Dr Abigail Rickard 26 th September 2011 Reset your response device.. 1. Press and release Go or Ch button 2. While light flashes red and green 3. Press 4 then 1 to set channel to 41 4. Then press Go or Ch 5. Press and release 1/A light will flash yellow to confirm 6. If this doesnt happen try again. Overview What is the cardiovascular system?
What are the features of the heart?
What does the heart do?
How does the heart function? Components of the cardiovascular system
Heart
Aorta
Vena Cavae
Capillaries
Venules
Systemic circulation Cardiac cycle - Blood flow through the heart Superior & inferior vena cave
Pulmonary artery/vein
Aorta
Bicuspid and tricuspid valves
Right/Left atrium/ventricle
Diastole/Systole Valves Valves in action The bicuspid valve is between... 1 2 3 57% 0% 43% 1. The left atrium & left ventricle 2. The right atrium & right ventricle 3. The left ventricle & systemic arch Coronary circulation Coronary ostia
Left coronary artery
Right coronary artery
Coronary sinus
Myocardial energy metabolism High dependence on aerobic metabolism (70-80% available O 2 at rest)
Primary metabolic substrates are fatty acids
Glycogen and lactate Heart muscle types Purkinje Fibres Atrial Cells Ventricular cells Shape Long and broad Elliptical Long and narrow Length (m) 150-200 ~ 20 50-100 Diameter (m) 35-40 ~ 5 10-25 Intercalated disc/ gap-junctions Very prominent; abundant gap junctions; fast end- to-end transmission Side-to-side as well as end-to-end transmission Prominent end-to- end transmission Ventricular myocyte features Cross-striations (myofibrils)
Thick myosin filaments
Thin actin filaments
Cross bridge formation (cycling)
Mitochondria What features allow for the rapid electrical conductance in purkinje fibres? 1 2 3 4 0% 0% 50% 50% 1. Mitochondria 2. Myosin and actin filaments 3. Intercalated discs and gap junctions 4. I dont know, I wasnt listening Cardiac cycle - Electrical activity across the heart Sinoatrial node (SAN)
Atrioventricular node (AVN)
Purkinje fibres
Wave of depolarisation
Repolarisation/ Hyperpolarisation
Resting membrane potential
ECG- P, QRS, T waves Cardiac electrical activity Pacemaker Cell (SA node) Intrinsic depolarisation known as automaticity
N.B. Membrane potential is never flat
Ca 2+ - induced Ca 2+ release from intracellular Ca 2+ storage organelle called endoplasmic reticulum - 65 mV - 40 mV Cardiac electrical activity Ventricular Cell Phase 0 - RAPID inward Na + current (Upstroke, depolarisation)
Phase 1 Transient outward K + current (Notch)
Phase 2 Outward Ca 2+ current (Plateau)
Phase 3 Fast and Slow outward rectifier K + currents (repolarisation)
Phase 4 Resting membrane potential N.B. Notice upstroke of action potential is FLAT - 80 mV The movement of which ions are responsible for the upstroke of the ventricular action potential (Phase 1)? 1 2 3 4 25% 0% 13% 63% 1. Na + 2. Ca 2+ 3. K + 4. Mg 2+ Cardiac electrical activity Whole heart P wave - Atrial depolarisation
PR interval - AV nodal conduction
QRS complex - Ventricular Depolarisation
T Wave - Ventricular repolarisation
QT interval - Ventricular depolarisation and repolarisation
P R Q S T PR interval QT interval Which of the following represents the time for conduction across the AV node? 1. P-R interval
2. Q-T interval
3. R-R interval
4. T wave
Summary Features of the cardiovascular system
Location and morphology of the heart
Cardiac cycle
Electrical activity of the heart
Next time..... Regulation of cardiac cycle Blood flow and pressure Malfunctions and their consequences