao ve khoang cach
Hnh 3.2 Phoi hp thi gian cua bao ve khoang cach
c cung cap bi bao ve cap 3 co thi gian tr hoan ln hn e phan biet vi
bao ve vung II cong vi thi gian cat cua may cat. Vung III co tam chnh nh
phai t nhat bang 1,2 lan tong tr ng day bao ve va tong tr ng day ke
tiep dai nhat. cac he thong ien c ket noi vi nhau, anh hng cua
nguon cong suat s co cac thanh cai t xa se lam cho tong tr bieu khien o
c cua RL ln hn nhieu tong tr thc ti iem s co va ieu nay can phai
c xem xet khi chnh nh cho vung III. Trong cac he thong phan phoi hnh
tia vi mot au cung cap nguon khong b anh hng nay.
Bao ve d tr t xa cap 3 oi khi co mot vung bao ve ngc nho (thng
khoang 20% phan ng day c bao ve) them vao vi tam chnh nh thuan
cua no (ac tnh offset). Vung bao ve d tr tai cho nay c cung cap vi
thi gian th hoan e bao ve nhng s co thanh cai va nhng s co ba pha gan
thanh cai khi cac bao ve khac khong tac ong c. Trong vai s o, mot tiep
iem tc thi khi ong vi nhng s co ben trong ac tnh offset cua vung III
c dung e cung cap bao ve cho s co gan hoac kiem tra ng day e bao
ve khi ong MC vao ng day ang b s co, nhat la trng hp s co ba pha
do khong loai vo dao cach li noi at an toan t viec sa cha ng day trc
o. oi vi ng dung nay, thi gian tr hoan vung III c noi tat trong thi
gian ngan khi ong MC bang tay.
Gian o vung bao ve va thi gian phoi hp ba cap cua bao ve khoang cach
cho H.3.2.
Xet v du H.3.2 la mang co hai nguon bao ve at ca hai pha au ng day
va gai thiet hoat ong co hng (bao ve 1, 2, 3, 6). Phoi hp thi gian lam
viec cua cac bao ve khoang cach theo ac tuyen hnh nac thang (H.3.2b).
Khi NM tai iem N
1
gia tram BC, bao ve (3, 4) gan cho NM nhat (Khoang
cach l
3
, l
4
) tac ong vi thi gian nho nhat cap 1 t
I
3
, t
I
4
; bao ve 1 va 6 co
khoang cach l
1
, l
6
cung khi ong, nhng no ch co the tac ong vi thi gian
tr hoan
III III
t t
6 1
, va c coi nh la bao ve d tr trong trng hp oan BC
khong the cach ly. Bao ve 2 va 5 cung co cung khoang cach en cho NM
nhng khong khi ong v khong ung hng. Neu iem NM khong nam
khoang gia ng day ma nam ve mot pha ng day (iem N
2
), th bao ve
se tac ong vi thi gian cap II
II
t
3
, bao ve 4 van lam viec vi
I
t
4
. Trong
trng hp NM tai thanh gop C, th s co c co lap bang bao ve 3 va 6 vi
thi gian cap II
II
t
3
va
II
t
6
con bao ve 4 va bao ve 5 khong khi ong. Bao ve
khoang cach co ac tnh thi gian tng cap nh tren hien nay c s dung rat
rong rai, so lng vung bao ve va cap thi gian thng la 3. Chieu dai vung
bao ve va thi gian cua moi vung co the chnh nh c.
3.1.2 Chon cac tham so cua cac bao ve.
Chon cac tham so cua bao ve khoang cach la chon thi gian tac ong va ac
tuyen lam viec tong tr khi ong cua cac vung bao ve khac nhau. Quan sat
mang ien cho nh H.3.3. Gia thiet tai cac tram A,B,C,D co at bao ve
khoang cach co hng tac ong len cac may cat MC
1
, MC
2
, MC
6
. Nguyen
tac c ban e tnh toan bao ve la tnh chon loc, v du NM tai N
1
th ch co MC
1

va MC
2
c cat ra e co lap s co.
Cap I bao ve
- ac tnh lam viec cua RL tong tr thng c chon dang co hng, co the
ac tuyen Mho hoac t giac hoac elip tuy theo oi tng bao ve.
- Thi gian lam viec cua bao ve cap I la thi gian tac ong rieng cua bao ve
(tac ong tc thi khong can bo phan thi gian).
-Tong tr khi ong cap I
I
kd
Z c chon theo ieu kien sao cho bo phan
khoang cach cap I khong tac ong khi co NM ngoai pham vi ng day bao
ve.

Do o
I
kd
Z c chon nho hn tong tr ng day bao ve vi sai so ln nhat
van am bao:
I
kd
Z
&
+ Z
&
<
L
Z
&

Tong tr khi ong bao ve khoang cach cap I chong NM nhieu pha:
1
1 1 1
1
Z k Z k Z
L
I
kd
& &
= = (3.1)
N
3
F
A
F
C
F
B
MC
3 MC
1
MC
5
MC
6 MC
4
MC
2
N
1
N
2
N
4
A
B
C

Z
I
ka
Z
II
ka
t
III
A
t
II
A
t
I
A
I
NT1
T
1

Hnh 3.3 Chon tham so cua bao ve khoang cach
trong o: Z
1
la tong tr th t thuan tren moi km ng day bao ve
l la chieu dai ng day bao ve; Z
L1
la tong tr th t thuan ng
day bao ve. k
1
= 0,8 0,9 la he so xet en sai so BI, BU, ien tr tram trung
gian
1
1 0 0
1
Z k Z k Z
L
I
kd
& &
= = (3.2)
vi: k
0
= 0,750,85 ; k
0
thng c chon nho hn k
1
v ien tr cham at
trung gian mot pha vi at thng ln hn cham gia cac pha.
He so bu cho s o bao ve chong cham at:
1
1 0
3
L
L L
c
Z
Z Z
k
= (3.3)
vi:
0 1
,
L L
Z Z
& &
- la tong tr th t thuan va khong cua ng day bao ve.
He so bu cua bieu thc (3.3) c dung cho ng day n. Trong trng hp
bao ve ng day song song, neu van dung he so bu nh (3.3) do o co hien
tng ho cam, vung bao ve cap I chong cham at mot pha se b tnh trang
di tam, trong nhieu trng hp can thiet co the hieu chnh he so bu. Cap II
cua bao ve
Tong tr khi ong cap II (Z
II
k
) c chon theo ieu kien sao cho vung bao
ve cap II phai bao phu toan bo ng day mot cach chac chan, e bao ve
phan con lai cua ng day th phai bao ve cap II co vung bao ve phai vt ra
pham vi ng day bao ve (theo yeu cau ve o nhay, vung cap II phai bao
phu t nhat 120% ng day bao ve k
nh
= Z
I
k
/ Z
L1
1,2).
e am bao tnh chon loc va thi gian tac ong nhanh, o dai vung II va thi
gian lam viec cua no phai c tnh toan phoi hp vi cac bao ve cua cac
phan t noi vi thanh cai cua cac ng day (chang han ng BC, may bien
ap T
1
tren s o H.3.3).
Thong thng thi gian lam viec cua bao ve cap II cua cac may cat lan can
c chon bang nhau: t
II
= t
I
+ t (3.4)
vi: t
I
la thi gian tac ong nhanh cap I cua phan t tiep theo; t = 0.30,5s
e thoa man chon loc trong ieu kien tren th yeu cau o dai cua vung II
khong c vt qua pham vi bao ve cat nhanh hoac cap I cua phan t noi vao
thanh cai cuoi ng day co tong tr nho nhat.
T cac ieu kien tren tong tr khi ong cap II c tnh:

I
B AB
II
A
Z k Z k Z
) 1 1 11
1 ( + = (3.5)
vi: k
1
= 0,85 0,9 la he so phoi hp vi bao ve cap I tiep sau khi ke en sai
so cua bao ve.
k
11
= 0,8 1 la he so tnh en sai so bao ve cap II; 1
AB
la chieu dai ng
day bao ve.
Z
1
la tong tr ng day bao ve tren moi km
Z
1
B
la tong tr khi ong cap I nho nhat cua phan t xuat phat t thanh
cai cuoi ng day bao ve.
Khi tnh toan chon gia tr Z
I
k
can lu y cac trng hp dong NM tai cho ngan
mach khac vi dong NM qua v tr at RL se a en sai so o lng tong tr
cua RL. Trong cac trng hp nay can hieu chnh gia tr khi ong bang cac
he so c goi la he so phan dong (k
pd
).
V du he thong ien (H.3.3) co nguon tai thanh cai B nen dong NM tai bao ve
1 khac vi dong tai iem NM N
2
. Trong trng hp nay gia tr tong tr khi
ong cap II tai v tr MC1 can tnh theo: ) 1 (
1
1 11
I
B
pd
AB
II
A
Z
k
k
Z k Z
& &
+ = (3.6)
Vi:
2
NBN
NAD
pd
I
I
k = : he so phan dong la t so dong NM qua iem at RL I
NAB
so
vi dong NM tai iem NM I
NBN2
la iem cuoi vung II cua bao ve A(N
2
).
Tng t can hieu chnh gia tr tong tr khi ong cap II theo ieu kien NM
sau MBA T
1
: ) 1 (
1
1
1
1 11 T
T
AB
II
A
Z
k
k
Z k Z
& &
+ = (3.7)
vi:
1
T
Z
&
la tong tr MBA co cong suat ln nhat tram B
K
T
= I
NAB
/ I
NIT1
: he so phan dong la ty so dong NM qua v tr at bao ve
I
NAB
va dong NM qua MBA T
1
khi NM ngay sau MBA.
Gia tr tong tr cap II cua may cat tram A c chon la gia tr nho nhat cua
(3.5), (3.6), (3.7).
Gia tr c chon nay phai c kiem tra ve o nhay khi co NM tai thanh cai
tram B.
Vi cac ng day ngan, tong tr ng day nho (5 10) yeu cau ve o
nhay cao hn
II
nh
k 1,5 v bao ve ng day NM xay ra ho quang.
Trong trng hp o nhay vung II khong am bao (
II
nh
k < 1,2 ) do ng day
tiep theo sau qua ngan hoac tong tr phan t tiep sau qua nho th tong tr khi
ong cap II co the phoi hp chnh nh theo bao ve cap II cua phan t t thanh
gop cuoi cua ng day. Theo ieu kien nay th thi gian cap II cua phan t
tiep sau:
t t t
II
B
II
A
+ = (3.8)
) 1 (
1
1 11
II
B
pd
AB
II
A
Z
k
k
Z k Z
& &
+ = (3.9)
Viec phoi hp vi vung bao ve va thi gian c minh hoa bang H.3.4.
oi vi bao ve cap II chong cham at mot pha cho ng day n, ieu kien
tnh toan chon cac gia tr at cung tng t nh chong NM nhieu pha va he so
bu c tnh theo (3.3).
Trong trng hp bao ve cho ng day co ho cam can lu y hien tng vung
bao ve co hieu qua cap II c ni rong hn gia tr chng nh (hien tng qua
tam) khi van hanh ng day vi cac che o khac nhau. Can thiet co the hieu
chnh he so bu.


Cap III cua bao ve
Muc ch cua vung bao ve cap II la d tr cho ng day bao ve va cac phan
t noi vao thanh cai cuoi ng day bao ve.
Tong tr khi ong cap III co the c chon mot trong hai ieu kien:
- Vung bao ve cap III bao phu toan bo ng day bao ve noi t thanh cai cuoi
ng day bao ve. V du, theo s o H.3.3:
III
A
Z >
BC AB
Z Z
& &
+ ;
III
A
Z >
1
T AB
Z Z
& &
+
Tong tr c chon: } { { ... ; max 2 , 1
1
T BC AB
III
A
Z Z Z Z
& & &
+ = (3.10)
Thi gian lam viec cap III: t t t
II
B
III
A
+ =
ng lien net H.3.5 bieu dien minh hoa vung bao ve va thi gian lam viec
cap III cua bao ve A c chon theo ieu kien nay.
- Bao ve cap III khong c tac ong khi tai lam viec cc ai:

Khoang cach
Z
I
A
Z
II
A
Z
I
B
t
I
A
t
II
A
t
II
B
t

D

C

B

A

t

Hnh 3.4 Phoi hp bao ve khoang cach cap II
cho ng day tiep sau qua ngan .

min
Z Z
III
A

&

vi: Z
min
gia tr tong tr nho nhat nhn t v tr rle khi phu tai he thong
che o cc ai:

max
min
max
pt
pt
I
U
Z =
trong o: U
min
la ien ap nho nhat khi phu tai cc ai (0,90,95 U
m
)
I
ptmax
la dong ien lam viec ln nhat qua bao ve.
Vung bao ve cap III chon theo ieu kien nay thng rat rong nen thi gian
cap III phai c phoi vi thi gian cap III cua phan t tiep sau: t t t
III
B
III
A
+ = '
ng t net H.3.5 bieu dien vung bao ve va thi gian lam viec cap III chon
theo ieu kien tai cc ai.
oi vi bao ve khoang cach cap III chong cham at mot pha cua ng day
n ieu kien tnh toan cung tng t nh chong NM nhieu pha va vi he so
bu dong theo bieu thc (3.3).
Trong trng hp bao ve ng day co ho cam can lu y hien tng qua tam
e chon thi gian tac ong cap III hp ly.
Bao ve khoang cach cap III ngoai chc nang d tr cho ng day cung co
the d tr cho NM tren thanh cai va gan v tr at bao ve. e thc hien chc
nang nay ngi ta dung ac tnh tong tr co hng ngc (offset-MHO). Gia
tr tong tr at hng ngc khoang 10 25% tong tr khi ong cap I (la cap
IV cua bao ve0. Trong trng hp khong s dung ac tnh offset-Mho, ngi
ta dung them cap bao ve th t bao ve mot phan ngc ng day. Tong tr
khi ong hng ngc la 25% tong khi ong cap I neu ng day bao ve
ngan (< 30 km) hay Z
II
= 10% Z
I
neu ng day bao ve dai.
Bao ve cap IV hng ngc con dung cho cac s o bao ve khoang cach pilot
khoa hay cho phep. Vung bao ve cap IV trong trng hp nay c tnh toan
ln hn vung bao ve cap II cua bao ve au kia ng day, ngha la:
t

Hnh 3.5 Vung bao ve va thi gian lam
viec cua bao ve khoang cach cap III
Khoang cach
Z
I
A
Z
II
A
Z
I
B
t
II
B
t

D

C

B

A

Z
III
A
Z
II
B
Z
III
B
t
III
B
t


AB
II
B
IV
A
Z Z Z %. 120
Trong thc te ap dung tnh toan, neu kiem tra cac yeu to anh hng en sai so
do tong tr nam trong gii han cho phep, ngi ta thng chon tong tr ba cap
nh sau:
Cap I: 85 90% tong tr ng day bao ve
Cap II: tong tr ng day bao ve + 50% tong tr phan t tiep sau ngan nhat
Cap III: 1,2x (tong tr ng day bao ve + tong tr phan t tiep sau dai nhat).
Tren H.3.6 gii thieu cac dang ac tuyen cua bao ve khoang cach cap 3
thng gap:

Trng hp a: dung ba RL tong tr khong co hng phoi hp cung RL nh
hng cong suat e xac nh lam viec cua ba cap.
Trng hp b: la dung ba RL tong tr co hng cho ba cap khac nhau.
Trng hp c: la dung ac tnh t giac.
Bao ve cap III, ngoai chc nang d tr cho ng day, cung co the d tr cho
thanh cai va cac iem NM gan cho at bao ve. Ngi ta thng dung ac tnh
offset-Mho (H.3.6b) hoac cap IV (H.3.6c).

3.1.3 anh gia lnh vc ng dung cua bao ve khoang cach .
Nh co mot so u iem nhat nh nen bao ve khoang cach c ng dung
rong rai trong cac mang ien ap.
a) Cac u iem chnh cua bao ve khoang cach.
am bao tnh chon loc trong mang co cau truc bat ky va co so nguon cung
cap tuy y.
Vung I cua bao ve chiem gan 80 90% o dai phan t c bao ve va co thi
gian lam viec rat be. ieu nay rat quan trong oi vi ieu kien on nh he
jx
R
C
B
A
III
II
II
a) b)
R
A
B
C
III
II
I
jx
IV
I
II
III
jx
R
A
B
C
c)
Hnh 3.6 Cac dang ac tuyen cua bao ve
thong la phai la phai cat nhanh phan t s co gan thanh gop nha may ien va
cac tram iem nut cong suat ln.
Co o nhay cao oi vi NM.
b) Cac nhc iem cua bao ve khoang cach .
Phc tap ve mat s o cung nh ban than cua cac RL thuoc ve s o bao ve.
Bao ve khoang cach dung RL ien c la loai bao ve co nhieu RL v can nhieu
tiep iem nhat.
Cac s o bao ve khong tiep iem dung ban dan, vi mach th phc tap ve mat
s o logic va co nhieu phan t chc nang.
Khong am bao cat tc thi NM tren toan bo ng day c bao ve.
Phan ng theo dao ong va phu tai, v vay viec tranh phu tai lam giam o
nhay bao ve, giam tac dung d tr cho phan t ke. e chong dao ong phai
dung thiet b khoa va bao ve cang tr nen phc tap.
Tuy con nhng khuyet iem tren, nhng hien nay bao ve khoang cach van la
bao ve thong dung nhat dung e bao ve chnh hay d tr cho cac ng day
cao ap hay trung ap.
Chu y:hien tng di tam va qua tam.
Di tam : Rle khoang cach xay ra hien tng di tam khi tong tr bieu
kien o lng ln hn gia tr tong tr thc khi s co xay ra t cho at rle en
iem ngan mach. Anh hng nay c han che bang cach s dung he so bu.
Qua tam : Rle khoang cach xay ra hien tng di tam khi tong tr bieu
kien o lng nho hn gia tr tong tr thc khi s co xay ra t cho at rle en
iem ngan mach. Anh hng nay c han che bang cach s dung he so bu.
Bai tap
Cho s o nh hnh ve va bang phng an , chon tr so khi ong (Z
k1
I
, Z
k1
II
,
t
1
II
)cua bao ve khoang cach hai cap chong ngan mach nhieu pha at tai v tr
may cat 1 va may cat 2.
Cho t= 0,5s , he so d tr cap 1 la 0,85 , cap 2 la 0,8. Tai v tr 2 at bao ve
khoang cach 3 cap, may bien ap co bao ve so lech tac ong tc thi.
T
1
T
2
T
3
T
4
T
5
1
2
l
1
l
2
l
3
l
4 l
5
l
6
l
7
t
1
t
2
t
3
t
4
t
5
Z
d
=0,4/km. U
N
%
MBA
= 10,5%. Cac d lieu ng day, MBA, thi gian cat
NM cua cac nhanh phu tai cho di ay.
P/a Chieu dai ng day(km) C/s mba(MVA) Thi gian bao ve(s)

l1 l2 l3 l4 l5 l6 l7 s
T1
s
T2
s
T3
s
T4
s
T5
t
1
t
2
t
3
t
4
t
5

1
30 30 40 50 50 20 0 2.10 2.10 40 63 40 2 1 1,5 2 2
2
30 30 40 20 30 20 0 2.16 32 40 40 40 2 1 1,5 2 2
3
30 30 40 20 30 0 30 63 40 40 40 40 1 2 1,5 1,5 2

3.2 BAO VE SO LECH.
3.2.1 Nguyen tac thc hien.

Theo nh luat Kirchoff, tong vect cua tat ca dong ien ra va vao cac nhanh
cua oi tng BV bang khong, ngoai tr co NM ben trong oi tng BV nay.
Do o, neu tat ca th cap cua may bien dong cac nhanh cua oi tng BV
c ghep song song vi nhau vi mot rle dong ien th se khong co dong
ien chay trong rle tr khi co ngan mach ben trong cua oi tng bao ve .
Bao ve da vao nguyen tac tren goi la BV so lech doc (H.3.7), co tnh chon
loc tuyet oi, phan biet c NM ben trong va ben ngoai cua oi tng BV va
nh the cho phep cat s co cua oi tng BV nhanh chong. Noi cach khac, BV
so lech lam viec da tren s so sanh trc tiep cac dong ien tren cac nhanh
cua oi tng BV. oi vi ng day lam viec song song ngi ta dung so lech
ngang so sanh dong chay tren cac nhanh song song. e thc hien bao ve so
lech doc ngi ta co the dung lai s o dong tuan hoan hay s o can bang ap.
3.2.1.1 S o dong tuan hoan.
e de hieu ta quan sat v du oi tng bao ve co hai nhanh (ng day, may
phat) (H.3.8). Cac cuon th cap c noi song song sao cho khi NM ngoai,
suat ien ong th cap cac may bien dong trong mach vong hng noi tiep
nhau va dong trong day noi co cung hng. (Neu at cac BI cung mot quy c
cc tnh th cac au cc th cap BI gan oi tng bao ve ghep noi chung vi
nhau va cac au cc kia ghep noi chung vi nhau). RL so lech cung noi song
Hnh 3.7 Nguyen tac c ban cua bao ve so lech doc
song vi cuon th BI. Dong vao RL
TII TI R
I I I
& & &
+ = . Khi NM ngoai vung bao ve
(gii han bi cac BI) trong che o bnh thng
TII TI
I I
& &
= . Dong th
TI
I
&
va
TII
I
&

i qua RL oi chieu nhau:

II
II
I
I
R TII TI R
n
I
n
I
I I I I
& &
& & & &
+ = = + = ; 0

Trong ieu kien n
I
= n
II
= n va BI lam viec khong co sai so, ta co
TII TI
I I
& &
=
va I
R
= 0 va RL khong tac ong. Khi co dao ong cung co s phan bo tng
t.
Nh vay bao ve so lech ve nguyen tac khong phan ng theo NM ngoai, dong
phu tai va dao ong, v vay co the thc hien tac ong tc thi va dong khi
ong cua no khong chon theo ieu kien ln hn dong phu tai va dao ong.
Khi NM trong vung bao ve (H.3.8b) cac dong s cap I
I
va I
II
au co hng t
thanh gop cua tram ti cho NM.
Dong RL:
0 = + = = + =
n
I
n
I
n
I
I I I I
N
II
II
I
I
R TII TI R
& &
& & & &

Hnh 3.8 S o so lech dong tuan hoan
i
TI
i
R
i
TI
i
TII
a)

b)

Hnh 3.9 o th cua vect cua dong ien trong mach bao ve so lech

i
TII
trong o: I
R
: lam bao ve tac ong (dong ien i vao rle)
I
N
:dong NM tong tai cho NM.
Tren H.3.9, o th vect n gian cua dong ien th cap cua may bien dong
va dong ien i qua RL trong s o bao ve so lech tnh trang lam viec bnh
thng hoac NM ngoai (a) va khi NM trong vung bao ve (b).
3.2.1.2 S o loai cang bang ap .
Cac cuon th cap cua bien dong c noi sao cho khi NM ngoai va lam viec
bnh thng, s cua chung ngc chieu nhau trong mach. RL c mac noi
tiep trong mach day dan phu.
Khi NM ngoai, cung nh khi co dong phu tai chay qua cac s
TI
E
&
va
TII
E
&

bang nhau, v du
II I
I I
& &
= va n
I
= n
II
nen 0 =
=
Z
E E
I
TII TI
R
& &
&

Trong o: Z la tong tr toan mach vong.
Khi NM trong toan vung bao ve (h.7.4b) cac s
TI
E
&
va
TII
E
&
cong nhau va tao
nen dong trong RL lam bao ve tac ong.
Hien nay bao ve so lech vi dong tuan hoan c dung pho bien.
3.2.2 Dong khong can bang trong bao ve so lech .
Khi khao sat nguyen tac tac ong cua bao ve so lech, chung ta gia thiet mot
trng hp ly tng rang trong trng hp bnh thng va NM ngoai khong co
dong ien chay vao RL. Thc te nh a tm hieu s lam viec cua BI chng
1 th dong ien th cap cua BI bang:

I SI TI
I I I =
& &
;
II SII TII
I I I
& & &
=
va dong trong RL
kcb I II TII TI R
I I I I I I
& & & & & &
= = =

, dong ien t hoa
I I
I
&
va
II
I
&

thng khac nhau ngay ca trong trng hp cac BI giong nhau.
Ngoai dong ien t hoa, dong khong can bang con chu anh hng cua ien
tr cua cac day dan phu trong cac nhanh cua mach bao ve. Neu dung cac BI
co ty so bien oi khong giong nhau (cho cac phan t nh MBA 2, 3 day quan,
t ngau, thanh gop) th dong khong can bang se tang len nhieu, v khi o
dong t hoa khac nhau nhieu.
Hnh 310 S o so lech loai can bang ap
ac biet, dong
kcb
I
&
se at nhng gia tr rat ln khi co NM ngoai, khi ay cac
mach t cua BI bao hoa vi mc o khac nhau va anh hng cua thanh phan
khong chu ky cua dong NM len dong th cap cua cac may bien dong cung
khac nhau.
Chung ta co the rut ra ket luan sau cho dong
kcb
I
&
:
-
kcb
I
&
trong tnh trang qua o co the vt qua gia tr on nh cua no gap nhieu
lan va co the ln hn ca dong lam viec cc ai.
-
kcb
I
&
co gia tr ln nhat khong phai thi iem au cua NM ma hi cham
hn.
- Co gia tr on nh cua
kcb
I
&
sau luc NM co the ln hn rat nhieu so vi trc
luc NM do t cam tha trong loi thep.
-
kcb
I
&
tat tng oi nhanh (thi gian ton tai nhng gia tr
kcb
I
&
khong vt qua
vai phan mi giay).
3.2.3 Dong ien khi ong cua BV so lech.
e bao ve so lech co the lam viec ung phai chnh nh dong khi ong cua
no ln hn dong ien khong can bang tnh toan ln nhat khi NM ngoai vung
bao ve:
I
k
K
at
. I
kcbttmax

vi: I
&
kcbttmax
: la dong khong can bang tnh toan cc ai.
I
k
f
i max
. k
kck
. I
ngoai max
Trong o: f
i max
: la sai so cc ai cho phep cua BI trong tnh trang on nh
f
i max
= 10% = 0,1
k
dn
:la he so ong nhat cua cac BI; k
dn
= 0 1
k
n
= 0 : khi cac BI hoan toan giong nhau;
k
n
= 1 : khi cac BI khac nhau hoan toan.
K
kck
la he so ke en anh hng cua thanh phan khong chu ky cua dong NM
I
ngoai max
: la thanh phan chu ky cua dong NM ln nhat.
Yeu cau ve o nhay cua BVSL:

kd
N
n
I
TVBV I
K
min
= >2 (TVBV: trong vung bao ve)
Thng v dong ien khong can bang I
kcb
kha ln nen neu khong dung nhng
bien phap ac biet e han che no th bao ve kho am bao yeu cau ve o nhay
a neu.
3.2.4 Bao ve so lech ngang .
Bao ve so lech ngang la bao ve thuoc loai n gian va tin cay. Bao ve khong
phan ng theo dao ong, qua tai va tac ong khong thi gian khi NM xay ra
bat ky iem nao trong vung bao ve. oi vi ng day tai ien dai, nhc
iem cua bao ve la viec truyen tn hieu, ton ph cho day dan phu cao. Ngoai
ra, bao ve co tac ong sai khi day dan b h hong. e bao ve cho ng day
song song, dai va co ien tr day nh nhau, hay la may phat ien co hai cuon
day quan song song, ngi ta co the dung bao ve so lech ngang. Nguyen l tac
ong cua no da tren s so sanh trc tiep dong ien chay tren cac nhanh song
song. V ien tr cac nhanh lam vec song song bang nhau nen khi bnh
thng va khi NM ngoai, cac vect dong ien tren cac nhanh bang nhau:
II I
I I
& &
= (hnh 3.11a). Khi NM xay ra mot trong hai nhanh cac dong nay khong
con bang nhau na.

Tai au A cac dong I
I
va I
II
trung pha nhng bien o khac nhau; con tai B; cac
dong khac ca pha lan bien o (H.3.11b).
Nh vay s mat can bang cac dong tren cac nhanh song song ve mat bien o
cung nh goc pha la dau hieu phan anh s co tren mot trong hai ng day.
Co hai loai bao ve so lech ngang: tai cac phan t co hai nhanh song song,
c noi vao mot may cat chung th dung bao ve so lech ngang dong ien. Tai
cac ng day song song co may cat rieng moi ng day th dung bao ve so
lech ngang co hng.
Bao ve so lech ngang dong ien.
Khi ch co mot au ng day cung cap, BV ch at mot pha co nguon, con
oi vi cac ng day co nguon cung cap hai au th at ca hai pha
ng day song song. Hnh 3.12 gii thieu s o BV ve cho mot pha. May
bien dong vi cung he so bien oi n c at tai cac pha cung ten.

Hnh 3.11 Phan bo dong ien tren cac ng day song song
a) Khi bnh thng va ngan mach ngoai.
b) Ngan mach tren mot ng day.

Cac cuon th cua chung c au vi nhau bang cac cc oi ten, con cuon
day cua RL th au song song vi chung. Khi bnh thng va khi NM ngoai,
dong qua RL: 0 = + =
TII TI R
I I I
& & &
BV khong tac ong. Thc te I
R
co dong khong
can bang I
kcb
do sai so cua BI va do ien tr cua cac ng day khong hoan
toan nh nhau. e RL khong tac ong nham can chon I
k
>I
kcb
. Khi NM xay ra
v du ng day L
1
tai iem N, ta co I
I
>I
II
, do o trong RL co dong :
0 + =
TII TI R
I I I
& & &
.
Neu I
R
>I
k
th BV tac ong cat MC chung ng day. Dong I
I
va I
II
i en
iem NM N theo hai nhanh song song va t le nghch vi tong tr cua
chung(H3.13).
Neu dch chuyen iem N dan ti tram B th I
I
giam con dong trong RL:
TII TI R
I I I
& & &
+ = giam. Khi NM tai thanh gop B th 0 =
R
I
&
. De dang thay rang gan
thanh gop tram B co ton tai mot oan ng day ma khi NM trong o, dong
trong RL nho hn gia tr khi ong. iem bien cua oan nay co I
R
=I
kR
va
nam cach thanh gop tram B mot oan m. Nh vay vung c BV khong the
bao gom toan bo ng day. oan m cua ng day nam gan thanh gop tram
oi dien ma khi NM trong o th BV khong the tac ong v khong u nhay
c goi la vung chet cua BV. S ton tai vung chet la nhc iem quan trong
cua BV so lech ngang. e cat NM trong vung chet can at them BV khac.
Chieu dai cua BV m c xac nh bang:
AB
N
l
I
I
m
kdbv
=
Trong o :I
kdbv
:la dong khi ong cua BV; I
N
la dong NM tai B; l
AB
la chieu
dai oan AB.
BV c coi la hieu qua neu vung chet cua BV khong vt qua 10%. Khi cat
mot trong cac ng day song song, BV so lech ngang tr thanh BV qua dong
Hnh 3.12 Bao ve so lech ngang dong ien
Hnh 3.13 Vung chet cua bao
ve so lech ngang dong ien
tac ong tc thi oi vi ng day.V vay, tac ong khong chon loc, e tranh
ieu o can khoa BV nay khi cat mot trong cac ng day song song.
3.2.5 anh gia BV so lech .
BV so lech doc thuoc loai n gian, tin cay. BV khong phan ng theo dao
ong qua tai, NM ngoai va tac ong tc thi khi NM xay ra bat c iem nao
trong vung BV. Nguyen tac cua BV c s dung rong rai e lam BV chnh
chong NM ben trong cua may phat, may bien ap, thanh gop, ong c, ng
day. BV so lech ngang thuoc loai n gian tin cay, khong phan ng theo dao
ong, viec chon tham so n gian. Nhc iem cua no la vung chet, hien
tng tac ong khong ong thi lam tang thi gian cat NM, co ton tai vung
chet, phai khoa BV khi cat mot ng day, v vay can bo sung BV cho ng
day con lam viec. BV c dung BV cho ng day lam viec song song, may
phat co hai cuon day tnh lam viec song song.

3.3 BAO VE DONG IEN CHONG CHAM AT .
3.3.1 Bao ve chong cham at trong mang ien co dong cham at ln .
Mang ien co dong cham at ln la mang co trung tnh noi trc tiep vi at.
BV phan ng theo dong va ap th t khong I
0
va U
0
. e chong NM cham at
N
1
, N
1,1
(NM cham at thng xay ra), ngi ta dung bo BV th t khong
rieng biet e chong cham at; BV nay thc hien n gian hn va co nhieu u
iem hn so vi Bv phan ng theo dong toan phan nh a xet tren. BV th
t khong co the thc hien di dang BV dong cc ai, BV cat nhanh n gian
cung nh co hng. BV khoang cach, so lech (BV th t khong dang
khoang cach so lech). e nhan c thanh phan th t khong (TTK), ngi ta
dung bo loc I
0
hay U
0
a c trnh bay chng 1.
3.3.1.1 Bao ve dong cc ai th t khong .
Rle noi vao bo loc dong th t khong(H.3.14). Thi gian tac ong cua BV
c chon theo nguyen tac bac thang tang dan len tnh t au nhan ien ve
pha co may bien ap, co trung tnh noi at :t
3
< t
2
<t
1
.

Hnh 3.14 S o khoi bao
ve dong th t khong
Neu cac mang ien ap cao va mang ien ap thap noi nhau qua may bien ap
co to au day Y
0
/ hay /Y
0
(v du may bien ap T
3
tren hnh 3.15), th bao ve
th t khong (BVTTK) at tai pha cao, MBA o co the co the tac ong khong
thi gian (BV3). Ta co the thc hien c ieu kien tren, v khi NM pha ap
thap, pha cao ap khong co dong th t khong qua BV nen khong tac ong
sai. Nh t
3
=0 nen thi gian tac ong cua cac BV khac cung nho hn so vi
dong cc ai tng ng t
2
<t
2
, t
1
<t
1
. ieu o co the giai thch nh sau:khi
NM pha ap thap, BV dong cc ai at pha ap cao co the tac ong, v vay
can phai phoi hp thi gian tac ong cua BV dong cc ai pha ap cao vi
pha ap thap t
3
>t
3
=0. Neu may bien ap T
3
tren hnh 3.15 la t ngau va mang
ien hai pha cua MBA la mang co trung tnh noi at, khi NM pha nay th
pha kia cung xuat hien I
0
. Trong trng hp nay, can phai phoi hp BV th t
khong cua hai may va nh vay ta co : t
3
= t
3
; t
2
= t
2
; t
1
= t
1
.
Dong tac ong cua rle, dong cc ai th t khong c chon t ieu kien
bao am tac ong mot cach chac chan khi cham at, cuoi oan ke tiep va
tranh dong khong can bang.
- ieu kien th nhat : I
k
<3.I
0Nmin
.
- ieu kien th hai : I
k
>I
Kcbmax
.
ieu kien th hai la quyet nh. Theo ieu kien nay:
I
k
= K
at
.I
Kcbmax
( trong o : K
at
=1,2 en 1,5). (*)
Dong I
Kcbmax
c tnh ng vi che o bnh thng, hoac NM, tuy thoc vao
thi gian tac ong cua BV.
Neu thi gian tac ong t
0
cua BV th t khong ln hi thi gian tac ong t
cp

cua BV chong ngan mach gia cac pha at ke tiep oan tiep sau, th I
k
cua
BV ch can chon ln hn dong khong can bang (I
Kcb
)trong che o bnh thng.
Do o khi NM gia cac pha, se c BV dong cc ai cat sm, trc khi BV
th t khong, oan sau kp tac ong sai.
Hnh 3.15 Thi gian tac ong cua bao ve dong cc ai th t khong
Dong khong can bang trong che o lam viec bnh thng c xac nh bang
dung cu o. Vi may bien dong co I
m
=5A,dong khong can bang I
Kcb
khoang
0.01A en 0.2A. V vay dong khi ong cua BV chon theo (*) rat nho I
kR

=0.5A 1A (khoang 10% en 20% dong nh mc th cap cua BI ).
Neu t
0
< t
cp
th BV phai tranh dong khong can bang ng vi ngan mach 3 pha
au oan ke tiep sau.V BV tac ong vi thi gian 0,5s va ln hn nen ch
can tranh gia tr on nh cua dong khong can bang ln nhat . Theo kinh
nghiem van hanh, neu cac may bien dong c chon ung va phu tai cua
chung eu nhau, ta co the chon I
kR
= 2 4A, tuy thuoc vao boi so cua dong
NM (40 80% I
mBI
).
Trng hp chung, e xac nh dong khong can bang (KCB ) on nh khi
NM, can xac nh hoa tan bac 1 va bac 3 (I
kcb1
, I
kcb3
) cua dong KCB theo
cong thc thc nghiem, roi sau o tnh T
kcb
theo:
Neu cac BI lam viec phan ng thang cua ac tuyen, th thanh phan hoa
tan bac 3 cua dong t hoa I
S
nho .Trong trng hp nay co the tnh :
I
kcb
= K
n
.f
i
.I
N
(3)
.
Trong o : K
n
he so ong nhat lay bang 0,5 en 1 tuy thuoc vao o ong
nhat cac ac tuyen va phu tai cac bien dong .
f
i
sai so bien dong BI; khi cac bien dong c chon theo ng cong sai so
10%, th lay f
i
=0,1.
I
n
(3)
gia tr ln nhat cua dong NM 3 pha khi h hong xay ra oan tiep sau.
o nhay cua BV c ac trng bi he so nhay :
d
min 0
. 3
k
nh
I
I
K = .
Vi I
0min
dong th t khong nho nhat khi NM 1 pha va 2 pha cham at
cuoi oan tiep sau.Yeu cau K
nh
>1,5.
3.3.1.2 anh gia va pham vi s dung BV.
Trong mang ien 110 220KV, BV th t khong, c dung rat rong rai. Cac
u iem chnh cua BV a c thc te van hanh xac nhan, la co s o n
gian va o tin cay cao. BV co o nhay cao, v dong tac ong cua no khong
can chon ln hn dong phu tai .
Nhc iem gan lien vi nguyen ly tac ong cua no la BV phan ng theo
dong trong che o khong toan pha va co the tac ong sai khi c day pha
trong mach th cap cua may bien dong .
3.3.2 Bao ve chong cham at trong mang ien co dong cham at nho.
Mang ien co dong cham at nho co trung tnh cach ien, hoac noi at qua
cuon dap ho quang, hoac ien tr ln, hoac may bien ap noi at. Khac vi
mang co trung tnh noi at trc tiep, cham at mot pha trong trng hp nay
khong tao nen NM va do o khong lam cho ap day b giam, cung nh khong
gay ra dong tang cao trong mang. Hay xet ac iem thay oi dong va ap trong
mang, o th vect cac ai lng nay khi xay ra cham at 1 pha (h.3.16). e
n gian coi rang mang lam viec khong tai.

Trong ieu kien bnh thng ap day dan A, B, C so vi at bang vi cac ap
pha tng ng
A
U
&
,
B
U
&
,
C
U
&
. Cac ap nay bang cac sc ien ong (s)
A
E
&
C B
E E
& &
, , v gia thiet mang khong tai. Cac vect ap pha thanh lap hnh sao
oi xng (H.3.16b), tong cac vec t nay bang khong v ap cua ien dung pha
so vi at. Cac dong nay vt trc cac ap tng ng mot goc 90
0
.
Tong cac dong ien dung nay trong che o bnh thng bang khong, v vay
khong co I
0
. Khi cham at trc tiep 1 pha (v du pha A). Ap pha nay so vi
at giam ti khong (
A
U
&
=0). (Khi pha A cham at, the cua iem N bang the
cua at ).
Ap cua iem trung tnh U
TT
so vi at khi o bang ap gia 2 iem N va trung
tnh (TT)va bang :
A TT N TT
E U U
& &
= =
.
Ap cua pha B va pha C so vi at tang bang gia tr ap day:
CA C BA B
U U U U
& & & &
= = ,
Tai cho cham at co dong. Dong nay chay qua cac ien dung cua cac pha
khong h hong.V U
A
=0, nen I
A
=0. Trong cac pha khac co cac dong vt
trc cac ap tao ra gia chung mot goc 90
0
:
c
CA
C
c
BA
B
jX
U
I
jX
U
I
&
&
&
&
= = , .
Dong I
tai cho h hong vi chieu dng qui c va bang : ) (

C B d
I I I
& & &
+ = thay
vao tren : ) (
c
CA
C
c
BA
B d
jX
U
I
jX
U
I I
&
&
&
& &
= + = = .
T hnh 3.16c ta co :
A CA BA
E U U
& & &
3 = + .
V vay ta co the viet :
c
p
c
A
d
X
U
j
X
E
j I
&
&
&
. 3
. 3
= =
Nh vay dong I
bang 3 lan dong ien dung cua pha trong che o bnh
thng.Dong I
cham pha so vi U
TT
mot goc 90
0
, no t le vi ap mang va
ien dung cua pha (X
c
=1/C) va co the c tnh theo cong thc :
Hnh 3.16 Cham at mot pha trong mang co trung tnh cach ien
) ( 10 . . . . . 3 . 3 . 3
6
0
A l C U
X
U
I I
p
c
p
p d
= = =
&
.
Trong o : l la chieu dai tong cong cua day dan mot pha .
C
o
la suat ien dung cua pha so vi at tren 1 km, ien dung pha oi vi at
cua ng day tren khong nho hn rat nhieu so vi day cap.
Ap th t khong khi co cham at:
TT A
C B A
U E
U U U
U
& &
& & &
= =
+ +
=
3
0
.
Nh vay ap th t khong bang va ngc chieu vi ap s co. Neu bo qua ien
tr cua day dan (v no rat nho so vi X
c
) ta thay rang ap cua th t khong cua
moi iem trong mang eu bang nhau va bang :
TT
U U
&
=
0
.
Di tac dung cua ap U
0
co dong I
0
i qua, ien dung cua cac pha va cac
trung tnh cua may phat va may bien ap. Dong th t khong :
d
C B C B A
I
I I I I I
I =
+
=
+ +
=
3 3
0
& & & & &
&
.
Dong
0
I
&
vt trc
0
U
&
mot goc 90
0
.
Lu y : goc lech pha nay khi chon goc nhay cua rle nh hng cong suat th
t khong trong mang co dong cham at be. Neu cham at qua ien tr trung
gian ap pha b h hong :
N tg d A
U r I U
& & &
= = . con ap tai iem trung tnh :
N A TT
U E U
& & &
+ = .
Nh vay, U
TT
nho hn so vi trng hp cham at trc tiep. Ap cac pha khong
h hong so vi at, cung nh dong I
0
va I
eu giam. Trong ien dung so vi

at cua pha h hong cung co dong :
c
N
A
jX
U
I
&
&
= .
Trong cac tnh toan ngi ta dung he so cham e anh gia o giam dong va
ap th t khong khi cham at qua ien tr trung gian:
p
U
U
0
=
Trong o U
p
ap bnh thng cua pha h hong .
- Khi cham at trc tiep =1 v khi o U
0
= U
p
.
Khi cham at khong hoan toan ta co : U
0
= U
p
; I
0
= (U
p
)/X
c
.
Con dong i trong at:
c
p
d
X
U
I I
. 3 . 3
0
= = .
Trong mang co trung tnh noi qua cuon dap ho quang, cuon nay co nhiem
vu bu dong ien dung tai cho b h hong.
Khi co cham at, ap cua tat ca moi iem trong mang nay giong nhau nh
trong mang co trung tnh cach ien. Di tac dung cua ap th t khong U
0

xuat hien tai cho s co, ngoai cac dong
) ( 0 c
I
&
i qua cac ien dung pha,
trong moi pha con xuat hien dong
) ( 0 L
I
&
i qua cuon dap ho quang
(
L L
jX U I /
0 ) ( 0
& &
= ). Dong I
0(C)
vt trc U
0
mot goc 90
0
, dong I
0(L)
cham sau
U
0
mot goc 90
0
. Nh vay goc pha cua I
o(L)
va I
o(C)
ngc nhau va dong I

tai cho h hong bang hieu cua chung (H3.17): ) ( 3
) ( 0 ) ( 0 L C d
I I I
& &
= . Khi bu
hoan toan th: ) ( 3
) ( 0 ) ( 0 L C d
I I I
& &
= =0. oi khi ngi ta mac tr tac dung r
B

song song vi cuon dap ho quang. Khi o ngoai dong I
0(C)
va I
0(L)
con co
dong
B r
r U I /
0
& &
= . Dong nay trung pha vi U
0
va lech 90
0
so vi I
o(L)
va I
o(C)

.Nh vay khi co ien tr tac dung r
B
, dong tai cho h hong se bang :
2
) ( 0
2
) ( 0 ) ( 0
) 3 ( ) 3 3 (
r C L d
I I I I + =

3.3.2.1 Nhng yeu cau oi vi BV.
Cac yeu cau e ra oi vi BV chong cham at trong mang co dong cham at
nho khac ve c ban so vi yeu ca oi vi BV chong NM. Cham at khong lam
tang cao dong, khong lam bien dang cac ai lng ap day,v vay cac thiet b
khong b qua tai ve dong, va viec cung cap ien cho cac phu tai khong b anh
hng. Do o khi co cham at mot iem, thng BV ch bao tn hieu. Tuy
nhien, viec cat cho cham at la can thiet v cach ien gia cac pha tai cho
cham co the b pha huy do tac ong nhiet cua dong cham at, ket qua la cham
at mot pha co the bien thanh NM gia cac pha. Ngoai ra do hien tng tang
ap cac pha khong b h hong khi co cham at, cach ien gia cac pha nay co
the b choc thung tao nen cham at hai pha tai hai iem khac nhau trong
mang.Kinh nghiem van hanh cho biet trong mang co bu, mang co dong cham
at nho (20A en 30A), va mang 10KV, 6KV cham at co the ton tai kha lau
(khoang 2 gi )ma khong gay h hong them, cung khong anh hng en phu
tai,v vay BV chong cham at trong mang co dong cham at nho ch can bao
tn hieu co cham at, ngi trc chuyen phu tai cua ng day h hong sang
nguon khac, sau o cat han ng day nay.
Tuy theo ieu kien lam viec cu the cua thiet b ma x ly thch hp.
V du : Cac ong c lam viec trong ieu kien am t, may phat thuy ien t
cham at mot pha chuyen sang NM nen yeu cau khi co cham at phai cat
ngay iem cham at. BV chong cham at can tac ong chon loc va co o
Hnh 3.17 cham at mot pha trong mang a c bu
nhay cao.Yeu cau th hai e ra v dong cham at ma BV can tac ong rat nho
(5 A en 10A).
3.5.2.2 Nguyen tac thc hien BV.
Nguyen tac thc hien bao ve. Bao ve n gian nhat la bao ve chung, ch cho
tn hieu cham at ma khong ch ro iem cham at. Bao ve co the dung ba rle
ap giam (hnh 3.18a) noi vao ap pha so vi at hoac ch mot rle noi qua bo
loc ap th t khong (hnh 3.18b). Khi co cham at, bao ve bao tn hieu, sau o
ngi trc i kiem tra tng phan t va xac nh phan t h hong. Bao ve phan
ng theo dong th t khong, cung nh bao ve co hng phan ng theo dong
va cong suat th t khong la cac bao ve tac ong co chon loc c dung hien
nay. Khi cham at xay ra trong phan t c bao ve hoac ngoai no,
dong qua pha t nay co gia tr va hng khac nhau. Li dung s khac nhau
nay, ngi ta thc hien bao ve ch tac ong khi h hong xay ra trong phan t
c bao ve(giai thch hnh 3.18).
Trong mang trung tnh cach ien , phng phap n gian nhat la dung bao ve
dong ien lam viec theo dong ien dung I
0(c)
cua mang. Phng phap nay
dung tot khi so ng day nhieu, v khi o dong ien dung tong ln hn nhieu
so vi dong ien dung cua tng ng day. S khac nhau cua dong ien dung
tong (khong ke dong ien dung cua ban than phan t c bao ve) vi dong
ien dung cua phan t c bao ve, chnh la s khac nhau gia cac gia tr
dong qua phan t khi cham at trong va ngoai no. Nh vay, tnh tac ong
chon loc cua bao ve cang cao khi s khac nhau neu tren cang nhieu.
Trong mang c bu, dong ien dung tan so c ban c bu bang dong cua
cuon dap ho quang. Nh vay, trong mang c bu, du e bao ve co the tac
ong c, can phai co y tao nen dong, hoac s dung dong con d khong c
bu het ( v du s dung thanh phan tac dung cua dong, hoac cac hoa tan bac
le), hoac s dung bao ve phan ng theo dong va ap xuat hien thoang qua
thi iem au khi co s co. Co the chon cac loai bao ve c s dung hien
nay thanh ba nhom :
Hnh 3.18 Bao ve cho tn hieu khi co cham at
- Bao ve phan ng theo dong th t khong.
- Bao ve phan ng theo dong d on nh i qua ng day b h hong
trong trng hp mang c bu hoan toan.
- Bao ve phan ng theo dong trong giai oan qua o xuat hien iem
au khi xay ra s co.
a) Bao ve phan ng theo dong th t khong .
Trong mang ien co bu, ngi ta cho mang lam viec che o qua bu.
Trong che o nay dong cua cuon dap ho quang ln hn dong ien dung
cua mang .
Dong d 3I
0(L)
3I
0(C)
co tnh chat ien cam va lam bao ve tac ong. Gia
tr cua dong d c chon theo ieu kien dap tac ho quang va ngan nga
khong cho s co phat trien mang ien 610KV dong d khong c vt
qua 1025A. viec at mang che o lech bu, mac du o lech bu nay co
gii han, lam xau ieu kien hoat ong cua mang. Trong mang khong co bu
ngi ta dung dong 3I
0
va ap 3U
0
khi co cham at lam tn hieu a vao
bao ve. Hnh 3.19a, b gii thieu hai phng an bao ve khac nhau ve o
nhay. Phng an a dung bo loc gom ba bien dong ( xem muc 1 phan 1.3).
Bao ve nay co o nhay tng oi thap. Dong khi ong s cap cua bao ve
nay khong nho hn 2025A. Phng an b dung bo loc la may bien dong
th t khong BI
0
. Bao ve nay co o nhay cao hn nhieu. BI
0
co kha nang
lam cho bao ve tac ong vi dong s cap khoang 35A. Neu BI
0
ket hp
vi rle co o nhay cao co the tao nen bao ve tac ong vi dong s cap
12A. Do o BI
0
la bao ve chnh oi vi mang co ng day cap va dong
cham at nho. Hnh 3.19c gii thieu bao ve th t khong co hng. Bao ve
nay dung cho mang hnh tia, khi ma dong ien dung cua ban than moi
ng day co gia tr ln va tng ng vi dong ien dung toan phan cua
mang. Trong trng hp nay, khong oi hoi phai chnh nh tranh dong
ien dung ban than cua ng day c bao ve. Ta se thay hng dong
cong suat tren ng day h hong va khong h hong khac nhau bang minh
hoa tiep sau.
Hnh 3.20 gii thieu s phan bo I
0
. Khi mot pha cua ng day L1 b cham
at( v du tai iem N) tai cho s co xuat hien ap th t khong U
0
. Di tac
dung cua ap nay co dong th t khong(I
0
) chay vong qua ien dung, cac
Hnh 3.19 S o bao ve dong ien chong cham at
pha cua tng ng day va cuon dap ho quang(neu co at cuon nay). Quan
sat s phan bo dong co the rut ra cac nhan xet sau:
Dong ien dung th t khong chay tren tat ca cac ng day h hong cung
nh khong h hong cua mang. Dong cua cuon dap ho quang ch chay tren
ng day h hong L1. Qua cac BI
0
cua ng day khong h hong L2 va
L3 co ien dung th t khong. Cac dong nay chay vong qua ien dung cac
pha cua C
L2
va C
L3
cua ban than ng day nay. Cac dong nay hng ri
khoi thanh gop va bang :
3I
0L2
= 3U
0
C
L2
va 3I
0L3
= 3U
0
C
L3.
dong

ien dung i qua BI
0
cua ng day b h hong L1 bang tong dong
ien dung cua tat ca cac ng day khong b h hong, no bang tong dong
ien dung cua mang 3I
0C
, tr dong 3I
0L1
chay vong qua ien dung C
L1
cua
ng day b h hong:
I
BIo
= 3I
0C
3I
0L1
=3U
0
C - 3U
0
C
L1
(*)
Trong o : C- ien dung pha toan mang.
Dong nay hng vao thanh gop va ngc hng vi hng dong cua
ng day khong h hong. Khi o co cuon DHQ ngoai dong neu tren con
co dong ien cua cuon DHQ co gia tr : 3I
0L
=(3U
0
)/x
L
. Trong trng hp
nay dong tong trong BI
0
ng day b h hong tnh bang cong thc :
) ( 3
3
) 3 3 ( 3
1 0
0
1 0 0 0 01 L
L
L C L BI
C C U
x
U
I I I I = = (**)
Hng cua dong tong I
Bio
trung vi hng thanh phan nao (ien cam hay
ien dung) co gia tr ln hn.
Trong mang khong co bu, co the dung bao ve co hng phan ng theo
cong suat khang th t khong cua dong ien dung.
Trong mang lam viec che o qua bu, khong dung bao ve tac ong theo
Hnh 3.20 S phan bo dong th t khong khi co cham at mot pha
hng cng suat phan khang c v rang dong phan khang trong ng
day h hong va khong h hong cung co hng .
Dong khi ong cua bao ve c chon ln hn dong ien dung qua ng
day c bao ve (L
1
) khi cham at tren cac nhanh khac va ln hn dong
khong can bang khi ngan mach trong mang : K
k
= K
at
. K
v
.3U
p
.C
L

Vi : C
L
ien dung pha cua ng day c bao ve.
K
at
he so an toan bang 1,11,2.
K
v
he so tnh toan en o nhay vot cua dong ien dung khi co ho quang
lap loa va chon bang 45, khi tac ong co thi gian K
v
=23.
Dong khi ong chon theo ieu kien tren cung ong thi thoa man yeu
cau ln hn dong khong can bang tong BI
0
trong che o bnh thng va
NM gia cac pha.
o nhay cua bao ve khi cham at tren ng day c bao ve:
K
nh
=I
BIo
/I
k
Trong o : I
BIo
la dong qua BI
0
cua ng day s co c tnh theo( *)
hay (* *). Yeu cau K
nh
> 1,25 oi vi ng day cap va K
nh
> 1,5 oi vi
ng day tren khong.
b)Bao ve lam viec theo dong vi tan so khac 50Hz
Bao ve nay dung phng phap xep chong dong co tan so khong phai tan
so cong nghiep len dong s co .Dong nay co the lay t nguon rieng at
trong mach cuon day DHQ. Dong phu nay chay trong cung mach vi dong
cuon dap ho quang va lam bao ve tac ong . Ta chon tan so 100Hz hay
25Hz v trong dong ien dung khong co nhng hoa tan nay: Khi co s co,
cac ng day tren khong h hong, khong co dong phu nay chay qua, con
trong cac ng day h hong th co . Nh vay bao ve tac ong chon loc.
Neu at bao ve vi o nhay cao, th e bao ve tac ong mot cach chac
chan, ch can tao dong phu khoang 35A.
Tren hnh 3.21 gii thieu bao ve lam viec vi tan so 100Hz. Cuon dap ho
quang ngi ta cuon them cuon th cap. Mach cuon day nay c khep kn
nh tiep iem cua Rle ien ap th t khong.
Bnh thng trong cuon dap ho quang khong co dong. Khi co cham, trong
cuon DHQ co dong, dong nay lam cam ng qua cuon th cap. ong thi
RU
o
lam viec, lam mach th cap kn. Nh chnh lu na chu ky, dong
trong cuon phu cha thanh phan hoa tan bac hai (100Hz). Thanh phan nay
lai gay tr lai thanh phan bac hai trong dong s cap DHQ.
V dong cua cuon dap ho quang i ti cho h hong qua BI
0
cua ng day
s co , neu bao ve lam viec vi thanh phan bac hai at tai ng day h
hong se tac ong mot cach chon loc. Rle RI
0
nhan c thanh phan hoa
tan bac hai qua bo loc hoa tan bac hai. oi vi cac hoa tan cac bac khac,
dong cua bo loc co ien tr cao.


Hnh 3.21 Bao ve tn hieu co chon locdung dong co tan so 100Hz
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHIEP TP HCM TT CONG NGHE IEN

CHNG 4 BAO VE HE THONG IEN CONG NGHIEP

Hien nay qua trnh cung cap ien trong cong nghiep va cac nha may a tr nen
m rong va phc tap hn, yeu cau o tin cay ngay cang cao hn, ieu nay lam
cho viec bao ve va ieu khien trong he thong ien cong nghiep kho khan hn ,
Chung ta co the s dung cac ky thuat bao ve dung cho cac he thong ien cao ap
hoac cap ien ap thap hn e ap dung bao ve cho he thong nay, tuy nhien trong
he thong ien cong nghiep co nhieu van e ac biet can s quan tam rieng.
4.1. PHAN LOAI CAC BAO VE.
Trong viec cung cap ien trong he thong ien cong nghiep tieu bieu se
c bao ve bang cac may cat (CB) ket hp vi cac rle chong cham at hoac
qua dong va cau ch, co kha nang chon loc va cach ly phan s co cua he thong.
4.1.1. Cau ch.
e bao ve mach ien va cac thiet b ien trong mang phan phoi va cong
nghiep th n gian nhat la dung cau ch (CC). CC co cac nh mc dong ien
khac nhau tng ng vi dong ien lam viec lien tuc cho phep, cac CC nay c
mac noi tiep vi tai tieu thu va mang dong ien tai. Neu dong ien tai qua CC
vt qua nh mc cau ch th CC se nong chay t va cach li phan t b s co
khoi mach ien.
Cau ch la phan bao ve qua dong va cau ch b nong chay do nhiet khi co
qua dong ien qua no. oi vi cau ch lam viec mang li ln hn 600V cau
ch c goi la cau ch cong suat. Theo tieu chuan ngi ta phan biet cho cau ch
mang ien the cao t 2KV en 20KV lam 2 loai : cau ch t ri (FCO) va cau
ch cong suat.
a) Cau ch t ri mang phan phoi (FCO).
Cau ch t ri c thiet ke cho mang phan



phoi co ien the di 35KV thng c gan tren tru ng day tren khong.
Cau ch cong suat cung c thiet ke cho truyen tai, trong nha, tram, nha may.
Ca 2 cau ch nay co the thay the toan bo hay tng phan day ch sau khi day ch
t. Day ch c che tao t thiet, bac hay kim loai e cho ra ac tnh chay theo
thi gian.
FCO tieu bieu dung cho tram hay tru c cho (H.4.1). Day ch c cha
trong ong dai c goi la bo gi day ch va c lam bang vat lieu cach ien,
ong gi c thiet ke co the thao ri de dang.
FCO co the lam viec nh cau ch bao ve va nh mot dao cach ly thao tac c,
cho phep ngi van hanh m mach bang tay. Khi cat dong ien tai qua ln FCO
c che tao bo phan c ac biet e phan tan ho quang tao ra luc ngat mach.
FCO (H.4.1) co dang h, nhieu dang FCO c thiet ke ong gi day ch t ri
khi day ch nong chay ngat mach ieu nay rat tien li quan sat v tr , trang thai
cua cau ch va bao am an toan cho ngi van hanh va sa cha.
Day ch thay the c at trong ong gi day ch. Mot dang ong gi day ch tieu
bieu c ve (H.4.2). Day ch chay c thoa ra au ong gi, day ch mi
c a vao ong gi thong qua ong phu, lo xo, day mem de am bao chac phan
c va tiep xuc tot phan ien .
b) Cac loai day ch.
Cau ch c thiet ke cho nhieu ap dung khac nhau vi cac ac tnh lam viec
khac nhau ap ng cho yeu cau bnh thng cung nh ac biet.
a)
b)
cach ien
gia
gan
au noi day ien
ong gi day ch
au noi day ien
e sa t
a u no i da y ie n
o ng gi da y ch
ca ch ie n
a u no i da y ie n
Hnh 4.1 FCO cho tram (a) va au tru (b)


* Cau ch ngat dong ZERO: loai cau ch pho thong co the c mo ta nh la bo
phan cat dong qua khong, v cau ch nay phai ch dong qua zero trc khi viec
ngat hoan tat. Loai nay rat thong dung va ng dung tien li dung cho s cap
MBA phan phoi, bao ve ong c, bao ve tai cong nghiep.
Cau ch dung trong mang phan phoi thng la 1 trong 2 loai : loai thoi va loai
ay kn.
Loai thoi co lo e thoat hi ho quang.
Trong cau ch loai ay kn ho quang c dap tat qua vat lieu lam ay kn ,
chang hang nh vat lieu dang hot, long hay ran. Nha che tao thng dung 1 trong
cac nguyen tat tren e keo dai va lam nguoi ho quang va ngat dong ien an toan.
Nang lng tao bi ap suat ho quang se lam ri ong gi day ch ma mat thng
co the de dang nhn thay khi cau ch a tac ong. Mot trong nhng u iem cua
cau ch la de dang thay the va gia thanh hp ly. Loai nay c che tao vi cac
gia tr nh mc khac nhau va de dang phoi hp vi cac bo bao ve khac. Ngoai
cac cau ch ke tren con co cau ch dau va cau ch chan khong.
* Cau ch han che dong: cau ch loai nay b nong chay khi dong ien nam trong
nhng gii han dong ien nhat nh cho trc, ot ngot tao ien the ho quang cao
e giam bien o dong ien. Cau ch nay ve c ban khac vi cau ch cat dong
zero. Nguyen tac cua no la han che dong hay han che nang lng c thc hien
bang viec tao ra ien tr cao trong mach ien. (H.4.3) cho biet dang song dong
Da y no i
Lo xo Da y ch
o ng che
o ng gi da y ch
Hnh 4.2 ong gi day ch

ien ngat mach oi xng qua truc thi gian, gia tr dong qua khong b di va
dong ngat cua cau ch. Khi cau ch tac ong dong ien se xuong khong luc ien
the tien ti khong, do o no han che dong ien cc ai tai tr so goi la dong ien
t.

H 4.3: Cau ch han che dong
ien ngan mach

Co 3 dang c ban cua cau ch
han che dong.
Loai th nhat: la cau ch kha
nang cat cao (HRC). Loai nay rat hieu qua dong ien s co ln nhng khong
co kha nang cat t dong ien thap nen phai c ket hp vi phan t khac e
cat dong ien thap.
Loai th 2: la cau ch pho thong, theo tieu chuan ANSI la loai nay co the ngat
dong ma lam cau ch tac ong trong vong 1 gi hay ngan hn.
Loai th 3: la loai tam rong c thiet ke e ngat bat k dong nao ma lam day
ch chay di ieu kien day ch bnh thng. Phng phap tot nhat e tnh hieu
qua cua cau ch han che dong la tnh he so I
2
t. Thanh phan th nhat lam nang
lng nong chay I
2
t co the xac nh bang tnh toan va thanh phan th 2 xay ra khi
ho quang bat au va tiep tuc ti luc ngat dong ien hoan toan. Thanh phan sau
c xac nh bang thc nghiem. T (H.4.3) tng ng thi gian lam viec cua
day ch gom 2 giai oan :
_ Thi gian e dong ien s co lam nong chay day ch goi la thi gian trc ho
quang (t
1
).
_ Thi gian e dap tat ho quang va cach li mach ien goi la thi gian ho quang
(t
2
).
Cau ch phai ap ng c yeu cau sau: th nhat la dap tat c ho quang, th
hai la phai chu c ien the nh mc khi day ch b t va th ba la cau ch de
dang phoi hp vi cau ch khac trong bo phan bao ve khac.
2,0
0 5 1
0
15 2
0
2
5
3
0
t1 t
2
Thi gian ngat NM
Dong t
ien the
Dong ngan
mach
-0,5
-0,1
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
T(s)
I(vt)

* Cau ch ac biet:Cau ch ac biet dung e ap ng trong cac trng hp ac
biet .Dung cho bao ve tu ien ch khi ong ngat tu ien se co dong nhay vot va
tan so cao.
Co the dung 2 cau ch lam viec song song. Trong thc te thng khong dung hai
cau ch au song song e bao ve cho mach ien va khong am bao hai cau ch
cung cc tnh va ngat chnh xac cung mot luc. Loai cau ch ac biet nay dung cho
cac mach tang tai.
c) ac tnh thi gian dong ien (T - C) cua cau ch:
Mot trongnhng loai cau ch cong suat ky hieuEco ac tnh TC cho bang
4.1.
Bang 4.1: ac tnh chay T C cua cau ch loai E.

Dong ien ng day Thi gian nong chay ch Dong lien tuc
100A va thap hn 300s 200 240% nh mc
Tren 100A 600s 200 264% nh mc
Cau ch cong suat co cac gia tr dong ien lien tuc nh mc la 0,5; 1,2; 3,5; 7,10;
15; 20; 30; 40; 50; 65; 80; 100; 125; 150; 200; 300 va 400A. ien the nh mc
cc ai cho bang 4.2.
Bang 4.2: ien the nh mc cau ch loai E.
ien the l/v nh
mc (KV)
ien the cc ai nh
mc (KV)
2,4 * 2,75 *
4,8 * 5,30 *
7,2 8,25
13,8 * 15,00 *
14,4 15,5
23,0 25,8
34,5 38
46,0 48,3
69,0
115,0 121
38,0 145
161,0 169

Ghi chu: * ch dung cho trong nha.
Cau ch c dung ni ma ph ton cua may cat va cac phu kien khong kinh te co
vai yeu to lien quan en viec chon lc cau ch hn cac thiet b khac chang han

nh chong dao ong tan so, thu hoi von au t nhanh, cau ch loai E c dung
nhieu trong cac trng hp:
Bao vemay bien ap o lng.
Bao ve MBA ong lc.
Bao ve tu ien.
Bao ve tuyen ien the cao.
Cau ch cong suat co the at trong nha hoac ngoai tri va loai thoi hay loai han
che dong. Viec la chon phu thuoc vao vi tr va gia tr nh mc. Tuy tng loai
thoi c at ngoai tri ni co phong rong. at trong nha thng at loai han che
dong.
Loai E la loai cau ch dong ien, ngha la tr so nh mc phai bang hoac ln hn
dong tai lien tuc cc ai. Qua tai xay ra trong thi gian chay cau ch thay oi
ac tnh. Nh the khi la chon cau ch can quan tam en thi gian qua tai, chang
han nh dog ien khi ong c ln. Dong ien tr hoan nhay vot cua MBA co the
chu t nhat 12 lan dong s cap MBA trong khoang 1/10 giay (xem dong nong
chay cua cau ch).
mang phan phoi cau ch thng c dung bao ve cac phat tuyen, nhat la co
chieu dai tng oi ngan va phu tai nho.
Day ch mang phan phoi co 2 dang k hieu la K va T. s khac nhau cua chung la
thi gian gian nong chay ch tng oi, ma c anh gia bang ty so toc o nong
chay.
T so toc o nong chay = (dong ien lam cho chay 0,1s/ dong ien lam day ch
chay 300 hay 600s)
cong thc tren dung gia tr thi gian 300s oi vi cau ch nh mc 100A va
nho hn, con 600s dung cho day ch co nh mc 140 va 200A. dong ien lam
day ch nong chay loai K va T cho bang 4.3 va bang 4.4.
Bang 4.3. Dong ien nong chay day ch loai K(nhanh).

Dong nong chay
300 va 600s
Dong nong chay
10s
Dong nong chay
0,1s
Ty le
toc o
Dong
lien tuc
nh
mc
Min Max Min Max Min Max
nh mc chuan

6
10
15
25
40
65
100
140
200
12,0
19,5
31,0
50.0
80,0
128,0
200,0
310,0
480,0
14,4
23,4
37,2
60,0
96,0
153,0
240,0
372,0
576,0
13,5
22,5
37,0
60,
98,0
159,0
258,0
430,0
760,0
20,5
34,0
55,0
90,0
146,0
237,0
388,0
650,0
1150,0
72,0
128,0
215,0
350,0
565,0
918,0
1520,0
2470,0
3880,0
68,0
154,0
258,0
420,0
680,0
1100,0
1820,0
2970,0
4650,0
6,0
6,6
6,9
7,0
7,1
7,2
7,6
8,0
8,1
nh mc trung gian
08
12
20
30
50
80
15,0
25,0
39,0
63,0
101,0
160,0
18,0
30,0
47,0
76,0
121,0
192,0
18,0
29,0
48,0
77,5
126,0
205,0
27,0
44,0
71,0
115,0
188,0
307,0
97,0
166,0
273,0
447,0
719,0
1180,0
116,0
199,0
328,0
546,0
862,0
1420,0
6,5
6,6
7,0
7,1
7,1
74,0
nh mc di 6A
1
2
3
2,0
4,0
6,0
2,4
4,8
7,2
+
+
+
10,0
10,0
10,0
+
+
+
58,0
58,0
58,0
-
-
-

Bang 6.4. dong ien nong chay day ch loai T(cham).

Dong nong chay
300 va 600s
Dong nong chay
10s
Dong nong chay
0,1s
Ty le
toc o
Dong
lien tuc
nh
mc
Min Max Min Max Min max
nh mc chuan
6
10
15
25
40
65
100
140
200
12,0
19,5
31,0
50.0
80,0
128,0
200,0
310,0
480,0
14,4
23,4
37,2
60,0
96,0
153,0
240,0
372,0
576,0
15,3
26,5
44,5
73,5
120,0
195,0
319,0
520,0
850,0
23,0
40,0
67,0
190,0
178,0
291,0
475,0
775,0
1275,0
120,0
224,0
388,0
635,0
1040,0
1650,0
2620,0
4000,0
6250,0
100
11,5
12,5
12,7
13,0
12,9
13,1
12,9
13,0

nh mc trung gian
08
12
20
30
50
80
15,0
25,0
39,0
63,0
101,0
160,0
18,0
30,0
47,0
76,0
121,0
192,0
20,0
34,5
57,0
93,5
152,0
248,0
31,0
52,0
85,0
138,0
226,0
370,0
166,0
196,0
496,0
8120,0
1310,0
20800,0
199,0
355,0
595,0
975,0
1570,0
2500,0
6,5
6,6
7,0
7,1
7,1
7,4
nh mc di 6A
1
2
3
2,0
4,0
6,0
2,4
4,8
7,2
+
+
+
11,0
11,0
11,0
+
+
+
100,0
100,0
100,0
-
-
-

Nhan thay rang s o toc o nong chay cua loai K nam trong khoang 0,6 en 8,1
trong khi o loai T t 10 en 13.
ng cong T_C cua day ch co 2 dang : thi gian nong chay ln nhat va thi
gian t tong (ln nhat). ng cong tieu bieu c ve (H.4.4), (H.4.5) va
(H.4.6). Thi gian nong chay nho nhat la la thi gian t ch trung bnh c o
khi th nghiem ien the thap va khong co ho quang xay ra. Nh the oi vi dong
ien a cho, thi gian e cau ch ngat tng trng thi gian nong chay la phai
nam trong khoang sai so cho bi tieu chuan bang(4.3) va (4.4). Th nghiem th
hai cho cau ch lam viec ien the cao(khoang 7200V) va o thi gian ngan tong
bao gom thi gian chay day ch va thi gian ho quang. Hai thi gian nay the hien
tam thi gian cat s co oi vi dong ien ngan mach a biet. ng cong ngat
tong c dung e phoi hp vi ac tnh nong chay nho nhat cua cau ch ln hn
at tai pha au nguon. Tng t ng cong nong chay nho se c dung phoi
hp vi thi gian ngat tong cua cau ch nho at pha tai.



Hnh 4.4: ng cong nong chay nho Hnh 4.5: ho ng cong nong
nhat loai K va T co cung nh chay nho nhat cua cau ch loai K
(H.4.4) so sanh ac tnh T C nong chay nho nhat cua loai K va T co cung nh
mc. (H.4.5) cho ac tnh nong chay nho nhat va cat tong cua cau ch loai K.
(H.4.6) gii thieu 1 ho ng cong nong chay nho nhat cau ch K.
Nhan thay vi bat k dong ln hn dong khi ong nho nhat, day ch T nong chay
cham hn day ch K. S khac nhau cua ac tnh day ch cho ta lien hp trong viec
chon la e phoi hp cho cac mach bao ve khac nhau vi cac vong NM khac
nhau.
Cau ch dung cho mang phan phoi th co ien ap nh mc thong dung:7,2; 14,4;
va 17,7KV hay ga tr cc ai la 7,8; 15 va 18 KV khi m ch. Cac thiet b ch s
dung trong hop hay trong cac (FCO) th co nh mc thong thng la 14,4 va
25KV hay toi a la 15 va 27KV.

1
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
01 . 0
1 , 0
1
10
100
1000
min
15K
min
15T
( ) A I
( ) s t
1
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
01 . 0
1 , 0
1
10
100
1000
min
15K
max
15K
( ) A I
( ) s t


Hnh 4.6. ho ng cong nong
nong chay nho nhat cau ch loai K

d) ac tnh phoi hp day ch. Theo (H.4.4) ; (H.4.5); (H 4.6) ta co loai day ch
c chon ay co hnh dang tng t va co the phoi hp de dang vi nhau. Khi
o neu dung cung luc loai K va T co the kho phoi hp vi nhau va viec phoi hp
cho cac loai ch co c gan nhau oi khi khong the th hien c. Th te loai ch
c cho ay co the phoi hp de dang vi cac ch cung loai. Tuy nhien v thi
gian phat ho quang cung c tnh trong tong thi gian cat e nham xac nh
viec phoi hp vi pha nguon, co mot dong cc ai e phoi hp cho an toan, ngay
ca oi vi ch cung loai. Gii han phoi hp nay phu thuoc vao tng loai ch se
c s dung. Nha che tao thng cung cap cac ac tnh phoi hp, tng t cac
ac tnh trong bang 4.5 va 4.6 e ch ra cac gii han phoi hp c e ngh khi
dung mot loai ch cu the nao o. Trong gii han nay ta tham khao chon cau ch
tren (gan nguon) va cau ch di (xa nguon hn (H.4.7).
Bang 4.5. phoi hp gia cau ch loai K

1
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
01 . 0
1 , 0
1
10
100
1000
( ) A I
( ) s t
6
10
15
25
40
65
10
0
140
200

nh
mc day
ch
di
nh mc day ch tren
Day ch
8
K
10K 12K 15K 20K 25K 30K 40K 50K 65
K
80K 100K 140K 200K
Loai ch Dong s co ln nhat qua cau ch di (A)
6k

190 350 510 650 840 1060 1340 1700 2200 2800 3900 5800 9200
8k

210 440 650 840 1060 1340 1700 2200 2800 3900 5800 9200
10k

300 540 840 1060 1340 1700 2200 2800 3900 5800 9200
12k

320 710 1050 1340 1700 2200 2800 3900 5800 9200
15k

430 870 1340 1700 2200 2800 3900 5800 9200
20k

500 1100 1350 2200 2800 3900 5800 9200
25k

660 1350 2200 2800 3900 5800 9200
30k

850 1700 2800 3900 5800 9200
40k

1100 2200 3900 5800 9200
50k

1450 3500 5800 9200
60k

2400 5800 9200
80k

4500 9200
100k

2000 9100
140k

4000

Bang 4.6. phoi hp gia cau ch loai T.

nh
mc
day ch
di
nh mc day ch tren
Day ch 8
T
10
T
12T 15T 20T 25
T
30
T
40
T
50T 65T 80T 100
T
140
T
200T
Loai ch Dong s co ln nhat tai B bao ve A
6T
350 600 920 1200 1500 200
0
254
0
3200 4100 5000 6100 9700 15.200
8T
375 800 1200 1500 200
0
254
0
3200 4100 5000 6100 9700 15.200
10T
530 1100 1500 200
0
254
0
3200 4100 5000 6100 9700 15.200
12T
680 1280 200
0
254
0
3200 4100 5000 6100 9700 15.200

15T
730 170
0
254
0
3200 4100 5000 6100 9700 15.200
20T
990 210
0
3200 4100 5000 6100 9700 15.200
25T
140
0
2600 4100 5000 6100 9700 15.200
30T
1500 3100 5000 6100 9700 15.200
40T
1700 3800 6100 9700 15.200
50T
1750 4400 9700 15.200
60T
2200 9700 15.200
80T

7200 15.200
100T
4000 13.800
140T
7.500
Ve logic th viec nay c dien giai nh sau : khi cau ch co ngan mach xay
ra pha tai cua day ch di khi do day ch diphai cat va s co c lap
va khong can thiet phai cat ch trenbao ve pha au ngon. Day chtren phai
co nh mc cao hn va c phoi hp tot vi ch die co s hoat ong chnh
xac.
Luat phoi hp yeu cau thi gian ngat toi acua day ch di se khong ln hn
75% cua thi gian nong chay toi thieu cua daych tren. ieu nay se ambao
day ch di se tac ong u nhanh e khong lam day ch tren tac ong
trong suot thi gian) do nong chay tng phan. He so 75% e bu lai cho nhung
thong so tac ong nh tai trc o , nhiet o moi trng va nhung viec tng t.
Ngoai nhng gia tr phoi hp ch. Ky s cung can biet en kha nang dong lien
tuc cua moi cap day ch. Cac gia tr nay c cho trong bang 6.7.
Cac bang phoi hp 6.5 va 6.6 cho ta phng phap tien li phoi hp day ch.
Viec s dung 2 bang nay vi gia ng la ch se tac ong trong khoang nh mc
cua dong lien tuc va c s dung vi 1 bo ch c thiet ke ng vi ch c
chon. Bang nay liet ke ra day ch tren, day ch diva dong s co cc ai e
phoi hp tot cho nhng daych di va day ch tren.
Bang 4.7: Kha nag dong lien tuc.
K hoac T Dong lien
tuc
K hoac T Dong lien
tuc
K hoac T Dong lien tuc
6 9 20 30 65 95
8 12 25 38 80 120+
10 15 30 45 100 150+
12 18 40 60* 140 190
15 23 50 75* 200 200


*Ch s dung vi ch 100A hay 200A
+Ch su dung vi ch 200A
Th du 4.1: gii thieu 1 s co cau ch hp ly cho cung cau tao giong nhau. am
bao tnh chon loc day ch di cat trc day ch tren, thng tong quat day ch
tren c chon co nh t hat ln hn nhieu cau ch di ke tiep. Trong (H.6.8a)
nhanh H a s o cu the c sap xep lai nh (H.6.8b) va cac nhanh co the phoi
hp tot.

Th du 4.2: Khao sat ng day phan phoi hnh tia hnh, phu tai c cung cap
ien doc theo phat tuyen. Cau ch A la thiet b bao ve chnh cua tuyen va cau ch
B, C c at tren cac nhanh re do cac s co xa. Chang han s co pha sau B
hoac C (H.4.9).
Dong s co cc ai va c tieu tnh bang Ampe tai moi v tr c ch trong khung,
ngoai ra cung the hien dong nh mc tren moi cau ch. Kiem tra s phoi hp cua
cac cau ch nay la chon phoi hp tot cho cac cau ch A, B, C.
Giai: Vi lan au tien ta th chon.cau ch C la 15T, dong tai la 21A , nhng 15T
co kha nang chu tai la 23A v vay ch nay co nh mc thch hp , mac du co o
d tr rat t (2A), t bang 12.6 cho loai ch Tta thay rang 15Tco the phoi hp vi
ch 25Ttai v tr 30T cho v tr B. ch 30T co mang dong ien lien tuc 45A (OK)va
t bang 16.2 no se phoi hp vi ch bao ve 15T len ti1700A. ayla s la chon
tot.
Ch 30T phai phoi hp vi A oi vi dong s co len ti 1800A. e mang dong tai
tai A ta chon ch 80Ttai dong 120A. Ch 80T se phoi hp vi ch 30T vi dong s
co len en 5000A, va he thong nay ch co 1800A.V vay giai phap chon 80T tai
A , 30T tai B va 15T tai C. Ky s cung co the cho phep chon mc gia tang phu
tai ln hn tai C, tuy thuoc vao ban chat cua tai toc o gia tang cua phu tai. ieu
nay can 1 cau ch ln hn tai C va nh vay can chon nhng ch v tr khac.
Trong e thong ien cong nghiep thiet b bao ve gan nhat cac thiet b ien thng
la cau ch , ieu quan trong la viec tnh toan ung e la chon thiet b nay, thi
gian can thiet lam cau ch nhay phu thuoc vao dong ien qua no.
4.1.2. Cac may cat trong cong nghiep.
Mot so bo phan trong he thong ien cong nhiep c bao ve hieu qua
bang cac cau ch HRC. Nhng trong mot so bo phan cua he thong viec thay the
cac cau ch b hong se khong thuan tien trong nhng khu vc nay, ta co the dung
cac may cat thay the e ngat cac dong ien s co co the co ma khong lam anh
hng he thong. Ngoai viec ngat s co CB phai nhanh chong giai phong kh b
ion hoa ra khoi cac tiep iem cua thiet b ngat e ngan nga ho quang. oi vi
cac CB cac tiep iem noi ket va buong cha phai c thiet ke chu cac lc c

hoc do cac trng t sinh ra khi gap phai cac qua dong s co qua cao. Cac loai
MC thng gap trong he thong ien cong nghiep la MCBs, MCCBs, ACB, RCCB
.
4.1.2.1 Loai MCBs.
MCB nho ve kch thc cung nh dong nh mc thng phu hp e s dung
trong cong nghiep thng mai, thiet b trong nha, dung e bao ve: cap, thiet b
chieu sang, mach nung(thiet b si) va cung nh ieu khien va bao ve cac ong
c co cong suat nho. Ben trong MCBs co phan t nhiet lng kim se tac ong khi
dong ien qua no vt qua tr so chnh trc, phan t nay lam viec co ac tnh
thi gian phu thuoc co gii han khi dong ien ln hn 6 en 8 lan dong ien nh
mc, MCBs se cat tc thi bang phan t qua dong t, chung ta thay v s dung
cau ch da tren mach rieng le th chung ta co the dung MCB co kha nang ngat
dong ien s co mc o cao hn. Cac MCB co 2 cc , 3 cc , 4 cc dong nh
mc en 100A co kha nang ngat cac dong ien s co trong khoang 9kA va co the
len cao en 16kA. Cac thiet b khac nh : dao cach ly, bo em thi gian, may cat
ien ap thap, bo phan ngat theo dong co the ket hp vi MCB trong mach chi
tiet ve ieu khien va bao ve khi dong ien cc ai do s co dong cham at tng
oi thap. Ngoai ra con co thiet b chong dong ro CRD con c goi la ELCB co
the ket hp vi MCB e bao ve cham at.
4.1.2.2 Loai MCCBs.
Loai MCCB cung giong nh loai MCB nhng co mot so khat biet nh sau:

He thong 3 pha 3 day He thong 3 pha 3 day hoac 4 day
a) Chong cham gi cac pha b) -Cham gia cac pha
-He thong trung tnh khong noi at -Chong cham at
hoac cuon peterson.

51
A C
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B
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C
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C B
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A
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B
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A
51
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51 .
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A B
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51
C


b) He thong 3 pha-3 day d) He thong 3 pha 3 day hoac 4
day
-Chong cham gia cac pha -Chong cham gia cac pha
-Chong cham at -Chong cham pha at

-Chong cham pha trung tnh

e) he thong 3 pha 4 day f) He thong 3 pha- 3 day hoac 4 day
-Chong cham gia cac pha -Chong cham at
-Chong cham pha at
-chong cham pha trung tnh.
Cac gia tr nh mc cao hn ien ap co the len en 1000VAC hay 1200VDC,
gia tr dong nh mc noi chung vt qua 100A co the len en 50kA hay hn na
phu thuoc vao he so cong suat.
Cac MC nay ln hn tng ng vi cac gia tr nh mc mac du co san cac phan
t cc n, cc oi, 3 cc va cac phan t nhieu cc. Thong thng khong phai la
s ket hp cua cac modun cc n, thay v no co 1 vo boc chung cho tat ca cac
cc. Tuy nhien khi dung cho mach trung tnh thng la mot thiet b tach rikhi
can thiet c noi en MCCB a cc. Mac du MCCB co cac loai t hoac nhiet,
cac mc hoat ong cua cac phan t t va nhiet cua cac MC nay eu co the c
ieu chnh ac biet la cac MCCB ln hn.
V MCCB co cac gia tr nh mc cao hn nen no thng ac trong he thong
phan phoi ien gan nguon hn MCB. cap ien ap t 3KV tr len ngi ta
thng s dung cac may cat dau, may cat chan khong, may cat khong kh. He
thong rle qua dong ieu khien cac may cat nay c tnh toan chon la va phoi
64
64
N A C B
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N
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A C B
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hp vi cac MCBs, MCCBs, cau ch noi tiep e am bao tnh chon loc. Cac rle
qua dong c noi theo pha tng ng vi cac pha s cap va cac gia tr dong khi
ong cua no phai ln hn dong lan viec cua tai. Loai s co phoi bien nhat la s
co cham at, cac rle qua dong se noi pha se kiem tra cac dong s co noi at
tren cac gia tr at cua rle, cac gia tr dong ien cham nay co the b han che bi
o ln tong tr noi at trung tnh hay ien tr cham trung gian. Ta co the phat
hien s co cham at tot hn bang cach s dung ch 1 rle ap ng vi mot dong
ien th t khong he thong va dong ien I
0
nay ch xuat hien khi co dong ien s
cochay xuong at. V vay dong ien lam viec cua rle bao ve noi at c ac
gia tr thap hn dong ien cua tai, thanh phan dong ien th khongc nhan ra
bang cach noi song song gia cac bien dong. ieu quan trong la viec sap xep noi
ket cac bien dong va rle trong mot c cau he thong ac biet , cach sap xep nay
c mieu ta trong . Trong cac he thong ien 3 pha 3 day cua rle qua dong
thng c cap tren 2 pha v ly do kinh te. Chung se kiem tra s co gia cac
pha tat ca rle , nhng phai chu y en he thong ien 3 pha 4 day, yeu cau cac
phan t qua dong tren tat ca 3 pha bao am hoat ong toi thieu mot phan t
trong khi pha b cac s co trung tnh. Neu he thong nay yeu cau bao ve s co
cham at o nhay cao th can co 4 bo bien dong e bao am cho cac tai khong
oi xng hoat ong. Co the s dung 1 rle chong cham at rieng c cap ien
t 1 bien dong.
4.2. PHOI HP BAO VE.
e van hanh 1 he thong ien cong nhiep hieu qua cac thiet b bao ve can
phan biet ung ngan mach t iem su dung ien en nguon ien. Cac gia tr at
ung phai dc tnh toan cho moi rle va cac ng ac tnh cua tat ca cac thiet
b bao ve tren cung mach nhanh c so sanh e am bao s phan biet. Qua tren
goi la s phoi hp rle. e de dang hieu viec cac ac tnh phu thuoc cua rle
dong ien am bao phoi hp chon loc, trong phan nay se nhac lai nguyen tac
chon loc va dung cac v du vi cac rle cua hang GEC.
Nh phan 1 ta a biet ac tnh thi gian dong ien cua rle dong co ac tnh
phu thuoc co dang cc doc, rat doc va chuan, moi dang co nhng thuan li khi
ng dung cho tng s o cu the.
Th du 6.3: Phan mach ong ngat ha the trong mot mach ien ln cong nghiep
va cacc mang ien phan phoi t thanh gop 415V c bao ve bang 1 trong cac
cau ch 400A hay MCCB 400A, 1 may bien ap: 1MVA/3300/415V cap ien cho
mach thong qua 1 thiet b ong ngat c trang b 1 rle qua don co gia tr at t
50 en 200% gia tr dong ien nh mc c cung cap t may bien dong
2000/1A e co the phoi hp: rle , cau ch, va MCCB theo mc o dong ngan
mach cua mach la 30kA, cac gia tr phan biet co the c tnh nh sau:


i. Xac nh dong ien qua rle : Dong ien at rle c chon sao cho khong
nho hn dong ien khi ay tai va phai u d e cho phep rle hoat ong vi
dong ay tai. Dong ien ay tai c xac nh t g tr cua may bien ap:
A
U
S
I 1393
73 , 1 . 415 , 0
1000
3
= = =
Gia thiet ban au chon tr so dat rle la 100%dong nh mc.
ii. ac tnh cau ch va MCCB. Cac ac tnh dong ien va thi gian cua cau ch
400A va MCCB c ve tr tiep tren giay log-log.
iii. La chon ac tnh rle . khi tnh cac gia tr at rle bao ve e phan biet chon
loc gia cau ch va cac thiet b khac can da vao cac ac tnh phu thuoc va o
doc. Thng th trc tien chon 1 ng ac tnh rle thuoc loai c doc. oi vi
loai rle MCGG ng ac tnh nay co c bang canh chon ng cong chuyen
MCC
S
Cau ch
Rle MCGG 32
1.00
0
10.000 30.000 100.000
0,01
0,
1
0,42
1,0
10,0
t
Dong lam viec(A)
500KVA
cau
ch
MCCB
400A
11/0,4KV
5%
Rle
MCGG32
50-200%
Dong NM
30KA
2000/1
A
1 2

sang v tr EI. T hnh ve nay ta co the thay cac mc o dong cham 30kA cau
ch2 se hoat ong cha en 0,01s va MCCB hoat ong 0,016s. neu ap dung bac
thi gian
t
0,4s th thi gian hoat ong cua rle dong ngan mach 30000A se
la: 0,4+0,016=0,416s. neu ty so bien dong la 2000/1A va co 1 gia tr at la 100%
th boi so dong PSM cua rle la: 30000/2000=15. T ng ac tnh rat doc tai tr
so PMS =15 va ng TMS=1 tm c thi gian tac ong rle la 0,3575. (thi
gian nay cung co the c tnh t phng trnh VIT vi TMS=1 va PMS=m=15).
Thi gian 0,357<0,416 qua nhanh khong the am bao sai so chon loc va nh
theong cong cc doc cua rle nay la khong dungc cho trng hp nay.
chuyen sang ac tnh rat doc cua rle cung loai co san rle MCGG co PMS=15
va TMS=1, thi gian hoat ong rle la=0,9644s. e at c thi gian hoat ong
cua rle yeu cau la 0,416s, th can tnh gia tr at
TMS=0,416/0,964=0,431(chon=0,5). Vi ac tnh nay khi PMS=2,tng ng vi
dong 4000A rle se hoat ong trong 13,5.0,5=6,75s. trng hp nay cung khong
chon loc. V vay ng ac tnh rle can c di chuyen ra xa, ng ac tnh
MCCB ta co c 1 s thay oi bang cach chon gia tr dong atcua rle ln hn.
Neu gia tr dong at rle ln hn khoang 140% va ty so bien dong la 2000/1A,
gia tr PMS cua rle 30000/2800=10,7 vi gia tr PMS nay va TMS=1 ng
cong rat doc cua rle cho 1 thi gian lam viec 1,35s e co c gia tr thi gian
hoat ong theo yeu cau la 0,42s th gia tr at TMS=0,42/1,35=0,311(lay 0,3).
Khi rle at 140% nh mc va TMS=0,3 cac iem tiep sau ay co the tnh va
c dung de chon ng ac tnh rle yeu cau (bang 12.8).
PSM rle I(A) Thi gian hoat ong
1,6
1,8
2,2
3,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
4480
5040
6160
8400
14000
28000
42000
22,5.0,3 = 6,75
16,87.0,3 = 5,06
11,25. 0,3 = 3,37
6,75. 0,3 = 2,02
3,375. 0,3 = 1,01
1,5. 0,3 = 0,45
0,964. 0,3 = 0,29

700
1225 6000 400 100
T(s)
A
R
4
A
R
3 A
R
2 A
R
1
4
R
6
R 2
R
1
R
1
Dong
MN
( ) A I
NM


Cac iem tren khi c ve theo cac ng ac tnh cau ch vaMCCB xac
nh c ng ac tnh rat doc cua rle MCGG vi 1 gia tr dong at cua rle
bang 140% dong nh mc va TMS=0,3 cho ta 1 s phan biet chon loc thch hp
dong ngan mach cc ai la 30kA.
S dung rle qua dong co ac tnh rat doc se phu hp trong trng hp co s7
giam ang ke dong s co do khoang cach t nguon en tang len. ng at tnh
cua rle co ac iem thi gian hoat ong se tang len gap oi khi dong s co
giam theo ty le 7:4 theo dong chnh nh. ieu nay cho phep chnh nh cung 1
he so nhan ve thi gian cho cac rle noi tiep nhau.
Tr so at rle.
R
1
va R
1A
300 0,2 TMS R
2
va R
2A
175A 0,2 TMS
R
3
va R
3A
100 0,2 TMS R
4
va R
4A
57,5A 0,2 TMS



Xem xet s khac biet khi ap dung loai rle CDG11 rle co ac tnh phu thuoc
chuan va loai rle CDG13 rle co ac tnh phu thuocrat doc bang th du
sau:
Th du 6.4: T (H12.12) nhan thay
rang ty so dong ngan mach tai cac
thanh cai ke tiep nhau la 7:4. Gia thiet
cac rle ieu c chnh nh vi cung
1 he so nhanve thi gian TMS=0,2. T
gian o phoi hp thi gian tren, nhan
thay rang thi ngian nhay bac
t
cua
ac tnh phu thuoc rat doc la
t
=0,33s
trong khi rle phu thuoctieu chuan la
t
=0,24s. thi gian nhay bac
min t
cho
phep su dung TMS=0,2 c tnh nh
sau:
t
= sai so rle gia cac rle noi
tiep nhau c tnh vi dong s co a
xac nh va TMS=0,2+thi gian m
may cat+thi gian vt qua cua rle.
min t
=(0,054+0,029)+0,15+0,05=0,283
. Trong o:
0,045: Thi gian sai so cua rle 4 lan dong cai at va TMS=02.
0,029: Thi gian ai so cua rle 7 lan dong cai at va TMS=0,2.
0,15: Thi gian hoat ong cua may cat.
0,05: Thi gian vt qua cua cua rle CDG13.
Vi
t
=0,33s >
min t
=0,283s cho phep rle phan biet chon loc hoan toan ung. V
vay s dung rle CDG13la phu hp. Neu dung rle co ac tnh phu thuoc chuan
CDG11 th
t
=0,25, va :
min t
=(0,0712+0,0525)+0,15+0,04=0,3137s. trong o:
0,0712: Thi gian sai so cua rle 4 lan dong cai at va TMS=0,2.
0,0525: Ti gian sai so cua rle 7 lan dong cai dat va TMS=0,2.
0,15: thi gian hoat ong cua may cat.
0,04: Thi gian vt qua cua rle CDG11. Vi
t
=0,25s <
min t
=0,3137s nen rle
co the chon loc khong ung. V vay rle co dac tnh phu thuoc rat doc thay cho
ac tnh phu thuoc chuan se co li hn nhng ni dong s co co s giam ang
ke gia 2 iem rle noi tiep nhau.
ac iem cua ac tnh cc doc la thi gian hoat og gan nh ty le ghch vi bnh
phng dong ien. Loai ac tnh nay rat phu hp khi s dung cho cac ng day
Cau ch
250A
Cau ch 75A
Cc doc
100%
0,2TMS
100
0
12.00
0
100.00
0
0,0
1
0,
1
1
1
0
T(s
)
Dong cham phia
400V

phan phoi co tai nh, chang han ng day cung cap cho may bm, may nhiet
may lanh , phu hp khi phoi hp vi cau ch.
cho s o, so lieu va phoi hp ac tuyen cc doc cua rle va cau ch, khoang thi
gian chenh lech an toan la 0,4s gia rle va cau ch 75A (pha 11KV) tai iem
ngan mach cc ai 12000A. ngoai ra rle con c ng dung ket hp vi bo
phan t ong lai tong mang phan phoi ien ap thap. Phan ln s co ieu thoang
qua va v the cau ch khong kp chay va khong can thiet phai thay cau ch. ieu
nay co the thc hien c neu bo phan t ong lai se khoa lai chnh no sau khi
a m mot(hay nhieu) lan, sau o cau ch mi chay va cach li ngan mach.
TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP TP HCM TT CONG NGHE IEN
CHNG 5 : T ONG HOA TRONG HE THONG IEN

5.1 T ONG ONG LAI NG DAY.
5.1.1 Tong quat.
Cac thong ke ve cac s co tren he thong ien cho thay rang bat ky ng day
tren khong van hanh vi ien ap cao (t 6KV tr len) eu co s co thoang qua
(chiem ti 80- 90%), trong o ng day co ien ap cang cao th phan tram
xay ra s co thoang qua cang ln. Mot s co thoang qua, chang han nh mot
phong ien xuyen thung la loai s co ma co the c loai tr bang tac ong
cat tc thi MC e co lap s co va s co se khong xuat hien tr lai khi ng
day c ong tr lai sau o. Set la nguyen nhan thng gay ra s co thoang
qua nhat, con nhng nguyen nhan khac thng la do s lac l cua ng day
dan gay ra s phong ien va do s va cham cua cac vat ben ngoai ng day.
Viet Nam nam trong khu vc nhiet i; cac ieu kien kh hau nh bao, o am
sam set, cay coi, eu tao ieu kien tot cho s co thoang qua xay ra. Do vay
viec ap dung thiet b t ong ong lai MC (TL) tren he thong ien Viet
Nam cang nen c xem xet can than nham ap dung mot cach thch hp va
hieu qua nhng li iem cua thiet b nay, gop phan cai thien o tin cay cho he
thong. Nh tren a e cap, 10- 20% s co con lai la s co keo dai hay ban
keo dai. Mot s co ban keo dai co the xay ra v du nh do mot nhanh cay ri
xuong ng day. ay s co khong loai tr bang cach cat ien tc thi ma
nhanh cay ch co the b chay rui trong mot khoang thi gian nao o. Loai s
co nay thng xay ra tren ng day trung the (6-66KV) chay qua vung rng
nui. Nh vay , trong phan ln cac s co, neu ng day s co c cat ra tc
thi va thi gian mat ien u ln e kh ion do ho quang sinh ra th viec ong
lai se cho phep phuc hoi thanh cong viec cung cap ien cho ng day. Cac
MC co trang b he thong TL se cho phep thc hien nhiem vu nay mot cach
t ong, trong thc te chung a gop phan thiet thc trong viec cai tao tnh lien
tuc cung cap ien cho ho tieu thu. Ngoai ra TL con co mot u iem kha
quan trong, ac biet cho ng day truyen tai cao ap (tren 66KV), o la kha
nang gi on nh va ong bo cho he thong. Tren ng day truyen tai, ac
biet ng day noi hai he thong ln vi nhau, viec tach ri hai he thong co
the gay mat on nh. Trong mot so trng hp, viec cat ri hai he thong se
gay ra trnh trang: mot ben th thieu hut cong suat tram trong, mot ben th d
tha cong suat, trng hp nay ong lai kp thi (trong khoang thi gian gii
han nao o) cho phep he thong ien t can bang tr lai . ay la mot u iem
quan trong cua viec ong lai tren ng day truyen tai.
e thc hien viec t ong lai trong he thong ien, hien nay co hai bien phap
ang c s dung :
_ T ong tr lai bang cach ket hp MC vi he thong t ong lai (ARS).
_ S dung MC TL (ACR).
Li iem cua ACR la chi ph thap hn so vi khi s dung he thong t ong lai
v no c thiet ke tron bo e ket hp vi MC, co chc nang cua RL bao ve
va RL t ong lai. Tuy nhien gii han cua no la kha nang cat dong s co. V
co ket cau phc tap, ket hp nhieu chc nang nenACR kho co the che tao vi
kha nang cat dong ln. Hien nay cong suat cat cua ACR vao khoang 150MVA
oi vi ien ap 15KV va gan 300MVA oi vi ien ap 22KV.
oi vi ng day truyen tai cao ap co cong suat ln, cong suat cat cua mot
MC oi hoi phai ln va thi gian tac ong cua MC phai rat nhanh. ay la mot
trong nhng nguyen nhan ma ngi ta ch s dung MC ket hp vi he thong
ieu khien TL e thc hien chc nang t ong lai cho he thong ien loai
nay. Ngoai ra, viec ap dung ky thuat so va vi x ly vao viec che tao cac RL
bao ve cho phep cac RL hien nay, ngoai chc nang cua mot r le thong
thng, con co the bao gom cac chc nang cua RL t ong lai vi o tin cay
rat cao.Vi cac ly do tren, ngay nay tren he thong ien ngi ta thng s
dung ACR cho mang trung the v kha nang c ong (gon, nhe vo the gan trc
tiep tren tru ng day)va chi ph that cua no. Con he thong t ong lai s
dung tren li truyen tai cao ap va sieu cao ap.
TL co the che tao e ong lai mot hay nhieu lan.Theo thong ke, hieu qua
cua viec TL tren ng day tren khong theo so lan TL la:
_TL lan 1 thanh cong 65 90% (hieu qua cang ln khi ien ap cang cao).
_TL lan 2 thanh cong 10 15%
_TL lan 3 thanh cong 3 5%
Chu ky TL mot lan khi co NM thoang qua va Nm lau dai va Chu ky t ong
lai nhieu lan.Trong chu ky au tien, thi gian TL thng c chon ln hn
thi gian kh ion cua moi trng. Chu ky thi gian thng c chon khoang
15 20 s. Thi gian ong va cat MC phu thuoc vao thiet b lap at, con thi
gian kh ion phu thuoc vao ien ap ng day, a iem, tr so va thi gian
NM, dang NM va c chon theo tng trng hp cu the.
5.1.2 Nhng yeu cau chnh oi vi t ong lai:
Khi at thiet b t ong lai can chu y cac yeu cau sau:
a) Tac ong nhanh
Theo quan iem am bao cung cap ien lien tuc cho cac phu tai va am bao
on nh cho he thong th ong lai cac nguon ien cang nhanh cang tot. Tuy
nhien toc o t ong lai b han che bi ieu kien kh ion tai cho b ngan mach
e khi ong tr lai nguon ien ngan mach khong the tai phat. Ta biet thi
gian ong cua may cat dau ln hn thi gian can thiete kh ion tai cho ngan
mach, do o may cat dau khong can chu y en ieu kien nay. Nhng oi vi
may cat khong kh th can chu y ky v thi gian ong may cat rat nho. Bang
5.1 cho biet thi gian kh ion tai cho ngan mach theo cac cap ien ap khac
nhau. Thi gian cua chu ky t ong lai phu thuoc vao thi gai ong cua may
cat va thi gian kh ion trong moi trng.
Thi gian kh ion Cap ien ap (KV0
Chu ky giay
<3,5 4 0,8
110 7,5 0,15
230 14 0,28
400 25 0,5
b) Thiet b TL phai lam viec vi tat ca cac dang h hong:
Thiet b TL phai lam viec vi tat ca cac dang h hong ngoai tr trng hp
ong may cat bang tay khi co ngan mach. Neu sau khi ong may cat bang tay
ma rle bao ve tac ong m may cat th do trong li ien con co cho ton tai
NM ( v du quen cha g bo phan tiep at an toan dung trong khi sa cha
li ien hoac cha phat hien het hay cha phat hien ung cho NM ). Trong
trng hp nay, neu cho thiet b t ong lai lam viec se gay h hong nhieu
them va chac chan se khong co ket qua.
Khi ong t ong lai bang mot trong hai phng phap sau:
- Tiep iem phu MC: khi ong bang s khong tng ng gia v tr MC
va v tr khoa ieu khien.(v tr khoa ieu khien ong nhng MC v tr
m )
- Tiep iem r le BV : trong phng thc au tien, mot tiep iem phu se
ong khi MC m kch hoat s o TL thong qua cong tac chon t ong
hoac bang tay. Ve mat ky thuat th thch hp, nhng neu MC c ngat
bang tay khi cong tac chon v tr t ong th se co ong lai ngoai y
muon. ieu nay co the nguy hiem cho ngi van hanh neu MC c
ngat cho muc ch bao tr.
oi vi phng phap 2, khi ong bang tiep iem rle BV c s dung pho
bien v TL ot ngot khong the xay ra. Nhieu s o TL phoi hp vi phan
t rle khi ong ma c kch hoat bang tiep iem khi ong va t gi, cac
khoa lien ong can co e ngan chan s khi ong sai tr trng hp thoa man
ieu kien TL bang cac tiep iem ghep noi tiep vi cuon kch cua RL khi
ong.
a) Thiet b t ong lai khong c lam viec khi ieu hanh vien m MC
bang tay hoac ieu khien t xa.
M MC bang tay hoac ieu khien t xa la khong muon cho ng day
hoac thiet b ien tiep tuc lam viec trong khoang thi gian nao o, no cung
tng t nh trng hp Nm con ton tai lau dai. Vi nhng trng hp
tren, du thiet b t ong lai cung chac chan khong co ket qua;do o khong
can cho no lam viec hoac tot nhat la khoa TL lai.
b) S o TL co the khoa hay cam tac ong trong trng hp ac biet.
Th du trong trng hp BV so lech hoac BV cua MBA lam viec khi co
NM ben trong may bien ap.
c) TL khong c lap i lap lai.
Khong nen lan lon van e nay vi van e TL mot lan hoac nhieu lan a
neu tren. e ra yeu cau nay la e tranh hien tng MC ong lap i lap
lai khi NM keo dai dan en hau qua la hong MC. (NM xuat hien bo phan
rle tac ong m MC, sau o nh TL nen MC c ong tr lai khien
cho bo phan BV rle lai m MC lan th 2, TL lai ong MC lai qua
trnh nay c lap i lap lai cho en khi thiet b hong hoac ngi en cat
nguon ien.)
d) TL phai t ong tr ve v tr ban au.
Sau khi a tac ong mot thi gian, thiet b TL phai tr ve trang thai ban
au e chuan b cho cac lan lam viec sau. Thi gian phuc hoi t
ph
cua thiet
b TL la khoang thi gian t iem khi ong en khi tr ve trang thai
ban au.
e) Thi gian toi thieu cua tn hieu i ong lai MC u e ong MC chac
chan.
Khoang thi gian cua xung ong phai c phu hp vi yeu cau cua c
cau ong MC. Thong thi gian nay khoang 1 en 2 giay.
f) Yeu cau oi vi s o t ong lai mot pha.
Khi xuat hien s co mot pha cham at , s o TL pha n se ngat va ch
ong lai pha s co cua MC, v the role TL se c lap at rieng recho
tng phan t khi ong, mot rle cho mot pha. S ong lai thanh cong se
a en ket qua la tr ve lai tai cuoi thi iem cua thi gian phuc hoi, san
sang ap ng s co mi, nhng neu s co la s co lau dai th se cat va
khoa ca ba pha MC. Ngat va khoa ca ba pha cung xay ra cho s co gia
hai pha ngan mach cham at, iem cham at th hai xuat hien trong thi
gian chu ky TL. Phoi hp gia t ong ong lai ba pha va mot pha, s co
pha n cham at se khi ong ngat mot pha va dong lai, s co nhieu pha
th se khi ong ngat ba pha va ong lai. Neu t ong lai khong thanh
cong th se khoa lai ca ba pha.
Phan loai thiet b TL.
Thiet b t ong lai co the phan theo cac tieu chuan sau:
- Theo so lan tac ong TL mot lan va TL nhieu lan.
- Theo so pha tac ong khi t ong lai TL ba pha(TL3) va TL mot
pha (TL1).
- Theo thiet b ien TL thanh gop , TL ng day ,may bien ap .
- TL ba pha cua ng day vi hai nguon cung cap c thc hien co
cac dang sau:
+ TL khong ong bo.
+ TL tc thi.
+ TL ch ong bo.
+ TL theo tan so : trong he thong khi tan so b giam co the mot so MC
cua phu tai b cat, sau o thiet b TL ong MC khi tan so a khoi phuc.
Thiet b nay c goi la t ong lai theo tan so.
5.1.4 T ong lai toc o cao. Cac yeu to anh hng ti toc o t ong
lai.
Yeu cau au tien cho viec ap dung TL toc o cao la thi gian nhieu loan
he thong co the chap nhan c ma khong gay mat on nh . ng cong
P- cung vi gia tr cong suat truyen tai cho phep phong oan c o
thay oi cua goc truyen tai, sau o can phai biet quan he -t d oan thi
gian gii han cc ai e khong gay ra nhieu loan cho he thong . Cuoi la
phai biet cac ac tnh cua MC cua mach bao ve cung nh thi gian kh ion
hoa cua moi trng e co the thc hien TL toc o caotrong bat c trng
hp nao. Sau ay ta se lan lt thao luan en cac yeu to nay.
a) Cac ac tnh bao ve.
Dung BV tac ong nhanh nh BV khoang cach, so lech co thi gian lam
viec 50ms, ket hp vi may cat tac ong nhanh se lam giam nhieu loan .
Cac ac tnh BV phai c tnh toan va chon la sao cho ca hai may cat
2 au ng day phai c cat ong thi khi co s co. Bat c mot may
cat nao m trc may cat kia cung se lam tang thi gian gian oan va t
ong lai kho thanh cong hn. Khi s dung BV khoang cach , s co xay ra
ngay gan mot au cua ng day (ri vao vung tac ong khong ong thi )
th BV phai c trang b cac dung cu ac biet giup cho hai may cat hai
au ng day tac ong ong thi.
b) Kh ion tai ni xay ra s co.
Khi s dung TL vi toc o cao, ta phai xac nh c thi gian e ong
lai thanh cong, ion tai ni xay ra s co phai c kh het ma khong cho ho
quang chay tr lai. Thi gian kh ion cua mot tia ho quang trong kh phu
thuoc vao cap ien ap , khoang cach phat sinh ho quang , dong s co , thi
gian keo dai s co , toc o gio va s ket hp ien dung cua day dan nam
canh ke, trong o cap ien ap la yeu to quan trong nhat: ien ap cang cao
th thi gian oi hoi kh ion cang ln nh cho trong bang 5.1.
Neu s dung TL mot pha, ac biet tren ng day dai th thi gian ch
ong lai (t
TL
) cua pha s co c at ln hn so vi trng hp ong lai
ba pha v khi pha s co cat ra, ho tng ien dunggia hai pha con lai vi
pha s co khien cho ho quang co xu hng c duy tr lau hn.
c) Cac ac iem cua may cat.
Viec TL tren ng day truyen tai oi hoi may cat chu c chu ky lam
viec rat nang ne tren mot dong s co ln. Cac loai may cat c s dung hien
nay la may cat dau, may cat khong kh, may cat SF
6
, trong o loai s dung kh
SF
6
co kha nang ong cat vi chu ky nang nhat.
La chon thi gian gian oan cua MC. Hnh 5.1 sau ay gii thieu bieu o
thi gian ong ngat tieu bieu cua MC dau va MC kh nen.

Ngay nay cac MC hien ai co thi gian tac ong rat nho, thng nho nho hn
thi gian kh ion cua moi trng, ac biet la oi vi cap ien ap cao tren
220kV. Do o, phai chon thi gian gian oan MC ln hn thi gian kh ion
cua moi trng va lu y rang oi vi ng day sieu cao ap, moy tac ong
ong lai khong thanh cong con gay thiet hai nhieu hn so vi khi khong s
dung TL.
d)La chon thi gian hoi phuc.
oi vi bat c mot loai may cat nao, viec la chon thi gian hoi phuc cho he
thong bao ve phai am bao cho may cat co u thi gian tr ve (khong kh
c nap ay, c cau ong tiep tr ve v tr san sang) e san sang cho tac
ong ke tiep. MC tac ong c lu chat can thi gian phuc hoila 10 sec. MC c
cau ong lo xo can thi gian tr ve la 30 sec, thi gian phuc hoi cua MC kh
nen can thiet e ap suat kh tr lai bnh thng.
e)So lan ong lai.
Viec TL vi toc o cao tren ng day sieu cao ap thng ch thc hien mot
lan v viec TL nhieu lan vi dong s co ln co the gay mat on nh he
thong. Hn na oi vi ng day sieu cao ap, s co ban keo dai (neu co)
0, 01s
MC m hoan
toan. Mach ong
c kch hoat
Ho quang
b dap tat
hoan
toan
Tiep
iem
bat au
m
Kch
khi
Tiep
iem bat
au ong
MC ong
hoan
toan
0,03s
0,06s
0,2s
0,55s
0,35s
Thi gian
t(s)
Thi gian gian oan nho nhat- co the giam en 0,3s bi c cau ac biet
a)
MC m hoan
toan. Mach ong
c kch hoat
Ho quang
b dap tat
hoan
toan
Tiep
iem
bat au
m
Kch
ngat
Tiep
iem bat
au ong
MC ong
hoan
toan
0,035s
0,045s
0,3s 0,065s
Thi gian
t(s)
b)
0,02s
Hnh 5.1Hoat ong ong cat cua cac loai MC
a) May cat dau cap ien ap 132KV;
b) May cat kh nen 400KV.

cung kho b loai bo bang cach ong lai nhieu lan nh oi vi ng day cao
the, trung the.

5.2 BAO VE TAN SO - T ONG SA THAI PHU TAI
5.2.1 Muc ch va nhng ac iem cua sa thai phu tai.
Viec duy tr tan so nh mc c am bao bi nhng bo ieu chnh tan so va
cong suat ma cach thc lam viec la ieu chnh lng nc (hoac hi nc vao
turbine). Nh nhng bo ieu chnh tan so va cong suat, lng thieu hut cong
suat tac dung co the c loai tr khi san co mot nguon nang lng nong d
tr, co ngha la neu nh trc khi s co, turbine may phat ien khong phat het
cong suat va nhng bo ieu toc cua chung khong gii han lng nc hoac
hi cho vao. Neu nh khong co san nguon ien d phong th dan en ket qua
lng cong suat thieu hut P lam cho nhng may quay cham lai.
Vi toc o quay cham, cung co ngha tan so giam, lng cong suat thieu hut
ban au cung giam, ke t o cong suat va nang suat cua cac bo phan c giam
. V du cong suat ra cua cac quat gio t le vi bnh phng cua tan so va cong
suat ra cua mot so may bm giam theo bac 3 cua tan so. Qua trnh lam giam
tan so tiep tuc cho en khi P tien ti khong, ngha la cho ti khi tan so f
mi at c nay th cong suat phat ra P
F
(f
1
) se bang vi cong suat tai tieu
thu P
T
(f
1
). Tan so se on nh vi tan so di tan so nh mc(50Hz).
He thong van hanh tan so thap hn tan so a qui nh se anh hng en
chat lng cung cap ien va khong c phep bi nhng ieu sau ay:
- Khi van hanh tan so di 49,5 Hz, mot vai bo phan cua turbine hi
chu ng qua hang rung bi cong hng dao ong cac bo phan turbine
dan en ket qua pha huy o ben kim loai va h canh turbine.
- Khi tan so ri xuong di 49Hz, nhng thiet b ieu chnh turbine m ra
hoan toan va to may phat ien tr nen tai hoan toan. Hn na, s giam
tan so lam giam hieu suat cua cac c cau phu nhng tram nhiet ien,
ac biet la nhng may bm nc. Ket qua trong trng hp van hanh
lau dai tan so thap se lam giam cong suat cua cac nha may va hn
na la ton that cong suat tang len.
- Khi tan so giam, may phat kch thch b giam toc o quay va sc ien
ong cua may phat giam, ien ap he thong giam. ieu nay mang en
nguy c sup o ien ap va cat ien nhieu ho tieu thu.
Chc nang cua mach kiem tra tan so t ong (AFC : automatic frequency
control) la ngan can giam tan so en gia tr ti han cua tan so trong he thong
ien khi xay ra thieu cong suat tac dung, bang cach sa thai mot vai phu tai.
Trong trng hp nay, cong suat cung cap en phan ln nhng ho khong b
cat ien va viec cung cap ien en cac phu tai b cat co the phuc hoi trong
mot thi giankha ngan. Viec cat cac ho tieu thu c thc hien bi nhng
thiet b AFC e tan so khong bao gi giam di 45Hz, van hanh tan so nho
hn 47Hzkhong cho phep vt qua 20s, va van hanh tan so 48,5Hz khong
c vt qua 50s.
Ngoai ra, bo AFC phai c thiet ke tranh s tac ong khong can thiet xay
ra(khi co tan so giam ngan han ) va sau khi bo AFC hoat ong, tan so khong
c vt qua tr so nh mc (50Hz) . sau khi thiet b AFC hoat ong , tan so
co the hi di gia tr nh mc, co nha la t trong khoang 49Hz den 49.5Hz
va no c a len gia tr nh mc bi nhan vien van hanh. Phng phap au
tien e a tan so tr lai nh mc la cat mot lng tai thch hp. Ke hoach
cat tai can c tnh toan can than v se khong hieu qua neu cat lng tai
nhieu hn can thiet .
5.2.2 Sa thai phu tai theo tan so va thi gian.
S hp lai thanh mot the thong nhat nhng he thong ien ln bang nhng
ng day dai khien thieu hut cong suat co the xay ra mot khu vc nho, lam
anh hng e mot nhom he thong ien, keo theo tat ca nhng he thong ien
. Cong suat thieu khong giong nhau cac iem khac nhau. Can can nhac
cong suat theo mua, ngay (nhng ngay lam viec, nhng ngay ngh va nhng
ky ngh ), thi iem trong ngay va tnh trang lam viec. V vay, trong trng
hp hp thanh mot he thong ien ln,nhiem vu xac nh mc thieu hut cong
suat ln nhat tr nen quang trong.
Sau ay trnh bay nhng nguyen ly cua bo AFC hien ai:
1- He thong AFC phai loai bo tat ca cac s co co the xay ra, bat chap so
lng mat cong suat thc, s lan rong cua s co khap he thong ien va
mc o phat trien cua s co.
2- So lng tai c cat luon luon gan vi cong suat mat, co ngha la thiet
b AFC phai t chnh oi vi gia tr nay.
Co 3 cap kiem tra tan so:
Cap 1 : AFC-I la mot mach kiem tra tan so toc o co nhng tan so at
khac nhau. No c thiet ke e ngan tan so giam.
Cap 2 : AFC-II co mot mc at tan so chung va khac nhau ve thi gian
at. No c s dung e nang tan so len sau khi AFC I tac ong va cung
e ngan chan s gi tan so (tan so treo l lng) va s mat tan so cham, khi
cong suat may phat ien b giam mot cach cham chap trong trng hp
khan cap.
Cap 3 : cap d phong, cap nay hoat ong co chon loc. No c thiet ke
lam cho s ngat tai ac biet va gia tang cong suat cat luc thieu nang cong
suat phat (45% va nhieu hn)gay ra bi s phan cach mot khu vc khoi
nhng nguon cung cap chnh .
Viec thiet at tan so cho nhom AFC-I la day tan t 48,5 en 46,5 Hz. Tr
so dat cua nhom c phan phoi hau nh eu trong day tan so nay, o
chenh lech gia cac tr so at nho nhat cua tan so la 0,1Hz (chon f = 0,1
la do mc o chnh xac e ieu chnh nhng rle tan socung nh nhng
dung cu o lng va nhng bo dao ong tan so ).
Nhng khoang thi gian thiet dat cua thiet b AFC-I phai phu hp vi thi
gian co the thc hien c. Gia tr cua chung c xac nh theo nhng
yeu cau oi hoi e ngan nga truc trac trong suot qua trnh qua o (thoang
qua)xay ra trong mang ien gay mat ien tam thi. Thi gian tac ong cua
thiet b AFC I vi nhng rle ien c la 0,25s en 0,5s va vi nhng rle
tnh la 0,1s en 0,15s. Tat ca nhng nhom cua thiet b AFC II co tan so
tac ong giong nhau 48,5Hz, nhng nhng khoang thi gian at (chnh
nh) cua chung khac nhau vi nhieu tr dat khac nhau t 5s en 40s va co
the len en 90s. Nhng nhom ke nhaucua nhng thiet b AFC-II tac ong
nhng khoang thi giancach nhau 3s en 5s.
Hnh 5.2 gii thieu s thay oi tan so khi thieu hut cong suat co va khong
co tac ong cua thiet b AFC- I va AFC- II. Trong hnh 5.2, t
0
la thi iem
bat au thieu hut cong suat. ng cong 1 la ng tan so giam khi khong
co thiet b AFC. ng cong 2 la ng tan so khi a tac ong cua AFC I
va AFC-II. iem a la iem AFC I bat au tac ong theo tan so f
1AFC-I
.
iem b la iem AFC-II bat au lam viec theo thi gan t
1AFC-II
.
Dung lng cong suat cua tai c au vi nhng thiet b AFC I moi
vung cong suat cua he thong phai bang vi gia tr mat cong suat ln nhat
P
max
, c xac nh bang cach xet tat ca cac trng hp a den tnh
trang khan cap co the xay ra va c x lytheo mot gii han nao o.
P
AFC-I
=K
S
. P
max
.
He so an toan K
S
c lay khoang 1,05.

t
2AFC
-II
(48,5Hz)
0 t0 t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t
2
1
b
a
F
AFC
-II
f
0
(50Hz)
F
1AFC
-I
F
iAFC
-I
(45Hz)
t
1AFC
-II
t
3AFC
-II
t
4AFC
-II
Hnh 5.2 S thay oi tan so luc thieu hut cong suat khi co tac
ong va khong co tac ong cua AFC-I va AFC-II
Nhng tai c au vi nhng thiet b AFC-II th co cong suat khong nho
hn 0,4 en 0,5 lan cong suat cua P
AFC-I
.
oi vi ca hai cap kiem tra tan so , lng cong suat au nhng nhom tac
ong cua ca hai loai th hau nhgiong nhau, ma vi mot so lng rat ln
nhng nhom tac ong se cung cap c mot he thong mach kiem tra tan so
linh hoat khong co nhng rui rocua nhng tac ong khong mong muon.
Khi phan phoi tai gia cac nhom AFC, mc o quan trong cua tai c
au phai c xem xet can nhac ky lng. Nhng tai quan trong c au
vi nhng nhom AFC-I co tan so chnh nh thap hn va au vi nhng
nhom AFC-II vi nhng khoang thi gian chnh nh cao hn.

5.3 HOA IEN GIA CAC MAY PHAT LAM VIEC SONG SONG.
5.3.1 Khai niem chung
Cac may phat ien ong bo co the lam viec song song trong he thong ien khi
thoa man cac ieu kien sau: roto cua cac may phat quay cung mot toc o goc
nh nhau, goc lech pha tng oi gia cac roto khong vt qua gii han cho
phep va ien ap qui oi au cc cua cac may phat ien phai gan bang nhau.
Khi lam viec rieng le, noi chung cac may phat ien khong ong bo vi nhau.
Muon cho chung lam viec song song vi nhaucan phai thoa man mot so yeu
cau chnh ma danh t chuyen mon thng goi la hoa ien.
Gia thiet co hai may phat ien F1 va F2 co toc o goc quay
1
,
2
. Suat ien
ong cua tng may la E1 , E2. Khi may cat m, hai may phat ien lam viec
rieng le. Hoa ien mot may nao o vi cac may khac thng xuat hien dong
ien va cong suat can bang. Dong can bang co the lam sut ap cua li ien
va oi khi nguy hiem oi vi may phat va turbine. Dong can bang khi hoa
ien co the xac nh bang hnh hoc t hieu so hai vec t sc ien ong cua
may mot va cua may hai cung vi s o tong tr tng ng (hnh 5.3):
sin cos
1 2 1
jE E E E + =
&

vi : - la goc lech gia hai vecto suat ien ong E
1
va E
2
tai thi iem ong
vao. E c goi la ien ap phach.
X
1

E1
1

F1
E2
1

F2
X
12
X
2

E1.e
jw1t
E1.e
jw1t
X
12
X
1
X
2
I
cb
1
E
&
2
E
&

E
&

0
+j

Hnh 5.3 S o noi ien, s o thay the va s o vecto cua E
1
va E
2

T ay tnh dong can bang: ) cos ( sin
1 2 1

+ =
=
x
E
x
E
x
E
jx
E
I
cb
&
&

Trong o:
2 12 1
x x x x + + =

Khi muon hoa ien phai am bao nhng yeu cau sau:
- Dong ien can bang khi ong may cat khong vt qua gia tr cho phep.
- Roto cua may phat hoa ien sau khi ong may cat phai quay ong bo
vi roto cua may ang lam viec.
Ta xet cac trng hp co the xay ra trong luc hoa ien trong bang 5.2.
Bang 5.2: Dong I
cb
vi cac gia tr khac nhau cua E
1
,E
2
va .
Gian o vecto Dong can bang

E
1
E
2

0
0

) cos ) ( (sin
1 2 1

+ =
x
E
x
E
j
x
E
I
cb

E
1
= E
2

= 0
0

I
cb
= 0

E
1
= E
2

= 180
0

=
x
E
j I
cb
2

E
1
> E
2

= 0
0

E
1
< E
2

= 0
0

=
x
E E
j I
cb
2 1

=
x
E E
j I
cb
2 1

+j

E
1
E

+1

I
cb
E
1
E
1
+1

+j

+1
+j
I
cb
E
2
E
1
E

E
1
E
2
E

+1

+j

I
cb

+1
+j
I
cb
E
2
E
1
E


E
1
= E
2

0
0

)) cos 1 ( (sin
1
+ =
j
x
E
j I
cb

T bang 5.2, ta co :
1- E
1
E
2
,
1
=
2
, =0
0
Do s khac nhau ien ap se xuat hien dong can bang.
Dong nay ch co thanh phan phan khang nen khong co tac ong c len cac
thiet b he thong ien nhng lam giam ien the cua cac phan t lan can cho
hoa.
2- E
1
= E
2
,
1
=
2
, 0
0

Ngoai tr trng hp = 180
0
, dong can bang co cha cac thanh phan thc.
Neu
2 1
E E
& &
> se co cong suat thc chay t may phat 1 sang may phat 2. Ket
qua la roto cua may phat 1 b ham con may phat 2 tang toc va goc tien ti
tr so xac nh lng cong suat truyen t may 1 sang may 2. Thanh phan dong
thc cc ai khi = 90
0
va = 270
0
.
Khi = 180
0
, thanh phan thc triet tieu, dong can bang ch con co thanh phan
khang co gia tr rat ln .
3 - E
1
= E
2
,
1

2
, =0
0

vao thi iem ong may cat khi = 0
0
dong can bang bang khong . Neu
1

>
2
;do di tac dung ong nang tha roto may 1 vt trc roto may 2. May
1 se nhan them tai thc va sau o roto b ham bt. Neu toc o gia may 1 va
may 2 qua ln th se khong hoa ong bo c va se xuat hien che o khong
ong bo.
T cac trng hp khao sat tren ta co the co nhng ket luan sau:
-Hoa khi co lech cua cac vecto ien ap th dong can bang co thanh phan
thc lam anh hng en tac dung cua cac phan t trong he thong ien va co
the dan ti h hong.
-Hoa khi tan so cac may khac nhau nhieu va co o lech ien ap se xuat hien
dong can bang co thanh phan thc co the dan en che o mat ong bo lau
dai.
Trng hp t nguy hiem nhat la khi ien ap khac nhau nhng
1
=
2
va
=0
0
.
Nhng gia tr cho phep khi hoa cua goc va o lech tan so gia hai phan
muon hoa thay oi tuy theo khoang cach cua ng day noi vi he thong ,
ien ap nh mc cua chung , cong suat he thong ien va loai may ieu chnh
kch t(loai ty le hay tac ong nhanh).
5.3.2 Hoa ien Chnh Xac.
Viec hoa dien chnh xac c tien hanh theo trnh t sau:

+j

E
1
E

+1

I
cb
E
2
Trc khi cho mot may phat vao lam viec song song vi cac may phat khac
th may o c kch t trc. Luc thay so vong quay va ien ap cua may sap
hoa xap x vi so vong quay va ien ap cua may ang lam viec th chuan b
ong may cat ien. Muon cho dong ien can bang luc ong may cat bang
khong hay nho nhat, phai chon thi iem ong may sao cho khi ien ap gia
hai may khong sai lech nhau. Nh vay, khi ong may cat xong hai may o se
lam viec ong bo vi nhau. Hai ieu kien U va co the thoa man, nhng neu
chon thi iem ong may cat khong that ung luc hoa ien se xuat hien ien
ap trt U
f
(E) va dong ien can bang I
cb
.
Nhng yeu cau chnh oi vi may hoa ien t ong:
Hoa ong bo chnh xac cac may phat co the thc hien bang tay hay t ong .
Khi hoa bang tay, ngi van hanh phai ieu chnh cac thong so may phat phu
hp vi ieu kien hoa. e chon thi iem ong may cat can phai theo doi volt
ke cua may phat va he thong ; tan so ke cua may phat va he thong ; ong bo
ke ch goc lech pha gia suat ien ong cua may phat va ien ap thanh gop
(thanh cai) he thong (o goc ). e loai tr trng hp ong nham khi goc
con ln, thng trong mach ong cat ngi ta chem vao tiep iem rle kiem
tra ong bo e ch cho phep may cat ong trong gii han goc cho phep nh
trc.
Trong trng hp hoa ien t ong may phat vi he thong ien, may hoa ien
phai am bao cac yeu cau sau ay:
- U
F
= U
HT
ngha la U
f
=0.
-
F
=
HT
ngha la
f
=0.
- Goc lech pha gia cac vecto ien ap khi ong may cat bang khong
(=0), tc la phai chon ung thi iem ong may phat ien vao lam
viec song song vi he thong.
Muon thc hien c cac yeu cau tren, cac may hoa ien t ong can phai co
cac bo phan lam nhiem vu :
+ Sang bang ien ap au cc may phat ien.
+ Sang bang toc o goc quay cua cac may phat ien se hoa vi nhau.
+ Chon thi iem ong may cat e dong can bang khi ong may cat be nhat.
Bo phan th nhat tac ong len bo ieu chnh ien ap (AVR) cua may phat .
Bo phan th hai tac ong thay oi toc o quay turbine cua may phat can hoa.
Bo phan th ba chon thi iem ong va phat tn hieu i ong may cat can
hoa.
May hoa ien t ong(theo phng phap hoa ien chnh xac)
Hnh 5.4 gii thieu s o khoi may hoa ong bo t ong.
May hoa ong bo gom cac bo phan sau:
Khoi 1: bo phan chon thi iem e i ong MC.
Khoi 2: bo phan kiem tra toc o trt, khong cho MC ong khi
f
>
f cho phep max
.
Khoi 3: bo phan kiem tra o lech ien ap gia may phat va he thong , khong
cho may cat ong khi o lech ien ap ln hn gia tr cho phep cc ai.
Khoi 4: bo phan sang bang tan so e lam giam
f
bang cach tac ong len bo
phan thay oi tr so at cua may ieu chnh toc o quay turbine.
Khoi 5: bo phan sang bang ien ap (oi vi TA tac ong t le) hay bo ieu
chnh tr so at cua may ieu chnh ien ap (oi vi TA tac ong nhanh)e
thay oi tr so at cua TA cho ien ap thanh gop.
Khoi 6: s o logic i ong may cat khi cac ieu kien hoa ong bo thoa man.

5.3.3 T Hoa ien
Hoa ien bang phng phap chnh xac can co thi gian e sang bang tan so,
ien ap va chon thi iem ong MC. Trong trng hp s co can huy ong
nhanh nguon cong suat d tr. e rut ngan thi gian hoa, can giam so lng
thong so kiem soat. Khong the bo thong so toc o trt v o trt nho can
thiet e kp thi lam viec ong bo. Kiem soat ien ap va goc lech pha khong
nhat thiet neu noi may phat cha kch t vao he thong , sau o a kch t vao
may phat ien, nh nhng momen xuat hien trong qua trnh may phat khi hoa
ien ma may phat ien se c keo vao ong bo.
Hien nay phng phap t hoa ien chu yeu dung cho nha may thuy ien e
hoa ien cac may phat ke ca cac loai ln. Cac may phat ien turbine hi noi
Hnh 5.4 S o khoi cua may hoa ong bo
thanh bo vi may bien ap tang ap co the dung phng phap nay vi cong suat
ln hn3MW.
Chu y : iem ac biet cua phng phap t hoa ien la : o ot bien cua dong
ien va cong suat phan khang khi ong MC kha ln, nhng v khi ong may
vao li cha co kch t nen khong xuat hien o ot bien ln ve cong suat tac
dung va nhng lc tac dung nguy hiem. Nguyen nhan cua o ot bien nay la :
khi ong may phat cha kch t vao li ien th se co mot dong ien ngan
mach chay qua cac cuon day Stato( do ban than cuon day stato cua may phat
la mot ien khang).
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHIEP TPHCM KHOA IEN
Chng 6 BAO VE ONG C IEN

ong c ien la mot tai quan trong he thong ien cong nghiep .cong suat
va ac tinh lam viec cua cac ong c khac nhau nhieu , khi bao ve ong c can
khao sat ky cac ac tnh lam viec cua ong c , v du nh : thi gian va dong
ien khi ong phai c biet e bao ve qua tai, sc chu ung qua nhiet cua
ong c khi co tai khong can bang, khi b ham. Cac tnh trang phai ke en khi
tnh toan bao ve cho ong c la s co ben ngoai va ngan mach ben trong ong
c. Tnh trang khong bnh thng xay ra cho ong c la ien ap cung cap cho
ong c khong can bang, ien ap thap, mat pha va khi ong th t pha ngc.
S co xay ra ben trong lah truc ong c, ngan mach gia cac pha ma thng
gap nhat la s co cham at va qua tai.
6.1. Dong khi ong va dong ham cua ong c
6.1.1. dong khi ong
o ln va thi gian ton tai
cua dong khi ong va dong
ham cua ong c(do s co
phan c nao o) la yeu to
quan trong cua viec la chon
thiet b bao ve qua tai. ac
tuyen cua dong khi ong
da tren toc o va thi gian
khi ong cua ong c. Dong
ien roto cua mot ong c
cam ng tnh theo toc o trt
la :
|
|
\
|
+
=
2
2
2
X
S
R
KE
I
r
, vi S:o
trt ; R, X :ien tr , khang tr cua ong c
Gia s rang tr khang cua 3ong c bang 10 lan ien tr , ng cong cua ong
c co hnh nh (H.13.1). da vao ac tuyen hnh ta thay dong ien khi ong
ton theo bang dong dien khi ong ln nhat cho en khi ong c dat c toc o
thong thng, do o khi chon dong va thi gian cua bao ve qua tai gia thiet rang
dong khi ong la hang so va bang dong khi ong ln nhat trong thi gian khi
ong ln nhat trong thi gian khi ong .
6.1.2. ong c b ham
10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Toc o ong
c(%)
Ir(%
mot ong c co the b ham hoac khong the khi ong c do tai qua sc
hay do mot s co nao o , keo theo dong ien cung cap tang cao, ieu nay nguy
hiem cho ong c neu van6y3 tiep tuc nh the , v khong the dung ch so cua
dong ien e phan biet cac trng hp nay nen dung thi gian ton tai lau hn
thi gian khi ong thong thng . thiet b khi dong se cat ong c neu thi gian
khi ong vt qua thooi72 gian cho phep . phan ln cac ong c cam ng khi
ong khong qua 10s trong khi thi gian bi ham khong c vt qua 20s . trong
trng hp ong c ac biet co tai quan tnh cao thi gian khi ong lau hn co
the gan bang thi gian ham thi gian ham cho phep cua ong c , luc nay tuy
thuoc vao loai rle c s dung e chong qua tai , can thiet dung rle khi
ong bao ve chong b ham.
a) thi gian tac ong rle nhiet nho hn thi gian ham :role se bao ve b
ham
b) thi gian tac ong rle nhiet ln hn thi gian ham :rle khong bao ve
ham
viec can hay khong can bao ve ham tuy thuoc vao ty so thi gian khi
ong bnh thng vi thi gian ham cho phep , chang han nh (H.7.2a) thay rang
thi gian tac ong rle qua tai ln hn thi gian khi ong nhng nho hn thi
gian ham cho phep, nh the rle qua tai se t bao ve ong c b ham.
Con trong trng hp(H.7.2b), thi gian lam viec rle nhiet qua tai ln hn thi
gian ham cho phep th can thiet them rle chong ham rieng.
Mot trng hp kho khan na thnh thoang gap la thi gian chu ham ong c
nho hn thi gian khi ong. Neu bao ve ham c yeu cau luc khi ong cung
nh luc ang chay th rle ham rieng biet c lien ket vi bo o toc o ong c.
ac tuyen khi
ong ong c
Thi gian ham cho phep
ac tnh rle
nhiet
ac tnh chu
nhiet ong c
t
I
Dong
ac tuyen
khi ong
ong c
Thi gian ham cho phep
ac tnh rle
nhiet
ac tnh chu
nhiet ong c
t
I
Dong
6.2.Nhng Tnh Trang Lam Viec Khong Bnh Thng Cua ong C
6.2.1.Hoat ong cua ong c ien cam ng 3 pha trong ieu kien ien ap
khong oi xng
ien ap cung cap cho ong c co the khong oi xng do: t 1 pha, s co cac
phat tuyen cung cap trng hp gap phai la mc o khong can bang ien ap(tr
trng hp t 1 pha)se khong anh hng nhieu en ong c.
ien ap khong can bang co the a en qua nhiet trong cac cuon day trong ong
c.mach tng ng cua mot ong c co mot pha h mach(H.7.3).

Trong trng hp t mot pha, trong mach tng ng tong tr th t thuan va
th t nghch noi tiep.Do o dong th t thuan va dong th t nghch bang nhau.
Trong o: Rs- ien tr pha cua stator, Rr- ien tr pha cua rotor chuyen ve pha
stator; Xm- ho cam; Xs- khang tr pha cua stator; Xr- khang tr pha cua rotor
chuyen ve pha stator; S- o trt.
a.Dong th t thuan va nghch.Trng hp tong quat s khong can bang cua ien
ap ba pha anh hng len dong th t thuan va nghch,gia tr that cua dong th t
nghch phu thuoc vao mc o khong oi xng cua ien ap nguon va ty so tong
tr th t nghch oi vi th t thuan cua ong c.Ty so nay co the tnh t mach
tng ng cua ong c cam ng(H.7.4)Trong o bo quatong tr t hoa cua
ong c.
.
.
. .
.
.
( )
2 2 R S
X X j
2 2 R S
R R +
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 / 1
R
R S S
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 / 1
R
R S S
1 S
R
1 R
R
2 S
R
2 R
R
( ) ( )
1
/ 1
R
R S S
. .
. . . .
. . . .
. .
1 S
jX
2 S
jX
1 R
jX
2 R
jX
1
E
m
jX
m
jX
1 S
R
.
.
. .
.
.
( )
1 1 R S
X X j
1 1 R S
R R +
( ) ( )
1
/ 1
R
R S S
Hnh 7.4 mach tng ng cua ong c cam ng
Tong tr th t thuan cua ong c bat ky o trt nao la:
( )
(
(
+ + |
\
|
+ =
2
! !
2
!
! 1 R S
R
S M
X X
S
R
R Z
che o ng yen, S=1:
( ) ( ) [ ]
2
1 1
2
1 1 1 R S R S M
R X R R Z + + + =

Tong tr th t nghchkhi theo o trt:
( )
(
(
+ + |
\
|
+ =
2
2 2
2
2
2 2
2
R S
R
S M
X X
S
R
R Z
Khi toc o ong c bnh thng , S nho , luc o :

( )
(
(
+ + |
\
|
+ =
2
2 2
2
2
2 2
2
R S
R
S M
X X
R
R Z
ien tr cua ong c thng nho hn ien khang .Tong tr th t nghch
khi ong c chay bnh thng co the xap x bang tong tr th t thuan khi ong
c ung yen .ty so cua tong tr th t thuan vi tong tr th t nghch toc o
bnh thng co the gan bang ty so cua dong ien khi ong vi dong ien chay
ay tai. Do o dong ien th t nhgch se gan bang vi tch so cua ien ap th t
nghch va ty so dong ien khi
ong vi dong ien chay ay
tai.
Th du: Mot ong c
cam ng co dong ien khi
ong bang 6lan dong nh
mc, ong c nay c cung
cap vi ien ap co ien ap
th t nghch bang 5% se so
dong th t nghch bang 30%.
Neu ien ap cung cap co ien
ap th t nghch ln hn 17%
thanh phan th t thuan th
thanh phan dong th t nghch
seln hn dong th t thuan.
Neu 1 pha b h co the thanh
phan th t nghch vt qua
thanh phan th t thuan tuy
H pha
tong tr nguon Zf
ong c
Nguon cung cap
.
.
Tai
.
.
.
.
.
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
.
. .
1
E
1 F
Z
1 DC
Z
1 T
Z
2 F
Z
2 DC
Z
2 T
Z
Hnh 7.5 Trng hp dong th t thuan
ln hn dong th t nghch
thuoc vao iem h mach cua nguon. Neu 1 ong c va 1 tai khong ong c c
cung cap ien t cung thanh cai co h mach pha nguon (H.7.5a). dong th t
nghch se ln hn dong th t thuan trong mach ong c. ieu nay co the thay
mach (H.7.5b).
Cac dong th t tong la
(I
C1
+I
T1
) va (I
C2
+I
T2
) th bang
nhau , nhng Z
C2
<Z
C1.
V the s
phan phoi cua 2 dong thanh phan
i qua ong c va mach tai th
khac. Ket qua la dong th t
nghch vao ong c se ln .
b. ong c hoat ong ieu kien
dong khong oi xng. Thanh phan
dong th t nghch khong gop phan
vao viec cung cap cho momen
quay cua ong c, that s co sinh
ra momen th t nghch (do dong
th t nghch ) thng nho hn
0,5% , momen ay tai nen co the
c bo qua. Anh hng chu yeu cua dong th t nghch la lam cho ton that cua
ong c tang len (chu yeu la ton that ong ) vi vay cong suat se ra giam. Cong
suat au ra cua ong c co ty so dong khi ong vi dong bnh thng 4, 6 va 8
theo ty so ap th t nghch vi th th t thuan cho (H.7.6).
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
2 4 6 8 1 1 1 1 1
4
6
8
P(%
20 40 60 80 100 0
100
200
300
Rle
I(cuon pha
A)
I(ng day)
I(cuon pha B,C)
I tai(%ay tai)
I(%dong ay tai)
1 a
I
1 b
I
1 c
I
2 a
I
2 b
I
2 c
I
Hnh 7.6
s tang nhiet o trong cuon day pha se truyen qua loi sat trong stator lam
cho cac cuon day con lai cung conhiet o nh the. Nhiet o on nh cua cuon day
mang dong ien ln nhat ty le vi bnh phng cua dong ien trong cuon o
(neu may co o tan
nhiet thap ) va ty le
vi: (I
A
2
+I
B
2
+I
C
2
)/3
neu may co o tan
nhiet tot gia cac pha.
Thc s , s truyen
nhiet qua cuon stator
se phu thuoc vao moi
quan he gia cac
thanh phan : th t
thuan va th t nghch
cua dong ien khong
oi xng. Trong
(H.7.7):Gia thiet thanh phan dong th t thuan va th t nghch cua pha A trung
pha , neu thanh phan th t nghch cua ien ap cung cap la 5%, th thanh phan
dong th t nghch se la 30% oi vi ong c co ty le Z1/Z2=6. Gia tr cua dong
pha (%): I
A
=1,3; I
B
va I
C
= 0,89 se co ton that ong tng ng pha cua A la 1,69;
B va C la 0,79. Trong trng hp nay ch
co ton that ong tren 1 pha la ln hn bnh thng , 2 pha khac nguoi hn ong
vai tro tan nhiet tot , nh the nhiet o pha se can bang.
0 2
100
300
12 8
200
6
(phan tram cua ton that 3 pha oi xng tai)
14
to that ong(%)
10 4
2
I
Rle
2
AMAX
I
( ) trungbnh I
2
2
B
I
2
C
I Va
Ukhong oi xng
((E2/E1) x100%)
0 2
100
300
12 8
200
6 14
ton that ong(%) khi Ia1 cung pha
vi Ia2
10 4
2
) , ( C B MAX
I
( ) trungbnh I
2
Ukhong oi xng
((E2/E1) x100%)
2
) ( phaA A
I
1 a
I
1 b
I
1 c
I
2 a
I
2 b
I 2 c
I
(H.7.8)gia thiet thanh phan th t thuan va th t nghch cua pha A lech
pha la 180
0
, ien ap cung cap co thanh phan th t nghch 3 pha la 5% th dong
pha (%) I
a
=0,49; I
b
va I
c
=1,37. Trong trng hp nay 2 pha co ton that ong tren
mc bnh thng va ch co 1 pha ong vai tro tan nhiet. Trng hp tong quat khi
s mat can bang nhieu tren ong c ien ap cao , nhiet o tang co the vt qua
nhiet o cho phep cua ong c.
6.2.2. S dung rle qua dong e bao ve.
Da vao(H.7.9) dong qua pha ln nhat se c phat
hien bang 3 rle qua dong 1 pha. Neu 1 pha nguon b h
mach cho 1 ong c noi , mc tang dong ien (%)trong
cuon day noi 2 pha nho hn mc dong ien ng day luc
o rle qua dong 1 pha khong the bao ve hoan toan cac
cuon day stator ong c.
Th du : ong c cam ng , long soc 12,5HP h
mach pha C nh (H.7.9), gia tr dong dien cuon day pha A
se ln hn dong ien tren ng day do o rle khong the
bao ve toan phan cuon day ong c .
6.2.3. S dung rle khong can bang pha.
Rle nay hoat ong khi dong ien mot tren ng day day vt qua gia tr
at, thng c s dung e bao ve ong c khi no hoat ong vi ien ap khong
oi xng. Tuy nhien rle nay cung co mot so bat li nh:
No ch hoat ong da tren s khac nhau dong ien day , khong da tren dong
ien pha, do o no khong the o ung g tr dong th t nghch ma thanh phan
dong ien nay la nguyen nhan gay nen qua nhiet trong cuon day rotor ong c.
No qua nhay khi co khong oi xng nho va mot pha b thap lam cat ong c
khong can thiet.
Trong ieu kien mot pha b thap qua nhiet co the xay ra trong cuon stator neu
dong ien tren mot hay moi pha vt qua dong nh mc , ac biet rle loai nay
se hoat ong vi 40% I
m
tren 2 pha va cat ong c khong can thiet nhiet o rotor
tang len do co dong th t nghich, ch so thc s lam tac ong rle theo tr so
tren la 40/1,73% = 23%.noi cach khac nhiet o ty le vi(0,23
2
) hay 5,4% bnh
thng va co tong nhiet o se ty le vi (I
1
2
+I
2
2
) hay 10% dong ay tai (khong ke
nhiet o do ien tr rotor).
Neu ong c hoat ong che o nh mc va 3 pha tr thanh khong oi xng co
12% dong ien th t nghch tren 1 pha, ro7le loai nay se hoat ong sau 15 phut.
Neu ong c tiep tuc chay ay tai dong ien th t thuan t 100% tr so va nhiet
o trong cuon day stator c cho (H.7.7), (H.7.8).
B C A
Dong th t nghch tng ng vi 12% dong ng day khong oi xng co the
xem la 8% tng ng vi ien ap th t nghch 1,3%, oi vi motor co
Z
1
/Z
2
=6.nh a biet, khi co khong oi xng nho nhiet sinh ra trong cuon day co
dong ln nhat se tan nhiet qua loi sat en cac cuon day khac lam cho nhiet o
cac cuon day giong nhau,(H.7.7) cho thay rang s gia tang ton that ong trung
bnh tng ng vi 1,3% ien ap th t nghch th nho hn 1%, v the nhiet o
cuon day trung bnh se nh luc ay tai bnh thng.nhiet o dong th t nghch
se ty le vi(0,08
2
) ngha la 0,64% bnh thng. Khi nhiet o tng oi ln hn
tao bi dong th t nghch trong cac cuon day rotor, dung mot rle co tr so at
nay se cat ong c trc e tranh qua nhiet trong cuon day stator va rotor.neu
mot rle bao ve ong c khi ien ap khong oi xng va theo doi nhiet o cua
cuon day rotor, no co the nh chnh xac gia tr thanh phan th t nghch cua
dong ng day khong oi xng. Neu ong c duy tr cung cong suat ra va tiep
tuc chay cung toc o, ien ap khong oi xng nh la khi oi xng thanh phan
dong ng day th t thuan se giong nh dong 3 pha can bang, do o nhiet o
do thanh phan th t thuan se giong khi ien ap oi xng, nhiet o tang len se la
do s hien dien cua thanh phan th t nghch. Anh hng nhiet cua mot n v
thanh phan th t nghch th ln hn mot n v dong th t thuan, khi chon rle
bao ve ong c phai lu y en ieu nay.
Tong quat: khi ong c cang ln th cang nguy hiem hn khi co bat oi xng, bi
v ien tr rotor cao oi vi dong th t nghch 100Hz. Hn na khong can bang
cang cao th ton that cua pha mang dong ien cao hn, khong kp tan nhiet en
cac pha khac.
6.2.4. Bao ve qua tai
Hien nay co rat nhieu ong c va s a dang cua chung nen khi bao ve qua tai
cua nhng ong c nay co the da vao nhng ac iem nh sau ;
-ong c s dung cho tai dao ong ma ton that cua no se sinh ra trong qua trnh
van hanh, dung rle qua dong co chnh nh thi gian e bao ve ong c nay.
-ong c noi trc tiep vi tai ngat nhanh chong bat c s qua tai nao co the
gay nen h hong ong c.
Noi chung tuy theo moi may ma ta thiet ke phu hp khong nhat thiet bat c1 s
qua tai nao ta cung cat ong c. Chu y: khi thiet ke tranh tac ong nham cua rle
khi ong c khi ong.
6.2.5.bao ve stator .
a. Bao ve chong cham at stator. Thong thng s co nay do h hong lp
cach ien , ta dung rle qua dong cat nhanh e bao ve s co nay.gia tr at cua
rle khoang 20% I
m
noi t dong th t khong cua 3 may bien dong.
e rle khong hoat ong vi dong khong can bang v s bao hoa cua 1
hay nhieu may bien dong , do gia tr nh nhon cua s khi ong ong c luc au
thng ngi ta noi tiep vi rle ien tr on nh.
b. Bao ve chong chap pha. S co nhieu pha t xay ra , dung rle qua dong
cach nhanh nh bao ve cham at e bao ve ,gia tr at cua rle khoang 20% I
m
.
Bao ve so lech thnh thoang c s dung cho cac ong c co cong suat ln va
quan trong.
c. Bao ve chong cham cac vong day trong 1 pha. Bao ve nay ch nhan ra
va tac dong ung khi cac cuon day cua stator oc phan ra nhieu mach.
d. Bao ve h hong cac cc. Rle qua dong cat nhanh oc s dung e bao ve
trong trng hp nay.
Chu y : rle co the tac ong nham khi dong khi ong cua ong c luc
au.
oi vi ong c ong bo can co them cac bao ve nh : bao ve qua tai
cuon t trng , bao ve chong qua tai ot ngot . bao ve cong suat ngc ,
bao ve qua ap,thap tan so
6.3. Cac s o bao ve ong c ien
a. S o bao ve ong c loai nho (<1MW)

M
50
52
49 51N 46 49CR
37
52
67N
50 49
49CR
46
M
Y
Y
51N
Ghi chu: o nhay cua bao ve nh hng chong cham at 67N ch ap dung
vi phat tuyen co may cat hoac he thong mang ien co noi at bang cuon day
Peterson.
b. S o bao ve ong c ln (>1MW)
6.4.CAC TH DU PHOI HP BAO VE ONG C VA CAC NHANH CUNG
CAP.
Trong cac th du sau cac rle c s dung la cua hang GEC.
Th du 7.1: He thong cung cap nh (H.13.13),vi cac bie ap moi may co cac
thong so nh sau: 1,5MVA; 3,3/0,415KV; 5,5%. Yeu cau phoi hp cac rle tren
cac thanh gop vi cac cau ch noi vi cac tai , cac cau ch nay co dong ien nh
mc la 350A va 1000A. tr so chnh nh cua rle c yeu cau sao cho cac dong
ay tai i qua rle , rle khong tac ong. e gii han o doc cua rle va cau ch
chon bac thi gian:t=0,4t+0,15(s) vi t: thi gian hoat ong cua cau ch bo qua
thi gian may cattac ong.
a. s phoi hp gia cau ch 350A va rle thi gian cc doc CDG14. Chon BI
ty so 1500/5, tr so dong at cua rle la 100% hay 1500A, va tr so nh mc
cua cau ch la 350A t ieu nay rle va cau ch cho phep dong u tai ln nhat
i qua. S phan biet tac ong gia rle va cau ch c at mc o s co
ma nguon cung cap cong suat la 22MVA, co ngha la mc o s co ien ap
415V co dong cham 31000A, gap 20,6 landong ien at cua rle. Thi gian
hoat ong cua cau ch khi dong cham 31000Ala nho hn 0,01. Thc te th rat
la nho. Thi gian hoat ong bnh thng la 0,01.

87
3
5
67
Y
M
51
49
2 49C
4 5
Y
4
Bang 7.1.at tnh cua cau ch 350A.
Dong hoat ong (A) Thi gian hoat ong (s)
1500
3000
5000
8000
10000
20
1,1
0,17
0,025
0,01

e phan biet chon loc thi gian hoat ong can thiet cua rle co thi gian cc doc
la: 0,01+(0,4.0,01)+150,17s
Tr so chnh nh cua rle CDG14:Dong s co ln nhat =31000A, tr so at
rle=1500A, PSM rle=31000/1500=20,6.
Thi gian hoat ong 20,6 lan dong at va TMS=1 la 0,32s t o TMS can
chon la=0,17/0,32=0,5. at tuyen cua rle G doc ve tren (H.7.13b).
Bang 7.2. ac tnh cua rle

PMS Dong ien (A) Thi gian
2
3
5
10
20
3000
4500
7500
15000
30000
18.0,5 = 9
6.05 = 3
2,1.0,5 = 1,05
0,6.0.5 = 0,3
0,33.0,5 = 0,165

b.s phoi hp gia cau ch 1000A va rle CDG 14 (rleH). Dong chnh nh cua
rle H chon khong n gian nh rle G bi v phan chon loc phan biet vi cau ch
1000A. tong quat , rle c chnh nh xap x 3 lan gia tr cau ch la hp ly. V
vay gia tr c chon la 3000A(20%). S phan biet tac ong gia rle va cau ch
c at mc o s co ma nguon cung cap cong suat la 22MVA, co ngha la
mc o s co ien ap 415V co dong cham la 31000A, gap 10,3 lan dong ien
at cua rle. T bang ac tnh rle thi gian hoat ong cua cau ch khi dong
cham 31000A la nho hn 0,01s.

Bang 7.3: Bangso ac tnh cua cau ch 1000A.
Dong hoat ong (A) Thi gian hoat ong (s)
3000
4000
5000
7000
10000
22000
100
17
4,7
0,9
0,15
0,01
Thi gian hoat ong cua rle CDG 14 co thi gian rat doc
la:0,1+(0,4.0,01)+0,150,17s
*tr so chnh nh cua rle CDG14:
Dong s co ln nhat =31000A.
Tr so at dong rle=3000A.
PSM rle=31000/3000=10,3.
Thi gian hoat ong cua rle 20,6 dong at va TSM=1 la 0,58s.Suy ra
TMS can chon=0,17/0,58=0,3.

Bang 7.4. ac tnh cua rle.
PMS Dong ien (A) Thi gian
2 6000 18.0,3 = 5,4
3 9000 6.0,3 = 1,8
5 15000 2,1.0,3 = 0,63
10 30000 0,6.0,3 = 0,18
20 60000 0,03.0,3 = 0,099

.
.
.
.
415V
1,5MVA
N
C
22MVA
130KW
M
350A
3,3/0,415KW
C
1500/5A
350A
130KW
.
.
.
.
5,5%
.
.
.
.
N
22MVA
M
1000A
1500/5A
1000A
.
.
.
.
Nguon cung cap 3,3kv
ac tuyen cua rle H c ve tren (H.7.13b).

Th du 7.2: phoi hp rle qua dong trong he thong ien cong nghiep so lieu he
thong nh (H.7.14) vi:
-May phat : 5MVA; 6,6KV;x
d
=15%; c bao ve bang rle qua dong thi
gian doc CDV 62 (rle).
1000
100
Cau ch
350A
H
100
0,01
0,1
1
thi
gian
(s)
ac tnh khi ong cua
ong c 130KW
1000000
Cau ch 1000A
10 G
10000
In (A) cap
400V
5MVA
150/5A
75/5A
X'd=15%
100KW
G
300A
mc s co ln
nhat 10MVA
13950A-415KV
876A-6,6KV
200/5A
mc s co ln
nhat 100MVA
8760A-6,6KV
MC
C
J
H
500/5A
. .
750KVA
6,6/0,415KV
7%
K
6,6KV
mc s co ln
nhat 75MVA
6550A-6,6KV
-Phat tuyen 6,6KV: rle qua dong loai CDG 31 (rleJ) co ac tnh o doc
chuan.
-May bien ap : 750KVA; 6,6/0,415KV ;7%; c bao ve bang rle qua
dong ac tnh thi gian rat doc va phan t qua dong tac ong nhanh, loai CDG63
(rle H).
-ong c cong nghiep : c bao ve bang rle nhiet o vi kep hp cua
bao ve nhiet o cua ong cva phan t qua dong tac ong nhanh e bao ve ngan
mach.
-Cau chi 300A. ac tnh cua cau ch 300A cho bang 7.4 va c ve tren
(H.7.14b).
Bang 7.5. ac tnh cau ch 300a.
Dong ien hoat ong (A) Thi gian hoat ong (s)
415V 6,6KV
795 50 40
955 60 13
1160 70 6
1270 80 3
1590 100 0,9
2700 170 0,1
Phan tnh toan :
ac tnh s co
1000
100
H
IN(A) cap 6,6KV
Cau ch 300A
ac tnh qua
tai
100
0,01
L
0,1
1
thi
gian(
s)
K
1000000
10
J
G
10000
*ong c
-Rle G (rle ong c ). Cong suat cua ong c la 100KW , 415V, dong
nh mc la 140A. Dong ien khi ong cua ong c la 840A va thi gian khi
ong la 10s. tr so dong dat cua rle la 100%tng ng 150A 415V hoac 9,45A
6,6KV, co ngha la khoang 13% dong nh mc khi u tai. ac tnh cua rle
c the hien trong bang 7.6.
Bang 7.6. Bang ac tnh cua rle G.
Dong ien hoat ong (A) Thi gian hoat ong (s)
415V 6,6KV Lanh Nong
1,25.150 = 184 11,57 1400 550
1,5.150 = 225 14,15 700 240
2.150 = 300 18,85 300 100
3.150 = 450 28,30 105 35
4.150 = 600 37,50 55 18
5.150 = 750 47,20 33 11
6.150 = 900 56,60 23 7,5

Dong khi dong cua ong c la 480A o 415V hay 52,8A 6,6KV. Ta chon tr
so chnh nh cua rle bao ve cho ong c nay la 1,3 lan dong ien m may :
1,3.840=1090A ien ap la 415V hay 68,5A ien ap 6,6KV. ac tuyen cua
rle bao ve nay c ve tren(H.7.14b).
May bien ap 750KVA.
- Rle H (CDG63). Rle nay la s phoi hp cua rle qua dong thi gian rat doc
CDG13 va phan t qua dong tac ong nhanh CAD17. Tr so chnh nh nh
sau:
+ Rle qua dong CDG13: Dong ien ien nh mc may bien ap750KVA la
65,7A ien ap 6,6KV va dong ien at cua rle la 100% la 75A. chon ty so
bien dong la 75/5A. can phai phan biet vi cau ch 300A mc o s co ln nhat
cua cong suat he thong 10MVA la 13950A ien ap 415V va 876A ien ap
6,6KV.
Dong s co ln nhat ien ap 6,6KV=876A, dong at cua rle la 75A ien ap
6,6KV, PSM rle=876/75=11,5.
Thi gian hoat ong tai1,5 lan dong at va TMS =1 la 1,42s.
Can phan biet gia rle va cau ch 300A mc s co ln nhat, thi gian rle oi
hoi se la :t
H
=0,01+(0,4.0,01)+0,150,17s.
Tnh TMS=0,17/1,42=0,12(chon 0,15)
Bang 7.7. ac tnh cua rle H.
PMS Dong ien
6,6KV(A)
Thi gian(s)
2 150 2,1
3 225 0,86
5 375 0,38
10 750 0,23
20 1500 0,18

+ CAG17:phan t qua dong tac ong nhanh CAG17co1 the co tr so ac
tren tr so kha nang thong qua may ln nhat cua bien ap 750KVA :
65,7.(100/7)=940 ien ap 6,6KV.
Ta chon 1,3 lan tr so tren :1,3.940A =1220A. Tng ng vi dong th cap
(1220.5)/75=81,3A. ac tnh cua rle nay c vetren (H.13.14b).
Phat tuyen 6,6KV (rle J).
Bao ve cho phat tuyen nay ta dung rle qua dong loai phu thuoc chuan
CDG11, can phoi hp vi rle H(qua dong cat nhanh ).
+ Rle CDG11 : chon BI 200/5A. tr chnh nh cua rle nay ln hn dong u
tai u tai tren phat tuyen nay , da may bien ap 750KVA va s qua tai cho
phep cua no. Mc o dong s co ln nhat e phan biet la 1220A ien ap
6,6KV. Tr so at cua rle la 200A 6,6KV.
PMS rle =1220/200=6,1.
Thi gian hoat ong tai PMS =6,1 va TMS=1 la 3,8s. thi gian tac ong
cua rle Hng vi s co 1220A la 0,19s
Phan biet gia rle H va rle J mc o s co 1220A, phan t tac ong
tc thi rle H co
t
la :0,4s. v vay thi gian hoat ong rle J se la :
t
j
=0,19+0,4=0,59s
V vay :chon TMS=0,59/3,8=0,155. T o ac tnh rle J c cho bang
7.8.
Bang 7.8.ac tnh cua rle J.
PMS Dong ien 6,6KV(A) Thi gian
2 400 1,55
3 600 0,98
5 1000 0,69
10 2000 0,46
20 4000 0,34
ac tuyen cua rle J c ve tren (H.7.14b).
May phat ien 5MVA.
- Rle K (CDV62). Rle nay co ba cc e kiem tra ien ap, nhan ra khi ien ap
mat no no lam viec vi ac tnh kep. No thay oi tr so at khi ien ap giam
thap, ki o gia tr ac cua rle loai nay con khoang 40% gia tr at ban au va
no hoat ong theo ac tnh rieng ma ac tnh nay th bao phu cac gia tr dong
ngan mach do bat c s co nao gay ra. Khi s co xay ra tai thanh gop may
phat ien ap co the b mat hoac di gia tr ien ap ma ta at. Rle qua dong
se thay oi ac tnh hoat ong t ng cong qua tai thanh ng cong s co
va gia tr chnh nh se giam con 40% tr so chnh nh cua no. Tr so at hieu
qua luc o la: 0,4.500=200A. tr so nay can phan biet vi rle J,ieu nay co
ngha la tr so at cua rle Kse la 100%. (tr so BI la 500/5). Dong ngan mach
t 1 iem nao cua may phat 5MVA co the la 2920A ien ap 6,6KV. V vay
mc o s co ln nhat c chon tnh la 2920A. tr so at cua rle dong ien
tren ac tnh s co la 200A 6,6 KV. PSM rle =2920/200=14,6. Thi gian
hoat ong PSM=14,6 lan dong at cua ac tnh s cova TMS =1 la 2,5s
Thi gian hoat ong cua rle J 2920A la 0,38s, .
t
=0,4s. v vay thi
gian hoat ong cua rle K c yeu cau la :t
K
=0,38+0,4=0,78
Suy ra : TSM=0,78/2,5=0,312 (chon 0,3)
ac tnh s co cua rle K la :
Bang 7.9 ac tnh s co cua rle K.
PMS Dong ien 6,6KV(A) Thi gian
2 400 3
3 600 1,68
5 1000 1,29
10 2000 0,9
20 4000 0,66
ac tnh qua tai cua rle K:
Bang 7.10. ac tnh qua tai cua rle K.
PSM Dong ien 6,6KV (A) Thi gian
2 400 3
3 600 1,86
5 1000 1,29
10 2000 0,9
20 4000 0,66

ac tuyen cua cac rle c s dung trong cac v du phoi hp vi viec cac
rle va cau ch c ve (H.13.15) (TSM=1).
Cac phng trnh ac tuyen thi gian dong ien :
Doc chuan SIT :
1
14 , 0
02 , 0
=
m
t ;
Rat doc VIT :
1
5 , 13
=
m
t ;
Cc doc EIT :
1
80
2
=
m
t ;
Vi t thi gian tac ong , m boi so dong ien at.

10
10
CDG 14 cc doc
100
CDG 13 rat doc
1
1
Thi gian (s)
CDG 12 (chong cham at)
0,1
100
CDG11 o doc chuan
Boi so cua dong
ac
MA SO RLE

21: Rle bao ve khoang cach.
21N: Bao ve khoang cach, chong cham at.
24: Rle qua t.
25: Rle kiem tra ong bo.
26: Rle nhiet (dau).
27: Rle ien ap thap.
30: Rle ch th vung bao ve.
32F: Rle nh hng cong suat th t thuan.
32R: Rle nh hng cong suat th t nghch.
33: Rle ch th mc dau thap.
37: Dong ien thap va cong suat thap.
40: Rle phat hien mat kch thch may phat.
46: Rle dong can bang pha hay ngc pha(bao ve dong th t nghch).
47: Rle th t pha.
48: Mat gia toc.
49: Rle nhiet o.
49R: Bao ve nhiet o Roto.
49S: Bao ve nhiet o stato.
50: Rle qua dong cat nhanh.
51BF: R le bao ve h hong may cat.
50N: Qua dong cat nhanh chong cham at.
51: Rle qua dong cc ai.
51G: Qua dong chong cham at.
51GS: Qua dong cham at Stato.
51N: Qua dong chong cham at thi gian tre.
51V: qua dong co kiem tra ien ap.
52: May cat AC.
59: Rle qua ien ap.
59N: Rle ap th t khong chong cham at.
60: Can bang dong va ien ap.
62: Rle thi gian.
63: Rle ap suat.
64: Rle chong cham at.
64R: Bao ve chong cham at roto.
67: Rle dong nh hng.
67N: Rle dong nh hng chong cham at.
74: Rle xoa giam sat mach cat.
76: Rle qua dong DC
78: Mat ong bo hay o goc lech pha.
79: T ong tr lai.
80: Rle phat hien mat nguon DC.
81: Rle tan so.
85: Bao ve tan so cao, viba hay cap quang (pilot).
86: Rle cat va khoa may cat.
87: Rle so lech doc.
87G: So lech may phat.
87T: So lech may bien ap.
87B: So lech thanh gop.
87M: So lech ng c.
87L: So lech ng day.
87N: So lech chong cham at.
90: Rle ieu hoa ien the.
92: Rle nh hng cong suat va ien ap.
95: Rle phat hien t mach th cap BI.
96: Rle hi.


ANH VIEC OI CHIEU

VIET
TAT
TIENG ANH TIENG VIET
ACB Air circuit breakers May cat khong kh
ACR Automatic circuit recloser May cat t ong lai
ADC Analog digital converter Bo biet oi tng t _so
AFC Automatic frequency control ieu khien tan so t ong
AGC Automatic generation control k phan phoi cong suat t
ong
ATS Automatic transfer switch Thiet b chuyen nguon t
ong
AVR Automatic voltage regulator Bo ieu chnh ien ap t
ong
ARS Autoreclosing schemes S o t ong lai t ong
CB circuit breakers may cat
DAS Data acquisition systems He thong thu thap d lieu
ELCB Earth leakage circuit
breakers
May cat chong dong ro
FCO Fusse cut out Cau ch t ri
PT Potential transformers May bien ien ap
CT Current transformers May bien dong ien
PLC Programmable logic
controller

OCB Oil circuit breakers May cat dau
EHV Extra high voltage Sieu cao ap
Instantaneous overcurrent protection : bao ve qua dong cat nhanh.
Maximum overcurrent protection: bao ve qua dong cc ai.
Back-up protection:bao ve d tr.
Differentical protection: bao ve so lech.
Transverse Differentical protection:bao ve so lech ngang.
Longitudinal Differentical protection: bao ve so lech doc
Directional protection: bao ve co hng

Tai lieu tham khao
Bao ve rle va t ong hoa trong he thong ien-Ts NGUYEN HOANG
VIET.
T ong hoa he thong ien IA-D BARKAN 1981.
Power system protection and switchgear- Badri Ram-1995.

ĐHCN.giáo Trình Bảo Vệ Rơ Le Và Tự Động Hóa Trong Hệ Thống Điện - Nhiều Tác Giả, 126 Trang

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TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHIEP TP HCM KHOA IEN

GIAO TRNH BAO VE R LE VA T ONG HOA TRONG HT Trang 1

lan lt la dong ien th cap, dong ien s cap va

) be. V du, khi phu

0 : trong cuon th cap co sc ien ong e

va cac ai lng ma no tao nen la S th cap e

tai cho h hong vi chieu dng qui c va bang : ) (

eu giam. Trong ien dung so vi

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