:

2007



:


:

:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

: .
.
.
.
.
,
.
7. , .
8. .

, . ., , . ., . .,
, , , 1994.

Horlock, J. H., Cogeneration Combined Heat and Power (CHP), Krieger
Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida, 1997.
Griffiths, R., Combined Heat and Power: A Practical Guide to the Evaluation,
Development, Implementation and Operation of Cogeneration Schemes, Energy
Publications, 1995.

EDUCOGEN: The European Educational Tool on Cogeneration, 2001.
:
http://www.cogen.org/projects/educogen.htm


1994

2010

..

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

(%)
2

45

50

55

60

65

70

 1996.
.

10,2

2,5

3
4

5,3

6,5

12

12,5
14

23

33,7

30

40

10

15

20
(%)

25

30

35

40


,
, .
. , ,
100, 0.
.

CH4

100

C2H4

15

C2H6

43,7

C3H6

18,6

C3H5

33

C4H10
CO

10

75
72-98

( )

CH4
C2H6
C3H6
C4H10
2

CH4
C2

65 %
35 %

134

CH4
C2
2

50 %
40 %
10 %

136

88,5
4,7
1,6
0,2
5,0

%
%
%
%
%



(Reliability):
R=

T (P + U )
TP

A=

T (P + U)
T

(Availability):

P
U

()
()
(planned maintenance)
()
(unplanned maintenance).

:
(8760) (..,
5000 ).
:

= 5000
P = 250
U = 100

R = 0,9789 = 97,89 %
A = 0,9300 = 93,00 %

= 8760 , P U ,

R = 0,9882 = 98,82 %
A = 0,9600 = 96,00 %

: ,
u = 34.200 kJ/Nm3.
: 90C.
1200C.
.

kW
%
kWe
kWth

100
511
660

529
75
383
519

50
253
376

100
803
1018

827
75
601
800

50
398
578

100
1464
1536

1500
75
1092
1245

50
724
935

100
1942
2048

2000
75
1455
1658

50
962
1245

%
%
%
%
%
%
%

6,2
4,4
13,2
25,0
48,8
37,8
86,6

3,5
4,9
16,9
24,5
49,8
36,7
86,5

0,3
6,0
20,7
24,2
51,2
34,5
85,7

5,9
4,4
13,7
25,0
49,0
37,6
86,6

3,2
4,9
17,3
24,6
50,0
37,6
87,6

0,2
6,0
21,0
24,2
51,4
35,3
86,7

7,4
5,2
8,8
22,2
43,6
41,5
85,1

5,1
6,0
10,9
23,4
45,4
39,8
85,2

2,7
7,6
12,7
24,7
47,7
36,9
84,6

7,4
5,2
8,8
22,1
43,5
41,3
84,8

5,0
6,0
10,9
23,4
45,3
39,8
85,1

2,7
7,6
12,7
24,7
47,7
36,8
84,5

C
C

90
70

85,7
70

81,4
70

90
70

87,5
70

83,2
70

90
70

86
70

82
70

90
70

85,9
70

81,9
70

: 8%

31

30,5

(%)

30

29,5

29

28,5

28

27,5

27
-20

-10

10

20

30

(oC)

40

6000

, We (kW)

5500

5000

4500

15
25

4000

35

3500
3000
2500
2000
50

60

70

80

90

fL (%)

100

 , e (%)

32

(oC)
5
15
25
35

30

28

26

24

22

20
50

60

70

80

90

100

f L(%)

 Tg (oC)

520

480

440

400

(oC)
5

360

15
25

35

320
50

60

70

80

90

f L(%)

10

100

23

(oC)
5

22,5

22

(kg/s)

15

21,5

21

25

20,5

20

35

19,5

19
50

60

70

80

90

100

f L(%)

11

2000
1800

($/kWe)

1600
1400
1200
1000

800
600
400
200

0
300

500

700

900

1100

1300

1500

1700

(kWe)

.
( 1998)

()


( .)




( )

12

1900

1800
1600

($/kWe)

1400
1200
1000

800
600
400

200
1000

3000

5000

7000

9000

11000

(kWe)

.
( 1998)

3000 kWe:
50-60 $/kWe

13

 .
( 1998)

(./kWh)

1,1 1,5

(./kWh)

0,5

0,6 - 1

60.000

30.000

()

14

 2001

(MW)

/
2000
(GWh)

Motor Oil
.

Amylum Hellas
EXALKO

12
12
6
16
10
13,1
27
34
16
11
5,5

23,401
24,919
10,695
9,904
14,77
35,668
241,987
341,975

25
10,5

129,411
26,242

11,6

51,504

5,1
2,7
213,5

26,726
2,693
990,461

50,566

(1)
(2)

/ (1)

(MWth)
70
50
40
160,0

/:
.

15

/
2000
(GWh) (2)
1585,40
546,4
2131,8

3468/2006, ... , . 129, 27.6.2006

. (1)
2773/1999, ... , . 286, 22.12.1999.

. ( 2244/1994.)
2244/1994, ... , . 168, 7.10.1994.
( 2773/1999.)

.
. 6/1/. 8295/19.4.1995,
... , . 385, 10.5.1995. (*)
.
,
.
.
,
.
. 6//. 8907,
... , . 569, 16.7.1996. (*)

.

(*)

.
______________________________________________________________

Directive 2004/8/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 February

2004 on the promotion of cogeneration based on a useful heat demand in the internal
energy market and amending Directive 92/42/EEC.

16

 2773/1999

65% ,
75% .

60%

35 MWe, ,
50 MWe, ,
.

,
,
:
:

60%

70%

17

ASHRAE (1992), ASHRAE Handbook, HVAC systems and Equipment, Chapter 7:
Cogeneration systems, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and AirConditioning Engineers, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Thermoeconomic Operation Optimization of the Hellenic Aspropyrgos Refinery
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Development, Implementation and Operation of Cogeneration Schemes, Energy
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18

Monanteras, N. C., and Frangopoulos, C. A. (1999), Towards Synthesis Optimization of a

Fuel-Cell based Plant, Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 40, 1733-1742.
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Prengle, H. W., Hunt, J. C., Mauk, C. E., and Sun, E. (1980), Solar Energy with Chemical
Storage for Cogeneration of Electric Power and Heat, Solar Energy, Vol. 24, pp
373-384.

19