(Share99.Net) Cong Nghe Che Tao May - DH Da Nang

i hc nng
trng i hc bch khoa

Cng ngh ch to my I

Nng 12-2005
Gio trnh: Cng ngh ch to my Lu c bnh
Chng 1
cc khi nim c bn

1.1- M u
Ngnh Ch to my ng vai tr quan trng trong vic sn xut ra cc thit b,
cng c cho mi ngnh trong nn kinh t quc dn, to tin cn thit cc ngnh
ny pht trin mnh hn. V vy, vic pht trin KH - KT trong lnh vc Cng ngh
ch to my c ngha hng u nhm thit k, hon thin v vn dng cc phng
php ch to, t chc v iu khin qu trnh sn xut t hiu qu kinh t cao nht.
Cng ngh ch to my l mt lnh vc khoa hc k thut c nhim v nghin
cu, thit k v t chc thc hin qu trnh ch to sn phm c kh t cc ch tiu
kinh t k thut nht nh trong iu kin quy m sn xut c th.
Mt mt Cng ngh ch to my l l thuyt phc v cho cng vic chun b
sn xut v t chc sn xut c hiu qu nht. Mt khc, n l mn hc nghin cu
cc qu trnh hnh thnh cc b mt chi tit v lp rp chng thnh sn phm.
Cng ngh ch to my l mt mn hc lin h cht ch gia l thuyt v thc
tin sn xut. N c tng kt t thc t sn xut tri qua nhiu ln kim nghim
khng ngng nng cao trnh k thut, ri c em ng dng vo sn xut gii
quyt nhng vn thc t phc tp hn, kh khn hn. V th, phng php nghin
cu Cng ngh ch to my phi lun lin h cht ch vi iu kin sn xut thc t.
Ngy nay, khuynh hng tt yu ca Ch to my l t ng ha v iu khin
qu trnh thng qua vic in t ha v s dng my tnh t khu chun b sn xut
ti khi sn phm ra xng.
i tng nghin cu ca Cng ngh ch to my l chi tit gia cng khi nhn
theo kha cnh hnh thnh cc b mt ca chng v quan h lp ghp chng li thnh
sn phm hon chnh.
lm cng ngh c tt cn c s hiu bit su rng v cc mn khoa hc
c s nh: Sc bn vt liu, Nguyn l my, Chi tit my, My cng c, Nguyn l
ct, Dng c ct v.v... Cc mn hc Tnh ton v thit k g, Thit k nh my c
kh, T ng ha qu trnh cng ngh s h tr tt cho mn hc Cng ngh ch to
my v l nhng vn c quan h khng kht vi mn hc ny.
Mn hc Cng ngh ch to my khng nhng gip cho ngi hc nm vng
cc phng php gia cng cc chi tit c hnh dng, chnh xc, vt liu khc nhau
v cng ngh lp rp chng thnh sn phm, m cn gip cho ngi hc kh nng
phn tch so snh u, khuyt im ca tng phng php chn ra phng php gia
cng thch hp nht, bit chn qu trnh cng ngh hon thin nht, vn dng c k
thut mi v nhng bin php t chc sn xut ti u nng cao nng sut lao ng.
Mc ch cui cng ca Cng ngh ch to my l nhm t c: cht
lng sn phm, nng sut lao ng v hiu qu kinh t cao.
Khoa C kh - Trng i hc Bch khoa
1
1.2- qu trnh sn xut v qu trnh cng ngh
1.2.1- Qu trnh sn xut
Ni mt cch tng qut, qu trnh sn xut l qu trnh con ngi tc ng vo
ti nguyn thin nhin bin n thnh sn phm phc v cho li ch ca con ngi.
nh ngha ny rt rng, c th bao gm nhiu giai on. V d, c mt sn
phm c kh th phi qua cc giai on: Khai thc qung, luyn kim, gia cng c kh,
gia cng nhit, lp rp v.v...
Nu ni hp hn trong mt nh my c kh, qu trnh sn xut l qu trnh tng
hp cc hot ng c ch bin nguyn liu v bn thnh phm thnh sn phm c
gi tr s dng nht nh, bao gm cc qu trnh chnh nh: Ch to phi, gia cng ct
gt, gia cng nhit, kim tra, lp rp v cc qu trnh ph nh: vn chuyn, ch to
dng c, sa cha my, bo qun trong kho, chy th, iu chnh, sn lt, bao b,
ng gi v.v... Tt c cc qu trnh trn c t chc thc hin mt cch ng b nhp
nhng cho qu trnh sn xut c lin tc.
S nh hng ca cc qu trnh nu trn n nng sut, cht lng ca qu trnh
sn xut c mc khc nhau. nh hng nhiu nht n cht lng, nng sut ca
qu trnh sn xut l nhng qu trnh c tc ng lm thay i v trng thi, tnh cht
ca i tng sn xut, chnh l cc qu trnh cng ngh.
1.2.2- Qu trnh cng ngh
Qu trnh cng ngh l mt phn ca qu trnh sn xut, trc tip lm thay i
trng thi v tnh cht ca i tng sn xut.
i vi sn xut c kh, s thay i trng thi v tnh cht bao gm:
- Thay i trng thi hnh hc (kch thc, hnh dng, v tr tng quan
gia cc b phn ca chi tit...)
- Thay i tnh cht (tnh cht c l nh cng, bn, ng sut d...)
* Qu trnh cng ngh bao gm:
- Qu trnh cng ngh to phi: hnh thnh kch thc ca phi t vt liu
bng cc phng php nh c, hn, gia cng p lc ...
- Qu trnh cng ngh gia cng c: lm thay i trng thi hnh hc v c
l tnh lp b mt.
- Qu trnh cng ngh nhit luyn: lm thay i tnh cht c l ca vt
liu chi tit c th tng cng, bn.
- Qu trnh cng ngh lp rp: to ra mt v tr tng quan xc nh gia
cc chi tit thng qua cc mi lp ghp gia chng to thnh sn phm hon thin.
Qu trnh cng ngh cho mt i tng sn xut (chi tit) phi c xc nh
ph hp vi cc yu cu v cht lng v nng sut ca i tng. Xc nh qu
trnh cng ngh hp l ri ghi thnh vn kin cng ngh th cc vn kin cng
ngh gi l quy trnh cng ngh.
2
1.3- cc thnh phn ca quy trnh cng ngh
1.3.1- Nguyn cng
Nguyn cng l mt phn ca qu trnh cng ngh, c hon thnh mt
cch lin tc ti mt ch lm vic do mt hay mt nhm cng nhn thc hin.
y, nguyn cng c c trng bi 3 iu kin c bn, l hon thnh v
tnh lin tc trn i tng sn xut v v tr lm vic. Trong qu trnh thc hin quy
trnh cng ngh nu chng ta thay i 1 trong 3 iu kin trn th ta chuyn sang
mt nguyn cng khc.
V d: Tin trc c hnh nh sau:
Nu ta tin u A ri
tr u tin u B (hoc
ngc li) th vn thuc
mt nguyn cng v vn
m bo tnh cht lin tc
v v tr lm vic. Nhng
nu tin u A cho c lot
xong ri mi tr li tin u
A B
B cng cho c lot th thnh hai nguyn cng v khng m bo c tnh lin
tc, c s gin on khi tin cc b mt khc nhau trn chi tit. Hoc tin u A
my ny, u B tin my khc th r rng hai nguyn cng v v tr lm vic
thay i.
Nguyn cng l n v c bn ca qu trnh cng ngh. Vic chn s lng
nguyn cng s nh hng ln n cht lng v gi thnh sn phm, vic phn chia
qu trnh cng ngh ra thnh cc nguyn cng c ngha k thut v kinh t.
* ngha k thut: Mi mt phng php ct gt c mt kh nng cng ngh
nht nh (kh nng v to hnh b mt cng nh cht lng t c). V vy, xut
pht t yu cu k thut v dng b mt cn to hnh m ta phi chn phng php
gia cng tng ng hay ni cch khc chn nguyn cng ph hp.
V d: Ta khng th thc hin c vic tin cc c trc v phay rnh then
cng mt ch lm vic. Tin cc c trc c thc hin trn my tin, phay rnh then
thc hin trn my phay.
* ngha kinh t: Khi thc hin cng vic, ty thuc mc phc tp ca
hnh dng b mt, ty thuc s lng chi tit cn gia cng, chnh xc, cht lng
b mt yu cu m ta phn tn hoc tp trung nguyn cng nhm mc ch m bo
s cn bng cho nhp sn xut, t hiu qa kinh t nht.
V d: Trn mt my, khng nn gia cng c th v tinh m nn chia gia cng
th v tinh trn hai my. V khi gia cng th cn my c cng sut ln, nng sut cao,
khng cn chnh xc cao t hiu qu kinh t (ly phn ln lng d); khi gia cng
tinh th cn my c chnh xc cao m bo cc yu cu k thut ca chi tit.
3
1.3.2- G
Trc khi gia cng, ta phi xc nh v tr tng quan gia chi tit so vi my,
dng c ct v tc dng ln chi tit mt lc chng li s x dch do lc ct v cc
yu t khc gy ra khi gia cng nhm m bo chnh xc v tr tng quan . Qu
trnh ny ta gi l qu trnh g t chi tit.
G l mt phn ca nguyn cng, c hon thnh trong mt ln g t chi
tit. Trong mt nguyn cng c th c mt hoc nhiu ln g.
V d: tin cc mt tr bc A, B, C ta thc hin 2 ln g:
A B C
- Ln g 1: G ln 2 mi chng
tm v truyn mmen quay bng tc
gia cng cc b mt C v B.
- Ln g 2: i u gia cng b
mt B (v mt ny cha c gia cng
ln g trc do phi lp vi tc).
1.3.3- V tr
V tr l mt phn ca nguyn cng, c xc nh bi mt v tr tng quan
gia chi tit vi my hoc gia chi tit vi dng c ct. Mt ln g c th c mt
hoc nhiu v tr.
V d: Khi phay bnh rng bng dao phay nh hnh, mi ln phay mt rng,
hoc khoan mt l trn chi tit c nhiu l c gi l mt v tr (mt ln g c nhiu
v tr). Cn khi phay bnh rng bng dao phay ln rng, mi ln phay l mt v tr
(nhng do tt c cc rng u c gia cng nn ln g ny c mt v tr).
1.3.4- Bc
Bc cng l mt phn ca nguyn cng khi thc hin gia cng mt b mt
(hoc mt tp hp b mt) s dng mt dng c ct (hoc mt b dng c) vi ch
cng ngh (v, s, t) khng i.
Mt nguyn cng c th c mt hoc nhiu bc.

V d: Cng l gia cng hai on trc nhng nu gia cng ng thi bng hai
dao l mt bc; cn gia cng bng mt dao trn tng on trc l hai bc.
* Khi c s trng bc (nh tin bng 3 dao cho 3 b mt cng mt lc), thi
gian gia cng ch cn tnh cho mt b mt gia cng c chiu di ln nht.
4
1.3.5- ng chuyn dao
ng chuyn dao l mt phn ca bc ht i mt lp vt liu c cng
ch ct v bng cng mt dao.
Mi bc c th c mt hoc nhiu ng chuyn dao.
V d: tin ngoi mt mt tr c th dng cng mt ch ct, cng mt
dao ht lm nhiu ln; mi ln l mt ng chuyn dao.
1.3.6- ng tc
ng tc l mt hnh ng ca cng nhn iu khin my thc hin vic
gia cng hoc lp rp.
V d: Bm nt, quay dao, y ng ...
ng tc l n v nh nht ca qu trnh cng ngh.
Vic phn chia thnh ng tc rt cn thit nh mc thi gian, nghin cu
nng sut lao ng v t ng ha nguyn cng.
1.4- cc dng sn xut v cc hnh thc t chc sn xut
Dng sn xut l mt khi nim cho ta hnh dung v quy m sn xut mt sn
phm no . N gip cho vic nh hng hp l cch t chc k thut - cng ngh
cng nh t chc ton b qu trnh sn xut.
Cc yu t c trng ca dng sn xut:
- Sn lng.
- Tnh n nh ca sn phm.
- Tnh lp li ca qu trnh sn xut.
- Mc chuyn mn ha trong sn xut.
Ty theo cc yu t trn m ngi ta chia ra 3 dng sn xut:
- n chic
- Hng lot
- Hng khi.
1.4.1- Dng sn xut n chic
Dng sn xut n chic c c im l:
- Sn lng hng nm t, thng t mt n vi chc chic.
- Sn phm khng n nh do chng loi nhiu.
- Chu k ch to khng c xc nh.
i vi dng sn xut ny ta phi t chc k thut v cng ngh nh sau:
- S dng cc trang thit b, dng c cng ngh vn nng p ng tnh
a dng ca sn phm.
- Yu cu trnh th cao, thc hin c nhiu cng vic khc nhau.
- Ti liu hng dn cng ngh ch l nhng nt c bn, thng l di
dng phiu tin trnh cng ngh.
5
1.4.2- Dng sn xut hng lot
Dng sn xut hng lot c c im l:
- Sn lng hng nm khng qu t.
- Sn phm tng i n nh.
- Chu k ch to c xc nh.
Ty theo sn lng v mc n nh sn phm m ta chia ra dng sn xut
lot nh, lot va, lot ln. Sn xut lot nh rt gn v ging vi sn xut n chic,
cn sn xut lot ln rt gn v ging sn xut hng khi.
1.4.3- Dng sn xut hng khi
Dng sn xut hng khi c c im l:
- Sn lng hng nm rt ln.
- Sn phm rt n nh.
- Trnh chuyn mn ha sn xut cao.
i vi dng sn xut ny ta phi t chc k thut v cng ngh nh sau:
- Trang thit b, dng c cng ngh thng l chuyn dng.
- Qu trnh cng ngh c thit k v tnh ton chnh xc, ghi thnh cc
ti liu cng ngh c ni dung c th v t m.
- Trnh th ng my khng cn cao nhng i hi phi c th iu
chnh my gii.
- T chc sn xut theo dy chuyn.
Dng sn xut hng khi cho php p dng cc phng php cng ngh tin
tin, c iu kin c kh ha v t ng ha sn xut, to iu kin t chc cc ng
dy gia cng chuyn mn ha. Cc my dng sn xut ny thng c b tr theo
theo th t nguyn cng ca qu trnh cng ngh.
Ch l vic phn chia thnh ba dng sn xut nh trn ch mang tnh tng
i. Trong thc t, ngi ta cn chia cc dng sn xut nh sau:
- Sn xut n chic v lot nh.
- Sn xut hng lot.
- Sn xut lot ln v hng khi.
Ngoi ra, cn phi nm vng cc hnh thc t chc sn xut s dng thch
hp cho cc dng sn xut khc nhau.
Trong qu trnh ch to sn phm c kh thng c thc hin theo hai hnh
thc t chc sn xut l: sn xut theo dy chuyn v khng theo dy chuyn.
1-4-4. Hnh thc t chc sn xut
1 Hnh thc sn xut theo dy chuyn thng c p dng quy m sn
xut hng lot ln v hng khi.
c im:
- My c b tr theo th t cc nguyn cng ca qu trnh cng ngh, ngha
6
l mi nguyn cng c hon thnh ti mt v tr nht nh.
- S lng ch lm vic v nng sut lao ng ti mt ch lm vic phi c
xc nh hp l m bo tnh ng b v thi gian gia cc nguyn cng trn c s
nhp sn xut ca dy chuyn.
Nhp sn xut l khong thi gian lp li chu k gia cng hoc lp rp, ngha l
trong khong thi gian ny tng nguyn cng ca qu trnh cng ngh c thc hin
ng b v sau khong thi gian y mt i tng sn xut c hon thin v c
chuyn ra khi dy chuyn sn xut.
2 Hnh thc sn xut khng theo dy chuyn thng c p dng quy
m sn xut lot nh.
c im:
- Cc nguyn cng ca qa trnh cng ngh c thc hin khng c s rng
buc ln nhau v thi gian v a im. My c b tr theo kiu, loi v khng ph
thuc vo th t cc nguyn cng.
- Nng sut v hiu qu kinh t thp hn hnh thc sn xut theo dy chuyn.
Ngy nay, nh ng dng cc thnh tu v in t, tin hc, x l in ton v
k thut iu khin t ng, cng ngh ca qu trnh sn xut c thc hin bi cc
my c iu khin t ng nh my tnh in t, c kh nng lp trnh a dng
thch nghi vi sn phm mi. Dng sn xut nh vy c gi l sn xut linh hot
v cng l dng sn xut c trng v ngy cng ph bin trong x hi.

7
Chng 2
Cht lng b mt chi tit my

Cht lng sn phm trong ngnh ch to my bao gm cht lng ch to
cc chi tit my v cht lng lp rp chng thnh sn phm hon chnh.
nh gi cht lng ch to cc chi tit my, ngi ta dng 4 thng s c
bn sau:
- chnh xc v kch thc ca cc b mt.
- chnh xc v hnh dng ca cc b mt.
- chnh xc v v tr tng quan gia cc b mt.
- Cht lng b mt.
Chng ny chng ta nghin cu cc yu t c trng ca cht lng b mt,
nh hng ca cht lng b mt ti kh nng lm vic ca chi tit my, cc yu t
nh hng n cht lng b mt v cc phng php m bo cht lng b mt
trong qu trnh ch to chi tit my.
2.1- cc yu t c trng cho cht lng b mt
Kh nng lm vic ca chi tit my ph thuc rt nhiu vo cht lng ca lp
b mt. Cht lng b mt l ch tiu tp hp nhiu tnh cht quan trng ca lp b
mt:
- Hnh dng lp b mt ( sng, nhm...)
- Trng thi v tnh cht c l ca lp b mt ( cng, chiu su bin
cng, ng sut d...)
- Phn ng ca lp b mt i vi mi trng lm vic (tnh chng mn,
kh nng chng xm thc ha hc, bn mi...)
2.1.1- Tnh cht hnh hc ca b mt gia cng
Tnh cht hnh hc ca b mt gia cng c nh gi bng nhm b mt
v sng b mt.
a) nhm b mt (hnh hc t vi, bng)
Trong qu trnh ct, li ct ca dng c ct v s hnh thnh phoi kim loi to
ra nhng vt xc cc nh trn b mt gia cng. Nh vy, b mt c nhm.
nhm ca b mt gia cng c o bng chiu cao nhp nh R
z
v sai lch
profin trung bnh cng R
a
ca lp b mt.
1 Chiu cao nhp nh R
z
: l tr s trung bnh ca tng cc gi tr tuyt
i ca chiu cao 5 nh cao nht v chiu su 5 y thp nht ca profin tnh trong
phm vi chiu di chun o l.
Tr s R
z
c xc nh nh sau:
8
( ) ( )
5
h .. h h h .. h h
R
10 4 2 9 3 1
z
+ + + + +
=
Chiu di chun l l
chiu di ca phn b mt
c chn o nhm
b mt, khng tnh n
nhng dng mp m khc
c bc ln hn l (sng b
mt chng hn).

2 Sai lch profin trung bnh cng R
a
: l trung bnh s hc cc gi tr
tuyt i ca khong cch t cc im trn profin n ng trung bnh, o theo
phng php tuyn vi ng trung bnh.
y
h
1
h
2
h
3
h
4
h
5
h
6
h
9
h
10
l
Hnh 2.1- nhm b mt chi tit.
ng nh
R
max
ng y
y
n
y
1

=
=
1
0
n
1 i
i x a
y
n
1
dx y
l
1
R
nhm b mt c nh hng ln n cht lng lm vic ca chi tit my.
V d: i vi nhng chi tit trong mi ghp ng ( trt, sng dn, con
trt...), b mt lm vic trt tng i vi nhau nn khi nhm cng ln cng kh
m bo hnh thnh mng du bi trn b mt trt. Di tc dng ca ti trng, cc
nh nhm tip xc vi nhau gy ra hin tng ma st na t, thm ch c ma st
kh, do gim thp hiu sut lm vc, tng nhit lm vic ca mi ghp. Mt
khc, ti cc nh tip xc, lc tp trung ln, ng sut ln vt qu ng sut cho php
pht sinh bin dng do ph hng b mt tip xc, lm b mt b mn nhanh, nht l
thi k mn ban u. Thi k mn ban u cng ngn th thi gian phc v ca chi tit
cng gim.
i vi cc mi ghp c di ln, khi p hai chi tit vo nhau to mi
ghp th cc nhp nh b san phng, nhm cng ln th lng san phng cng ln,
di ca mi ghp cng gim nhiu, lm gim bn chc ca mi ghp.
Nhm cng nh th b mt cng nhn, kh nng chng li s n mn cng tt:
b mt cng nhn bng th cng lu b g.
nhm b mt l c s nh gi nhn b mt trong phm vi chiu di
chun rt ngn l. Theo tiu chun Nh nc th nhn b mt c chia lm 14 cp
ng vi gi tr ca R
a
, R
z
(cp 14 l cp nhn nht, cp 1 l cp nhm nht).
Trong thc t sn xut, ngi ta nh gi nhm b mt chi tit my theo cc
mc : th (cp 1 4), bn tinh (cp 5 7), tinh (cp 8 11), siu tinh (cp 12 14).
Trong thc t, thng nh gi nhm b mt bng mt trong hai ch tiu trn.
Vic chn ch tiu no l ty thuc vo cht lng yu cu v c tnh kt cu ca b
mt. Ch tiu R
a
c s dng ph bin nht v n cho php ta nh gi chnh xc hn
v thun li hn nhng b mt c yu cu nhm trung bnh. Vi nhng b mt qu
9
nhm hoc qu bng th ch tiu R
z
li cho ta kh nng nh gi chnh xc hn l
dng ch tiu R
a
. Ch tiu R
z
cn c s dng i vi nhng b mt khng th kim
tra trc tip thng s R
a
, nh nhng b mt kch thc nh hoc c profin phc tp.
b) sng b mt
sng b mt l chu k khng bng phng ca b mt chi tit my c
quan st trong phm vi ln hn nhm b mt.
Ngi ta da vo t l gn ng
gia chiu cao nhp nh v bc
sng phn bit nhm b mt
v sng ca b mt chi tit my.
l
L
h
H
Hnh 2.2- Tng qut v nhm v sng
b mt chi tit my
nhm b mt ng vi t l:
l/h = 0 50
sng b mt ng vi t l:
L/H = 50 1000
trong , L: khong cch 2 nh sng.
l: khong cch 2 nh nhp nh t vi.
H l chiu cao ca sng.
h: chiu cao nhp nh t vi.
2.1.2- Tnh cht c l ca b mt gia cng
a) Hin tng bin cng ca lp b mt
Trong qu trnh gia cng, tc dng ca lc ct lm x lch mng tinh th lp
kim loi b mt v gy bin dng do vng trc v vng sau li ct. Phoi kim loi
c to ra do bin dng do ca cc ht kim loi trong vng trt. Gia cc ht tinh
th kim loi xut hin ng sut. Th tch ring tng v mt kim loi gim vng
ct. Gii hn bn, cng, gin ca lp b mt c nng cao; ngc li tnh do
dai ca lp b mt li gim. Tnh dn t cng nh nhiu tnh cht khc ca lp b mt
cng thay i. Kt qu tng hp l lp b mt kim loi b cng ngui, chc li v c
cng t vi cao.
C 2 ch tiu nh gi bin cng:
- cng t vi.
- Chiu su ca lp bin cng.
Mc bin cng v chiu su lp bin cng b mt ph thuc vo tc dng
ca lc ct, mc bin dng do ca kim loi v nh hng nhit trong vng ct. Lc
ct (cng , thi gian tc dng) tng lm cho mc bin dng do ca vt liu
tng; qua lm tng mc bin cng v chiu su lp bin cng b mt. Nhit sinh
ra vng ct (nhit , thi gian tc dng) s hn ch hin tng bin cng b mt.
b) ng sut d trong lp b mt
10
Nguyn nhn gy ra ng sut d trong lp b mt chi tit my: su xa nht
vn l do bin dng do.
- Khi ct mt lp mng vt liu, trng lc xut hin gy ra bin dng do
khng u tng khu vc trong lp b mt. Khi trng lc mt i, bin dng do
khng ng u ny s gy ra ng sut d trong lp b mt.
- Bin dng do sinh ra khi ct lm chc lp vt liu b mt, lm tng th
tch ring ca lp kim loi mng ngoi cng. Lp kim loi bn trong do khng b
bin dng do nn vn gi th tch ring bnh thng. Lp kim loi ngoi cng c xu
hng tng th tch, gy ra ng sut d nn; v c lin h vi nhau nn lp kim loi
bn trong phi sinh ra ng sut d ko cn bng.
- Nhit sinh ra vng ct c tc dng nung nng cc b cc lp mng b
mt lm gim mun n hi ca vt liu, c khi lm gim ti tr s nh nht. Sau khi
ct, lp vt liu b mt vng ct b ngui nhanh co li, sinh ra ng sut d ko;
cn bng th lp kim loi bn trong phi sinh ra ng sut d nn.
- Kim loi b chuyn pha trong qu trnh ct v nhit sinh ra vng ct lm
thay i cu trc vt liu, dn n s thay i v th tch kim loi. Lp kim loi no
hnh thnh cu trc c th tch ring ln s sinh ra ng sut d nn; lp kim loi c
cu trc vi th tch ring b phi sinh ra ng sut d ko cn bng.
c) Phng php xc nh cht lng b mt
Trong thc t c nhiu phng php xc nh cht lng b mt chi tit my.
Sau y l mt s phng php chnh:
1 o nhm b mt:
- Dng mi d: o cc b mt c nhm ln.
- Dng my o quang hc: dng khi nhm nh.
- Dng cht do p ln chi tit, o nhm thng qua b mt cht do :
dng khi o nhm cc b mt l.
- Xc nh nhm bng cch so snh (bng mt) vt cn o vi mu c sn.
2 o ng sut d:
- Dng tia Rnghen: chiu tia ri kho st phn tch biu Rnghen.
- Dng cu trc in t:
3 o bin cng:
- cng: dng my o cng.
- Chiu su bin cng: ct mu, em mi bng ri cho xm thc ha hc
nghin cu cu trc lp b mt.
2.2- nh hng ca cht lng b mt ti kh nng lm
vic ca chi tit my
Kh nng lm vic ca chi tit my c quyt nh bi: tnh chng mn,
bn mi, tnh chng n mn ha hc, chnh xc cc mi lp ghp.
11
Cht lng b mt nh hng ng k n kh nng lm vic ca chi tit my.
C th k ra cc yu t b nh hng bi cht lng b mt nh: H s ma st, tnh
chng mn, cng vng tip xc, tnh dn in, dn nhit, bn mi, bn va
p, tnh chng n mn... Sau y ta ni n cc nh hng thng gp:
2.2.1- nh hng n tnh chng mn
a) nh hng n nhm b mt
Do b mt hai chi tit tip xc nhau c nhp nh t vi nn trong giai on u
ca qu trnh lm vic, hai b mt ny ch tip xc nhau mt s nh cao nhp nh;
din tch tip xc thc ch bng mt phn ca din tch tnh ton.
Ti cc nh tip xc , p sut rt
ln, thng vt qu gii hn chy, c khi
vt qu c gii hn bn ca vt liu. p
sut lm cho cc im tip xc b nn
n hi v lm bin dng do cc nhp
nh, l bin dng tip xc. Khi hai b
mt c chuyn ng tng i vi nhau
s xy ra hin tng trt do cc nh
Hnh 2.3- M hnh 2 b mt tip xc
nhp nh; cc nh nhp nh b mn nhanh lm khe h lp ghp tng ln. l hin
tng mn ban u.
Trong iu kin lm vic nh v va, mn ban u c th lm cho chiu cao
nhp nh gim 65 75%; lc din tch tip xc thc tng ln v p sut tip xc
gim i. Sau giai on mn ban u (chy r) ny, qu trnh mi mn tr nn bnh
thng v chm, l giai on mn bnh thng (giai on ny, chi tit my lm
vic tt nht).
Cui cng l giai on mn kch lit, khi b mt tip xc b trc ra, ngha l
cu trc b mt chi tit my b ph hng.
Mi quan h gia lng mn v thi gian s dng ca mt cp chi tit ma st
vi nhau ty theo nhm b mt ban u c biu th nh sau:
[u]
mn
0
t
3
t
2
t
1
T
3
T
2
T
1
c b a

Hnh 2.4- Qu trnh mi mn ca mt cp chi tit.
Cc ng c trng a, b, c ng vi ba nhm ban u khc nhau ca cc b
mt tip xc. ng c trng c, cp chi tit c nhn bng b mt ban u km
nht nn giai on mn ban u xy ra nhanh nht, cng mn ln nht giai
12
on mn ban u.
Thc nghim chng t rng, nu gim hoc tng nhm ti tr s ti u, ng
vi iu kin lm vic ca chi tit my th s t c lng mn ban u t nht, qua
, ko di tui th ca chi tit my.
mn
ban u u
(ng 1 ng vi iu kin
lm vic nh. ng 2 ng vi
iu kin lm vic nng).
u
2
u
1
0 R
a1
R
a2 R
a
Hnh 2.5- Quan h gia lng mn ban u u
v sai lch profin trung bnh cng R
a
2
1
Lng mn ban u t nht
ng vi gi tr ca R
a
ti cc im
R
a1
, R
a2
; l gi tr ti u ca
R
a
. Nu gi tr ca R
a
nh hn tr
s ti u R
a1
, R
a2
th s b mn
kch lit v cc phn t kim loi
d khuch tn. Ngc li, gi tr
ca R
a
ln hn tr s ti u R
a1
,
R
a2
th lng mn tng ln v cc
nhp nh b ph v v ct t.
b) nh hng ca lp bin cng b mt
Lp bin cng b mt ca chi tit my c tc dng nng cao tnh chng mn.
Bin cng b mt lm hn ch s khuch tn xy trong khng kh vo b mt chi tit
my to thnh cc xyt kim loi gy ra n mn kim loi. Ngoi ra, bin cng cn
hn ch qu trnh bin dng do ton phn ca chi tit my, qua hn ch hin
tng chy v hin tng mi mn.
Ngoi phng php gia cng ct gt, ngi ta dng cc phng php gia cng
bin dng do bin cng b mt: phun bi, ln bi, nong p ...
c) nh hng ca ng sut d trong lp b mt
ng sut d lp b mt chi tit my ni chung khng c nh hng ng k
ti tnh chng mn nu chi tit my lm vic trong iu kin ma st bnh thng.
2.2.2- nh hng n bn mi ca chi tit my
a) nh hng ca nhm b mt
nhm b mt c nh hng n bn mi ca chi tit my, nht l khi chi
tit my chu ti trng chu k c i du, ti trng va p v y cc nhp nh t vi
c ng sut tp trung ln, ng sut ny s gy ra cc vt nt t vi v pht trin y
cc nhp nh, l ngun gc ph hng chi tit my do mi.
Nu nhm thp th bn, gii hn mi ca vt liu s cao, v ngc li.
13
B mt b bin cng c th lm tng bn mi khong 20%. Chiu su v
mc bin cng ca lp b mt u c nh hng n bn mi ca chi tit my;
c th l hn ch kh nng gy ra cc vt nt t vi lm ph hng chi tit, nht l khi b
mt chi tit c ng sut nn.
ng sut d nn trn lp b mt c tc dng nng cao bn mi, cn ng sut
d ko li h thp bn mi ca chi tit my. V th, khi ch to ngi ta c gng
lm cho chi tit c c ng sut nn trn b mt.
Bng thc nghim ta c cng thc:
0 1
bd
1
tt
. =

trong :
tt
-1
: gii hn mi khi c ng sut d (thc t).

bd
-1
: gii hn mi khi khng c ng sut d (ban u).

0
: ng sut d ln nht, dng nu ng sut ko, m nu ng sut nn.
: l h s ph thuc vt liu, c cho trong cc s tay.
2.2.3- nh hng ti tnh chng n mn ha hc ca lp b
mt chi tit my
a) nh hng ca nhm b mt
Cc ch lm trn b mt do nhm to ra l ni cha cc tp cht nh axit,
mui... Cc tp cht ny c tc dng n mn ha hc i vi kim loi. Qu trnh n
mn ha hc trn lp b mt chi tit theo sn ca nhp nh v hnh thnh cc nhp
nh mi
Nh vy, b mt chi tit my cng t nhm th s cng t b n mn ha hc (v
kh nng cha cc tp cht t), bn knh y cc nhp nh cng ln kh nng chng
n mn ha hc ca lp b mt cng cao.
C th chng n mn ha hc bng cch ph ln b mt chi tit my mt lp
bo v bng phng php m hoc bng phng php c kh lm chc lp b mt.
Bin cng tng th tnh chng n mn gim v bin cng tng th s thay i
ca cc ht khng ng u. Ht ferrit bin dng nhiu hn ht peclit, iu lm
cho nng lng nng cao khng u v th nng in tch ca cc ht thay i khc
nhau. Ht ferrit bin cng nhiu hn s tr thnh ant. Ht peclit b bin cng t hn
s tr thnh catt. Lc ny, to ra cc pin n mn nn n mn s tng.
ng sut d hu nh khng nh hng n tnh chng mn khi lm vic
nhit bnh thng. Cn nhit cao th s c nh hng.
14
2.2.4- nh hng n chnh xc cc mi lp ghp
Trong giai on mn ban u, chiu cao nhp nh t vi R
z
, i vi mi ghp
lng c th gim i 65 75% lm khe h lp ghp tng ln v chnh xc lp ghp
gim i. m bo n nh ca mi lp lng trong thi gian s dng, phi gim
nhp nh t vi. Gi tr R
z
hp l c xc nh theo chnh xc ca mi lp ty
theo tr s ca dung sai kch thc lp ghp.
- Nu ng knh lp ghp > 50mm th R
z
= (0.1 0.15)T
- Nu ng knh lp ghp 18 < < 50mm th R
z
= (0.15 0.2)T
- Nu ng knh lp ghp < 18mm th R
z
= (0.2 0.25)T
Vi cc mi ghp c di ln khi p hai chi tit vo nhau to mi ghp th
nhm b san phng, nhm cng ln th lng san phng cng ln, di ca mi ghp
cng gim, bn mi ghp gim. R
z
tng th bn ca mi ghp cht gim.
V d: bn mi lp cht gia vnh bnh xe la v trc ng vi chiu cao nhp
nh t vi R
z
l 36.5 m s thp hn khong 40% so vi bn cng ca mi lp ng
vi R
z
l 18 m, v di mi lp ghp sau nh hn mi lp ghp trc c 15%.
Tm li, chnh xc cc mi lp ghp trong kt cu c kh ph thuc vo
cht lng cc b mt lp ghp. bn cc mi lp ghp, trong n nh ca
ch lp ghp gia cc chi tit, ph thuc vo nhm ca cc b mt lp ghp.
2.3- cc yu t nh hng n cht lng b mt chi tit
Trng thi v tnh cht ca lp b mt chi tit my trong qu trnh gia cng do
nhiu yu t cng ngh quyt nh nh tnh cht vt liu, thng s cng ngh, vt liu
dao, s rung ng trong qu trnh gia cng, dung dch trn ngui ...
Ngi ta chia cc yu t nh hng n cht lng b mt thnh 3 nhm:
- Cc yu t nh hng mang tnh in dp hnh hc ca dng c ct v ca
thng s cng ngh ln b mt gia cng.
- Cc yu t nh hng ph thuc vo bin dng do ca lp b mt.
- Cc yu t nh hng do rung ng my, dng c, chi tit gia cng.
2.3.1- nh hng n nhm b mt
a) Cc yu t mang tnh in dp hnh hc ca dng c ct v ch ct
nghin cu, ta xt phng php tin. Qua thc ngim, ngi ta xc
nh mi quan h gia cc thng s: nhp nh t vi R
z
, lng tin dao S, bn knh
mi dao r, chiu dy phoi nh nht c th ct c h
min
. Ty theo gi tr thc t ca
lng chy dao S m ta c th xc nh mi quan h trn nh sau:
- Khi S > 0.15 mm/vg th
r . 8
S
R
2
z
=
15
- Khi S < 0.1 mm/vg th
+ + =
2
min min
2
z
S
h . r
1
2
h
r . 8
S
R
y, h
min
ph thuc bn knh r ca mi dao:
+ Nu mi li ct bng kim cng mn, lc r = 10 m th h
min
= 4 m.
+ Mi dao hp kim cng bng thng nu r = 40 m th h
min
> 20 m.
- Khi S qu nh (< 0,03 mm/vg) th tr s ca R
z
li tng, tc l khi gia cng
tinh vi S qu nh s khng c ngha i vi vic ci thin cht lng b mt chi tit
v xy ra hin tng trt m khng to thnh phoi.
Chiu su ct t cng c nh hng tng t nh lng chy dao i vi chiu
cao nhp nh t vi, nu b qua o ca trc chnh my.
Cc thng s hnh hc ca li ct, c bit l gc trc v mn c nh
hng n R
z
. Khi gc tng th R
z
gim, mn dng c tng th R
z
tng.
Ngoi nh hng n nhm b mt, hnh dng hnh hc ca dng c ct v ch
ct cng nh hng n lp bin cng b mt v c tnh n qua h s hiu chnh.
V d: Xt s nh hng ca hnh dng hnh hc ca dng c ct v ch ct
n cht lng b mt chi tit khi tin.

S
1 m
1
R
z
1
2
S
1
1
R
z
1
2
c)
S
1
1
2
r
2
e)
R
z
a)

S
1
S
2
R
z
1
1
2
b)
1
2
S
1
1
1
2
t
f)
r
1
d)

R
z

R
z

Hnh 2.6- nh hng ca hnh dng hnh hc ca dng
c ct v ch ct n nhm b mt khi tin
16

Sau mt vng quay ca phi, dao tin s dch chuyn mt on l S
1
t v tr 1 n v
tr 2 (hnh 2.6a). Trn b mt gia cng s b cha li phn kim loi m khng c ht i bi
dao. Chiu cao nhp nh R
z
xc nh bi S
1
v hnh dng hnh hc ca dao ct.
Nu gim lng chy dao th chiu cao nhp nh cng gim (hnh 2.6b).
Thay i gi tr gc v
1
khng nhng lm thay i chiu cao nhp nh m cn
lm thay i c hnh dng nhp nh (hnh 2.6c).
Nu bn knh mi dao c dng trn r
1
th nhp nh cng c y lm trn (hnh 2.6d).
Nu tng bn knh mi dao ln r
2
th chiu cao nhp nh R
z
s gim (hnh 2.6e).
Khi bn knh nh r nh v lng chy dao S ln, ngoi phn cong ca li ct, phn
thng cng tham gia vo vic nh hng n hnh dng v chiu cao nhp nh (hnh 2.6f)
b) Cc yu t ph thuc bin dng do ca lp b mt
Khi gia cng vt liu do, b mt ngoi s bin dng rt nhiu lm cho cu
trc ca n thay i. Khi , hnh dng hnh hc v nhp nh u thay i.
Khi gia cng vt liu gin, c mt s phn nh li ph v, lm tng nhp
nh b mt.
1 Tc ct V l yu t c bn nht, nh hng ti s pht trin ca bin
dng do khi tin:
- Khi ct thp Cacbon vn tc thp, nhit ct khng cao, phoi kim loi tch
d, bin dng ca lp b mt khng nhiu, v vy nhm b mt thp. Khi tng vn
tc ct n khong V = 20 40 m/ph th nhit ct, lc ct u tng v c gi tr ln,
gy ra bin dng do mnh, mt trc v mt sau dao kim loi b chy do. Khi lp
kim loi b nn cht mt trc dao v nhit cao lm tng h s ma st vng ct
s hnh thnh lo dao. Lo dao lm tng nhm b mt gia cng. Nu tip tc tng
vn tc ct, lo dao b nung nng nhanh hn, vng kim loi bin dng b ph hy, lc
dnh ca lo dao khng thng ni lc ma st ca dng phoi v lo dao b cun i (lo
dao bin mt khi vn tc ct khong V = 30 60 m/ph). Vi vn tc ct V > 60 m/ph
th lo dao khng hnh thnh c nn nhm b mt gia cng gim, nhn tng.

V(m/ph)
R
z
b a
0 20 100 200
Hnh 2.7- nh hng ca vn tc ct n nhp nh t vi R
z

- Khi gia cng kim loi gin (gang), cc mnh kim loi b trt v v ra khng
c th t lm tng nhp nh t vi b mt. Tng vn tc ct s gim c hin tng
17
v vn ca kim loi, lm tng nhn bng ca b mt gia cng.
2 Lng chy dao S l thnh phn th hai ca ch ct nh hng nhiu
n chiu cao nhp nh R
z
. iu khng
nhng do lin quan v hnh hc ca dao m
cn do bin dng do v bin dng n hi
ca lp b mt.
Khi gia cng thp Carbon, vi gi tr
lng chy dao S = 0,02 0,15 mm/vg th b
mt gia cng c nhp nh t vi thp nht.
Nu gim S < 0,02 mm/vg th nhp nh t
vi s tng ln, nhn bng b mt gim v nh hng ca bin dng do ln hn nh
hng ca cc yu t hnh hc. Nu lng chy dao S > 0,15 mm/vg th bin dng n
hi s nh hng n s hnh thnh cc nhp nh t vi, kt hp vi nh hng ca cc
yu t hnh hc lm cho nhm b mt tng ln nhiu.
V(m/ph)
R
z
C
B
A
0 0,02 0,15
Hnh 2.8- nh hng ca lng chy
dao n nhp nh t vi R
z
.
Nh vy, m bo t nhn bng b mt v nng sut cao nn chn gi
tr lng chy dao S = 0,05 0,12 mm/vg i vi thp Carbon.
3 Chiu su ct t cng c nh hng tng t nh lng chy dao S n
nhm b mt gia cng, nhng trong thc t, ngi ta thng b qua nh hng ny.
V vy, trong qu trnh gia cng ngi ta chn trc chiu su ct t.
Ni chung, khng nn chn gi tr chiu su ct qu nh v khi li ct s
b trt v ct khng lin tc. Gi tr chiu su ct t 0,02 0,03 (mm).
4 Tnh cht vt liu cng c nh hng n nhm b mt ch yu l do
kh nng bin dng do. Vt liu do v dai (thp t Cacbon) d bin dng do s cho
nhm b mt ln hn vt liu cng v gin.
Khi gia cng thp Carbon, t nhm b mt thp, ngi ta thng tin
hnh thng ha nhit 850 870
0
C (hoc ti thp) trc khi gia cng. ci
thin iu kin ct v nng cao tui th dng c ct ngi ta thng tin hnh
900
0
C trong 5 gi cu trc kim loi c ht nh v ng u.
c) nh hng do rung ng ca h thng cng ngh n cht lng b mt
Qu trnh rung ng trong h thng cng ngh to ra chuyn ng tng i
c chu k gia dng c ct v chi tit gia cng, lm thay i iu kin ma st, gy
nn sng v nhp nh t vi trn b mt gia cng.
Sai lch ca cc b phn my lm cho chuyn ng ca my khng n nh, h
thng cng ngh s c dao ng cng bc, ngha l cc b phn my khi lm vic s
c rung ng vi nhng tn s khc nhau, gy ra sng dc v sng ngang trn b mt
gia cng vi bc sng khc nhau.
Khi h thng cng ngh c rung ng, sng v nhp nh t vi dc s
tng nu lc ct tng, chiu su ct ln v tc ct cao.
Tnh trng my c nh hng quyt nh n nhm ca b mt gia cng.
18
Mun t nhm b mt gia cng thp, trc ht phi m bo cng vng, phi
iu chnh my tt v gim nh hng ca cc my khc xung quanh.
2.3.2- nh hng n bin cng b mt
Khi tng lc ct, nhit ct v mc bin dng do th mc bin cng b
mt tng. Nu ko di tc dng ca lc ct, nhit ct trn b mt kim loi s lm tng
chiu su lp bin cng b mt.
Nu gc trc tng t gi tr m n gi tr dng th mc v chiu su
bin cng b mt chi tit gim.
Vn tc ct tng lm gim thi gian tc ng ca lc gy ra bin dng kim
loi, do lm gim chiu su bin cng v mc bin cng b mt.
Qua thc nghim, ngi ta c kt lun:
- V < 20 m/ph: chiu su lp bin cng tng theo gi tr ca vn tc ct
- V > 20 m/ph: chiu su lp bin cng gim theo gi tr ca lng chy dao
Ngoi ra, bin cng b mt cng tng nu dng c ct b mn, b cn.
2.3.3- nh hng n ng sut d b mt
Qu trnh hnh thnh ng sut d b mt khi gia cng ph thuc vo s bin
dng n hi, bin dng do, bin i nhit v hin tng chuyn pha trong cu trc
kim loi. Qu trnh ny rt phc tp.
* i vi dng c ht mi: Cc chi tit gia cng bng ht mi t do (mi
nghin) thng c ng sut d ko, cn nu mi bng ai mi hoc mi th c ng
sut d nn.
* i vi dng c c li ct: Ta xt qu trnh bo:
n
p
r
v
z
Lc ct R c phn
thnh lc php tuyn N v
lc tip tuyn P.
Lc ct R lm cho lp b
mt gia cng b bin dng
do v bin dng n hi.
Lc php tuyn N gy ra
ng sut nn. Lc tip tuyn
P gy ra ng sut ct (trt
v ko).
Hnh 2.9- Quan h gia lc v gc khi bo
Nh vy, iu kin
to ra ng sut nn (ng sut
nn c li cho bn mi ca chi tit my) trn b mt gia cng s l:
( ) ( ) = + = = > > g cot 90 g cot g cot
N
P
P N .
0

vi: l h s poatxng.
19
l gc ma st gia dao v b mt gia cng.
l gc ct ca dao.
y, nu = (1 0.5) th: (1 0.5) > cotg( - )
ngha l: (45
0
72
0
) < ( - )
M thng th = 50
0
70
0
,

nh vy rt kh t c ng sut d nn trong
iu kin gc trc c gi tr dng ( > 0), m ch t c ng sut d nn nu
gc trc c gi tr m ( < 0).
20
Chng 3
chnh xc gia cng
3.1- khi nim v nh ngha
chnh xc gia cng ca chi tit my l mc ging nhau v hnh hc,
v tnh cht c l lp b mt ca chi tit my c gia cng so vi chi tit my l
tng trn bn v thit k.
Ni chung, chnh xc ca chi tit my c gia cng l ch tiu kh t v
gy tn km nht k c trong qu trnh xc lp ra n cng nh trong qu trnh ch to.
Trong thc t, khng th ch to c chi tit my tuyt i chnh xc, ngha
l hon ton ph hp v mt hnh hc, kch thc cng nh tnh cht c l vi cc gi
tr ghi trong bn v thit k. Gi tr sai lch gia chi tit gia cng v chi tit thit k
c dng nh gi chnh xc gia cng.
* Cc ch tiu nh gi chnh xc gia cng:
- chnh xc kch thc: c nh gi bng sai s kch thc tht so vi
kch thc l tng cn c v c th hin bng dung sai ca kch thc .
- chnh xc hnh dng hnh hc: l mc ph hp ln nht ca chng
vi hnh dng hnh hc l tng ca n v c nh gi bng cn, van,
khng tr, khng trn... (b mt tr), phng, thng (b mt phng).
- chnh xc v tr tng quan: c nh gi theo sai s v gc xoay
hoc s dch chuyn gia v tr b mt ny vi b mt kia (dng lm mt chun) trong
hai mt phng ta vung gc vi nhau v c ghi thnh iu kin k thut ring
trn bn v thit k nh song song, vung gc, ng tm, i xng....
- chnh xc hnh dng hnh hc t vi v tnh cht c l lp b mt:
nhm b mt, cng b mt...
Khi gia cng mt lot chi tit trong cng mt iu kin, mc d nhng nguyn
nhn sinh ra tng sai s ca mi chi tit l ging nhau nhng xut hin gi tr sai s
tng cng trn tng chi tit li khc nhau. S d c hin tng nh vy l do tnh cht
khc nhau ca cc sai s thnh phn.
Mt s sai s xut hin trn tng chi tit ca c lot u c gi tr khng i
hoc thay i nhng theo mt quy nh nht nh, nhng sai s ny gi l sai s h
thng khng i hoc sai s h thng thay i.
C mt sai s khc m gi tr ca chng xut hin trn mi chi tit khng theo
mt quy lut no c, nhng sai s ny gi l sai s ngu nhin.
3.2- cc phng php t chnh xc gia cng trn my
i vi cc dng sn xut khc nhau th s c phng hng cng ngh v t
chc sn xut khc nhau. t c chnh xc gia cng theo yu cu ta thng
dng hai phng php sau:
20
3.2.1- Phng php ct th tng kch thc ring bit
Sau khi g chi tit ln my, cho my ct i mt lp phoi trn mt phn rt ngn
ca mt cn gia cng, sau dng my, o th kch thc va gia cng. Nu cha t
kch thc yu cu th iu chnh dao n su thm na da vo du xch trn my, ri
li ct th tip mt phn nh ca mt cn gia cng, li o th v.v... v c th tip tc
cho n khi t n kch thc yu cu th mi tin hnh ct ton b chiu di ca
mt gia cng. Khi gia cng chi tit tip theo th li lm nh qu trnh ni trn.
Trc khi ct th thng phi ly du ngi th c th r chuyn ng ca
li ct trng vi du vch v trnh sinh ra ph phm do qu tay m dao n vo
qu su ngay ln ct u tin.
* u im:
- Trn my khng chnh xc vn c th t c chnh xc nh tay ngh
cng nhn.
- C th loi tr c nh hng ca dao mn n chnh xc gia cng, v
khi r g, ngi cng nhn b li cc sai s h thng thay i trn tng chi tit.
- i vi phi khng chnh xc, ngi th c th phn b lng d u n
nh vo qu trnh vch du hoc r trc tip.
- Khng cn n g phc tp.
* Khuyt im:
- chnh xc gia cng ca phng php ny b gii hn bi b dy lp phoi
b nht c th ct c. Vi dao tin hp kim cng mi bng li ct, b dy b nht
ct c khong 0,005 mm. Vi dao mn, b dy b nht khong 0,02 0,05 mm.
Ngi th khng th no iu chnh c dng c li ct ht i mt kch
thc b hn chiu dy ca lp phoi ni trn v do khng th bo m c sai s
b hn chiu dy lp phoi .
- Ngi th phi tp trung khi gia cng nn d mt, do d sinh ra ph phm.
- Do phi ct th nhiu ln nn nng sut thp.
- Trnh tay ngh ca ngi th yu cu cao.
- Do nng sut thp, tay ngh ca th yu cu cao nn gi thnh gia cng cao.
Phng php ny thng ch dng trong sn xut n chic, lot nh, trong
cng ngh sa cha, ch th. Ngoi ra, khi gia cng tinh nh mi vn dng phng
php ct th ngay trong sn xut hng lot loi tr nh hng do mn mi.
3.2.2- Phng php t ng t kch thc
Trong sn xut hng lot ln, hng khi, t chnh xc gia cng yu
cu, ch yu l dng phng php t ng t kch thc trn cc my cng c
c iu chnh sn.
phng php ny, dng c ct c v tr chnh xc so vi chi tit gia cng.
Hay ni cch khc, chi tit gia cng cng phi c v tr xc nh so vi dng c ct, v
tr ny c m bo nh cc c cu nh v ca g, cn g li c v tr xc nh
21
trn bn my cng nh cc nh v ring.
Khi gia cng theo phng php ny, my v dao c iu chnh sn.
Chi tit gia cng c nh v nh
c cu nh v tip xc vi mt y v mt
bn. Dao phay a ba mt c iu
chnh trc sao cho mt bn tri ca dao
cch mt bn ca nh v mt khong
cch b c nh v ng sinh thp nht ca
dao cch mt trn ca phin nh v pha
di mt khong bng a. Do vy, khi gia
cng c lot phi, nu khng k n
mn ca dao (coi nh dao khng mn) th
cc kch thc a v b nhn c trn chi
tit gia cng ca c lot u bng nhau.
2
a
K = const
b
Hnh 3.1- Phng php t ng
t kch thc trn my phay.
* u im:
- m bo chnh xc gia cng, gim bt ph phm. chnh xc t c
khi gia cng hu nh khng ph thuc vo trnh tay ngh cng nhn ng my v
chiu dy lp phoi b nht c th ct c bi v lng d gia cng theo phng php
ny s ln hn b dy lp phoi b nht c th ct c. (Khng cn cng nhn c tay
ngh cao nhng cn th iu chnh my gii).
- Ch cn ct mt ln l t kch thc yu cu, do nng sut cao.
- Nng cao hiu qu kinh t.
* Khuyt im: (nu quy m sn xut qu b)
- Ph tn v vic thit k, ch to g cng nh ph tn v cng, thi gian
iu chnh my v dao ln c th vt qu hiu qu m phng php ny mang li.
- Ph tn v vic ch to phi chnh xc khng b li c nu s chi tit gia
cng qu t khi t ng t kch thc nguyn cng u tin.
- Nu cht lng dng c km, mau mn th kch thc iu chnh s b ph
v nhanh chng. Do li phi iu chnh khi phc li kch thc iu chnh ban
u. iu ny gy tn km v kh phin phc.
3.3- cc nguyn nhn sinh ra sai s gia cng
Trong qu trnh gia cng, c rt nhiu nguyn nhn sinh ra sai s gia cng. Sai
s gia cng gm c sai s h thng v sai s ngu nhin.
Sai s xut hin trn tng chi tit ca c lot u c gi tr khng i gi l sai
s h thng khng i.
Hoc sai s xut hin trn tng chi tit ca c lot c gi tr thay i nhng
theo mt quy lut nht nh, sai s ny gi l sai s h thng thay i.
C mt sai s khc m gi tr ca chng xut hin trn mi chi tit khng theo
mt quy lut no c, nhng sai s ny gi l sai s ngu nhin.
22
Cc nguyn nhn sinh ra sai s h thng khng i:
- Sai s l thuyt ca phng php ct.
- Sai s ch to ca dng c ct, chnh xc v mn ca my, g,.
- bin dng ca chi tit gia cng.
Cc nguyn nhn sinh ra sai s h thng thay i:
- Dng c ct b mn theo thi gian.
- Bin dng v nhit ca my, g, dng c ct.
Cc nguyn nhn sinh ra sai s ngu nhin:
- Tnh cht vt liu ( cng) khng ng nht.
- Lng d gia cng khng u (do sai s ca phi).
- V tr ca phi trong g thay i (sai s g t)
- S thay i ca ng sut d.
- Do g dao nhiu ln.
- Do mi dao nhiu ln
- Do thay i nhiu my gia cng mt lot chi tit.
- Do dao ng nhit ca ch ct gt.
3.3.1- nh hng do bin dng n hi ca h thng cng ngh
H thng cng ngh MGDC (my, g, dao, chi tit) khng phi l mt h
thng tuyt i cng vng m ngc li khi chu tc dng ca ngoi lc n s b bin
dng n hi v bin dng tip xc. Trong qa trnh ct gt, cc bin dng ny gy ra
sai s kch thc v sai s hnh dng hnh hc ca chi tit gia cng.
Lc ct tc dng ln chi tit gia cng, sau thng qua g truyn n bn
my, thn my. Mt khc, lc ct cng tc dng ln dao v thng qua cn dao, bn
dao truyn n thn my. Bt k mt chi tit no ca cc c cu my, g, dng c
hoc chi tit gia cng khi chu tc dng ca lc ct t nhiu u b bin dng. V tr
xut hin bin dng tuy khng ging nhau nhng cc bin dng u trc tip hoc
gin tip lm cho dao ri khi v tr tng i so vi mt cn gia cng, gy ra sai s.
Gi l lng chuyn v tng i gia dao v chi tit gia cng do tc dng
ca lc ct ln h thng cng ngh. Lng chuyn v c th c phn tch thnh ba
lng chuyn v x, y, z theo ba trc ta X, Y, Z.
Khi tin, di tc dng ca lc
ct, dao tin b dch chuyn mt lng
l . Lc , bn knh ca chi tit gia
cng s tng t (R) n (R + R).
R
R
tt
R
P
y
P
z
z
Hnh 3.2- nh hng ca lng chuyn
v n kch thc gia cng khi tin.
y
Ta c:
( )
( )
2
2 2
y R
z
1 y R
z y R R R
tt
R
+
+ + =
+ + = + =

23
v z l rt nh so vi R nn
2
y R
z
+
l i lng nh khng ng k, gn ng ta c:
R
tt
R + y v R y.
Do , i vi dao mt li ct, lng chuyn v y (chuyn v theo phng
php tuyn ca b mt gia cng) c nh hng ti kch thc gia cng nhiu nht, cn
chuyn v z (chuyn v theo phng tip tuyn ca b mt gia cng) khng nh hng
nhiu n kch thc gia cng.
i vi dao nhiu li ct hoc dao nh hnh th c trng hp c ba chuyn
v x, y, z u c nh hng n chnh xc gia cng. xc nh nh hng ny,
ngi ta phi dng phng php thc nghim. Phn lc ct tc dng ln h thng
cng ngh MGDC thnh ba thnh phn lc P
x
, P
y
, P
z
, sau o bin dng ca h
thng theo ba phng X, Y, Z.
Trong tnh ton, ngi ta ch quan tm n lc php tuyn P
y
, trng hp yu
cu chnh xc cao, th phi tnh n nh hng ca P
x
, P
z
bng cch nhn thm
h s.
P
y
l thnh phn lc php tuyn thng gc vi mt gia cng v y l lng
chuyn v tng i gia dao v chi tit gia cng. T s
y
P
y
c gi l cng vng
ca h thng cng ngh v k hiu l J
HT
:
( ) mm / kG mm / MN
y
P
J
y
HT
=
Nh vy, tr s bin dng y c quan h vi lc tc dng theo hng v vi
cng vng ca h thng cng ngh.
nh ngha v cng vng: cng vng ca h thng cng ngh l kh
nng chng li bin dng ca n khi c ngoi lc tc dng vo.
Lng chuyn v ca h thng cng ngh khng phi l chuyn v ca mt chi
tit m l chuyn v ca c mt h thng gm nhiu chi tit lp ghp vi nhau. Do ,
theo nguyn l cng c lp tc dng ta c:
y = y
m
+ y
g
+ y
d
+ y
p
Mt khc, theo nh ngha ta c:
=
J
1
. P y
y

T , suy ra:
= + + + =
i p d g m
J
1
J
1
J
1
J
1
J
1
J
1

iu ny cho thy rng, h thng cng c nhiu thnh phn th cng km cng
vng. Vi mt chi tit c cng vng l J, nu ta chia chi tit ny thnh nhiu
chi tit nh khc ri ghp li th chi tit mi s c cng vng km hn trc.
Tuy nhin, i khi ta phi chia nh chi tit ra cho d gia cng, lc ny cn phi
chn phng php ph hp vn m bo vic gia cng v cng vng.
24
Gi
J
1
= l mm do, th ta c:
HT
=
m
+
g
+
d
+
p
Ta c nh ngha mm do: " mm do ca h thng l kh nng bin
dng n hi ca h thng cng ngh di tc dng ca ngoi lc".
a) nh hng ca cng vng h thng cng ngh
thy r hn nh hng ca cng vng h thng cng ngh n chnh
xc gia cng, ta kho st qu trnh tin mt trc trn. Chi tit c g trn hai mi
tm, v tr tng i gia dao v chi tit ph thuc vo v tr tng i ca trc,
sau v bn dao. Do vy, ta kho st chuyn v ca tng b phn ni trn, ri tng hp
li s c chuyn v ca c h thng cng ngh, t bit c sai s gia cng.
Sai s do chuyn v ca hai mi tm gy ra
Gi s, xt ti v tr m dao ct cch mi tm sau mt khong l x.
Lc ct php tuyn ti im
ang ct l P
y
. Lc ny, do km
cng vng nn mi tm sau b
dch chuyn mt on y
s
t
im B n B, cn mi tm
trc b dch chuyn mt on
y
t
t im A n A. Nu xem
chi tit gia cng cng tuyt i
th ng tm ca chi tit s
dch chuyn t AB n AB.
y
t
B A
L
P
y
x
C
A
r
1
B
D
C
y
s
P
s
P
t
Hnh 3.3- S tin trc trn trn hai mi tm
Gi L l chiu di trc cn gia cng, lc ny lc tc dng ln mi tm sau l:
( )
( )
L
x L
. P P 0 x L . P L . P 0 m
y s y s A
= = =
Lc tc dng ln mi tm trc s l:
L
x
. P P P P P
y t y s t
= = +
Lng chuyn v ca mi tm sau theo phng lc tc dng P
y
:
( )
L
x L
.
J
P
J
P
y
s
y
s
s
s
= = (1)
Lng chuyn v ca mi tm trc theo phng lc tc dng P
y
:
L
x
.
J
P
J
P
y
t
y
t
t
t
= = (2)
Vy, v tr tng i ca mi dao so vi tm quay ca chi tit s dch chuyn i
mt khong t C n C: ( )
( )
L
x L
. y y y CD' CD CC'
t s t
+ = + = (3)
25
Nh vy, nu cha k n bin dng ca chi tit gia cng th i lng CC
chnh l lng tng bn knh r
1
ca chi tit gia cng ti mt ct ang xt.
Thay (1), (2) vo (3) ta c:
( )
2
2
t
y
2
2
s
y
1
L
x
.
J
P
L
x L
.
J
P
r +
=
T phng trnh ny ta thy, khi ta thc hin chuyn ng n dao dc ct
ht chiu di chi tit (tc l khi x thay i) th lng tng bn knh r
1
l mt
ng cong parabol.
T , ta thy r nh hng ca cng vng ca hai mi tm khng nhng
gy ra sai s kch thc m cn c sai s hnh dng, n lm cho trc tin c dng
lm gia v loe hai u.
Sai s do bin dng ca chi tit gia cng
Chi tit gia cng c cng vng khng phi l tuyt i nh khi ta xt trn,
m n cng s b bin dng khi chu tc dng ca lc ct. Ngay ti im m lc ct
tc dng, chi tit gia cng s b vng. vng chnh l lng tng bn knh r
2
v
cng l mt thnh phn ca sai s gia cng.
Lng tng bn knh r
2
ny hon ton c th xc nh c nh cc bi ton
c bn v bin dng n hi ca mt h di tc dng ca ngoi lc. Sau y l vi
kt qu cho cc trng hp in hnh:
- Trng hp chi tit g trn 2 mi tm
( )
L
x L x
.
EI 3
P
r
2 2
y
2
=
vi: E: mun n hi ca vt liu
chi tit gia cng.
I: mmen qun tnh ca mt
ct gia cng (vi trc trn I = 0,05d
4
).
Khi dao chnh gia chi tit th r
2
l ln nht:
EI 48
L P
r
3
y
max 2
=
L
x
- Trng hp chi tit g trn mm cp (cngxn)
Khi gia cng nhng chi tit ngn
c 5
d
L
< , phi ch cn g trn mm cp.
L
d
y
max
x
Lng chuyn v cc i ca phi:
EI 3
L
. P y
3
y max
=
Trong trng hp ny cng
vng ca phi s l:
3
p
L
EI 3
J =
26
- Trng hp phi c g trn mm cp v c chng mi tm sau
L
x
P
y N
B
y
max
Khi phi c g nh bn th vic
xc nh lng chuyn v cc i ca
phi phi gii bng bi ton siu tnh.
Ta c:
I . E . 102
3
L . P
y
y
max
=
ti v tr: 414 , 0 1 2
L
x
= =
v:
3
p
L
I . E . 102
J =

- Trng hp gia cng trc trn c thm luynet
Khi gia cng trc trn di
c t s 10
d
L
> , cn thit phi
c thm luynet.
L
x
P
y
P
y
R
1
Nu l luynet c nh th
lng chuyn v cc i ca
phi theo phng P
y
c xc
nh bng cng thc:
I . E . 48
L . P . 089 , 0
y
3
y
max
=
ti v tr: 2343 , 0
L
x
= , cng
vng ca phi:
3
p
L . 089 , 0
I . E . 48
J =
Sai s do bin dng ca dao v g dao:
Dao ct v g dao khi chu tc dng ca ngoi lc cng b bin dng n hi
v lm cho bn knh chi tit gia cng tng ln mt lng r
3
vi:
d
y
3
J
P
r = .
cng vng J
d
ca dao ct v g dao l hng s. dao s mang dao ct di
chuyn dc theo trc ca chi tit ct ht chiu di. V vy, v tr bt k khi coi
ch ct l khng i th P
y
lun l hng s. V th, r
3
cng l hng s.
iu ny chng t rng r
3
ch c th gy ra sai s kch thc ng knh ca
chi tit gia cng m khng gy ra sai s hnh dng. Do , bng cch ct th, o v
iu chnh li chiu su ct hon ton c th kh c r
3
.
27
b) nh hng do dao mn
Khi dao mn s lm cho li ct b cn i, vic lm cho kch thc gia cng
thay i, lc ct cng thay i mt lng P
y
t l thun vi din tch mn U
m
.
Ngoi ra, cc thng s hnh hc ca dao cng c nh hng n lng thay i
lc php tuyn P
y
. Do vy, khi xc nh P
y
ngoi mn dao cn phi nhn thm cc
h s iu chnh.
Ta c: P
y
= K
dm
. K
. K
. K
r
. U
m
(cc h s t l c tra theo bng)
Khi gia cng trn cc my iu chnh sn (theo phng php t ng t
kch thc), mn dao s gy ra sai s h thng thay i.
c) nh hng do sai s ca phi
Tng qut th sai s ng knh ca chi tit gia cng do nh hng ca
cng vng l: ( )
= = + + =
J
P
2 y . 2 y y y 2 D
y
p d m
, vi P
y
= C
Py
. S
y
. t
x
. HB
n
= C
y
. S
y
. t
x
.
Do sai s v hnh dng hnh hc ca phi trong qu trnh ch to m trong qu
trnh ct lng d gia cng thay i, lm cho chiu su ct cng thay i v lc ct
thay i theo, gy nn sai s hnh dng cng loi trn chi tit.
Nu gi
p
l sai s ca
phi th khi gia cng s xut
hin sai s ca chi tit l
ct
.
Ta c:
ph
= 2R
ph
= 2(R
ph max
- R
ph min
)
= 2(t
0 max
- t
0 min
)
v
ct
= 2
ct
= 2(y
max
- y
min
)
vi, t
0
l chiu su ct tnh ton
khi iu chnh my; nu gi t
l chiu ct thc t th:
t = t
0
- y
Do : t
max
= t
0 max
- y
max
t
min
= t
0 min
- y
min
Gi
ct
ph
= l h s chnh xc ha,
ph
ct
K
= l h s gim sai (h s in dp).

Kch thc
khi iu chnh
D
c
t
m
a
x
D
p
h

m
a
x
y
m
a
x
t

m
a
x
D
ct min
D
ph min
y
min
t
min
Hnh 3.4- nh hng sai s hnh dng ca phi
n sai s hnh dng ca chi tit khi tin.

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
min max min max
min max
min min max max
min max
min 0 max 0
min max
y y t t
y y
y t y t
y y
t t
y y
K
+

=
+ +

=
=
Vy, 1
y y
t t
1
K
1
min max
min max
>
+ = = .
28
Hay
ph
>
ct
, iu ny ni ln rng sau mi bc gia cng, sai s s gim i.
Nu cng ln th sai s ca phi nh hng n sai s ca chi tit cng gim.
T phi ban u c sai s
ph
, sau khi gia cng ln 1 s c chi tit c sai s
l D
1
. Sau gia cng ln 2, sai s chi tit s l D
2
, suy ra
2
1
D
D
= .
C nh vy, n ln ct th i, sai s ca chi tit sau ln ct i l D
i
, h s chnh
xc l:
i
1 i
D
D
=

.
Nhn cc h s chnh xc sau i ln ct, ta c:
=
ln
D
ln
i
D
i
ph
i
ph
i
.
Ch rng, vic tnh s bc cng ngh ch ng n s bc th i no m
sai s gia cng D
i
ca chi tit ln hn sai s do nh hng ca h thng cng ngh.
Tm li, khng th sau mt ln gia cng m ta c chi tit c chnh xc
theo yu cu, v cc ln gia cng v sau th nh hng ca sai s do phi cng t.
3.3.2- nh hng do chnh xc v tnh trng mn ca my,
g v dao ct
a) nh hng ca my
Vic hnh thnh cc b mt gia cng l do cc chuyn ng ct ca nhng b
phn chnh ca my nh trc chnh, bn xe dao, bn my... Nu cc chuyn ng ny
c sai s, tt nhin n s phn nh ln b mt gia cng ca chi tit my.
* Nu ng tm trc chnh my tin
khng song song vi sng trt ca thn
my trong mt phng nm ngang th khi tin
chi tit gia cng s c hnh cn.
L
r
max
L
r
max
Sng trt
a
Sng trt
Ta c, r
max
- r = a, vi a l khng
song song trong mt phng nm ngang trn
chiu di L.
* Nu ng tm trc chnh my tin
khng song song vi sng trt ca thn
my trong mt phng thng ng th khi tin
chi tit gia cng s c hnh hypecblit.
Ta c, r
max
2
= r
2
+ b
2
, vi b l khng
song song trong mt phng thng ng trn
chiu di L.
29
Sng trt
* Nu sng trt khng thng trn mt
phng nm ngang s lm cho qu o chuyn
ng ca mi dao khng thng, lm cho
ng knh chi tit gia cng ch to, ch nh.
ng knh D
i
ti mt mt ct no s
l: D
i
= D 2
vi: D l ng knh ti mt ct nu sng trt thng; l lng dch chuyn ln
nht ca sng trt trn mt phng nm ngang so vi v tr tnh ton.
* lch tm ca mi tm
trc so vi tm quay ca trc
chnh s lm cho ng tm ca
chi tit gia cng khng trng vi
ng tm ca hai l tm
c gia cng trc g t.
Chi tit vn c tit din trn
nhng tm ca n lch vi
ng ni hai l tm l e
1
.
Tm quay khi
gia cng phn A
Tm quay khi
gia cng phn B
ng ni hai l tm
A B
Tm quay
(tm trc chnh my)
e
A
e
1
A-A

Bn my
S

Bn my
S
* Nu chi tit gia cng trong
mt ln g th ng tm ca chi
tit l ng thng nhng hp
vi ng ni hai l tm mt
gc . Nhng nu gia cng vi
hai ln g (i u) th mi on
ct c mt ng tm ring.
* Nu trc chnh my phay
ng khng thng gc vi mt
phng ca bn my theo phng
ngang th mt phng phay c
s khng song song vi mt
phng y ca chi tit c
nh v trn bn my. khng
song song ny chnh bng
khng vung gc ca ng tm
trc chnh trn c chiu rng
ca chi tit gia cng.
* Nu trc chnh my phay
ng khng thng gc vi mt
phng ca bn my theo phng
dc ca bn my th b mt gia
cng s b lm.
30
My d c ch to nh th no th sau mt thi gian s dng cng b mn.
Hin tng mn trong qu trnh s dng l do ma st gia cc mt c chuyn ng
tng i vi nhau. Nht l khi c bi phoi trn ln vi du bi trn th hin tng
mi mn cng nhanh. Ngoi ra, du bi trn v dung dch trn ngui cn gy nn
hin tng n mn ha hc nhng b phn n tc dng vo v lm mn thm
nhanh. Trng thi mn ca my s gy ra sai s mang tnh cht h thng.
b) nh hng ca g
Sai s ch to, lp rp g cng nh hng n chnh xc ca chi tit gia
cng. Nu g ch to c sai s hoc b mn sau mt thi gian s dng s lm thay
i v tr tng quan gia my, dao v chi tit gia cng, do , gy ra sai s gia cng.
m bo chnh xc gia cng (b li nhng sai s do ch to, lp rp, mn
cc chi tit chnh ca g), chnh xc ca g c ch to ra phi cao hn t
nht mt cp so vi chnh xc ca kch thc cn t c s gia cng trn g
. iu ny khng d dng t c khi gia cng nhng chi tit c chnh xc cao.
c) nh hng ca dng c ct
chnh xc ch to dng c ct, mc mi mn ca n v sai s g t
dng c trn my u nh hng n chnh xc gia cng.
Khi gia cng bng cc dng c nh kch thc (mi khoan, khot, doa,
chut...) th sai s ch to dng c nh hng trc tip n chnh xc gia cng.
Dao phay ngn, phay a dng gia cng rnh then th sai s ng knh v
chiu rng ca dao cng nh hng trc tip n chnh xc chiu rng rnh then.
Sai s bc ren, gc nng ca ren, gc nh ren, ng knh trung bnh ca cc
loi tar, bn ren u phn nh trc tip ln ren gia cng.
Khi gia cng bng cc loi dao nh hnh, nu prfin ca li ct c sai s s
lm sai b mt gia cng.
Ngoi sai s ch to, trong qu trnh ct, dao s b mn v nh hng rt ln
n chnh xc gia cng. Ty theo mc mn, dao c th thay i c hnh dng ln
kch thc v sinh ra sai s trn chi tit gia cng di dng sai s h thng thay i.
Ngoi ra, vic g t dao khng chnh xc cng gy nn sai s kch thc v
hnh dng hnh hc ca chi tit gia cng. V d, khi tin ren, nu dao g khng vung
gc vi ng tm chi tit th gc ren ct ra bn phi v bn tri khng bng nhau
Hay khi tin trc trn, nu dao g cao hn hoc thp hn tm quay ca chi tit th s
lm cho ng knh chi tit gia cng tng ln mt lng.
3.3.3- nh hng do bin dng nhit ca my, dao v chi tit
a) nh hng do bin dng nhit ca my
Khi my lm vic, nhit cc b phn khc nhau c th chnh lch khong
10 15
0
C, sinh ra bin dng khng u v my s mt chnh xc.
31
nh hng n chnh xc gia cng nhiu nht l bin dng nhit ca
trc chnh. Nhit tng lm cho tm trc chnh x dch theo hng ngang v hng
ng v cc im trn n c nhit khc nhau.
Thng thng, nhit tng nhiu nht trc chnh, nhit y c th
cao hn cc ni khc ca trc chnh t 30 40%.
X dch theo hng ngang lm thay i kch thc v hnh dng ca chi tit
gia cng, gy ra sai s h thng thay i. Khi s vng quay trc chnh n cng ln
th s x dch cng nhiu v t l thun vi n .
Thi gian t nng trc chnh khong 3 5 gi, sau nhit t nng
cng nh v tr tm s n nh. Nu tt my s xy ra qu trnh lm ngui chm v
tm ca trc chnh s x dch theo hng ngc li.
khc phc sai s gia cng do bin dng nhit gy ra c th cho my chy
khng ti chng 2 3 gi ri mi tin hnh iu chnh my.
Ngoi ra, i vi cc my cng c chnh xc cao, nh nng mt tri chiu vo
cng lm cho my mt chnh xc.
b) nh hng do bin dng nhit ca dao ct
Ti vng ct, hu ht cng c hc cn thit cho qa trnh ct u chuyn thnh
nhit. Ty theo ch ct, vt liu lm dao, vt liu gia cng m t l phn nhit phn
b vo phoi, chi tit gia cng, dng c ct v mt phn ta ra mi trng xung quanh
s khc nhau.
Khi nhit ct truyn vo dao, dao b n di, mi dao vn thm v pha trc
lm cho ng knh ngoi gim i, ng knh l tng ln. Cho n khi dao trng
thi cn bng nhit th dao khng n di thm na v nu khng c s mn dao th
kch thc gia cng s khng i.
c) nh hng do bin dng nhit ca chi tit gia cng
Mt phn nhit vng ct truyn vo chi tit gia cng, lm n bin dng v
gy ra sai s gia cng. Nu chi tit c nung nng ton b th ch gy ra sai s kch
thc, cn nu b nng khng u th cn gy ra c sai s hnh dng.
Nhit ca chi tit gia cng trong qu trnh ct ph thuc vo ch ct.
Khi tin, nu tng vn tc ct v lng chy dao, tc l rt ngn thi gian nung nng
lin tc chi tit gia cng th nhit ca n s nh. Cn chiu su ct tng th nhit
chi tit gia cng cng tng theo.
3.3.4- Sai s do rung ng pht sinh ra trong qu trnh ct
Rung ng ca h thng cng ngh trong qu trnh ct khng nhng lm tng
nhm b mt v sng, lm cho dao nhanh mn m cn lm cho lp kim loi
mt b cng ngui, hn ch kh nng ct gt.
Rung ng lm cho v tr tng i gia dao ct v vt gia cng thay i theo
32
chu k, nu tn s thp, bin ln s sinh ra sng b mt; nu tn s cao, bin
thp s sinh ra nhm b mt.
Ngoi ra, rung ng lm cho chiu su ct, tit din phoi v lc ct s tng,
gim theo chu k, lm nh hng ti sai s gia cng.
3.3.5- Sai s do chn chun v g t chi tit gia cng gy ra
c th gia cng c phi g t chi tit ln my. Bn thn vic g t ny
cng c sai s v nh hng trc tip n chnh xc gia cng. Khi g t khng
hp l, sai s do g t ln v nh hng n chnh xc gia cng.
3.3.6- Sai s do phng php o v dng c o gy ra
Trong qu trnh ch to, vic kim tra, o lng cng gy ra sai s v nh
hng n chnh xc gia cng. Nhng sai s do o lng bao gm:
- Sai s do dng c o: tuy l dng c nh gi chnh xc gia cng
nhng bn thn n khi ch to, lp rp cng b sai s.
- Sai s do phng php o nh chn chun , cch c, lc o khng u....
- Sai s do mn ca dng c sau mt thi gian s dng,
gim bt nh hng ca o lng n chnh xc gia cng, khi o lng
phi chn dng c o v phng php o ph hp vi chnh xc theo yu cu.
3.4- cc phng php xc nh chnh xc gia cng
3.4.1- Phng php thng k kinh nghim
y l phng php n gin nht, cn c vo chnh xc bnh qun kinh t
nh gi.
chnh xc bnh qun kinh t l chnh xc c th t c mt cch kinh
t trong iu kin sn xut bnh thng, l iu kin sn xut c c im sau:
- Thit b gia cng hon chnh.
- Trang b cng ngh t c yu cu v cht lng.
- S dng bc th trung bnh.
- Ch ct theo tiu chun v nh mc thi gian cng theo tiu chun.
Cch tin hnh: Cho gia cng trn mt loi my, mt ch cng ngh, bc
th trong iu kin tiu chun v xem th t c chnh xc gia cng ra sao.
Lm nhiu ln nh th, thng k li kt qu t c v lp thnh bng.
chnh xc bnh qun kinh t khng phi l chnh xc cao nht c th t
c ca mt phng php gia cng v cng khng phi l chnh xc c th t
c trong bt k iu kin no.
Phng php ny nn dng lm tham kho v khi vn dng phi cn c thm
iu kin sn xut c th xc nh cho thch hp.
3.4.2- Phng php xc sut thng k
Phng php ny c s dng trong sn xut hng lot v hng khi.
Cch tin hnh: Ct th mt lot chi tit c s lng thu c nhng
33
c tnh phn b ca kch thc t c. Thng thng, s lng chi tit ct th t
60 n 100 chi tit trong mt ln iu chnh my. o kch thc thc ca tng chi
tit trong c lot. Tm kch thc gii hn ln nht, nh nht ca c lot. Chia
khong gii hn t ln nht n nh nht thnh mt s khong (thng ln hn
6 khong). Xc nh s lng chi tit c kch thc nm trong mi khong v xy
dng ng cong phn b kch thc thc nghim.
ng cong thc nghim c trc honh l kch thc t c, cn trc tung l
tn sut ca cc kch thc xut hin trong mi mt khong. Trn ng cong thc
nghim ta thy rng: kch thc phn b ca c lot chi tit ct th tp trung khong
gia. S chi tit ct th trong mt ln iu chnh my cng ln th ng cong cng c
dng tim cn n ng cong phn b chun Gauss.

y
Hnh 3.6- ng cong phn
b kch thc chun Gauss.
0
L
b kch thc thc nghim.

Phng trnh ng cong phn b chun c vit di dng:

( )
2
2
i
2
L L
e .
2 .
1
y

=
vi, : phng sai ca ng cong phn b.
L
i
: kch thc thc t c ca chi tit ct th th i
L: kch thc trung bnh cng ca lot chi tit ct th.

n
L
L
n
1 i
i
=
= ; trong , n l s lng chi tit ct th ca mt lot trong
mt ln iu chnh my.
Phng sai ca ng cong phn b tc thi xc nh theo cng thc:
( )
n
L L
n
1 i
2
i
=

=
Trong khong 3, cc nhnh ca ng cong gn st vi trc honh v
gii hn ti 99,73% ton b din tch ca n. Nh vy, trong phm vi 3 ng
cong phn b chun cha ti 99,73% s chi tit trong c lot ct th.
34
ngha: Gi s c hai ng cong
phn b kch thc y
1
v y
2
vi khong
phn tn tng ng l 6
1
v 6
2
. Dung
sai ca kch thc cn gia cng l T. Ta
thy rng, y
2
c cp chnh xc cao hn
y
1
(v
2
<
1
) v y
2
c 6
2
< T nn s
khng c ph phm, cn y
1
c 6
1
> T
nn s c ph phm.
Tuy nhin, ng cong phn b chun mi ch th hin tnh cht phn b
ca cc sai s ngu nhin. Trong qu trnh gia cng, cc sai s ngu nhin, sai s h
thng thay i, sai s h thng khng i cng ng thi xut hin. V vy, sau khi
xc nh c phng sai ca sai s ngu nhin cn phi xc nh quy lut bin
i ca sai s h thng thay i B(t). Ring sai s h thng khng i A s khng
nh hng n s phn tn kch thc gia cng v c th trit tiu c n khi iu
chnh my.
y
2
y
1
6
2
6
1
T
min

max
L
0
Hnh 3.7- ng cong phn b kch thc thc.
-3
=
3
B
3
3
B
=
1 , 1
3
B
=
67 , 0
3
B
=
0
3
B
=
3
Hnh 3.8- ng cong phn b khng i xng.
Hnh 3.9- ng cong phn b kch thc
ca 2 nhm chi tit trn 2 my khc nhau.
Nh vy, trong qu trnh
gia cng, phn b kch thc
thc phi l t hp ca quy
lut phn b chun v quy
lut bin i sai s h thng
thay i l quy lut ng xc
sut. Lc ny, ng cong
phn b kch thc s ph
thuc vo t l
3
B
.
Nu sai s h thng thay
i khng tuyn tnh vi thi
gian th ng cong phn b
kch thc s khng i xng.
Lc , d m bo 6 T
nhng c th vn c ph phm.
Nu khi gia cng mt lot
chi tit m c hai hay nhiu
nhm chi tit c sai s h
thng khc nhau th ng
cong phn b s c hai hoc
nhiu nh. V d nh mt lot
chi tit nhng c gia cng trn hai my khc nhau th ng cong phn b s c 2
nh.
35
B

b c tnh ti cc sai s ngu
nhin v sai s h thng.
Ngoi ra, c th t hp cc sai s ngu
nhin v cc sai s h thng thay i bng cch
x dch ng cong phn b chun i mt lng
bng sai s h thng nhng vn gi nguyn hnh
dng ng cong phn b (hnh 3.10). Trong
trng hp ny, khong phn tn tng cng cc
kch thc c lot chi tit ct th c xc nh
theo cng thc:
= 6 + B
Phng php ny tuy n gin nhng tn km v phi ct th c lot chi tit.
gim bt chi ph ng thi rt ngn thi gian xc nh quy lut phn b kch
thc, ngi ta dng cc s liu c sn tham kho khi gia cng cc kch thc c
tnh cht tng t trong iu kin gia cng tng t.
3.4.3- Phng php tnh ton phn tch (dng trong nghin cu)
Theo phng php ny, ta phn tch nguyn nhn sinh ra sai s gia cng,
tnh cc sai s , ri tng hp chng li thnh sai s gia cng tng. T , v quy
lut phn b v cn c vo nh gi chnh xc gia cng.
Trong mi trng hp, sai s gia cng tng phi nh hn dung sai cho php
ca chi tit cn ch to.
* Phn tch nguyn nhn: (xem trang 22; 23)
* Tng hp cc sai s:
- Tng cc sai s h thng khng i A
l mt sai s h thng khng i v

c tng hp theo nguyn tc tng i s:
=
=
p
1 i
i
A A .
- Tng cc sai s h thng thay i B
(t) l mt sai s h thng thay i v

c tng hp theo nguyn tc tng i s:
( ) ( )
=
=
q
1 j
j
t B t B .
- Tng cc sai s ngu nhin l mt sai s ngu nhin v c tng hp theo
nguyn tc cng xc sut, c phng sai l:
( )
=
=
n
1 z
2
z z
. K .
- Sai s h thng v sai s ngu nhin tng hp theo nguyn tc tng s hc.
* V quy lut phn b:
Lc bt u gia cng, trung tm phn b l C
0
, khong phn tn l D
0
E
0
vi
C
0
D
0
= C
0
E
0
= 3.
36

C
k
E
k
D
k
t
0
t
k
C
0
t
i
E
0
D
0
L
0
B
i
(t)
A
i
B
(
t
)
A
Thi gian (pht)

S lng (chic)
Hnh 3.11- ng cong phn b thc kch thc gia cng.
Kch thc
Sau , theo thi gian sai s h thng thay i s lm cho trung tm phn b di
ng theo ng C
0
C
k
, gii hn phn b n cng bin i theo ng D
0
D
k
v E
0
E
k
.
Nh vy, trong qu trnh gia cng kch thc cc chi tit t c theo thi
gian s thay i trong hai ng gii hn D
0
D
k
v E
0
E
k
. T , ng phn b kch
thc gia cng s c dng nh trn, l ng cong tng hp ca sai s h thng
thay i B(t) v sai s ngu nhin.
Khi khong phn tn ca
ng cong kch thc thc
bng vi dung sai ca chi tit cn
gia cng:
= T, th ta phi iu
chnh li my, a tm phn b v
li v tr ban u. Khong thi gian
gia hai ln iu chnh my, ngi
ta gi l chu k iu chnh li my.
Ch rng, chu k iu chnh
my phi nh hn hoc bng tui
bn dao v nu khng th dao s h
khi cha kp iu chnh li my.
L
min
L
max
T
ck
Hnh 3.12- Chu k iu chnh li my.
3.5- iu chnh my
iu chnh my nhm m bo chnh xc ca tng nguyn cng. y
l qu trnh chun b, g t dng c ct, g v cc trang b cng ngh khc ln
my; xc nh v tr tng i gia dng c ct v mt cn gia cng nhm gim bt
cc sai s gia cng, t c cc yu cu cho trn bn v.
Trong sn xut n chic v lot nh, chnh xc gia cng yu cu c th
37
t c bng phng php ct th.
Trong sn xut hng lot ln v hng khi, chnh xc gia cng nhn c
bng phng php t ng t kch thc trn my iu chnh sn. Lc ny, iu
chnh my c nhim v:
- G t g v dng c ct vo v tr c li nht cho iu kin ct gt.
- Xc nh ch lm vic ca my v chu k iu chnh li my.
- m bo v tr tng i ca dng c ct, g, c t, mu chp hnh...
xc nh chnh xc qu tch v lng dch chuyn ca dao so vi chi tit gia cng.
y l vn phc tp nht ng thi n cng c ngha quyt nh n chnh
xc gia cng.
Hin nay c ba phng php iu chnh hay dng nht l: iu chnh tnh, iu
chnh theo chi tit ct th bng calip th v iu chnh theo chi tit ct th bng dng
c o vn nng.
3.5.1- iu chnh tnh
iu chnh tnh l g dao theo calip hay mu khi my ang ng yn (cha ct).
Tin hnh:
- Lp calip (hoc mu) vo v tr ca chi tit gia cng, sau dch chuyn
dng c ct t st vo b mt ca calip (hoc mu) ri kp cht dng c li.
- Cc c t cng theo calip m iu chnh mt cch tng t.
- Xc nh ch ct v chu k iu chnh li my.
- G phi vo v tr v gia cng.
c im:
- Phng php ny nhanh, n gin.
- Tuy nhin, khng t c chnh xc gia cng cao v trong qu trnh
gia cng, h thng cng ngh b bin dng n hi do nhit ct v lc ct gy ra (khi
my ang ng yn th cha c). Ngoi ra, do cha tnh n o trc chnh (do c
khe h trc), nhm b mt ca calip hay mu chp hnh. Do , kch thc thc gia
cng s ln hn (mt ngoi) hoc nh hn (mt trong) so vi kch thc yu cu.
hn ch sai s, ngi ta phi b li lng thay i kch thc thc ca chi
tit gia cng so vi kch thc iu chnh bng cch thm hoc bt i mt lng b
sung
bs
(thm vo khi gia cng mt trong, bt i khi gia cng mt ngoi).
L
c
tt
= L
c
ct

bs
Trong , L
c
tt
: kch thc iu chnh tnh ton.
L
c
ct
: kch thc thc ca chi tit gia cng cn nhn c sau khi iu
chnh my; nu iu chnh ban u tm phn b nm gia trng dung sai th:

( )
2
L L
L
max min
tt
dc
+
= , L
min
, L
max
: kch thc nh nht, ln nht trn bn v.
bs
: lng b sung cho bin dng n hi ca h thng cng ngh, khe
h trc chnh, nhm b mt ca chi tit gia cng.
38
i vi b mt khng i xng:
bs
=
1
+
2
+
3

i vi b mt i xng:
bs
= 2(
1
+
2
+
3
)
vi,
1
: lng bin dng n hi ca h thng cng ngh,
J
P
y
1
= .

2
: chiu cao nhp nh,
2
= R
z
.

3
: khe h bn knh ca trc chnh my, thng thng
3
= 0,02 0,04 mm.
Du (+) ly khi gia cng mt tron v du (-) khi gia cng mt ngoi
Theo kinh nghim, sai s ca lng b sung c th ti 50% gi tr bn thn n
cng thm cc sai s khc nn phng php iu chnh tnh khng cho php t
chnh xc cao hn cp 7. Vy, iu chnh tnh ch dng sn xut n chic, lot nh.
3.5.2- iu chnh theo chi tit ct th nh calip th
Phng php ny dng calip lm vic ca ngi th tin hnh iu chnh.
Calip l dng c kim tra xem kch thc thc ca chi tit c nm trong phm vi
dung sai hay khng m khng cn bit gi tr thc ca chi tit. Kt cu ca calip nt
c hai u: mt u c kch thc danh ngha bng kch thc gii hn nh nht ca
l, gi l u qua; mt u c kch thc danh ngha bng kch thc gii hn ln
nht ca l, gi l u khng qua.
Tin hnh:
- Xc nh v tr tng i ca dao vi phi, sau c nh cc vu, c chn...
- Tin hnh ct th khong 3 5 chi tit.
- Dng calip kim tra cc chi tit trn, nu t th gia cng cho c lot chi tit.
c im:
- iu chnh my theo phng php ny chc chn c ph phm bi v lot
chi tit c gia cng l n chic, c khong phn tn l 6:
+ Nu 6 > T, th chc chn c ph phm.
+ Nu 6 T, s khng c ph phm khi tm ca ng cong phn b kch
thc trng tm min dung sai chi tit, tuy nhin do ta khng xc nh c tm ca
ng cong phn b kch thc do vy vn c ph phm.
- Nu s lng chi tit ct th cng nhiu th ph phm cng gim nhng
cng khng th loi tr ht ph phm.
iu chnh my l phng php ph bin, c dng trong cc nh my c kh.
3.5.3- iu chnh theo chi tit ct th nh dng c o vn nng
Tin hnh:
- G t dao v cc c hnh trnh cn c vo kch thc iu chnh L
c
.
- Ct th m chi tit.
- o kch thc m chi tit , xc nh c tm phn b v phng sai
- So snh tm phn b kch thc v tm dung sai, t iu chnh my
theo dung sai thu hp.
39
Phng php ny do gio s A. B. Iakhin xut da trn c s l thuyt xc
sut l: Nu c mt lot chi tit m kch thc ca n phn b theo quy lut chun
vi phng sai l . Nu phn loi s chi tit trn thnh nhiu nhm, mi nhm m
chi tit th kch thc trung bnh ca cc nhm phn cng phn b theo quy
lut chun vi phng sai l
m
1

= .
Hnh 3.13- ng cong phn b kch thc
ca c lot () v ng cong phn b theo
kch thc trung bnh ca tng nhm (
1
).
T
dc
3
N
3
M
3
1
3
1
m
1

=
T
Hnh 3.13 ch ra cc v tr bin
ca ng cong phn b lot phi
trong min dung sai T v cc ng
cong phn b ca nhm.
Nu kch thc trung bnh cng
ca m chi tit ct th ri vo khong
MN th s khng c ph phm.
Khong MN c gi l dung sai
iu chnh T
dc
v n c xc nh
nh sau: T
dc
= T - 6( +
1
)
T s =
6
T
c gi l h s an
ton v cng ln th kh nng gim ph phm cng tng. Nh vy, dung sai iu
chnh T
dc
c quan h vi dung sai chi tit ch to T, h s an ton v s chi tit
ct th m. Nu tng s chi tit ct th m, dung sai iu chnh T
dc
s tng v d iu
chnh hn nhng thi gian ct th ko di.
S chi tit ct th m c xc nh nh sau:
2
6 T
6
m
> (thng ly m = 2 8 chi tit)

Nu c tnh n sai s h thng th dung sai iu chnh s gim xung. Lc ,
dung sai iu chnh s l: T
dc
= T - 6( +
1
) -
HT

= T - 6( +
1
) - [A + B(t)]
vi: A l sai s h thng c nh (c th loi tr c nn khng cn quan tm).
B(t) l sai s h thng thay i.
* Nu khng tnh n sai s h thng thay i B(t): trng hp ny ch nn
ng dng khi gia cng i m dng c ct c tc mi mn nh nh dao kim
cng...; dng khi yu cu chnh xc gia cng cao bi v chnh xc gia cng cao
th cn T nh, lc yu cu T
dc
nh.
* Nu tnh n sai s h thng thay i B(t): trng hp ny c s dng
rng ri hn v cc dao c mi mn nh nh dao kim cng th rt t. Khi lng
mn ca dao lm cho kch thc gia cng sp vt ra khi dung sai cho php th phi
iu chnh li ng cong phn b li li, nm trong phm vi dung sai v khng
sinh ra ph phm.
40
Chng 4
Chun trong ch to my
4.1- nh ngha v phn loi
4.1.1- nh ngha
Mi chi tit khi c gia cng c thng c cc dng b mt sau: b mt gia
cng, b mt dng nh v, b mt dng kp cht, b mt dng o lng, b
mt khng gia cng. Trong thc t, c th c mt b mt lm nhiu nhim v khc
nhau nh va dng nh v, va dng kp cht hay kim tra.
xc nh v tr tng quan gia cc b mt ca mt chi tit hay gia cc chi
tit khc nhau, ngi ta a ra khi nim v chun v nh ngha nh sau:
Chun l tp hp ca nhng b mt, ng hoc im ca mt chi tit m
cn c vo ngi ta xc nh v tr ca cc b mt, ng hoc im khc ca
bn thn chi tit hoc ca chi tit khc.
Nh vy, chun c th l mt hay nhiu b mt, ng hoc im. V tr tng
quan ca cc b mt, ng hoc im c xc nh trong qu trnh thit k hoc gia
cng c, lp rp hoc o lng.
Vic xc nh chun mt nguyn cng gia cng c chnh l vic xc nh v
tr tng quan gia dng c ct v b mt cn gia cng ca chi tit m bo nhng
yu cu k thut v kinh t ca nguyn cng .
4.1.2- Phn loi
Mt cch tng qut, ta c th phn loi chun trong Ch to my thnh cc loi
nh sau:

Chun
thit k
Chun
lp rp
Chun
cng ngh
Chun
gia cng
Chun
tinh chnh
Chun
kim tra
Chun tinh Chun th
Chun
tinh ph
Chun
41
a) Chun thit k
Chun thit k l chun c dng trong qu trnh thit k. Chun ny
c hnh thnh khi lp cc chui kch thc trong qu trnh thit k.
Chun thit k c th l chun thc hay chun o.
Chun thc nh mt
A (hnh 4.1a) dng
xc nh kch thc cc
bc ca trc. Chun o
nh im O (hnh 4.2b)
l nh hnh nn ca mt
ln bnh rng cn dng
xc nh gc cn .
O
A
A
1
A
2
A
3
a)
Hnh 4.1- Chun thit k.
b)
b) Chun cng ngh
Chun cng ngh c chia ra thnh: Chun gia cng, chun lp rp v chun
kim tra.
Chun gia cng dng xc nh v tr ca nhng b mt, ng hoc
im ca chi tit trong qu trnh gia cng c. Chun ny bao gi cng l chun thc.

A
B
A
Hnh 4.2- Chun gia cng.
b)
a)
H
- Nu g t gia cng theo phng php t ng t kch thc cho c
lot chi tit my th mt A lm c hai nhim v t v nh v (hnh 4.2a).
- Nu r g tng chi tit theo ng vch du B th mt A ch lm nhim v
t, cn chun nh v l ng vch du B (hnh 4.2b). Nh vy, chun gia cng c
th trng hoc khng trng vi mt t ca chi tit ln g hoc ln bn my.
Chun gia cng cn c chia ra thnh chun th v chun tinh.
Chun th l nhng b mt dng lm chun cha qua gia cng. Hu ht cc
trng hp th chun th l nhng yu t hnh hc thc ca phi cha gia cng; ch
trong trng hp phi a vo xng dng gia cng s b th chun th mi l
nhng b mt gia cng, trng hp ny thng gp trong sn xut my hng nng.
Chun tinh l nhng b mt dng lm chun qua gia cng. Nu chun tinh
42
cn c dng trong qu trnh lp rp th gi l chun tinh chnh, cn chun tinh
khng c dng trong qu trnh lp rp th gi l chun tinh ph.

a) b)
A

Hnh 4.3- Chun tinh chnh v chun tinh ph.

V d: - Khi gia cng bnh rng, ngi ta thng dng mt l A nh v.
Mt l ny sau s c dng lp ghp vi trc. Vy, l A c gi l chun
tinh chnh (hnh 4.3a).
- Cc chi tit trc thng c 2 l tm hai u. Hai l tm ny c
dng lm chun gia cng trc, nhng v sau s khng tham gia vo lp ghp, do
vy y l chun tinh ph (hnh 4.3b).
Chun lp rp l chun dng xc nh v tr tng quan ca cc chi tit
khc nhau ca mt b phn my trong qu trnh lp rp.
Chun lp rp c th trng vi mt t lp rp v cng c th khng.
Chun kim tra (hay chun o lng) l chun cn c vo tin hnh
o hay kim tra kch thc v v tr gia cc yu t hnh hc ca chi tit my.
V d: Khi kim tra khng ng tm ca cc bc trn mt trc, ngi ta
thng dng hai l tm ca trc lm chun, chun ny c gi l chun kim tra.
Ch : Trong thc t, chun thit k, chun cng ngh (chun gia cng, chun
kim tra, chun lp rp) c th trng hoc khng trng nhau. Do vy, trong qu trnh
thit k, vic chn chun thit k trng chun cng ngh l ti u v lc mi s
dng c ton b min dung sai; nu khng tha mn iu trn th ta ch s dng
c mt phn ca trng dung sai.
V d: Khi gia cng piston, yu cu
phi m bo kch thc H
1
m bo t
s nn cho ng c. Chun thit k l mt
M. Ta phi chn chun gia cng l M, lc
mi s dng c ht dung sai ca H
1
;
cn nu chn chun gia cng l N th phi
gia cng H
2
t c H
1
thng qua kch
thc H. Nh vy th H
1
s l khu khp
kn, dung sai n s l tng dung sai cc khu
M
N
H
1
H
2
H
thnh phn H v H
2
, v th gia cng H
2
s rt kh m bo dung sai ca H
1
.
43
4.2- qu trnh g t chi tit trong gia cng
G t chi tit bao gm hai qu trnh: nh v chi tit v kp cht chi tit.
nh v l s xc nh chnh xc v tr tng i ca chi tit so vi dng c
ct trc khi gia cng.
Kp cht l qu trnh c nh v tr ca chi tit sau khi nh v chng
li tc dng ca ngoi lc (ch yu l lc ct) trong qu trnh gia cng lm cho chi
tit khng c x dch v ri khi v tr c nh v.
V d: Khi g t chi tit trn mm cp ba chu t nh tm. Sau khi a chi
tit ln mm cp, vn cho cc chu cp tin vo tip xc vi chi tit sao cho tm ca
chi tit trng vi tm ca trc chnh my, l qu trnh nh v. Tip tc vn cho ba
chu cp to nn lc kp chi tit chi tit s khng b dch chuyn trong qu trnh
gia cng, l qu trnh kp cht.
Ch rng, trong qu trnh g t, bao gi qu trnh nh v cng xy ra
trc, ch khi no qu trnh nh v kt thc th mi bt u qu trnh kp cht. Khng
bao gi hai qu trnh ny xy ra ng thi hay qu trnh kp cht xy ra trc qu
trnh nh v.
4.3- Nguyn tc nh v 6 im
Bc t do theo mt phng no
ca mt vt rn tuyt i l kh nng di
chuyn ca vt rn theo phng m
khng b bi bt k mt cn tr no trong
phm vi ta ang xt.
Mt vt rn tuyt i trong khng
gian c 6 bc t do chuyn ng. Khi ta t
n vo trong h ta cc, 6 bc t do
l: 3 bc tnh tin dc trc T(Ox),
T(Oy), T(Oz) v 3 bc quay quanh trc
Q(Ox), Q(Oy), Q(Oz).
Hnh bn l s xc nh v tr ca
mt vt rn tuyt i trong h to
cc.
- im 1 khng ch bc tnh tin theo Oz
- im 2 khng ch bc quay quanh Oy.
- im 3 khng ch bc quay quanh Ox.
- im 4 khng ch bc tnh tin theo Ox
- im 5 khng ch bc quay quanh Oz.
- im 6 khng ch bc tnh tin theo Oy
Ngi ta dng nguyn tc 6 im ny
nh v cc chi tit khi gia cng.
Hnh 4.4- Nguyn tc
nh v 6 im.
44
Ch :
- Mi mt mt phng bt k u c kh nng khng ch 3 bc t do nhng
khng th s dng trong mt chi tit c 2 mt phng cng khng ch 3 bc t do.
- Trong qu trnh gia cng, chi tit c nh v khng cn thit phi lun 6
bc t do m ch cn nhng bc t do cn thit theo yu cu ca nguyn cng .
- S bc t do khng ch khng ln hn 6, nu c 1 bc t do no c
khng ch qu 1 ln th gi l siu nh v. Siu nh v s lm cho phi gia cng b
knh hoc lch, khng m bo c v tr chnh xc, gy ra sai s g t phi, nh
hng n chnh xc gia cng. Do , trong qu trnh gia cng khng c xy
ra hin tng siu nh v.
- Khng c khng ch thiu bc t do cn thit, nhng cho php khng ch
ln hn s bc t do cn thit c th d dng hn cho qu trnh nh v g t.
- S bc t do cn hn ch ph thuc vo yu cu gia cng tng bc cng
ngh, vo kch thc b mt chun, vo mi lp ghp gia b mt chun ca phi vi
b mt lm vic ca c cu nh v phi.

b) a)

b)
a)

b)
a)
Hnh 4.5- Mt s trng hp nh v thng gp.
a) Siu nh v.
b) nh v ng.
45
V d minh ha v kh nng khng ch ca cc chi tit nh v thng gp:

D
L
D
L
L < D L > D
Khi V ngn khng ch 4 bc t do. Khi V di khng ch 4 bc t do.
Cht trm nh v 1 bc t do.
Cht tr ngn nh
v 2 bc t do.

Cht tr di nh
v 4 bc t do.

Mm cp ba chu nh
v 4 bc t do.
L
L > D

Hai mi tm nh v 5 bc t do.

Phin t kt hp vi mt cht tr ngn,
mt cht trm nh v 6 bc t do.

46
4.4- tnh sai s g t
Sai s g t ca mt chi tit trong qu trnh gia cng c c xc nh bng
cng thc sau:
c dg kc gd
+ + =
4.4.1- Sai s kp cht
kc
Sai s kp cht l lng chuyn v ca gc kch thc do lc kp thay i chiu
theo phng kch thc thc hin gy ra:

kc
= (y
max
- y
min
). cos
Trong , : gc gia phng kch thc thc hin v phng dch chuyn y
ca gc kch thc.
y
max
, y
min
: lng chuyn v ln nht v nh nht ca gc kch thc
khi lc kp thay i.
S dch chuyn ca gc kch thc l do tc dng ca lc kp, lm bin
dng b mt ca chi tit dng nh v vi nhng thnh phn nh v ca g.
Gio s A. P. Xclpxki
bng thc nghim a ra cng
thc xc nh bin dng ch
tip xc gia mt chi tit vi vu
t ca g:
W W
y
m
i
n
y
m
a
x
H
m
a
x
H
m
i
n
Hnh 4.6- Sai s do lc kp gy ra.
y = C.q
n
vi, C: h s ph thuc vo vt
liu v tnh trng tip xc;
q: p lc ring trn b mt
tip xc (N/mm
2
);
n: ch s (n<1).
Khi lc kp thay i t W
min
n W
max
th phi cng chuyn v t y
min
n y
max

v do , kch thc gia cng thay i t H
min
n H
max
.
4.4.2- Sai s ca g
dg
Sai s ca g sinh ra do ch to g khng chnh xc, do mn ca n
v do g t g trn my khng chnh xc:

d m ct dg
+ + =
Trong ,
ct
: sai s do ch to g, khi ch to g thng ly chnh
xc ca n cao hn so vi chi tit gia cng trn g .

m
: sai s do mn ca g, sai s ny ph thuc vo vt liu, trng
lng phi, tnh trng b mt tip xc gia phi vi g v iu kin g t phi.
d
: sai s do g t g trn my, sai s ny khng ln lm.
Ni chung, sai s g l rt nh nn cho php c b qua. Ch khi yu cu
chnh xc cao th lc ly sai s g bng (0,2 0,3) sai s gia cng.
47
4.4.3- Sai s chun
c
Chun thit k v chun cng ngh c th trng hoc khng trng nhau. Nu
chng trng nhau tc l th hin tt quan im cng ngh ca cng tc thit k.
Khi thit k, cc kch thc l v hng, c ngha l kch thc gia mt A v
mt B c to thnh m khng cn quan tm l kch thc l mt A n mt B
hay t mt B n mt A.
V mt cng ngh m ni th cc kch thc ghi trong bn v ch to khng
cn l kch thc tnh v v hng na.
Xt kch thc 100
0,1
gia hai b mt A v B.
Khi thit k, ngi ta cho kch thc l 100mm
vi sai lch l 0,1mm. Cn trn quan im cng
ngh th ta ch n s hnh thnh ca kch thc
trong qu trnh cng ngh nh th no? Mt A
hay mt B s c gia cng trc; s hnh thnh
kch thc ra sao trnh bt ph phm?
Gi s, mt A c gia cng nguyn cng st
trc, mt B ang c gia cng th kch thc 100
c gc A v hng v mt B. Nh vy, kch thc cng ngh c hng r rt,
hng i t gc kch thc ti mt gia cng.
A
1
0
0

0
,
1
B
Hnh 4.7- S hnh thnh kch
thc cng ngh.
Khi nim v gc kch thc ch dng trong phm vi cng ngh, n c th
trng hoc khng trng vi chun thit k. V mt cng ngh, iu quan trng cn bit
l gc kch thc khi gia cng v chun nh v nguyn cng c trng nhau
khng? Nu khng trng s sinh ra sai s chun, nh hng n chnh xc gia cng.
hnh a, khi gia cng
mt N, gc kch thc v
chun nh v u nm trn
mt K, nn khi gia cng
mt N hnh thnh kch
thc A th sai s chun
ca kch thc A l
cA
= 0.
K
A

M
N
H
K
A

M
N
B

H
H
a) b)
Hnh 4.8- S hnh thnh sai s chun.
hnh b, nu gc kch
thc khi gia cng mt N l
M v chun nh v l K th
khi gia cng mt N, kch thc B chu nh hng ca s bin ng ca gc kch thc
l H (chun nh v khng trng vi gc kch thc). Khi , sai s chun ca kch
thc B l
cA
= H.
nh ngha: Sai s chun pht sinh khi chun nh v khng trng vi gc
kch thc v c tr s bng lng bin ng ca gc kch thc chiu ln phng
kch thc thc hin.
48
Phng php tnh sai s chun:
Phng php cc i - cc tiu
Lp chui kch thc cng ngh cho kch thc cn tnh sai s chun L sao
cho L l khu khp kn. Khi , L ng vai tr l mt hm s m cc bin s l cc
khu thnh phn ca chui kch thc cng ngh (c th l khu c kch thc thay
i x
i
hoc khu c kch thc khng i a
j
).
L = (x
1
, x
2
, ... x
n
; a
1
, a
2
, ...a
n
)
Khi tnh sai s chun cho mt kch thc L no tc l tm lng bin ng
L ca n khi nhng kch thc lin quan thay i (cc khu c kch thc thay i).
( )
n
n
2
2
1
1
c
x .
x
... x .
x
x .
x
L L

+ +

= =
( )
i
n
1 i i
c
x
x
L L

= =

=

Khi lp chui kch thc cng ngh cn tun theo nguyn tc sau: chui kch
thc cng ngh c bt u t mt gia cng, ti mt chun nh v, n chun o
lng (gc kch thc) ri cui cng tr v mt gia cng.
Phng php ny c dng khi chnh xc khng cao trong iu kin sn
xut n chic, lot nh.
Phng php xc sut
Phng php ny c dng khi yu cu chnh xc gia cng chi tit cao v
trong sn xut hng lot hay hng khi bi v n c tin cy cao hn phng php
cc i - cc tiu.
Sai s chun ca kch thc L no tnh theo phng php xc sut l:
( )
2
i
2
i
2
n
1 i i
c
x . K .
x
L . K

=

=

trong , K
i
l h s ph thuc vo quy lut phn b ca cc kch thc trong chui
kch thc cng ngh, thng ly K
i
= 1 1,5. Khi phn b theo ng cong phn b
chun Gauss th K
i
= 1.
Nh vy, nhn thy rng khi mun tnh sai s chun cho mt kch thc L
no , trc tin ta phi xc nh c chui kch thc lin quan ca n, ri sau
dng cc cng thc trn tnh.
v d v tnh sai s chun theo phng php cc i - cc tiu:
V d 1: Tnh sai s chun ca cc kch thc M, K v H trong trng hp
khoan l d trn mt tr c ng knh D
D
theo phng php t ng t kch thc.
Chi tit c nh v trn khi V di vi gc v then bng, kp cht bng lc W (s
nh v nh hnh v).

49
W
K
O
d
D
D
X
M
R
I
H
O
O
1
D
min
D
max
I
* Kch thc M v K:
Kch thc M c gc kch thc l mt
phng i xng ca khi V hay l im O.
Kch thc H c gc kch thc l Ox
hay l im O.
Chi tit tr c dung sai D khi g ln
khi V s c ng tm x dch theo mt
phng i xng ca khi V hay ti mt
ct ang v l on OO
1
.
Ta c: IO IO OO
1 1
=
vi,
2
sin . 2
D
IO
max
1
=

2
sin . 2
D
IO
min
=
Do vy,
D .
2
sin . 2
1
2
sin . 2
D D
OO
min max
1

=
Sai s chun ca kch thc M l lng dch chuyn ca gc kch thc
1
OO
chiu theo phng Ox:
( ) 0 90 cos . OO
Ox
OO
ch M
0
1
1
c
= = =
Sai s chun ca kch thc K l lng dch chuyn ca gc kch thc
1
OO
chiu theo phng Oy:
( ) D .
2
sin . 2
1
0 cos . OO
Oy
OO
ch K
0
1
1
c

= = =
* Kch thc H:
Ta lp chui kch thc cng ngh, bt u t mt
gia cng (tm l O
d
) n chun nh v (I); t chun nh
v n gc kch thc (R) ri tr v mt gia cng. H
C
o
n
s
t

O
d
I
R
Ta c: IR I O H
d
=
Mt khc, OR OI IR =

2
D
2
sin . 2
D
=
50
= 1
2
sin
1
.
2
D
IR
Do vy,
= 1
2
sin
1
.
2
D
Const H
Vy, sai s chun ca kch thc H l:
( )
= 1
2
sin
1
2
D
1
2
sin
1
2
D
0 H
c

V d 2: Tnh sai s chun ca cc kch thc A, B, d khi gia cng trc trn
my tin. Chi tit c g trn 2 mi tm.
Ta thy, kch thc d c gc kch
thc (ng ni 2 mi tm) khng
i. Do vy, kch thc d c sai s
chun bng 0.

D
D
A
B
d

D
min
D
max
B
max
A
min
B
min
A
max
V ng knh D ca l tm trc
khi gia cng c dung sai l D, do vy
khi ta g chi tit ln 2 mi tm gia
cng th cc kch thc A, B s c gc
kch thc (mt u chi tit) b dch
chuyn mt on theo phng ngang.
Ta c:
2
tg . 2
D
2
tg . 2
D
2
tg . 2
D
min max
=
Nh vy, sai s chun ca cc kch
thc A v B s l:
( ) ( )
2
tg . 2
D
B A
c c
= = =
* Nu mi tm trc m l mi tm
mm th cc kch thc A v B s c
sai s chun
c
= 0 bi v mi tm mm
s t iu chnh sai lch chiu su l tm ng vi tng chi tit, do v tr ca mt
u bn tri chi tit khng thay i so vi dng c ct chnh.
51
V d 3: Tnh sai s chun ca cc kch thc C, A theo s phay rnh c
kch thc B nh hnh di. Gia cng theo phng php t ng t kch thc.
H
H
C
K
X J
B A
W
L
L
G
* Kch thc C:
Ta thy khu
G l khu c nh
(v gia cng theo
phng php t
ng t kch
thc); khu H l
C
G
H
khu bin ng. Do vy, sai s
chun ca kch thc C l:
C = H - G
H H .
H
C
c
=
=
* Kch thc A:
Ta lp chui kch thc A:
Ta thy rng, khu J l khu c nh (v gia
cng theo phng php t ng t kch
thc); khu X l khu bin ng.
A
J X
Ta c: A = J + X = J + (H - K).cotg
(trong , K = const v khong cch gia g)
Vy, sai s chun ca kch thc A l:
( ) = g cot . H A
c

V d 4: Phay rnh b trn chi tit hnh tr theo phng php gia cng t ng
t kch thc. Chi tit c nh v trn mt mt phng ngang v mt phng nghing
mt gc ; kp cht bng lc W c phng l ng phn gic ca gc . Tnh sai s
chun cc kch thc H
1
, H
2
, H
3
v khng i xng ca rnh b v ng knh D.
* Kch thc H
1
:
H
1
W
b
H
2
H
3
D
D
O
y
Ta nhn thy, H
1
c

gc kch thc l O.
Cng ging nh trng hp khi nh v trn
khi V, gc kch thc O cng dch chuyn
mt on l
2
sin . 2
D
OO
1
= nhng phng
dch chuyn l phng theo ng phn
gic ca gc .
Vy, ta c c sai s chun ca kch thc H
1
l:
( )
2
D
2
sin . OO
Oy
OO
ch H
1
1
1 c

=
= =
52
* Kch thc H
2
:
Ta nhn thy, kch thc H
2
c gc kch thc trng vi chun nh v nn sai s
chun ca n l bng 0:
c
(H
2
) = 0.
* Kch thc H
3
:
Ta lp chui kch thc ca H
3
.
H
2
H
3
D
D
Ta thy rng, khu D l khu bin ng, khu H
2
l khu
c nh (v c gia cng theo phng php t ng t kch
thc). Do vy, ta c sai s chun ca kch thc H
3
l:
H
3
= D H
2

c
(H
3
) = D
* khng i xng ca rnh b v ng knh D:
Ta thy rng, v gia cng bng phng php t ng dt kch thc do , ng
tm ca rnh b s khng i. ng knh D c dung sai l D, do vy, khi kch thc
D thay i trong phm vi dung sai th lc g chi tit gia cng th ng tm ng
ca n s b dch chuyn i mt on theo phng ngang:

2
g cot .
2
D
2
cos . OO
1

=
=
Vy, khng i xng l:
2
g cot .
4
D
2
e

=
=
4.5- cc nguyn tc chn chun
Khi chn chun gia cng, ta phi xc nh chun cho nguyn cng u tin
v chun cho nguyn cng tip theo. Thng thng, chun dng cho nguyn cng u
tin l chun th, cn chun dng trong cc nguyn cng tip theo l chun tinh.
Mc ch ca vic chn chun l bo m :
- Cht lng ca chi tit trong qu trnh gia cng.
- Nng cao nng sut v gim gi thnh.
4.5.1- Nguyn tc chn chun th
Chun th thng c dng trong nguyn cng u tin trong qu trnh gia
cng c. Vic chn chun th c ngha quyt nh i vi qu trnh cng ngh, n
c nh hng n cc nguyn cng tip theo v chnh xc gia cng ca chi tit.
Khi chn chun th phi ch hai yu cu:
- Phn phi lng d cho cc b mt gia cng.
- Bo m chnh xc cn thit v v tr tng quan gia cc b mt
khng gia cng v cc b mt sp gia cng.
Da vo cc yu cu trn, ngi ta a ra 5 nguyn tc khi chn chun th:
Nu chi tit gia cng c mt b mt khng gia cng th nn chn b mt
lm chun th, v nh vy s lm cho s thay i v tr tng quan gia b mt gia
cng v b mt khng gia cng l nh nht.
53
V d: Hnh bn l chi tit c cc b mt B,
C, D c gia cng, duy nht ch c b mt A
l khng gia cng. Ta chn b mt A lm
chun th gia cng cc mt B, C, D m
bo ng tm vi A.

A
B
D
C
Nu c mt s b mt khng gia cng th nn chn b mt khng gia cng
no c yu cu chnh xc v v tr tng quan cao nht i vi cc b mt gia
cng lm chun th.
V d: Khi gia
cng l bin, nn ly
mt A lm chun th
m bo l c b
dy u nhau v yu
cu v v tr tng
quan gia tm l vi
mt A cao hn i
vi mt B.
A
B
Nu tt c cc b mt phi gia cng, nn chn mt no c lng d nh, u
lm chun th.
C gng chn b mt lm chun th tng i bng phng, khng c
bavia,u ngt, u rt hoc qu g gh.
Chun th ch nn dng mt ln trong c qu trnh gia cng.
M
D
A
D
B
D
C
V d: T phi thp cn ban u,
gia cng c D
A
, D
B
, D
C
ta c th chn
chun th nh sau:
- Nguyn cng 1: G phi ln mm
cp my tin bng mt M, gia cng D
C
.
- Nguyn cng 2: Tr u, g phi
ln mm cp bng mt M, gia cng D
A
.
Lc ny trc gia cng ra s c khng ng tm gia D
C
v D
A
v dng
chun th cho hai nguyn cng.
m bo gia cng chnh xc, ta phi lm nh sau:
- Nguyn cng 1: G phi ln mm cp my tin bng mt M, tin mt
on ngn trn mt ngoi, kho u, khoan tm u C, gia cng D
C
.
- Nguyn cng 2: Chn chun tinh l mt on b mt ngoi va tin
nguyn cng 1, kho u, khoan tm u A, gia cng D
A
.
- Nguyn cng 3: G u D
A
(hoc D
C
) ln mm cp, u kia chng tm
gia cng tip mt D
B
.
54
4.5.2- Nguyn tc chn chun tinh
Khi chn chun tinh, ngi ta cng a ra 5 nguyn tc sau:
C gng chn chun tinh l chun tinh chnh, khi chi tit lc gia cng
s c v tr tng t lc lm vic. Vn ny rt quan trng khi gia cng tinh.
V d: Khi gia cng rng ca bnh rng, chun tinh c chn l b mt l ca
bnh rng, chun tinh ny cng l chun tinh chnh v sau ny n s c lp vi trc.
C gng chn chun nh v trng vi gc kch thc sai s chn chun
bng 0.
Chn chun sao cho khi gia cng, chi tit khng b bin dng do lc ct, lc
kp. Mt chun phi din tch nh v.
Chn chun sao cho kt cu g n gin v thun tin khi s dng.
C gng chn chun thng nht, tc l trong nhiu ln cng ch dng mt
chun thc hin cc nguyn cng ca c qu trnh cng ngh, v khi thay i chun
s sinh ra sai s tch ly nhng ln g sau.
55
Chng 5
Cc phng php gia cng chun b
5.1- chn phi
Mun ch to mt chi tit my t yu cu k thut v ch tiu kinh t, ta phi
xc nh c kch thc ca phi v chn loi phi thch hp. Kch thc ca phi
c tnh ton theo lng d gia cng, cn chn loi phi th phi cn c vo cc yu
t sau:
- Vt liu v c tnh ca vt liu m chi tit cn c theo yu cu thit k.
- Kch thc, hnh dng v kt cu ca chi tit.
- s lng chi tit cn c hoc dng sn xut.
- C s vt cht k thut c th ca ni sn xut.
Chn phi hp l khng nhng m bo tt nhng tnh nng k thut ca chi
tit m cn c nh hng tt n nng sut v gi thnh sn phm.
Chn phi tt s lm cho qu trnh cng ngh n gin i nhiu v ph tn v
vt liu cng nh chi ph gia cng gim i. Chi ph kim loi khi gia cng c nh
gi bng h s s dng vt liu K:
ph
ct
G
G
K =
trong , G
ct
: khi lng chi tit hon thin (kg)
G
ph
: khi lng phi (kg)
Trong gia cng c kh, cc dng phi c th l: Phi c, phi rn, phi dp,
phi cn v cc loi vt liu phi kim loi nh g, php, nha...
5.2- cc phng php gia cng chun b
Gia cng chun b phi l nhng nguyn cng chun b phi cho qu trnh
gia cng c, bao gm lm sch, nn thng phi, gia cng ph, gia cng l tm.
Phi sau khi c ch to xong thng c cht lng b mt xu nh x x, r,
nt, chai cng...; hnh dng hnh hc c nhiu sai lch nh mo, van, cn, cong vnh...
Nu ta a phi sau khi ch to xong vo gia cng chi tit ngay th sai s in dp ca
phi ln chi tit gia cng s ln, phi gia cng nhiu ln th mi m bo yu cu ca
chi tit. Nh vy s mt thi gian, chi ph gia cng ln, gi thnh sn xut s tng.
i vi cc loi phi thanh cn phi nn thng trc khi a ln my gia cng;
phi thanh thp cn li phi ct thnh tng on cho ph hp vi chiu di ca chi tit
v d g t. Ngoi ra, nguyn cng u tin phi dng chun th, m chun th th
phi tng i bng phng.
Do vy, vic gia cng chun b phi l mt vic lm rt cn thit v khng th
thiu. N l nhng nguyn cng m u cho qu trnh cng ngh gia cng c (sn
xut n chic, lot nh). Thm ch, i vi sn xut c sn lng ln th gia cng
56
chun b phi c tch hn ra khi quy trnh cng ngh gia cng c, khi c mt
b phn ring m nhim vic chun b phi vi y thit b ring.
5.2.1- Lm sch phi
Hu ht cc loi phi cn phi lm sch, c bit l phi c hoc rn dp bi
v lm nh vy s gip:
- Loi tr lp ct b chy bm trn b mt phi c hoc cc vy kim loi
b chy trn b mt phi rn, phi c.
- Loi tr cc ra, mp ca phi rn, dp hoc cc lp kim loi h hng trn
b mt trc khigia cng.
- To nn cc b mt sch s gia cng c d dng, m bo v sinh.
Trong sn xut nh thng dng phng php th cng bng nhng dng c
n gin nh chi st, bn chi st, gia, ba... t nng sut thp.
Trong sn xut hng lot v hng khi, ngi ta lm sch nh cc thit b
chuyn dng c kh ho. i vi nhng chi tit nh c th cho vo mt thng quay,
cc chi tit s va p vo nhau lm cho vt ct, bn, g ri ra. Hoc dng mi, ngn
la loi tr cc vt bn, g, ch kim loi b h hng, Ngoi ra, cn c th lm sch
vt rn trong hn hp ct v nc hoc trong dung dch axit.
5.2.2- Nn thng phi
i vi phi thanh, phi cn cn phi nn thng trc khi a vo gia cng;
ngoi ra i vi cc phi di khng nhng phi nn trc khi gia cng c m sau khi
tin (trc khi mi) cn phi nn thng li. Phi sau khi nn thng s c lng d u,
gim c sai s gia cng, m bo phi y d, kp cht tt.
C Nn bng ba tay
i vi cc chi tit tr ngn, ng knh khng ln th dng mt ngm, xem
xt thng ri dng ba nn trn e. y l phng php th cng nht, khng i
hi thit b phc tp nhng nng sut rt thp, chnh xc khng cao v ph thuc
vo kinh nghim, tay ngh ca ngi th.
C Nn p
i vi chi tit tr ngn, ng knh ln th dng g trn thn my tin c
hoc dng g trn my p. Ngoi ra, ngi ta cn dng nn p trn hai khi V.
Hnh 5.1- Nn thng trn hai mi tm.
Trong 2 mi tm c mt
c nh, mt iu chnh
c theo hng chiu
trc. Khi nn p, chi tit v
hai mi tm u b x dch
xung, sau khi nn xong l
xo li y v v tr ban u.
57
nng cao chnh xc, dng ng h so ch th.
Ngun sinh lc c th dng c cu vt me-ai c, c cu du p hay kh nn.
C Nn thng trn my chuyn dng
i vi chi tit tr di, ng knh ln (25 150mm) th vic nn thng s
c thc hin trn my nn thng chuyn dng.

Vnh g
ng bt mi
lm nhn
H bnh kha
truyn chuyn
ng ti thng
Hnh 5.2- My nn thng chuyn dng.

My nn thng chuyn dng gm c thng quay, trong thng c nhng b con
ln c dng hypecblit trn xoay c t nghing mt gc sao cho ng sinh l
ng thng. Nhng b con ln ny tng cp mt c t cho nhau, va quay theo
thng va quay quanh tm ca n lm nhim v nn thng v dn phi i.
Phi c t vo gia cc b con ln nh hai xe nh hai u. Khong cch
gia hai con ln c th iu chnh c ph hp vi cc loi ng knh khc
nhau.
Nng sut ca my nn thng chuyn dng rt cao, nhng do kch thc cng
knh nn ch dng trong sn xut hng lot ln v hng khi.
C Nn thng trn my cn ren
i vi phi c kch thc ngn th c th nn thng trn my cn ren phng nu
thay bn cn ren bng bn phng.
Phng php ny c th nn c
nhng on ngn, chnh xc t t 0,05
0,15 m vi mi mm ng knh trn chiu
di 1m. Hnh 5.3- S nn thng
trn my cn ren.
Phng php ny c nng sut rt cao.
5.2.3- Gia cng ph
Mc ch ca gia cng ph l bc i lp v ngoi ca cc loi phi c b mt
qu xu (r, dnh ct, bin cng...) v c sai lch qu ln, pht hin cc khuyt tt.
My dng gia cng ph cn c cng sut ln, cng vng cao t nng
sut cao, cn chnh xc th khng cn cao lm.
Khi sn lng nh, vic gia cng ph c th tch ring gia cng trn mt vi
my c trong phn xng c kh.
58
Khi sn lng ln, vic gia cng ph c thc hin trn cc my chuyn dng
t phn xng gia cng chun b phi.
5.2.4- Ct t phi
Ct t phi thng dng vi cc loi phi thanh, phi cn cn ct t thnh
tng on tng ng theo chiu di trc hoc ct cc u ngt, u rt ca cc phi
c. Khi chn phng php ct t phi phi xt n mt s yu t sau y:
- chnh xc ct t nh chnh xc chiu di phi, phng v
thng gc ca mt ct vi ng tm ca phi.
- B rng ming ct ln hay b c lin quan n chi ph vt liu nhiu hay
t, c bit l i vi nhng kim loi qu.
- Nng sut ct.
Ty theo loi phi, sn lng v iu kin v c s vt cht k thut ca ni
sn xut m chn phng php ct sao cho m bo nng sut cao, t c cc yu
cu k thut ca phi v tit kim nguyn vt liu, gim chi ph ch to.
C Ct t bng ca tay
Ct t phi bng ca tay c nng sut thp, tn nhiu cng sc, ming ca
kh thng, nhng c th tit kim c vt liu v ming ca hp, thit b n gin.
C th ct c cc loi phi thp cn, c ng, thp hnh nh...
C Ct t trn my ca cn
My ca cn c kt cu n gin, d s dng, ming ca tng i hp, so vi
ca tay th nng sut hn nhiu, gim cng lao ng ca cng nhn. Tuy nhin,
khi so vi cc phng php ca khc th n li khng nng sut bng v c hnh trnh
chy khng ca li ca.
C th ct c cc loi phi thp cn, c ng, thp hnh nh..., thng dng
trong cc x nghip quy m nh v vn u t t, d s dng, chim din tch nh.
C Ct t bng ca a
Khi ct t bng dao ca a c th c nng sut cao, cht lng mt ct tt
song ming ct rng.
Loi ca a ny c th ct t c phi thp trn, phi nh hnh. i vi
phi c kch thc nh c th g ct mt ln nhiu phi.
C Ct t bng bnh mi
Ct t bng phng php ny c th t chnh xc cao, cht lng mt ct
cao, sau khi ct khng cn gia cng li. Nu so vi ca a th nng sut khng bng
nhng cht lng mt ct li tt hn v tit kim c vt liu v ming ct nh.
Phng php ny c th ct c phi trn nh, nh hnh nh, c bit l cc
thp cng, thp ti...
59
C Ct t bng bnh ma st
Dng c ct l mt a phng c chiu dy khong 1,5 3 mm, ng knh
khong 300 1500 mm. Mt trn ca a c kha, khi quay n tip xc vi phi, pht
ra nhit lng ln lm cho kim loi b nng chy v b ct t, trong khi a c
lm ngui bng cch ngm trong nc hoc ti dung dch lm ngui lin tc (nhng
khng ti vo v tr ct), do vy, c th ct c phi cng hn dng c ct.
Phng php ny c nng sut kh cao, khng cn li ca t tin nn gi
thnh thp, tuy nhin, chnh xc thp, gy n v khng an ton.
Ct t trn my tin
Vic ct t trn my tin c thun li l c th thc hin chung trn mt ln
g vi cc bc cng ngh khc nh gia cng l tm, tin ngoi...
Ct t trn my tin ct c phi trn, ng knh c th ct ln n 3200
mm (i vi my tin rvnve ln).
C Ct t trn my chuyn dng
Cc loi phi thanh, phi tm c th c ct t trn my ct chuyn dng
nh my ct tm, my ct t...
Phng php ny c nng sut rt cao, nhng ming ct khng chnh xc.
Ct t bng ngn la O
2
- C
2
H
2
Phng php ny c th ct c nhiu phi c hnh dng khc nhau nh trn,
thanh, tm, nh hnh, to c chi tit nh hnh t vic ct thp tm...
Phng php ny c nng sut rt cao, thun li, tin dng mi ni, nhng
nhc im chnh ca n l cht lng mt ct thp, chnh xc khng cao, hay b
cong vnh...
Ct t bng in cc
Phng php ny ch s dng khi ct cc phi lm bng vt liu c cng
cao v cc hp kim cng.
1 Ct t bng tia Laser
Phng php ny l mt thnh tu mi ca th gii, n c th ct cc phi c
chiu dy nh, c bit l vt liu cng v dn nh kim cng, thu tinh, s...
Phng php ny c chnh xc cao, rnh ct nh, p, nng sut rt cao...
5.2.5- Gia cng l tm
L tm l loi chun tinh ph thng nht, dng nh v chi tit dng trc
trong nhiu ln g hoc nhiu nguyn cng khc nhau. N khng nhng lm chun
trong qu trnh gia cng m cn dng c trong qu trnh kim tra v sa cha sau ny.
L tm c nhiu loi, nhng thng dng cc loi sau y:
60
6
0
0
D

1
2
0
0

6
0
0
D

d
L
l
6
0
0
D

d
1
2
0
0
L
l
Hnh 5.3- Cc loi l tm.
b)
a)
c)
Kiu (a) l kiu n gin nht, gc cn ca mt t thng l 60
0
, ch trong
trng hp chi tit ln mi dng loi c gc cn ln hn (75
0
hoc 90
0
). L c ng
knh d cho u mi tm thot, cn phn cn ca mi tm t st vo l cn.
Kiu (b) c thm phn cn vt 120
0
bo v l tm khi b st mp ngoi,
ng thi cn c th cho php gia cng sut c mt u ca trc.
Kiu (c) cn c thm phn ren l tm khi s dng xong l tm, dng mt
nt c ren vn vo nhm bo v l tm khng b h hng.
Hai loi (b) v (c) p dng trong nhng trng hp m l tm c dng trong
thi gian di.
L tm c yu cu k thut khi gia cng kh cao:
- L tm phi l mt ta vng chc ca chi tit, din tch tip xc phi ,
gc cn phi chnh xc, su l tm phi m bo.
- L tm phi nhn bng (phn cn 60
0
) gim ma st, chng mn v
gim bt bin dng tip xc, tng cng cng vng.
- Hai l tm phi nm trn mt ng tm trnh tnh trng mi tm tip
xc khng u nn chng mn v lm cho mt tr s gia cng khng thng gc vi
mt u.
Trong sn xut nh, ngi ta c th gia cng l tm trn cc my vn nng nh
my tin, my khoan; bng cch dng mi khoan nh khoan trc phn tr, sau
dng mi khoan ln khot thm phn cn (nu khng c mi khoan tm).

L
L
1
118
0
d
60
0

Hnh 5.4- Mi khoan tm.
61
Trong sn xut hng lot v hng khi, vic gia cng l tm c thc hin
trn my chuyn dng, chi tit c g t trn hai khi V t nh tm, khi gia cng
tin hnh theo hai bc: th nht phay hai mt u trc ng thi bng hai dao phay
mt u; bc th hai tin hnh gia cng cng lc hai l tm bng mi khoan tm
chuyn dng.

Hnh 5.5- Gia cng l tm trn my chuyn dng.

Trong qu trnh cng ngh, nu chi tit gia cng nhit luyn th chc chn
l tm s c sai s d cho l tm c c gia cng bng cch no i na. Lc , nu
mun s dng tip l tm th phi sa li l tm m bo ng hnh dng v cc
yu cu khc. Mun sa li l tm phi dng mi hnh cn c gc cn bng 60
0
hoc nghin bng bt mi.

62
Chng 6
gia cng b mt Chi tit my
Chi tit my c hnh dng, chng loi, kch thc rt phong ph. Tuy nhin,
nu xt mt cch tng qut th chi tit my l tng hp ca cc b mt c bn nh:
trn xoay (trong, ngoi), mt phng, mt xon vt, mt nh hnh. Chng ny, chng
ta nghin cu phng php gia cng cc b mt (gia cng ct gt).
6.1- gia cng b mt tr ngoi
B mt tr ngoi c nhiu dng khc nhau v kt cu nh: trc (trc trn, trc
bc, trc ngn, trc di, trc c, trc rng); ng (dy, mng); a (dy, mng); cn.
Do vy, ty theo tng loi kt cu m ta c cch g t cng nh chn phng php
gia cng thch hp.
m bo tnh nng s dng, khi ch to trc cn m bo nhng yu cu k
thut ch yu sau:
- chnh xc kch thc ng knh cc c trc lp ghp t cp
chnh xc 7 8, c th ti cp 6; cc sai s hnh dng hnh hc nh cn, van...
nm trong gii hn dung sai ng knh.
- chnh xc kch thc chiu di mi bc trc khong 0,05 2mm.
- chnh xc v v tr tng quan nh o cc c trc, khng thng
gc gia ng tm v mt u vai trc sai lch gii hn trong khong 0,01 0,05mm
- nhm b mt cc c trc lp ghp Ra = 1,25 0,16 ty theo yu cu
lm vic c th.
Phi ch to trc c th l phi cn theo tiu chun (gia cng cc trc trn,
trc bc c chnh lch ng knh cc bc khng ln); phi rn khun, dp khun
dng cho cc trc c yu cu c tnh cao nh trc lch tm, trc khuu, trong sn xut
hng lot ln, hng khi; phi c bng gang c bn cao dng cho cc trc ln
gim nh trng lng, gim lng d v thi gian gia cng.
6.1.1- Gia cng trc nhit luyn
a) Tin mt tr ngoi
Phng php g t chi tit:
B mt tr ngoi ch yu c gia cng bng phng php tin. Chun cng
ngh khi tin b mt tr ngoi c th l mt ngoi, mt trong, hai l tm, hoc kt hp
mt trong (mt ngoi) vi l tm.
Ty theo vic chn chun m khi gia cng mt ngoi ta c nhiu cch g t
chi tit khc nhau:
- G trn mm cp ba chu t nh tm (chun l mt trong, mt ngoi).
- G trn mm cp bn chu (chun l mt trong, mt ngoi).
- G trn mm cp v chng tm [chun l mt trong (ngoi) v l tm].
63
- G trn hai mi tm (chun l hai l tm).
- G bng ng kp n hi (chun l mt trong, mt ngoi).
- G trn cc loi trc g (chun l mt trong).
- G trn cc g chuyn dng.
Ngoi ra, i vi cc chi tit trc di (l/D > 10 12) th ngi ta phi dng
thm luynet. Luynet l trang b cng ngh khng tham gia vo nh v m ch tng
thm cng vng cho chi tit gia cng.
Luynet tnh l loi luynet c g c nh trn bng my. Loi ny c cng
vng cao nhng i hi phi iu chnh cc vu luynet cn thn. B mt ca chi tit
gia cng tip xc vi cc vu phi c gia cng trc sao cho tm ca n trng vi
ng tm hai l tm hay ng tm quay ca my.
Luynet ng l loi luynet c g c nh vi bn dao, n lun lun nm gn
v tr ca dao ct, do vy n c tc dng tt hn luynet tnh. Luynet ng c
cng vng km hn luynet tnh v thng c dng khi gia cng trc trn. Vu ca
luynet ng c th chy trc hoc sau v tr ca dao ct.
Khi gia cng tinh th vu ca luynet ng chy trc v tr dao ct v nu chy
sau th n s lm xc b mt va gia cng, cn cc trng hp khc th vu ca
luynet ng chy sau v tr dao ct.

b) a)

Hnh 6.1- Tin trc dng luynet.
a) Dng luynet c nh; b) Dng luynet di ng.
Phng php ct v bin php nng cao nng sut:
* Phng php ct:
Khi tin th ta c th dng cc phng php ct sau y:
- Ct theo lp:
1
3
2
Ct tng lp l phng php ct m vic
ct gt s thc hin theo tng lp.
Phng php ny c cng vng tt,
lc ct nh nn c th t chnh xc cao
64
nhng nng sut khng cao.
- Ct tng on:
Ct tng on l phng php ct t
kch thc yu cu theo tng on.
1
2
on u trc c lng d ln nn phi
chia thnh 2 lp ct cho ht lng d,
tip theo ct tip on gia v cui cng l
on cui.
Phng php ny c nng sut cao nhng lng d ln v khng u nhau, lc
ct ln v cng vng b gim xung.
- Ct phi hp:
y l phng php ct phi hp ca
hai phng php trn, n c th iu ha
c nhc im ca hai phng php .
Lc u ta ct lp ngoi 1, sau ct cc
on 2.
1
2
Khi tin tinh, vic chn phng php ct no cn ph thuc vo cch ghi
kch thc, cch chn chun v chnh xc yu cu.
* Bin php nng cao nng sut:
Nng cao c nng sut lao ng, gim gi thnh sn phm l mc tiu hng
u ca tt c cc x nghip sn xut.
C nhiu cch nng cao nng sut sn xut nh c kh ha v t ng ho
cc quy trnh cng ngh, s dng my t ng, my iu khin theo chng trnh s,
dng cc g chuyn dng, c cu kp nhanh bng kh nn...
y, ta xt n ta xt n bin php nng cao nng sut bng cch rt ngn
thi gian gia cng trc tip T
0
:

s . n
i . L
T
0
=
trong , L: l chiu di tin dao, L = L
0
+ l
av
+ l
vq
vi: L
0
l chiu di tin dao thc.
l
av
l khong cha dao n vo.
l
vq
l khong cha dao vt qu.
i: l s ln ct ht lng d,
t
Z
i =
vi; Z l lng d.
t l chiu su ct.
n: l s vng quay trc chnh.
s: l lng chy dao dc.
Nh vy, rt ngn thi gian gia cng trc tip, ta phi gim chiu ng
65
ct L, gim s ln ct, hoc tng s vng quay, lng chy dao.
Sau y l cc bin php nng cao nng sut dng cho phng php tin.
- S dng nhiu dao ct mt lc:
Thay dao ct thng thng bng t hp gm nhiu dao. Khi gia cng, mi dao
ch ct mt phn ca chiu di chi tit do vy t c nng sut cao.
- S dng my c hai bn dao (my bn t ng):
Ngi ta thng s dng phng php ny trong sn xut ln khi lng d gia
cng kh ln.

S
S
t
S
s

Nhiu dao ct mt lc. Dng my tin bn t ng.

- Tng ch ct:
Nu iu kin k thut cho php nh my cng sut, g kp chi tit tt, dao
c m bo... c th tng ch ct ln cao nng cao nng sut.
Ngoi ra, khi gia cng nn ti dung dch trn ngui ko di tui th ca
dao v gim thi gian ph.
b) Phay th mt tr ngoi
Mt tr ngoi cn c th gia cng bng dao phay tr trn my phay chuyn
dng v c nng sut rt cao. My loi ny c hai trc dao lp cc dao phay v mt
trc g lp chi tit.
Khi gia cng c th thc hin theo hai cch:
- Khi gia cng cc trc c kt cu n gin, mi bc trc c gia cng
cng lc bi hai dao phay lp trn hai trc dao (hnh 6.2a). Chi tit sau khi tin vo
vng gia cng phi quay quay i mt gc 185
0
gia cng ht ton b chu vi b mt.
- Cch hai dng khi gia cng trc c kt cu phc tp hn, mi b mt
c gia cng bi mt dao ring v chi tit phi quay i 370
0
ct ht chu vi b mt.

b) a)
Hnh 6.2- Phay trc trn my phay chuyn dng.
66
6.1.2- Gia cng ln cui v gia cng sau nhit luyn
a) Tin mng
gia cng ln cui, dng phng php tin mng bng dao hp kim cng
hoc dao kim cng c li ct c mi cn thn thng v bng li ct cao.
Ch ct khi tin mng c lng chy dao v chiu su ct kh nh cn vn
tc ct th kh ln. Khi gia cng hp kim nhm, tc ct c th t 1000 1500
m/ph; vi hp kim ng V = 300 450 m/ph; kim loi khc V = 200 250 m/ph.
Khi tin mng bng dao kim cng c th khng cn dung dch trn ngui
nhng nu dng dao hp kim cng th cn thit phi c v kh nng chu nhit ca n
km hn.
My v trang b cng ngh tin mng phi c chnh xc v cng vng cao.
Tin mng c th cho php to ra b mt c cp chnh xc 6, nhm R
a
= 0,1
0,4m; khng c ht mi bm vo b mt gia cng, nng sut cao.
y c th l phng php gia cng duy nht i vi vt liu l hp kim mu
v vi vt liu ny khng th mi c do phoi mi s dnh bt vo b mt lm vic
ca mi v do lm mt kh nng ct gt ca chng.
b) Mi
Sau khi nhit luyn, chi tit lun b bin dng so vi trc khi nhit luyn nh
cong vnh, l tm b hng...
gia cng sau khi nhit luyn, ngi ta dng phng php mi. Ht mi c
th dng lin kt cng ( mi), t do (mi nghin), lin kt n hi (dng t trng
lin kt).
Khi gia cng th, chn cng vi cht dnh kt l gm, ht ln; gia cng
tinh, chn mm, cht dnh kt hu c, ht nh. Khi gia cng thp cng, chn
mm hn so vi khi gia cng thp mm.
Mi bng mi:
* Phng php mi c tm:
Chi tit khi mi c tm thng c g bng hai l tm hoc mm cp kt hp
l tm. Do , trc khi mi ta phi sa li l tm v nn thng li chi tit (nu cong).

Hnh 6.3- Mi c tm.
n
ct
S
n
z
S
d
n
d
67
Chuyn ng ct do chuyn ng quay ca mi to nn, vn tc ct thng
khong v = 25 50 (m/s).
Chi tit cng quay vi chiu ngc li vi mi nhng vn tc quay nh,
khong: v
ct
= (1 3%)v.
Khi mi c tm, thng dng hai phng php n dao: dc v ngang.
- Mi n dao dc:
Phng php chy dao dc thng dng khi mi cc b mt c chiu di ln
hn so vi chiu rng mi.
Sau mi hnh trnh chy dao
dc, mi mi tin su vo mt
lng chy dao ngang. Phng
php ny rt thng dng, t
chnh xc cao, su ct nh (ct
th t = 0,1 0,4 mm; ct tinh t =
0,01 0,04 mm) nn lc mi b.
Hnh 6.4- Chy dao dc.
n
ct
n
d
S
d
Lng tin dao dc c chn theo chiu rng B, khi mi th thng ly S
d

= (0,3 0,7)B; khi mi tinh ly S
d
= (0,2 0,3)B.
Khi mi tinh, nhng ln chy dao cui ta khng cho tin su vo na m
vn cho tip tc mi n khi tt hoa la mi thi.
- Mi n dao ngang:
Thng dng phng php ny khi mi chi tit c ng knh ln, chiu di b
mt cn mi ngn hn chiu rng mi, sn lng ln.
Cch mi ny i hi cng vng
chi tit tt, myc cng sut ln,
rng bn v sa tht tt.
n
d
S
n
n
ct
Hnh 6.5- Chy dao ngang
u im ca cch mi ny l t
nng sut cao, c th kt hp mi mt
bc v ngng trc ng thi hoc mi
cc b mt nh hnh. Tuy nhin
chnh xc t c khng cao v ph
thuc vo ch sa .
Tnh thi gian c bn:
+ Khi mi n dao dc: ) ph ( K
S
a
S . n
L
T
n d ct
0
=
trong :
L: chiu di hnh trnh dc: L = L
0
- (0,4 0,6)B; vi B l chiu rng mi;
L
0
l

chiu di ca b mt cn mi.
n
ct
: S vng quay chi tit trong mt pht, v/ph.
S
d
: L lng chy dao dc, mm/ vng chi tit. c xc nh bng .B/ vng
68
chi tit. Khi mi th, = 0,5 0,8; khi mi tinh, = 0,2 0,5.
K : H s lin quan vi chnh xc khi mi (mi tt hoa la). Khi yu cu t
chnh xc n 0,02 0,03 mm, K = 1,7; khi t chnh xc n 0,04 0,06mm,
K = 1,4; khi t chnh xc n 0,07 0,09 mm, K = 1,25; khi t chnh xc n
0,1 0,15 mm, K = 1,1.
a :lng d mi tnh cho mt pha, mm.
S
n
:lng n dao ngang, mm/htk
+ Khi mi n dao ngang: ) ph ( K
S . n
a
T
n ct
0
=
Cc gi tr a, n
ct
, K c xc nh nh trn.
S
n
: l lng tin dao ngang, mm/ vng chi tit.
* Phng php mi khng tm:
Mi khng tm c c im l chun nh v ca chi tit gia cng chnh l b
mt gia cng. Chi tit mi c t t do ln cn m khng cn nh v, kp cht.
i vi cc chi tit ngn, c th t ni tip nhau trn mng dn. Do vy nng sut
gia cng cao, thch hp vi dng sn xut lot ln hoc hng khi.
Chi tit nm gia hai mi, mt ct v mt dn. dn dng to ra
chuyn ng quay (ngc chiu vi ct) v tnh tin dc trc cho chi tit.
Tc ct ca mi khong v = 30 50 m/s, tc ca dn nh hn tc
ca ct khong 75 80 ln, v th ma st gia vt mi vi dn ln hn nhiu
so vi ct.

v
ct
v
v
dn
Chi tit Dao
mi
dn
h
Hnh 6.6- Mi khng tm
g chnh ca chi tit khi mi khng tm l cn . Mt ca cn phi t
song song vi trc ca mi. Gc nghing ca cn l 30
0
(khi chi tit c kch
thc ln d > 30 mm th gc nghing khong 20 25
0
). Mt vt ca cn phi
hng vo pha dn v cng vi dn hnh thnh nn khi V nh v chi tit.
Chiu cao g t ca chi tit khi mi khng tm c nh hng n cht lng
gia cng rt nhiu. Thng thng, ngi ta phi t cn lm sao cho tm ca chi
69
tit cao hn tm ca mi v dn ( khng b mo) mt khong (0,5 1) bn
knh chi tit nhng nh hn 14 mm.
Mi khng tm c u im l nng sut gia cng cao, thch hp cho dng sn
xut hng lot, khi, c th mi c cc chi tit m khng th mi c tm nh chi
tit nh, ngn nh cht xch, vin bi kim... v khi khng th to nn l tm g
t hoc mi s ct vo cc mi tm hoc g ca my.
Tuy nhin li c nhc im l khng m bo ng tm gia cc c trc,
khng gia cng c cc b mt khng lin tc (nh c rnh then) nn ch yu l
gia cng trc trn.
C 2 phng php mi v tm: Mi n dao dc v mi n dao ngang.
- Mi n dao dc:
Mi khng tm chy dao dc v
tnh cht cc chuyn ng ging nh
mi c tm nhng khc ch l dn
lm nhim v cung cp cho chi tit
chuyn ng quay v tnh tin. dn
c dng hypecblit trn xoay v c
t nghing i mt gc = (1 4
0
).

Bnh mi
Bnh dn
Cn
Hnh 6.7- Chy dao dc.
Tc quay V
ct
v tc chy
dc S
d
ca chi tit ph thuc vo tc
dn V
.dn
v .
V
ct
= V
.dn
. cos. (m/ph)
S
d
= V
.dn
. sin./ 1000 (mm/ph)
trong , l h s trt gia chi tit v dn, =0,95 0,98.
Khi bit ng knh D
d.dn
v tc quay n
.dn
ca dn, c th xc nh V
ct

v S
d
theo cng thc sau:
) ph / mm ( . sin n . D . S
) ph / m ( . cos
1000
n . D .
V
dan . d dan . d d
dan . d dan . d
ct
=

=

Khi mi tinh, thng chn t 1 2
0
; khi mi th chn t 2
0
30

4
0
.

Phng php ny cho php t chnh xc hnh dng hnh hc b mt rt cao.
- Mi n dao ngang:
Mi khng tm n dao ngang tng t nh mi c tm n dao ngang. N c th
gia cng c trc bc, nu sa chnh xc c th mi c mt cn, mt nh hnh
nhng yu cu cng vng ca chi tit phi tt v mt gia cng phi ngn.
Bnh dn khng cn c dng hypecblit m l hnh tr v trc ca n t
song song vi trc mi ( = 0). Trong trng hp , ta thy S
d
s bng 0.
Vic n dao ngang S
n
c thc hin bng cch tin dn hng vo pha
mi. Thng thng S
n
= 0,003 - 0,01mm/vng chi tit.
70
Trng hp mi b mt cn, trc dn s c quay i 1 gc so vi trc
mi bng gc cn ca chi tit cn mi. Khi cn thm mt cht t chng vo mt
u cn ln trnh trng hp chi tit b y li khi mi, lm mt chnh xc.
Tnh thi gian c bn:
+ Khi mi n dao dc: ( ) ph K
m S
B m . l
T
d
0
0
+
=
trong :
l
o
: chiu di chi tit c mi, mm.
m: s lng chi tit trong lot c mi lin tc theo dy chuyn.
B: chiu rng mi, mm.
S
d
: lng tin dao dc, c xc nh nh trn (mm/ph).
K: h s tnh n chnh xc khi mi.
+ Khi mi n dao ngang: ( ) ph K
S n
a
T
n
0
=
trong :
a: lng d mt pha, mm.
n: s vng quay chi tit trong 1 pht, v/ph.
S
n
: lng n dao ngang ca dn, mm/vng chi tit.
K: h s chnh xc ho.
Mi nghin:
Mi nghin l qu trnh s dng cc ht mi c ht nh dng t do, trn
vi cc loi dung dch (du nhn, m b, paraphin v mt s axit hu c), sau ph
ln b mt lm vic ca dng c nghin. Khi a dng c nghin vo tip xc vi b
mt chi tit gia cng phi to cho n mt p lc cn thit (khng ln lm), nh p lc
ny v cc chuyn ng tng i, cc ht mi s ct i mt lp t vi trn b mt chi
tit gia cng lm tng bng b mt. chnh xc v kch thc c th t c
cp 6 - 7 v nhm b mt t n R
z
= 0,04 0,63.
Tuy nhin, phi trc khi mi nghin phi c gia cng chnh xc (n cp
7 v nhm b mt phi t R
a
= 0,63 2,5) v mi nghin khng sa c sai lch v
tr tng quan do lng d khi mi nghin khng ln hn 0,02 mm.
Dng c nghin c ch to bng vt liu mm hn so vi cc chi tit c
nghin, thng thng c ch to bng gang Peclit, Ferit, ng... Ty theo b mt
gia cng m dng c nghin l bc ch C hay tm phng nhng phi m bo rng c
th iu chnh c p sut nghin theo gi tr yu cu cn thit.
p sut khi nghin thng chn trong khong t 2 8 Kg/cm
2
; gi tr ln dng
cho nghin th, gi tr nh cho nghin tinh. Tc ct thng c chn thp, t 10
12 m/ph. ht khi nghin thng chn t M3 n M20, ht M3 dng khi nghin
ln cui hay chy r, M20 dng khi nghin th.
71
Cc chuyn ng ct khi nghin gm: Tnh tin kh hi v quay trn. Tu theo
trng hp c th m cc chuyn ng ny c th do chi tit hay dng c thc hin.
Nguyn l lm vic ca mi
nghin vi dng c nghin l tm
phng: Mt a nghin c chuyn ng
quay trn, a nghin khc c th ng
yn hoc quay trn (ngc chiu vi a
kia). Chi tit c t gia hai a
nghin v trong a cch (khng hng
tm vo a cch). a cch c tm quay
a nghin Chi tit
Hnh 6.8- Mi nghin mt tr ngoi
a chi tit
lch so vi tm quay ca hai a nghin v c x rnh, do vy chi tit gia cng s quay
quanh tm a nghin, quay quanh tm ca n v chuyn ng qua li theo phng dc
trc ca n (chy trong rnh ca a cch).
Mi nghin ni chung c nng sut thp v ht mi c kch thc nh, vn tc
nghin v p lc nghin thp. B mt sau mi nghin c th t chnh xc cp 6,
nhm b mt Ra = 0,2 0,01, cht lng b mt tt v lp kim loi c ct rt mng,
lc ct khng ln, nhit ct khng cao.
Mi siu tinh:
Mi siu tinh l phng php gia cng ln cui, c th t cp chnh xc 6 v R
z

= 0,05 0,8. Dng c mi l u mang cc thi . Chi tit c chuyn ng quay vi
vn tc v = 6 30 m/ph, cn mi tnh tin theo phng dc trc ca chi tit vi tc
0,1 mm/vg. c bit, u mi cn c thm chuyn ng lc ngn dc trc vi
tn s cao (500 2000 hnh trnh kp/pht), nhng hnh trnh rt ngn (2 6 mm).

Khi mi siu tinh, p lc ca mi rt nh, tc ct tng i thp. Do c
chuyn ng ct phc tp nn cc vt ct mi xa u ln nhau lm cho nhn bng
cao (Rz = 0,05 0,1 m) v thi gian mi ngn.
n
S
d
f
Hnh 6.9- Mi siu tinh.
Tuy nhin, cng nh mi nghin, mi siu tinh khng sa c sai lch hnh
dng v v tr tng quan nn lng d gia cng rt nh (5 7 m). Do vy, trc khi
mi siu tinh phi gia cng trc t c kch thc gii hn trn trong bn v.
72
nh bng:
nh bng l phng php lm tng bng b mt, thng dng cho trc
khi m v cc chi tit trang tr vi lng d khi gia cng khng ln hn 5m.
nh bng dng ht mi rt nh trn vi du nhn c bi ln bnh nh bng
n hi (bng g, vi, da p, dy ai) quay vi tc rt cao (20 40 m/s).
Trc khi nh bng, chi tit phi qua mi v cc phng php gia cng tinh
khc. Khi nh bng, c th p chi tit vo bnh mi bng tay hoc bng my.
nh bng c th t Rz = 0,05 0,1, nhng khng th sa c sai lch hnh
dng, v tr tng quan, cc khuyt tt li trn b mt (r, lm).
6.2- gia cng b mt tr trong
Cng ging nh b mt tr ngoi, b mt tr trong (l) cng c nhiu loi nh
l trn, l bc, l cn, l nh hnh. Ty thuc vo tng loi m ta c cc bin php
cng ngh khc nhau gia cng cc b mt .
thun tin trong vic xc nh gii php cng ngh khi gia cng l, ngi ta
tin hnh phn loi l theo t l gia chiu su l l v ng knh l d nh sau:
- L ngn: l/d < 0,5. - L thng: 0,5 < l/d < 3.
- L di: 3 < l/d < 10. - L su: l/d > 10
a- Khoan l
Khoan l mt trong nhng phng php ph bin v c bn nht gia cng l
trn vt liu c. Khoan khng nhng c thc hin trn my khoan m cn thc
hin kh rng ri v thng xuyn trn cc my tin, my phay, my doa...
Khoan c th gia cng c cc loi l thng v khng thng vi ng knh
t 0,25 80 mm; chnh xc gia cng thp, ch t cp 10, 11 (cao nht ch l 7 i
vi khoan nng sng); nhm b mt Ra = 20 40 m. Do vy, khoan ch dng
gia cng cc l bt bulng, l lm ren, cc l c yu cu khng cao v nguyn cng
th cho cc nguyn cng tinh sau n.
Kch thc l gia cng bng phng php khoan ph thuc vo kch thc mi
khoan. i vi l thng nh, trung bnh thng dng mi khoan rut g; l ln, chiu
dy nh v thng th dng mi khoan vnh; cn i vi l su (l/d > 10 12) th dng
mi khoan nng sng.
S d khoan ch t chnh xc thp l v:
- Kt cu mi khoan cha hon thin. Lun phi tn ti li ct ngang (v
khng th ch to mi khoan c ng knh li bng khng), ti li ct ngang gc
trc < 0, cho nn li ct ngang cng di th lc dc trc cng ln, mi khoan cng
nhanh mn. Ngy nay, ngi ta c gng ch to mi khoan sao cho li ct ngang
cng ngn cng tt.
73
- Cc sai s do ch to v mi mi khoan sinh ra ( khng ng tm gia
phn ct v chui cn) s lm cho l khoan b lay rng ra. Trn mi khoan, phn ct
c cn ngc, khi mi khoan mi li cng nhiu th kch thc l s nh i.

2 = 116 120
0
a) b) c)
Hnh 6.10- Cc loi mi khoan.
a) Mi khoan rut g; b) Mi khoan vnh; c) Mi khoan nng sng.
* Cc sai s xy ra khi khoan:

L khoan b lay rng
Hnh 6.11- Cc loi sai s khi khoan.
L khoan b tp, loe L khoan b cong

- L khoan b cong: sai s ny do mi hai li ct khng u, lc dc trc
ca mi khoan khng u lm cho l khoan b cong, loi ny hay gp khi khoan trn
my khoan hay my phay (chi tit ng yn). Ngoi ra, khi khoan cc vt liu m l
khoan gp phi cc r kh hay pha cng cng b sai s ny.
- L khoan b lay rng: khi tm quay v tm phn ct ca mi khoan khng
trng nhau s lm cho l khoan b rng ra.
- L khoan b tp, loe: do khi n dao khng ng tm, cng vng mi
khoan km s lm cho tm quay v tm mi khoan b lch i mt gc.
- L b thu hp: Trn mi khoan, phn ct c cn ngc, khi mn th ta
s mi li, nu mi khoan mi li cng nhiu th kch thc mi khoan s cng nh so
vi ban u, do l gia cng s nh i.
* Bin php khc phc: Ngoi nhng bin php m bo cng vng v
chnh xc ca h thng cng ngh nh chnh xc ca my, dao, g; kt cu hp
l ca chi tit; cn phi ch n cc bin php cng ngh sau y:
- Gim bt lc chiu trc v mmen ct bng cch gim bt chiu di li
ct ngang khi mi sc mi khoan.
74
- Khi khoan l su, nn cho chi tit quay to chuyn ng ct, cn mi
khoan thc hin chuyn ng tnh tin, chn lng chy dao nh lc ct b, khng
nh hng n qu trnh ct gt (v do mi khoan km cng vng nn nu n va
quay, va tnh tin th s d b nghing hoc lch).
- Dng bc dn hng m bo chnh xc.
- Khoan l nh phi khoan mi trc nh tm bng mi khoan ngn.
- Dng pointu ly du trc khi khoan.
- S dng dung dch trn ngui ng v .
b) Khot
Khot l nguyn cng m rng l, nng cao chnh xc sau khi khoan v
ch c th thc hin vi cc l c sn (l c, dp, khoan). Khot cn l nguyn cng
chun b cho nguyn cng doa, mi.
Khot c th t chnh xc cp 8, 9; nhm b mt Ra = 2,5 1,25.
Mi khot c c im l c 3 4 li ct, cng vng
ln hn nhiu so vi mi khoan, do vy d thc hin vic gia
cng vi lng d ln, c th sa c cc sai lch v hnh dng
hnh hc v v tr tng quan m khoan khng th lm c,
ng thi nng cao c bng, chnh xc, nng sut.
Khot thng dng gia cng l tr, nu dng mi khot nh hnh c th vt
ming loe, gia cng l cn, l bc, gia cng mt phng ming l ...
nng cao chnh xc ca l v gim bt thi gian ph, nng cao nng
sut, c th dng bc dn hng mt pha hoc hai pha khi khot.

Bc dn
Chi tit
Bc dn Chi tit
Hnh 6.12- Dng bc dn hng cho nguyn cng khot.

c) Doa
Doa l phng php gia cng tinh hoc bn tinh cc l sau khi khoan, khot
hoc sau khi khoan vi cc kch thc nh. Doa c th thc hin trn cc loi my
doa, my tin hay my khoan hoc c th doa tay.
Doa c th t chnh xc cp 9 7, c th t cp 6; nhm b mt Ra =
6,3 1,25 m, c khi t 0,63 m.
75

Hnh 6.13- Dao doa.
Dao doa c cng vng cao, s li ct nhiu (6 18) nhng phn b khng
i xng trnh rung ng v sai s in dp. Li ct ca dao doa c th l li
thng hay li xon c; rng c th l nguyn hay rng chp (c th thay i c
ng knh gia cng).
Doa c nng sut cao do c nhiu li ct, d cho tc ct khi doa thp (8
10 m/ph) nhng lng chy dao ln, khong 0,5 3,5 mm/v. Gi thnh ca dao doa
cao, hn na dao doa thng i theo b vi mi khoan v khot cho nn ch t hiu
qu kinh t khi sn xut lot ln i vi cc l tiu chun. Cn trong sn xut n
chic, c th thay doa bng tin.
Lng d khi doa nh v yu cu ng u kh kht khe. Khi doa th, lng
d khong 0,25 0,5 mm; khi doa tinh khong 0,05 0,15 mm. Khi lng d qu nh
s c hin tng b trt, bng km; nhng nu lng d qu ln, dao chu ti cao,
nhanh mn v co ln b mt chi tit lm bin cng gy kh khn cho nguyn cng
doa tinh (v th khng nn dng dao tinh mn doa th).
Doa cng c th gia cng c l nh, to, ngn, di theo tiu chun hoc
khng tiu chun; l thng hay khng thng.
Tuy nhin, khi doa cc l khng tiu chun th phi ch to cc loi dao
chuyn dng, lc gi thnh s cao. Bn cnh , mc d c th nhng khng nn
doa cc l ngn, l khng thng, l c rnh dc bi v l ngn s khng c kh nng
nh hng dao doa v l gia cng d b lay rng; l khng thng th s khng gia
cng n y l c. Cn l c rnh dc th khng c kh nng nh hng ng
dao vi tm l nn l gia cng s b mo.
trnh hin tng lay rng l, c th dng cc bin php sau:
- Dng trc doa ty ng: Trc dao doa khng ni cng vi trc chnh m
ni lc l. Dao doa lc ny c nh hng chnh bng l gia cng, do khng
chu nh hng sai lch ca trc chnh hoc sai lch v ng tm gia trc chnh
v trc dao.
- Dng dao doa ty ng: y l loi dao doa n gin, ch c hai li ct.
Li ct c kh nng x dch t nhiu theo phng hng knh t la theo ng
tm l gia cng. Loi ny thng dng khi gia cng cc l phi tiu chun c ng
knh t 75 150 mm, u im l gn, nh, n gin, m bo chnh xc gia cng.
- nng cao chnh xc th ngoi vic to iu kin cho lng d ng u
th nn khoan, khot, doa hoc t nht l khot, doa thc hin trn cng mt ln g.
76
Tnh thi gian c bn khi khoan, khot, doa:
) ph (
S . n
i . l
T
0
=
Trong :
i: s bc gia cng.
n: s vng quay ca dao (hoc chi tit khi khoan trn my tin).
S: lng tin dao vng, mm/vng chi tit.
l: chiu di tin dao, mm. l = l
0
+ l
av
+ l
vq
, vi l
0
l chiu su ca l gia cng;
- l
av
l lng n vo:
+ Khi khoan l t vt liu c: ( ) (mm 3 1 g cot
2
d D
l
av
+ )
=
vi, D: ng knh mi khoan, mm; d: chiu rng li ct ngang, mm; : gc nghing
chnh ca mi khoan, rad.

+ Khi khoan rng l: l
av
= t.cotg + (1 3) (mm)
vi, t: chiu su ct, t = D
b
- D
a
trong , D
a
: kch thc l trc khi khoan (hay khot,
doa) rng. D
b
: kch thc l sau khi gia cng.
- l
vq
l lng vt qu, mm.
+ Khi khoan l thng:
Khoan l t vt liu c: l
vq
= 1 3 mm.
Khoan rng l: l
vq
= (0,2 0,5)K, vi K l chiu di phn sa ng
+ Khi khoan l khng thng: l
av
= 0.
d) Tin l
Tin l tuy c nng sut thp hn khoan hoc khot nhng li c kh nng bo
m yu cu k thut cao hn. Ngoi ra, tin cn c th gia cng c cc loi l ln,
l phi tiu chun, l c to bng c, rn, dp sn, l cn, l bc, l c rnh, l
khng thng hoc l nh hnh...

Hnh 6.14- Tin l.
77
Tuy nhin, cc chi tit c tin l thng phi c kt cu thch hp nh c
dng trn xoay, khng qu cng knh hay qu ln v khi lng, hoc khi tm phn
b khng qu xa vi tm l gia cng trnh tnh trng gy ra lc qun tnh ly tm
ln; l khng qu su v nh v hn ch ca kch thc v cng vng dao.
Chun nh v khi tin trong ch c th l mt ngoi hoc mt ngoi kt hp vi
mt u.
Dao tin l phi c gc sau ln hn so vi gc sau ca dao tin ngoi v
thng g dao cao hn tm ca chi tit tng gc sau khi ct, hn ch s c st
mt sau ca dao vo b mt gia cng, mt khc cn c kh nng chng rung.
Tin l c th gia cng trn cc loi my tin, my phay, my doa... Khi tin
l trn my tin th thng ch gia cng cc l nh, ngn hnh tr hoc cn. Cn cc
l ca cc chi tit dng hp thng c gia cng trn my doa. Trong sn xut n
chic, khi gia cng nhng chi tit dng hp nh, c th gia cng trn my tin vn
nng (hoc my phay), lc chi tit c g trn bn dao v c chuyn ng dc,
cn dao s thc hin chuyn ng ct V theo cch gia cng trn my doa.
e) Chut l
Chut l l phng php gia cng l c nng sut cao do nhiu li ct cng
tham gia ct gt v khng mt thi gian cho vic o, iu chnh dao nh nhiu
phng php khc. V th, phng php ny c nng sut rt cao, v thng dng khi
sn xut hng lot ln, khi.
Chut c th gia cng t chnh xc b mt cp 7, nhm b mt Ra = 0,8
0,6; cht lng b mt tt v vn tc ct thp nn bin dng do khng nhiu.
Khi chut l, chuyn ng ct chnh l chuyn ng tnh tin ca dao, chi
tit ng yn. Qu trnh chut khng c chuyn ng chy dao. C th chia thnh
hai loi: chut y v chut ko.
Chut c th thay th gia cng mt ln cc nguyn cng th, bn tinh v tinh;
thay th cho c khoan rng, khot v doa; kt hp chut l vi rnh then hay rnh
then hoa.

Hnh 6.15- S chut l.
a) Chut ko; b) Chut y
78

Chut c th gia cng c cc loi l trn, vung, nh hnh nhng phi l l
thng, thng v tit din khng i; cc l c ng knh n 320 mm, then hoa
ng knh n 420 mm, rnh rng 100 mm, chiu di l n 10 m.
Tuy nhin, dao chut rt t tin, kh ch to. Lc chut ln nn my phi c
cng sut ln; chi tit, dao, my phi c cng vng ln. Chut khng sa c sai
lch v v tr tng quan do trc khi chut, l cn phi gia cng chnh xc v v
tr tng quan.
Sai s hay gp nht khi chut l thnh mng hoc thnh dy khng u l l
gia cng rt d b bin dng. Bi v khi chut, p lc hng knh ln nn i vi l c
thnh mng th sau khi chut ng knh b nh i; cn l c thnh dy khng u th
hnh dng l b mo (do bin dng n hi).
a) Tin mng
Phng php ny cng tng t nh khi gia cng mt tr ngoi. Dao tin lc
ny l dao c gn mnh hp kim cng hoc kim cng c mi nghin cn thn
vi nhm li ct R
z
= 0,04 0,32, s dng my c cng vng cao, chnh
xc cao, my c tc ct cao (khi tin hp kim nhm: v = 1500 m/p; tin hp kim
ng: v = 450 m/p; tin thp: v = 200 250 m/p).
chnh xc t c khi tin mng c th l cp 6 7; R
a
= 0,63 1,25 m;
nng sut gia cng cao v l phng php gia cng ch yu i vi cc hp kim mu.
b) Mi l
Mi l l phng php gia cng tinh l, cc l sau khi mi c th t cp chnh
xc 6 7; R
a
= 3,2 0,2m.
Mi l thng dng trong cc trng hp sau:
- Mi cc l c cng cao ( qua ti).
- Mi cc l ln, l phi tiu chun, l c kt cu khng thun tin cho cc
phng php khc v c yu cu chnh xc cao.
- Mi cc l cn sa li sai lch v v tr tng quan ca l do cc nguyn
cng trc li.
V chuyn ng ct v bn cht ca qu trnh gia cng khi mi mt tr trong
cng hon ton ging nh khi mi b mt tr ngoi.
Tuy nhin, khi mi l, ng knh b hn ch bi kch thc l gia cng (

0,8
ct
). V th, khng th t c tc mi bng cch tng ng knh m
phi tng s vng quay ca trc mang , nhng lc ny s gp nhiu tr ngi nh lc
qun tnh ly tm s rt ln, rung ng v khng an ton. Tc ca khng c
vt qu 35 m/s. Do vy, b mt ca l gia cng t bng khng cao (so vi mi
mt ngoi).
79
Mi bng mi:
* Phng php mi c tm:
Mi l c tm c th gia cng
c cc l tr, l cn; c thc
hin trn cc my mi trong, my
mi trn ngoi vn nng... Vic chn
my no l tu thuc vo dng sn
xut v phng php mi.
Khi mi l c tm c th thc
hin theo hai cch: chi tit quay, v
chi tit ng yn. Hnh 6.16- Mi trong c tm.
Cch 1:
Chi tit c kp cht trong mm cp v quay trn, cn trc cng quay trn
(ngc chiu vi chi tit) v thc hin chuyn ng chy dao dc hoc chay dao
ngang. Cch mi ny thng c s dng trn my mi trn trong.
Cch ny thng dng gia cng
nhng chi tit nh, cc vt th trn xoay hay
d g trn mm cp v c th thc hin trn
my tin vn nng vi g chuyn dng
nh ng, a.
n
n
ct
Hnh 6. 17- Mi l trn
my mi trn trong.
im lu l ng knh mi: d

0,8.d
l
, vn tc quay ca trc khong 20
30 m/s.
Cch 2:
Chi tit c g c nh trn bn my, trc mang thc hin tt c cc
chuyn ng: Chuyn ng quay trn ca ct, cc chuyn ng chy dao v
chuyn ng hnh tinh ca xung quanh l gia cng.
Kiu mi ny c dng trn my mi hnh tinh, thng gia cng cc chi
tit loi ln, cng knh nh lc my, thn, b, tm... bi v nu dng cch th nht th
vic g t ln mm cp khng th thc hin c hoc rt l kh khn, hn na s
xut hin lc ly tm, i hi
my phi c kch thc rt
ln v cng sut rt ln,
cng vng cao.
n

S
n
S
d
Hnh 6. 18- Mi l trn my mi hnh tinh.
Cc my mi hnh tinh
thng c ch to theo kiu
di ng c v c th g trc
tip ln chi tit gia cng.
iu to kh nng rt thun
80
li cho cc cng vic sa cha hoc trong dng sn xut n chic hay lot nh. N
thng c s dng i vi cc nh my ch to my hng nng.
* Phng php mi khng tm:
Phng php mi ny c kh nng t chnh xc v ng tm rt cao.
Thng dng gia cng cc chi tit c yu cu ng tm cao gia l v mt tr ngoi
trong sn xut hng lot ln v hng khi, cc chi tit khng th g trn my mi trn
trong nh chi tit c thnh mng, chiu di ngn (nh segment).
Con ln t
n
dn
Con ln ta
n
ct
dn
n
mi
Hnh 6.19- Mi l khng tm
Chi tit

Chi tit gia cng quay nh dn (c h s ma st ln) v cc con ln t v
ta. mi ngoi chuyn ng ct khi quay cn thc hin cc chuyn ng chy dao
dc v ngang.
Phng php ny c chun cng ngh l mt ngoi, nn trc khi mi phi gia
cng bn tinh hoc tinh mt ngoi.
Mi nghin:
Mi nghin l v c bn cng ging nh mi nghin mt tr ngoi, n ht i
mt lp rt mng kim loi t chnh xc v bng b mt cao. Nghin l c
th t chnh xc cp 6, Ra = 0,3 0,01 m ( c iu ny th trc khi nghin
chi tit phi t chnh xc cp 7, Ra = 1,6 0,4 m).

Chi tit
Hnh 6.20- Mi nghin l bng bc ch C.
Khi nghin l, chuyn ng ct l chuyn ng quay trn v tnh tin kh hi
ca cc dng c nghin.
81
Mi khn:
Mi khn l s pht trin cao hn ca mi nghin. y l phng php gia
cng tinh, t cht lng b mt tt, nng sut cao hn so vi cc phng php gia
cng khc. C th t c cp chnh xc 6, nhm b mt Ra = 0,16 0,32 m.
So vi mi nghin th mi khn c nhng thay i sau:
- Thay dng c mi nghin v bt mi bng dng c khc mang cc thi
gi l u khn.
- Chuyn ng ct c xc nh r rng, gm chuyn ng quay v
chuyn ng tnh tin kh hi dc trc ca u khn.
- p lc mi, di ca th ra hai u l sau mi hnh trnh kp v
nhng thng s khc c quy nh cht ch.
Khi gia cng, chi tit ng yn v
c kp cht bng g trn bn my.
u khn c ni vi trc chnh qua
cc khp (khp cu hay khp cc ng)
v thanh dn. u khn mang nhiu thi
, cc thi c b tr theo phng
song song hay nghing vi trc quay 1
gc v c th di chuyn c theo
phng hng knh.
S n
Trc chnh
u khn
mi
Chi tit
Hnh 6.21- S mi khn l.
mi, sau khi a u khn vo
trong chi tit, trc chnh quay, lc ny s
cung cp mt p lc nht nh cho p
ln b mt gia cng. Vic cung cp p
lc cho l ty vo kt cu u khn,
c th bng tay thng qua ren vt rt
hai u cn hoc tt nht l dng du p tc ng vo trc du khn tm.
Sau khi gia cng xong, ta tin hnh ngc li nh trn ly u khn ra.
Hnh 6.22 l kt cu ca u khn
n gin. mi c lp trn cc tm
kp, tm kp c lp trn cnh mang
. tng p lc tc dng ln , ngi
ta iu chnh bng ren trc c phn
cn i xung lm bung cc cnh ra
tc dng vo b mt mi. phng
cc cnh mi b vng ra khi rt u mi
ra khi l, u v cui cc tm kp
c hai l xo vng chng vo rnh.
Cnh mang
Trc thay i
p lc ln
L xo
Hnh 6.22- Kt cu ca u khn.
Ngoi ra, cn nhiu loi u khn
khc.
82
Khi gia cng, do u
khn c chuyn ng
quay v tnh tin ng
thi nn to ra vt ct
gt ca ht mi l nhng
ng xin v an cho
nhau thnh li u n,
chnh nh c im ny
m cc vt ct sau s
xo vt ct trc, lm
cho b mt chi tit gia
cng c nhn bng.
2
d
l
2
l
1
L
Hnh 6.23- Vt gia cng khi mi khn.
Chiu
su l
Sau mi hnh trnh kp th phi iu chnh kch thc u khn (tng p lc
ln ), lng iu chnh ny tng ng vi lng n dao ngang khi mi l
(mm/htk). Sau khi gia cng ht lng d th khng iu chnh na, m cho thc
hin lm vic tip trong mt thi gian xo ht cc vt gia cng.

Hnh 6.24- Sai lch khi mi khn.
chnh xc khi mi khn ph thuc vo vt qu l
1
, l
2
ca thi . Nu l
1
,
l
2
ln th b mt gia cng s b loe; nu l
1
, l
2
nh th b tp. Thng thng, ly chiu
di vt qu ny khong: l
1
, l
2
= (0,25 0,5).l

u im:
- Nng sut cao, nh c nhiu thi lm vic.
- C th sa c sai s hnh dng.
- Vn tc ct thp nn nhit ct thp, t thay i tnh cht c l ca lp b mt.
- cng vng ca u khn tt, khng bin dng trc nn m bo l trn.
Nhc im:
- Sau khi gia cng c ht mi cm vo b mt gia cng, lm cho chi tit b mi
mn nhanh. khc phc, sau gia cng nn ra sch chi tit bng dung dch Keroxt.
- Khng sa c sai lch v v tr tng quan.
- Khng gia cng c kim loi mu v phoi ca kim loi mu l phoi vn, do
n s lp kn cc l trn mi, lm cho khng th mi tip c.
83
6.3- gia cng mt phng
Trong cc b mt hnh thnh nn chi tit my th mt phng l b mt ph bin
nht. gia cng mt phng, ngi ta c th dng nhiu phng php nh phay, bo,
xc, tin, mi... Sau y, ta s nghin cu cc phng php gia cng ny.
a) Bo v xc
Bo v xc l nhng phng php gia cng mt phng c tnh vn nng cao,
c s dng rng ri trong sn xut n chic v hng lot.
Bo v xc c th gia cng mt phng t chnh xc cp 9, 10, nhm b mt
Rz = 20 40m; v th thng dng gia cng th nhm bc i phn ln lng d.
Chuyn ng ct ca bo v xc n gin. Bo c chuyn ng ct l tnh tin
ca dao bo theo phng ngang, cn xc th theo phng thng ng. Ring vi my
bo ging th chi tit c g ln bn my v thc hin chuyn ng ct.
Dao bo c kt cu khng khc g dao tin v hnh dng hnh hc phn ct, cn
dao xc tuy b phn ct hi khc nhng cc gc ca phn ct th tng t dao tin
C hai phng php ny u c nng sut thp bi v:
- Tn thi gian cho hnh trnh chy khng.
- Vn tc ct thp (vi bo: v = 12 22 m/p; vi xc: v < 12 m/p) v c
chuyn ng tnh tin kh hi nn nu vn tc ct cao th lc qun tnh s rt ln.

v
s
t
Hnh 6.25- Bo v xc.
s
t
v
Bo thng c s dng gia cng cc mt phng ngoi. c bit vi cc
mt phng di v hp th bo t c nng sut rt cao. Chi tit thng c g trn
t hay cc c chn, v tr c kim tra bng mi r hoc ng h so, do vy m
chnh xc ph thuc vo tay ngh cng nhn.
Xc c s dng khi gia cng cc mt phng rnh, hp bn trong (nh rnh
then trong l). Dao xc c cc gc ct tng t nh bo, hnh dng th c ch to
thch ng vi chuyn ng theo phng thng ng.
Khi gia cng mt phng bng phng php bo, xc th u tin chn chiu su
ct ln trc, sau mi chn n tc ct.
84
Tnh thi gian c bn khi bo v xc:
) ph (
S . n
i . B
T
o
=
Vi: B l chiu rng tnh theo phng chy dao, mm.
B = b
0
+b
1
+b
2
;
b
0
l chiu rng ca b mt gia cng; b
1
, b
2
l lng n vo v vt qu.
i: s bc gia cng.
S: lng tin dao sau mt hnh trnh kp, mm/htk.
n: s hnh trnh kp trn mt pht, htk/ph

) m 1 ( L
1000 . V
n
c
+
= ;
V
c
l tc ct khi bo (xc);
L l chiu di hnh trnh bo (xc) tnh theo phng vn tc ct,
L = l
0
+l
1
+l
2
;
l
0
:chiu di b mt gia cng; l
1
, l
2
: lng cha trc v thot dao khi bo
m l t s gia tc ct v tc chy khng khi dao bo (xc) li v:
m = V
c
/ V
ck
.
Ngoi ra, c th tnh theo cng thc:
) ph ( i
S . 1000 . V
) m 1 ).( l l l ).( b b b (
T
c
2 1 0 2 1 0
0

+ + + + +
=
b) Phay
Phay l phng php gia cng mt phng c s dng rng ri nht. Trong
sn xut ln, phay hu nh thay th hon ton bo bi v phay c nhiu li ct, tc
ct cao hn nn nng sut cao hn.

Hnh 6.26- Cc s phay cc mt phng.
85
Khi phay, chnh xc c th t c cp 8, 9; nhm b mt Rz = 10 20.
Khi phay tinh c th t chnh xc cp 7, Ra = 1,25.
Phay mt phng c th c s dng trn cc my phay vn nng nm ngang
hay ng, my chuyn dng. Ngoi ra, cn c th dng my phay ging.
Dao gia cng mt phng c th l dao phay hnh tr, dao phay mt u, dao
phay ngn hay dao phay a.
Khi phay mt phng bng dao phay tr c th thc hin bng hai cch:
- Phay nghch: l cch phay m vct tc ct v hng tin dao ngc
chiu trong vng ct.
Phay nghch thng c dng v chiu dy lp ct t nh n ln nn t va
p, nn bo qun my, dao d dng v c th dng my c gia cng. Do vy, khi
gia cng th hay gia cng vt liu cng th nn phay nghch.
Tuy nhin, v lp ct bt u c chiu dy l 0 do , ti y vt liu b nn
xung, khi dao i qua, ti nhng ni b nn s b li lm do bin dng n hi.
- Phay thun: l cch phay m vct tc ct v hng tin dao cng
chiu trong vng ct.
u im ca phay thun l khng gy nn hin tng trt trn b mt khi n
dao, do nhm b mt nh, ng thi nng cao nng sut (vi cng iu kin ct
th cao hn 50% so vi phay nghch) nn phay thun c dng khi gia cng tinh hay
vt liu mm, my chnh xc v c cng vng cao.
Tuy nhin, phay thun c chiu dy ct t ln xung nh, do vy gy va p, v
th ch dng phay thun khi my mi hay my c b phn kh r gia ai c v
vitme bn my (v lc ct c phng trng vi phng lc y ca vitme - ai c).

a) b)

Hnh 6.27- S phay mt phng bng dao phay tr.
a) Phay nghch; b) Phay thun

G t chi tit khi phay mt phng:
- Ly du, ct th: Chi tit c th c g trc tip ln bn my, r theo
du v k lt xc nh v tr. Sau kp cht bng ren vt hay m kp hoc g chi
tit ln t ri ct th v iu chnh dn. Phng php ny dng khi sn lng t.
- Dng g c c so dao: Vi g ph hp vi chi tit cn gia cng,
ch cn a dao vo ng c so dao v gia cng. Cch ny dng cho sn lng ln.
86
nng cao nng sut khi phay, ngy nay ngi ta dng cc cch sau:
- G nhiu dao ln mt trc gia cng ng thi nhiu b mt:
Phng php ny nhm tn dng cng
sut ca my, dng nhiu dao ct cng mt
lc, gim bt cng g t nhiu ln v c
bit l lm cho thi gian my trng nhau.
Ngoi ra, cn c th g nhiu dao ln
nhiu trc, cch ny dng khi my phay c
nhiu trc chnh.
- Phay nhiu chi tit trn mt ln g:
G nhiu chi tit ct cng mt
lc s rt ngn c thi gian ph
g t, kp cht chi tit; ng thi tn
dng rt ngn c thi gian my v
gim lng n vo v vt qu.
s
Nu chi tit c kt cu b mt
khng lin tc th c th cho chy dao
nhanh qua cc ch trng gim bt
thi gian.
- Dng bn quay:
rt ngn thi gian ph, ng thi kt hp s dng nhiu dao cng mt lc,
ngi ta dng g c bn quay khng lin tc. Vi dao phay a 3 mt, ch sau mt
ln chy dao l c th gia cng c 4 b mt song song, quay i 90
0
l c mt chi
tit c hon thnh.

Bn quay
Chi tit
S phay trn bn quay lin tc.
Dao phay

Bn quay
Chi tit
S phay trn bn quay khng lin tc.
Tuy nhin, bn quay lin tc vn c thi gian khng gia cng quay bn,
do tn dng lun thi gian ny, ngi ta dng bn quay lin tc. Phi c xp
st nhau, bn quay ng thi dao cng quay gia cng. Khi ct bng bn quay lin
tc, yu cu tc ca bn quay phi nh hn hay bng lng chy dao cn thit v
sao cho cng nhn c kh nng tho lp xong trong tm tay ca h.
87
- Dng bn chuyn ng tnh tin kh hi:
Trn g c th lp
c nhiu chi tit, khi ang
gia cng chi tit th nht, th
ngi cng nhn lp chi tit
th hai vo u kia ca g.
Khi gia cng xong chi tit th
Vng gia cng
Vng lp Vng tho
nht th bn my s chy n dao ct tip chi tit th hai, trong lc th ngi
cng nhn tho chi tit th nht ra v lp vo phi th ba. Khi gia cng xong chi tit
th hai th bn my chy ngc li gia cng chi tit th ba v c tip tc nh th.
Tnh thi gian c bn:
Khi phay bng dao phay tr v mt u:
) ph (
S
i . L
T
M
0
=
trong :
S
M
: lng tin dao pht, mm/ph
S
M
= S
z
.Z.n,
S
z
l lng tin dao rng (mm/rng); Z l s rng ca dao phay; n l s vng
quay ca dao (v/ph).
l: chiu di hnh trnh chy dao, mm
l =l
0
+l
av
+l
vq
l
0
l chiu di b mt gia cng (mm);
l
av
l lng n vo, n c xc nh:
+ Vi dao phay tr:
2 2
av
) t R ( R l =
R l bn knh dao phay tr (mm); t l chiu su ct (mm).
+ Vi dao phay mt u:
2
av
t t . D l =
D l ng knh dao phay, t l chiu su ct (mm).
l
vq
l lng vt qu, thng c chn t 2 5mm v ph thuc vo ng
knh dao.
c) Chut mt phng
Chut mt phng l phng php gia cng mt phng c chnh xc, nng
sut cao (gia cng th, tinh ch trong mt ln chut) nhng gi thnh cng cao (ch
to dao kh tn km) do vy ch dng trong sn xut hng lot.
Chut mt phng c th gia cng mt phng t chnh xc cp 7, nhm
b mt Ra = 0,32 0,16.
Khi chut mt phng, ngoi yu cu v cng sut my, cng vng ca my,
dao; vic kp cht chi tit phi ht sc chc chn.
Chut mt phng c th dng nhiu kiu dao khc nhau.
88
Chut lp l phng php
chut m lng d c chia thnh
cc phn c chiu dy bng nhau.
Cch ny thng c dng gia
cng b mt qua gia cng v t
chnh xc tt.
Chut lp
Hnh 6.28- S chut mt phng.
Chut mnh
Chut mnh l phng php
chut m lng d c chia thnh
cc phn c chiu dy khc nhau.
Cch ny thng dng gia cng
b mt cha qua gia cng, yu cu
rng ca dao c cao nh nhau v
chiu rng ca rng s c m dn
ra v mt pha hoc t gia m rng
ra hai pha hoc t hai pha m vo gia, lc ny dao chut lm vic tng t nh bo
c nhiu dao.
tng nng sut khi chut mt phng, ngi ta cn thay chuyn ng tnh
tin ca dao bng chuyn ng quay lin tc ca bn my trn c g chi tit hoc
bng chuyn ng quay lin tc ca hai bnh truyn lm cho bng ti chy lin tc.
a) Bo tinh mng
Bo tinh mng l phng php gia cng tinh mt phng cc chi tit khng qua
nhit luyn hoc bng hp kim mu c kh nng t chnh xc v cht lng b
mt cao. Ngoi ra, y l phng php gia cng tinh mt phng c nng sut rt cao.
Bo tinh mng c th gia cng mt phng t chnh xc cp 7; nhm b
mt Ra = 0,32 0,16. Tuy nhin, trc chi tit phi c gia cng t chnh
xc cp 8, 9; nhm b mt dao cao Ra = 0,16; my bo chnh xc, cng vng
cao, khng c r, li ct c ch to chnh xc (qua mi nghin), g dao chnh
xc (kim tra bng khe h nh sng).
Bn cht ca bo tinh
mng vi dao rng bn l dng
dao c li ct rng (40 120
mm); ct vi chiu su ct rt
b (0,05 0,08 mm) nhng
lng chy dao li kh ln (
0,5 chiu rng li ct); tc
ct cng tng i ln, i vi
Hnh 6.29- Bo tinh mng.
dao thp gi th v = 6 12 m/ph, cn i vi dao hp kim th v = 15 20 m/ph.
89
b) Mi
Mi trn my mi phng:
Mi trn my mi phng l mt phng php c bn gia cng tinh mt
phng, hoc gia cng ln cui cc mt qua ti sau khi phay hay bo.
Mi phng c th gia cng c mt phng t chnh xc cp 7, nhm b
mt Ra = 1,6 m. Tuy nhin, do nhit pht sinh ra trong qu trnh mi phng ln nn
rt d gy ra bin dng nhit trong qu trnh mi, c bit ch vi cc chi tit mng.
* Mi phng bng mi hnh tr:
Phng php mi phng
ny c kh nng t c
chnh xc v nhn bng b
mt cao bi v phng php
ny c th thot phoi, thot
nhit v ti dung dch trn
ngui vo khu vc gia cng
d. Tuy nhin, do din tch
tip xc vi chi tit khng ln
nn nng sut thp, khc
phc th dng rng bn.
V
bm
V

S
Hnh 6.30- Mi phng bng mi hnh tr.

* Mi phng bng mi mt u:
Phng php mi ny c nng sut
cao, tit kim c mi. Tuy nhin,
do kh thot phoi v kh a c dung
dch trn ngui vo vng gia cng do
m vic thot nhit chm, v vy
chnh xc v nhn bng thp hn so
vi mi bng mi hnh tr. Mun c
c chnh xc v nhn bng cao th
Hnh 6.31- Mi phng bng
mi mt u.
phi chn ch ct thp, lc th nng sut li khng cao.
Nu nghing i mt gc nh th c th gii quyt c vn thot nhit,
thot phoi v a dung dch trn ngui, nhng khi cc vt mi s khng xa ln
nhau nn nhn bng b mt thp v mt gia cng cn b lm xung.
Mi nghin:
Mi nghin mt phng thng c gia cng trn my nghin trc thng ng
hoc dng cc g trn my khoan hay my phay ng.
a nghin c ch to theo dng tm hoc dng a trn. B mt ca a
nghin c th phng hoc c cc rnh; vi a phng th qu trnh cp bt nghin rt
kh khn nn chi tit s c profin li, cn a c rnh cho php bt nghin i ti tt c
cc phn ca b mt gia cng nn chi tit c chnh xc v nng sut cao hn.
90
Khi nghin th, a nghin thng lm bng ng hay hp kim mu (v chng
c kh nng gi c ht mi ln); cn khi nghin tinh th a nghin c lm bng
gang peclit (v loi ny d gi ht mi mn nh). Bt nghin l Al
2
O
3
hay Cr
2
O
3
.
Nghin phng c thc hin bng cc phng php: bc tnh tin i li (a);
bc vng (b) v phng php phi hp (ca bc tnh tin v bc vng):

a) b)
3 2 1
3
2
1

Hnh 6.32- Cc phng php nghin mt phng.
1- Dng c nghin; 2- Vng cch; 3- Chi tit
- Theo phng php bc tnh tin i li, chuyn ng ca chi tit gia cng
bao gm chuyn ng tnh tin i li song song hoc cc chuyn ng tnh tin i li
vung gc vi nhau.
- Theo phng php bc vng th a nghin quay, chi tit c nh hoc
a nghin c nh, chi tit quay.
- Cn phng php phi hp th a nghin quay, chi tit th tnh tin i li.
c) Co
Co l phng php gia cng tinh vi dng c l dao co (thp dng c) v
c thc hin bng tay hay bn c kh.
Co c th gia cng c nhiu b mt khc nhau nh mt phng, rnh mang
c, rnh then...; c th t chnh xc cao v phng (c th t 0,01/ 1000 mm)
v v tr tng quan gia chng bng cc dng c n gin. Tuy vy, co li tn nhiu
cng sc, nng sut khng cao v khng gia cng c vt liu qu cng nn thng
dng sn xut nh.
Bn cht ca co l dng bn mu (m bn) c phng cao, trt ln mt
lp sn rt mng ri p ln b mt cn co kim tra phng, sau tm nhng
im cao c dnh sn co. B mt phng c nh gi qua s im dnh sn phn
b trn mt phng.
- Co th: 12 18 im trn din tch 25x25 mm
2
.
- Co tinh: 20 25 im trn din tch 25x25 mm
2
.
B mt sau khi co c th gi c lp du
bo m bi trn tt trong qu trnh lm vic,
v nh c th gip cho mt phng lu mn.
Mn ln nht Mn t nht
91
6.4- gia cng b mt ren
Ren l loi b mt c to thnh trn c s ng xon c tr (hoc cn). B
mt ren c s dng rt ph bin trong c kh ni ring v cng nghip ni chung.
Ren c nhiu loi khc nhau nh ren kp cht (bulng, ai c c tit din
tam gic); ren truyn ng (vitme - ai c c tit din hnh thang, ch nht, trn);
ren lp kn (ren ng nc c tit din trn u).
Nhng yu cu khi gia cng ren l: chnh xc bc ren; chiu dy ren trn
ng knh trung bnh; chnh xc bin dng v tit din ren; bng sn ren...
a) Tar, bn ren
Ct ren bng tar v bn ren c tin hnh bng tay hay bng my. Tar v
bn ren l hai dng c ct ren c tiu chun ha. Tar dng ct ren trong, bn
ren dng ct ren ngoi.
Tar
Ty theo cng dng v kt cu m ngi ta chia tar thnh cc loi sau:

l
1
l
2
l
4
l
3
l

- Tar tay: gm 2, 3 chic trong mt b.
- Tar my: dng trn my khoan.
- Tar ai c: dng gia cng ai c.
Tar ch yu dng ct ren trong tiu
chun c ng knh trung bnh v nh.
Tar c th gia cng c ren tr, ren cn,
thng hoc khng thng.
Gc nghing chnh ty theo loi tar v iu kin ct m c gi tr khong
3
0
30 25
0
. Rnh tar dng cha phoi, ty theo ng knh m s rnh c th t 3
6 rnh, thng thng l rnh thng, i vi l su th l rnh xon.
Hnh 6.33- Tar tay.
Tc ct khi gia cng bng tar thp (5 15 m/p) bi v tar c nhiu li
ct cng lm vic mt lc, do nhit to ra ln, rt d gy chy nh ren.
chnh xc khi ct ren ty thuc vo vt liu lm tar, chnh xc ch to
n v phng php thc hin khi gia cng. Nu phn ct c mi th chnh xc c
th t cp 7, nu khng ch t cp 8.
L ren c gia cng bng tar d b nghing, lc s rt d gy tar.
khc phc hin tng ny, khi tar my phi thc hin khoan v tar trn mt ln g;
nu hai ln g th khi tar phi dng u t la d nh v tar theo l khoan.
Nng sut ct ren bng tar rt thp v tc ct thp v hnh trnh chy
khng. nng cao nng sut, ngi ta dng loi tar t bp li sau khi ct ren xong
c th rt thng ra khi l; hay dng mi tar my u cong trn my khoan hay
tin gia cng ai c lin tc, loi b c hnh trnh chy khng.
92
93
Bn ren:
Nu trng hnh dng bn ngoi, khng k
cc l thot phoi th bn ren c hnh ca mt
ai c. Trn vnh ngoi ca bn ren c 4 l cn
90
0
bt vt kp bn ren trong tay quay. Hai
trong 4 l c ng tm lch i so vi
phng hng knh mt lng l c dng iu
chnh kch thc khi bn ren b mn.
c im v tc ct, chnh xc v
nng sut cng ging nh l tar.
nng cao nng sut, ngi ta cng
dng loi bn ren t m, tc l sau khi ct ren
xong, cc li ct ca bn ren t m ra c
ng knh trong ln hn ng knh nh ren
v c th rt hn ra ngoi.
Hnh 6.34- Bn ren.
b) Tin ren
Tin ren bng dao tin ren
y l phng php gia cng ren ph bin nht c tin hnh trn my tin
ren va vn nng, ph hp vi sn xut n chic v lot nh.
p ng yu
cu lm vic ca ren
phi bo m gc tit
din , bin dng ren v
ng knh trung bnh.
iu ny ch c th thc
hin c khi g dao
chnh xc, tc l li ct
phi nm trong mt
phng nm ngang vi
Hnh 6.35- Tin ren.
ng tm ca chi tit gia cng, ng i xng ca mi dao thng gc vi ng
tm chi tit v cch n mt on bng bn knh chn ren.
Ngy nay, c hai phng php tin ren nh sau:
S S
b) a)
- Tin dao hng knh:
Phng php ny c th ct
ren t nhn b mt ren
cao nhng kh thot phoi
nn ch c th p dng ch
ct thp, do nng sut
ct thp.
Hnh 6.36- S ct khi tin ren.
a) Tin dao hng knh; b) Tin dao nghing.
- Tin dao nghing: Kiu ny d thot phoi, iu kin ct tt hn nhng
nhn mt ren li khng cao. Do , thng thng ln ct cui cng tin hnh
chy dao hng knh tng nhn bng b mt ren.
Khi tin ren nhiu u mi, lc chuyn sang u mi khc cn iu chnh dao
vo ng v tr, khi chi tit c tch khi xch tin ren v quay mt gc tng ng
so vi s u mi ren.
nng cao nng sut tin ren, c th nng cao ch ct trong ch yu l
tng vn tc ct v chiu su ct. Tuy nhin, cch ny s gp kh khn khi gia cng
ren c bc ln, chiu di on ct ren ngn v rt d b va p. khc phc th
ngi ta dng c cu rt dao nhanh, sau khi gia cng ht chiu di ren th s c tc
ng lm cho dao li ra hay tin vo (ph thuc vo ren trong hay ngoi), tip l
rt dao ra nhanh cho n khi chm c chn th dao li tr v v tr ban u.
Tin ren bng dao rng lc
Dao rng lc c coi nh gm
nhiu dao tin ren n c chiu cao tng
dn trong mt ln chy ren c th gia
cng chiu su ren, m bo nng sut
gia cng .
Hnh 6.37- Dao tin rng lc.
Ct ren bng dao rng lc thng
c tin hnh trn my tin rvnve t
ng v bn t ng.
Gia cng ren bng dao rng lc ch
dng khi ct ren thng sut.
Gia cng ren bng u ct ren
Dng u ct ren c th ct ren
trong v ren ngoi trn my chuyn dng
hoc trn my tin ren vn nng.
Trn thn ca u ct ren c lp cc
dao ct ren rng lc. cui hnh trnh
ct, cc dao c ni nhanh ra khi vng
tip xc vi chi tit, do vic li dao
c tin hnh nhanh hn v gim thi
gian ph.
Gia cng ren bng u ct ren
thng dng trong sn xut hng lot, tc
ct tng i ln 15 20 m/ph.
Phng php ny cho nng sut rt
cao, cao hn hn cc phng php gia
cng ren trc.
Hnh 6.38- u ct ren.
94
Tin ren gi lc
tin ren cao tc, ngi ta dng mt u tin ren cao tc lp trn my tin
vn nng hoc my chuyn dng. Phng php ny c th gia cng c c ren trong
v ren ngoi.
u tin ren cao tc thng lp 4 6 dao v lp lch tm so vi tm chi tit.
Khi quay mi li dao ht i mt lng hnh li lim. u tin ren cao tc ngoi
chuyn ng quay sinh ra vn tc ct, cn c chuyn ng tnh tin ct ht chiu
di ren.

Hnh 6.39- S tin ren cao tc.
a) Tin ren cao tc bao ngoi; b) Tin ren gi lc khng bao

u ren cao tc c th dng vn tc ct ln (v cc dao ct khng lin tc nn
thot phoi, thot nhit tt), nu dng dao thp gi v = 80 100 m/ph; cn dng dao
gn mnh hp kim cng th vn tc ct c th n 300 m/ph. V vy, nng sut rt cao.
c) Phay ren
Phay ren l phng php gia cng ren trong v ren ngoi t chnh xc v
nng sut cao. Thng dng trong sn xut hng lot trn my phay chuyn dng.
Phay on ren di
on ren di khi chiu di on ren gia cng ln hn 2 3 ln ng knh ren,
khi dng dao phay a gia cng.

Hnh 6.40- S phay on ren di bng dao phay a.
95
Khi dng dao phay a th trc dao phi nghing vi trc mt gc ng bng
gc nng ca ren.
Tuy nhin, dng cch ny s c sai s dng ren bi v ch ng knh trung
bnh ca ren mi yu cu gc nghing ca trc dao bng gc nng ca ren, trong khi
dao lun xoay mt gc c nh. Hn th na, li ct khng nm trong mt phng
qua tm, do ren c bin dng ng th dao phi c li ct dng ng cong,
m nu th th qu phc tp.
V vy, ngi ta dng dao c li ct thng v chp nhn sai s dng ren.
Cho nn, cch ny ch dng gia cng ren c yu cu chnh xc khng cao
hoc gia cng th mc d c nng sut kh cao.
Phay on ren ngn
on ren ngn khi chiu di on ren gia cng khng vt qu 2 3 ln ng
knh ren, khi dng dao phay rng lc gia cng.

Hnh 6.41- S phay on ren ngn bng dao rng lc.
Khi lm vic, chi tit quay chm, dao va quay va tnh tin dc trc. Trc dao
khng cn phi g nghing i mt gc so vi trc chi tit, iu ny c ngha nh
tin, do nu g dao ng tm ca n v ca chi tit cng nm trong mt phng
nm ngang v song song vi nhau th dng li ct l ng thng, dao d ch to v
chnh xc dng ren cao hn.
d) Cn ren
Cn ren l mt trong nhng phng php gia cng ren t nng sut cao nht,
nn thng dng trong sn xut hng khi v hng lot ln.
V bn cht, cn ren khc hn vi cc phng php gia cng ren m ta ni
trn, ch n to ren khng phi bng cch ct ra phoi m bng bin dng do.
Chnh c im ny gip cho ren c c sc bn rt tt do khng lm ct t cc th
dc ca kim loi nh cc phng php gia cng ct gt.
Dng c cn ren c th l bn cn phng, bn cn hnh cung hay con ln ren
(l cn ren).
Bn cn ren phng (a) lp trn g c th lm vic trn u my bo hoc
96
my chuyn dng cn ren; trn bn cn c to ra cc rnh vi gc nghing ren
tng ng vi ren cn gia cng. Cch ny dng cn ren nhng chi tit c ren vi
kch thc nh.

Hnh 6.42- S gia cng ren bng phng php cn.

Cn bng hai l cn ren (b) lm vic trn my cn ren chuyn dng, c nng
sut cao hn v chuyn ng lin tc (khng gin on nh dng bn cn ren).
Khi cn, chi tit c trn thanh sao cho tm chi tit thp hn tm l cn
khong 0,2 mm. L cn A quay trn trn trc c nh, l B c dn ng quay v c
th ra vo iu chnh khi gia cng.
Cn ren bng bn cn hnh cung (c) thng dng khi cn ren t ng c nng
sut rt cao (20.000 25.000 bulng/h), song chnh xc ren khng cao.
Cn bng ba l cn (d) cho chnh xc v nng sut cao.
6.4.2- Gia cng sau nhit luyn
Mi ren dng gia cng tinh nhng ren c yu cu chnh xc cao nh ren
trn cc calip ren, tar, con ln ren, bn cn ren, ren trong cc my chnh xc... v cc
loi ren qua nhit luyn.
Mi ren c thc hin trn my mi ren chuyn dng, c cng ngh gia cng
chnh xc v tng i phc tp. Tuy vy, ngy nay do yu cu nng cao cht lng
sn phm, cng ngh ny pht trin mnh m v c nhiu thit b mi ren chnh
xc ra i.
97
Ch ct khi mi ren c th tnh ton theo cng thc cho trong s tay. Tuy
vy, khi chn ch mi cn phi ch n vt liu gia cng, s ln mi, cng vt
mi m iu chnh cho ph hp.
Cn v lng d khi mi, vi nhng loi ren bc nh th ngi ta khng ct s
b m mi to ren ngay trn phi; ren c bc ln v gia cng s b th lng d
mi cn li c th tnh theo cng thc:
= K.D
0,25
.S
0,25
(K: h s)
vi: D: ng knh ren mi (mm)
S: bc ren (mm)
a) Mi bng mi mt u mi ( mi n)
Phng php ny c dng ph bin, prfin ca tng ng vi prfin ren.
mi c chuyn ng quay v tnh tin
hng knh c th gia cng c nhng loi
ren c kch thc khc nhau v mi c ht
chiu su ca n. Bn my mang chi tit quay
v c chuyn ng tnh tin dc trc vi tc
dch chuyn bng mt vng quay ca n.
n
ct
n

S
ct
Khi g t, trc ca mi v trc ca chi
tit nm trong mt phng nhng lch nhau mt
gc ng bng gc nng ca ren.
Hnh 6.43- S mi ren
bng mi mt u mi.
Phng php ny t chnh xc gia
cng cao, cu to ca n gin, d sa .
b) Mi bng mi nhiu u mi
nng cao nng sut, ngi ta dng phng php mi ren vi mi nhiu
u mi.
Thc ra, nhiu u mi gm nhiu
mt u mi ghp li nn nng sut cao hn
mt u mi.
n
ct
n

S
ct
Phng php ny, mi khng cn t
nghing so vi chi tit mt gc m t c
ng tm song song vi ng tm chi tit.
Tuy nhin, cng v iu ny m chnh xc
thp hn mi vi mt u mi.
Phng php ny ch mi c cc loi ren
c bc ln hn 0,6 mm bi v nu bc ren
nh hn th khng m bo bn ca mi,
Hnh 6.44- S mi ren
bng mi nhiu u mi.
d lm v cc ng ren ca mi.
Mi ren bng mi nhiu u mi i hi my phi c c cu sa chnh
xc, thng thng dng c cu tin bng mi kim cng.
98
6.5- gia cng b mt then
B mt then l loi b mt dng truyn mmen xon hoc dn hng, c
dng rng ri v cu to n gin v chc chn, d tho lp, gi thnh r...
Then l chi tit c tiu chun ha gm nhiu loi khc nhau nh then
bng, then vt, then bn nguyt, then hoa.
6.5.1- Gia cng then trn trc
Then trn trc c gia cng bng phng php phay sau khi trc tin tinh.
Nu then c yu cu i xng cao, trc khi phay then phi mi hai c trc lm
chun (g ln hai khi V ngn) khi gia cng.
a) Gia cng then bng
Then bng l loi then c tit din hnh ch nht, hai u thng hoc trn, mt
lm vic l hai mt bn. Rnh then bng c nhiu loi nh: khng thng, thng mt
u v thng hai u.

Loi thng mt u Loi khng thng Loi thng hai u
Hnh 6.45- Cc loi rnh then trn trc.
gia cng rnh then bng trn trc, ngi ta s dng dao phay ngn, c
th l dao phay ngn thng thng hay dao phay ngn chuyn dng.
Dng dao phay ngn thng thng
Do dao phay ngn thng thng
khng c li ct mt u, cho nn khi
gia cng rnh then bng loi khng thng
th phi khoan mi mt (hoc hai) l c
ng knh bng chiu rng rnh then, sau
, mi cho dao phay ngn vo v thc
hin chy dao dc trc ct ht chiu di
rnh then. ng chuyn dao theo s
(6.48a) i vi khoan mi mt l v theo s
(6.48b) i vi khoan mi hai l.
Hnh 6.46- Phay rnh then bng
vi dao phay ngn thng thng.
Khi gia cng rnh then bng loi thng mt hoc hai u th khng cn phi
khoan mi. ng chuyn dao khi phay rnh then bng thng mt u theo s (a)
99
v thng hai u theo s (b) hnh 6.48.
Dng dao phay ngn chuyn dng
Hnh 6.47- Phay rnh then bng
vi dao phay ngn chuyn dng.
Dao phay ngn chuyn dng khc vi loi
dao phay ngn thng thng, ch n c thm
li ct mt u, do vy khi ct rnh khng
cn phi khoan mi.
ng chuyn dao theo s (b) hnh 6.48.
Chy dao nhanh
Gia cng
a)
Li dao nhanh
Gia cng
b)
Hnh 6.48- S ng chuyn dao.

b) Gia cng then vt
Then vt l loi then lm vic cc mt trn v mt di, cn mt bn c khe
h. Then c vt mt mt c dc 1 / 100.
Loi then ny truyn c mmen xon ln lc
dc trc, c th chu c va p; tuy nhin n gy
ra rung ng nn ngy cng t c s dng.
Hnh 6.49- Then vt
gia cng rnh then vt trn trc, ngi ta
dng dao phay a ba mt. Tuy dng dao phay a
ba mt gia cng s c chnh xc km v rnh
then d b rng ra (do bin dng n hi ca trc g
dao, dao mi khng ng, kh bo m c mt
bn dao thng gc vi ng tm trc g dao),
nhng do then vt c mt bn h, cho nn vn
dng v loi ny c nng sut rt cao.
c) Gia cng then bn nguyt
Then bn nguyt cng ging nh then bng c
mt lm vic l hai mt bn, n c u im l c
th t ng thch ng vi cc nghing ca rnh
may, nhng nhc im l trc b yu do phay
rnh (c su hn cc loi then kia).
Hnh 6.50- Then bn nguyt
gia cng rnh then bn nguyt trn trc,
dng dao phay a ba mt. Lc ny, dao quay v ch
c chuyn ng hng knh. Bn knh ca dao bng
bn knh then v thng l b ( rnh su) nn ch
ct b hn ch, do vy, nng sut thp.
100
d) Gia cng then hoa
Do cng ngh phay rnh then cha hon thin, mun gia cng chnh xc th rt
phc tp v tn km. Do , nu cn chnh xc th thay rnh then bng rnh then hoa.

b) c)
Hnh 6.51- S phay trc then hoa.
a)
Then hoa c th coi l gm nhiu then v cc then c lm lin vi trc,
thng c khong 5, 6, 8, 10 rnh.
Phay rnh then hoa trn trc c th c thc hin bng mt hoc hai ln ty
theo sn lng. Trong sn xut hng lot, phay rnh then hoa c thc hin hai ln:
phay hai mt bn trc, sau phay phn mt tr (a); hoc phay mt ln bng dao
nh hnh (b). Trong sn xut ln, hay dng dao phay ln then hoa dng trc vt trn
my phay ln chuyn dng (c).
6.5.2- Gia cng then trn l
a) Gia cng then bng
Then bng trn l thng gp cc bnh rng, bnh ai, a xch, tay quay...
gia cng rnh then trn l, ngi ta
thng dng phng php xc trn my xc. Vi
phng php ny, vic iu chnh my c thc
hin theo kiu ly du v c dng rt nhiu
trong mi dng sn xut.
Hnh 6.52- Xc rnh then.
Ngoi ra, trong sn xut nh, khi gia cng
rnh then trn l, thng dng phng php bo
trn my bo ngang.
Cn trong sn xut lot ln v hng khi, th
101
hay dng phng php chut, c th l gia cng l xong, sau mi chut rnh then
hoc l kt hp chut rnh then v l ng thi. Vi cch ny, then c gia cng
chnh xc, nng sut rt cao nhng ch to dao kh tn km.
b) Gia cng then hoa
Vi sn xut dng nh, vic gia cng then hoa trn l c thc hin bng
cch xc trn my xc tng rnh mt, ri phn gia cng n ht.
Khi sn xut hng lot ln, hng khi th dng phng php chut gia cng
then hoa trn l. Lc ny l gia cng then hoa c gia cng sn, dao chut ch
ct phn rnh then hoa.
Ngoi ra, c th dng phng php bin dng do gia cng l then hoa,
l t l then hoa.
6.5.3- Mi rnh then hoa
Then hoa l mi ghp cn c chnh xc, v vy, sau khi gia cng cn phi
mi then hoa c trc ln l.
Khi lp ghp then hoa, s c 3 phng php nh tm mi ghp:

nh tm theo ng
knh trong.
nh tm theo ng
knh ngoi.
Hnh 6.53- Cc phng php nh tm then hoa.
nh tm theo hai
cnh bn.

- Lp theo ng knh trong t c ng tm cao nht. Thng thng
l dng kiu lp ny v n chnh xc.
- Lp theo ng knh ngoi t c ng tm thp hn, nhng khi
mi s d hn so vi nh tm theo ng knh trong. Kiu lp ny thng dng trong
tt c cc mi ghp then khng dch chuyn dc trc.
- Lp theo hai cnh bn c ng tm km nht nhng n truyn c
mmen xon cao nht v ti trng phn b u trn cc rng. Mi ghp ny thng
dng khi yu cu quay hai chiu, truyn mmen xon ln, khng yu cu cao v
ng tm.
a) Mi rnh then hoa trn trc
Khi mi rnh then hoa trn trc, ngi ta thng dng cc phng php mi sau:
Khi nh tm theo ng knh trong
mi rnh then hoa trn trc khi nh tm theo ng knh trong, ngi ta
thng dng phng php mi nh hnh.
102
Hnh 6.54- Mi nh hnh
rnh then hoa trn trc.
Phng php mi nh hnh ny, g lp n
gin, m bo chnh xc v tr tng quan ca
cc b mt. Tuy nhin, do mi ng thi c ba
mt cho nn, rt nhanh mn, trong qu trnh gia
cng phi sa lin tc.
Nu mun ko di tui th ca th phi dng
c cng cao hn cng chi tit, do vy s
lm cho cht lng b mt mi xu. khc phc
nhc im ny, ngi ta tin hnh mi na tinh
bng c c tnh k thut ph hp, sau mi tinh bng cng hn. Tuy nhin,
nh th th nng sut s gim.
Ngoi ra, ngi ta cn dng cc kiu mi khc nh: mi hai cnh bn ring,
mi ng knh trong ring.
Khi nh tm theo ng knh ngoi:
Khi nh tm theo ng knh ngoi th vic mi rnh then hoa trn trc s
c tin hnh trn my mi trn ngoi ging nh mi cc b mt tr trn.
Khi nh tm theo hai cnh bn:
Khi nh tm theo hai cnh bn, vic mi
hai cnh bn s c tin hnh trn my mi
phng bng a, c dng thm c cu phn
mi ht cc mt bn.
Hnh 6.55- Mi cnh bn
rnh then hoa trn trc.
Kh khn ca cch ny l vic g lp v
iu chnh phc tp v trn cng mt trc lp
hai nn khong trc th ra lp cc mt
bch p s di, d gy ra rung ng.
b) Mi rnh then hoa trn l
Vic mi rnh then hoa trn l kh thc hin hn so vi mi trn trc.
Khi nh tm theo ng knh trong
Mi rnh then hoa trn l, nh tm theo ng knh trong cng c thc hin
ging nh mi l b mt tr trong, c tin hnh trn my mi trn trong.
Khi nh tm theo ng knh ngoi:
Trng hp ny, ngi ta thng dng phng php mi khn. Kt cu ca
u khn rnh then hoa khc vi u khn l thng.
Khi nh tm theo hai cnh bn:
Khi nh tm theo hai cnh bn, thng dng phng php mi nghin mi
hai cnh bn.
103
6.6- gia cng b mt nh hnh
B mt cc chi tit my, ngoi cc mt c bn nh mt phng, mt tr... cn c
cc mt cong, mt thn khai, mt hypecboit... Tp hp cc loi b mt ny ta c mt
nh hnh.
6.6.1- Gia cng bng phng php chp hnh
a) Dng dao nh hnh
Tin
Tin bng dao nh hnh to nn cc b mt chi tit bi mt ng sinh l mt
ng bt k do li dao to thnh, quay quanh ng chun trn.
Tin nh hnh c th dng dao tin
nh hnh hnh tr hoc hnh trn. C li
ct ca dao l mt ng sinh nn cn
mi dao chnh xc, qu trnh ch to dao
phc tp, gi thnh cao nn ch dng trong
sn xut ln.
S
Hnh 6.56- Tin nh hnh.
Do ch cn thc hin chy dao ngang
l c th hnh thnh c chi tit nn nng
sut rt cao. Tuy nhin, do qu trnh ct
thc hin trn ton b chiu di li ct nn lc ct rt ln, i hi my phi c cng
sut ln, cng vng ca h thng cng ngh rt cao.
chnh xc ca chi tit s khng t c cao, do ph thuc vo vic ch to
dao v bin dng ng cong.
Phay
Phay vi dao nh hnh c th phay c mt s loi mt nh hnh nh mt
cong, rnh, mt tng hp... vi nng sut cao.
Phng php ny thng ch
dng gia cng cc b mt nh
hnh ngn trong sn xut ln v
dao phi ch to ring cho tng
loi sn phm, c hnh dng ging
nh hnh dng b mt chi tit,
chnh xc tng i nn qu trnh
ch to dao rt phc tp, gi cao.
Hnh 6.57- Phay nh hnh.
Khi gia cng, lc ct s ln,
phi hn ch v ch ct. Chiu
su ct v ng knh dao s thay
i trong qu trnh ct, chnh xc ca sn phm ph thuc vo chnh xc ca
dao, cch g t chi tit v chnh xc ca b mt chun.
104
b) Chp hnh theo dng
Tin
Tin chp hnh theo dng s dng dao tin thng, dng c lm ring c
th ging hnh dng chi tit (nh gia cng piston) hoc khc hnh dng chi tit (nh
ch l rnh cho bn dao c con ln chy bn trong).
Phng php ny khng nhng
ch gia cng c mt nh hnh trn
xoay m cn c th gia cng c
nhng mt lch tm, mt lm vic ca
cam, mt van ca pittng...
S
d
Hnh 6.58- Tin chp hnh theo dng.
Khi gia cng theo phng php
ny th dng c lp c nh trn
bn my, vitme - ai c bn dao
ngang ca my tin c tho i, my
ch c chuyn ng chy dao dc, cn
chuyn ng chy dao ngang c thc hin theo dng.
Phay
Phng php ny gii quyt c kh khn m dao phay nh hnh gp phi
nh chiu di mt nh hnh ln, nu dng dao phay nh hnh th vic thit k v ch
to dao rt kh khn, mt khc li ct di nn lc ct ln, ch ct s b hn ch .
Thc cht ca qu trnh phay chp
hnh l mt trong hai chuyn ng
vung gc vi nhau c thc hin da
theo profin ca dng ch to trc.
lm c vic phi tho vitme -
ai c chy dao ca bn my theo
phng , cn mi d lun p st vi
dng chp hnh do tc dng ca l xo
hay i trng tng ng. Chuyn ng
chy dao theo phng cn li c gi
nguyn nh c.
Hnh 6.59- Phay chp hnh.
chnh xc ca phay chp hnh
ph thuc rt nhiu vo chnh xc
ca dng, truyn ng ca my, c cu ph, ng thi ph thuc vo chnh xc
iu chnh.
Hnh dng dng c to nn bng phng php v v hon ton cn c vo
dng chi tit gia cng. gim nh hng sai s ca dng, ngi ta lm dng c
kch thc ln hn nhiu so vi chi tit thc. Tuy nhin, nh th th kt cu s rt cng
knh, phc tp.
105
c) Chp hnh theo c cu
Chp hnh theo c cu l dng gia cng chp hnh, nhng phi da vo dng
m da vo cc c cu c bit.

Tin chm cu ngoi bng thanh c.

Tin chm cu ngoi bng mm quay.
Hnh 6.60- Tin chm cu ngoi.
Khi cn tin chm cu, mun m bo chnh xc v nng sut cao, ta s
dng thm g chuyn dng gia cng, c th l mm quay hoc thanh c.
Mm quay l mt b phn c g thm ln bn xe dao thng qua mt ci ke
vung gc. Trn mm quay l dao gia cng. Khi quay tay quay, nh b truyn trc
vt - bnh vt m mm quay s mang dao, quay quanh tm ca mm quay (lc ny
c iu chnh trng vi tm ca chm cu cn tin).
Ngoi ra, cn c th dng thanh c tin chm cu. Dng mt thanh c t
mt du vo l khuyt trn mt c chuyn dng, u kia ca thanh c c gn vi
bn trt ngang. Khi cho tin dao ngang t ng, thanh c s quay quanh l khuyt
trn c chuyn dng, y bn trt xe dao sang pha bn phi, lc dao s ct c
mt mt cong c bn knh bng chiu di thanh c.
6.6.2- Gia cng bng phng php bao hnh
Mt nh hnh c gia cng theo phng php bao hnh l bnh rng dng
thn khai. Lc ny, li ct c dng thng nn d mi chnh xc. Hn na, phng
php ny c nguyn l gia cng tt nn m bo chnh xc cao. Phng php ny ta
s nghin cu k Chng 9 - Gia cng bnh rng.
6.6.3- Gia cng bng my iu khin theo chng trnh s CNC
y l lnh vc gia cng mi, xem k gio trnh Lp trnh trn my CNC.

106
Chng 7
Thit k quy trnh cng ngh
gia cng chi tit my
7.1- ngha ca cng vic chun b sn xut
Bt c mt sn phm no trc khi a vo sn xut u phi qua giai on
chun b sn xut. Mt trong nhng cng vic chnh ca cng tc chun b sn xut l
thit lp quy trnh cng ngh gia cng c.
Thit k quy trnh cng ngh gia cng c l lp nn nhng vn kin, ti liu
phc v v hng dn cho vic gia cng cc chi tit trn my, bao gm c vic
thit k nhng trang b cn thit. Mc ch l nhm hng dn cng ngh, lp cc
ch tiu kinh t k thut, k hoch sn xut v iu hnh sn xut.
Mc phc tp ca QTCN ph thuc vo dng sn xut. Trong sn xut lot
nh, n chic quy trnh cng ngh ch bao gm trnh t cc nguyn cng vi mt s
thng s cn thit nh ch r my, dao, thi gian gia cng, bc th... Cn sn xut
lot ln, hng khi th quy trnh rt quy m, t m, bao gm nhiu ti liu khc nhau.
mt quy trnh cng ngh thit k ra c tt th phi c cc iu kin sau:
- Phi m bo cht lng sn phm.
- Phng php gia cng phi kinh t nht.
- p dng c nhng thnh tu mi nht trong khoa hc k thut.
- Phi thch hp vi iu kin c th ca nh my, kh nng v lc lng
cn b, cng nhn, thit b...
- Phi tranh th s dng cc sng kin kinh nghim hp l ha sn xut.
- ng dng nhng hnh thc t chc sn xut tin tin.
C hai trng hp lp quy trnh cng ngh, mt l khi thit k mt nh my
mi, hai l trong nhng iu kin ca mt nh my ang hot ng.
Lp quy trnh cng ngh theo n c dng khi thit k nhng nh
my mi, phn xng mi.
Lc u ta thit k mt quy trnh cng ngh theo cc ti liu ban u ca vt
phm ch to trong nh my cho. Sau tnh ph ti ca my, ng thi trn c s
quy trnh thit k ta phi nh trc vic phn nhm lot thit b ny theo tng
phn xng ring v b tr chng. Trng hp ny, iu kin la chn trang thit
b rng ri hn, quy trnh cng ngh phi linh hot c th sa i theo yu cu.
Lp quy trnh cng ngh theo iu kin sn xut ang tn ti c dng
khi phn xng, nh my c phi ch to nhng sn phm mi.
Khi lp quy trnh cng ngh theo cch ny th quy trnh cng ngh chu nhng
hn ch cht ch hn v thit b, din tch, ti trng my, k hoch sn xut... nhng
li c tha k nhng kinh nghim sn xut.
107
7.2- phng php thit k qtcn gia cng chi tit my
7.2.1- Nhng ti liu ban u thit k quy trnh cng ngh
Mun thit k mt quy trnh cng ngh tt, trc ht chng ta phi c cc ti
liu ban u sau:
- Bn v ch to ca chi tit vi y :
+ Mt ct, hnh chiu din t r rng.
+ Ghi y kch thc, dung sai v cc iu kin k thut khc.
+ Ghi r nhng ch cn gia cng c bit (v d: gia cng khi lp).
+ Ghi r vt liu, phng php nhit luyn, cng yu cu.
- Sn lng chi tit k c thnh phn d tr.
- Hnh v b phn ca sn phm trong c chi tit gia cng.
- Nhng ti liu v thit b: thuyt minh my, cc tiu chun dao, g...
Ngoi ra, cn cn c cc ti liu, s tay khc nh: tiu chun xc nh lng
d, dung sai, vt liu, s tay v g, tiu chun v ch ct, nh mc kinh t - k
thut...
7.2.2- Trnh t thit k mt quy trnh cng ngh
Thit k quy trnh cng ngh nn theo trnh t nh sau:
- Nghin cu bn v chi tit, kim tra li tnh cng ngh ca n.
- Phn loi chi tit, sp t vo cc nhm.
- Xc nh dng sn xut.
- Chn phi v phng php ch to phi.
- Xc nh chun v chn cch nh v, kp cht cho mi nguyn cng.
- Lp th t cc nguyn cng.
- Chn my cho mi nguyn cng.
- Tnh lng d gia cc nguyn cng v dung sai nguyn cng.
- Chn dng c ct v dng c o lng.
- Chn g, nu cn th thit k g.
- Xc nh ch ct.
- nh bc th.
- nh mc thi gian v nng sut, tnh ton kinh t, so snh phng n.
- Ghi vo phiu cng ngh, v cc s nguyn cng.
7.3- Mt s bc c bn khi thit k quy trnh cng ngh
7.3.1- Tnh cng ngh trong kt cu
Tnh cng ngh trong kt cu l mt tnh cht quan trng ca sn phm hoc
chi tit c kh nhm m bo lng tiu hao kim loi t nht, khi lng gia cng v
lp rp t nht, gi thnh ch to thp nht trong iu kin v quy m sn xut nht
nh.
108
Khi nghin cu nng cao tnh cng ngh ca kt cu c kh, ta phi da vo
mt s c s sau y:
Tnh cng ngh ca kt cu ph thuc rt nhiu vo quy m sn xut,
tnh cht hng lot ca sn phm. V quy m sn xut v tnh hng lot quyt nh rt
nhiu mc hp l ca vic s dng phng php cng ngh ny hay phng php
cng ngh khc trong vic ch to sn phm. Vic ng dng vo thc t mt phng
hng cng ngh no i hi phi tin hnh hng lot cng vic v chi ph trang
b my mc, g, dng c... Do , khi thit k phi lu n tnh cng ngh ca
kt cu.
Tnh cng ngh ca kt cu cn phi c nghin cu i vi ton b
sn phm. Nu ch tch ring tng chi tit ring l ra nghin cu tnh cng ngh th
c th dn n s thay i rt nhiu, c khi xt ton b sn phm th tnh cng ngh
trong kt cu li km i.
Nghin cu tnh cng ngh ca kt cu phi c t ra v gii quyt
trit trong tng giai on ca qu trnh sn xut. V qu trnh sn xut mt mt
hng rt phc tp nn phi c xem xt tng bc v kt cu tm cch gii quyt
hp l cc vn nhm a li hiu qu kinh t ln nht.
Nghin cu tnh cng ngh ca kt cu phi tnh n c im ca ni
s sn xut ra sn phm y.
Nhng im trn ni ln tnh tng i v tnh cng ngh ca kt cu trong gia
cng v lp rp. Mt kt cu c tnh cng ngh cao x nghip ny nhng cha hn l
cao x nghip khc.
nh gi c tnh cng ngh cao hay thp th ch tiu bao trm nht v c
th dng trong mi trng hp l gi thnh ch to sn phm.
Trong thc t, thng dng hai ch tiu chnh l khi lng lao ng v khi
lng vt liu tiu tn ch to ra sn phm.
* i vi qu trnh gia cng ct gt, tnh cng ngh ca kt cu chi tit my
c xt trn c s cc yu cu c th nh sau:
- Gim lng vt liu ct gt bng cch thit k phi v cc b mt gia
cng hp l, xc nh chnh xc lng d gia cng, gii hn khi lng ct gt ch
nhng b mt quan trng.
- Gim qung ng chy dao khi ct.
- n gin ha kt cu, m bo gia cng kinh t (tch chi tit phc tp
thnh cc chi tit n gin, d gia cng, g c nhiu chi tit khi gia cng).
- To iu kin s dng dng c tiu chun, thng nht.
- m bo dng c ct lm vic thun tin, khng b va p khi ct.
- m bo chi tit cng vng, to iu kin ct gt vi ch ct ln.
- Gp phn gim ph tn iu chnh thit b, trang b cng ngh, gim s
ln g t chi tit khi gia cng.
- Phn bit r rng gia b mt gia cng v b mt khng gia cng.
109
7.3.2- Xc nh lng d gia cng
a) Khi nim v lng d gia cng
Lng d gia cng c l lp kim loi c ly i trong qu trnh gia cng c
kh. Ta phi xc nh lng d gia cng hp l l v:
- Lng d qu ln s tn nguyn vt liu, tiu hao lao ng gia
cng nhiu, tn nng lng, dng c ct, vn chuyn nng... dn n gi thnh tng.
- Nu lng d qu nh s khng ht i cc sai lch ca phi do
sai s in dp ca phi li, c th xy ra hin tng trt gia dao v chi tit.
Lng d trung gian c xc nh bng hiu s kch thc do bc hay
nguyn cng st trc (a) li v kch thc do bc hay nguyn cng ang thc
hin (b) to nn, k hiu l Z
b
.
- i vi mt ngoi:
Z
b
= a - b
- i vi mt trong:
Z
b
= b - a

a
b
Z
b
Mt ngoi.
a
b
Z
b
Mt trong.
Lng d tng cng l lp kim loi cn phi ht i trong tt c cc bc
hoc nguyn cng tc l trong sut c qu trnh gia cng trn b mt bin t
phi th thnh chi tit hon thin, k hiu Z
0
.
Lng d tng cng c xc nh bng hiu s kch thc phi th v kch
thc chi tit ch to xong.
- i vi mt ngoi: Z
0
= a
ph
- a
ct
- i vi mt trong: Z
0
= a
ct
- a
ph
Nh vy, r rng l lng d tng cng s bng tng cc lng d trung gian
trong tt c cc bc ca qu trnh cng ngh: , n l s bc cng ngh.
=
=
n
1 i
i 0
Z Z
Lng d i xng, n tn ti khi gia cng cc b mt trn xoay ngoi
hoc trn xoay trong, hoc khi gia cng song song cc b mt phng i din nhau.
- i vi mt ngoi:
d
b
Z
b
d
a
Z
b
d
a
Z
b
d
b
Z
b
Mt trong.
Mt ngoi.

b a b
d d Z 2 =
- i vi mt trong:

a b b
d d Z 2 =

110
b) Phng php xc nh lng d gia cng hp l
Trong Ch to my c hai phng php xc nh lng d:
* Phng php thng k kinh nghim
Vi phng php ny lng d c xc nh da trn tng s lng d cc
bc gia cng theo kinh nghim.
Lng d phi c thng ly theo kinh nghim m khng tnh ti cc bc
gia cng. Trong cc s tay thng cho loi lng d ny.
Song theo phng php ny th ta xc nh lng d gia cng mt cch my
mc, khng da trn cc bc gia cng, khng tnh ti s nh v, kp cht, cc
iu kin khc khi ct... nn lng d thng ln hn yu cu, dn n khng kinh t.
* Phng php tnh ton phn tch
Phng php ny do GS. Kvan xut, da trn vic phn tch v tng hp cc
yu t to nn lp kim loi cn phi ht i c mt chi tit hon thin.
Phng php ny tnh lng d cho hai trng hp:
- Trng hp dao c iu chnh sn trn my.
- Trng hp g t chi tit theo kiu r g.
Cc vn trnh by sau y ch yu thuc trng hp dao c iu chnh
sn trn my, nu p dng vo trng hp r g th ch cn b sung mt t m thi.
i vi mt ngoi
Khi gia cng mt lot phi cng loi trn my iu chnh sn, v kch thc
phi dao ng trong gii hn dung sai nn lng d gia cng cng s dao ng.
nhng phi c kch thc nh nht a
min
khi gia cng xong s c kch thc
b
min
, lng d gia cng s l Z
b min
; cn nhng phi c kch thc ln nht a
max
khi gia
cng xong s c kch thc b
max
, lng d gia cng s l Z
b max
. Lng d thc khi gia
cng s nm trong khong Z
b min
Z
b max
.

Ta thy rng, nu iu chnh dao theo kch thc C
H
ct lot phi th khi
gp phi c kch thc a
min
n s ct lp chiu su ct nh nht, lc ct s nh nht v
bin dng s nh nht y
min
, ta s c lng d nh nht Z
b min
. Kch thc hnh thnh
sau khi ct l C
H
+ y
min
. Ngc li, khi gp phi c kch thc a
max
th s ct lp chiu
su ct ln nht, lc ct ln nht, bin dng s ln nht y
max
, ta c lng d ln nht
Z
b max
. Kch thc hnh thnh sau khi ct l C
H
+ y
max
.
a
m
a
x
b
m
a
x
Z
b

m
a
x
y
m
a
x
C
H
b
m
i
n
Z
b

m
i
n
y
m
i
n
C
H
a
m
i
n
Hnh 7.1- Gi tr lng d gia cng i vi mt lot phi trn my iu chnh sn.
111
Vy ta c: Z
b min
= a
min
- (C
H
+ y
min
) = a
min
- b
min
Z
b max
= a
max
- (C
H
+ y
max
) = a
max
- b
max
Nu thay tr s v dung sai ca cc kch thc a, b l
a
,
b
:
a
max
= a
min
+
a

b
max
= b
min
+
b
ta s c: Z
b max
= (a
min
+
a
) - (b
min
+
b
)
= a
min
- b
min
+
a
-
b
Z
b max
= Z
b min
+
a
-
b
Lng d danh ngha (lng chnh lch gia hai kch thc danh ngha a
dn
,
b
dn
): Z
b dn
= a
nd
- b
dn
= (a
min
+ H
a
) - (b
min
+ H
b
)
= a
min
- b
min
+ H
a
- H
b
Z
b dn
= Z
b min
+ H
a
- H
b
a
max
a
min
H
a
B
a
a
dn
i vi mt trong
Lm tng t nh vi mt ngoi, ta c c:
Z
b min
= b
max
- a
max
Z
b max
= b
min
- a
min
Thay: a
min
= a
max
-
a
; b
min
= b
max
-
b
vo Z
b max
ta c:
Z
b max
= Z
b min
+
a
-
b
Z
b dn
= b
nd
- a
dn
= (b
max
- B
b
) - (a
max
- B
a
)
= b
max
- a
max
+ B
a
- B
b
Z
b dn
= Z
b min
+ B
a
- B
b
i vi b mt i xng
Lng d ca b mt i xng c xc nh tng t nh trn, ta c:
- Mt ngoi i xng:
2Z
b min
= D
a min
- D
b min
2Z
b max
= D
a max
- D
b max
= 2Z
b min
+
D a
-
D b
2Z
b dn
= 2Z
b min
+ H
D a
- H
D b

- Mt trong i xng:
2Z
b min
= D
b max
- D
a max
2Z
b max
= D
b min
- D
a min
= 2Z
b min
+
D a
-
D b
2Z
b dn
= 2Z
b min
+ B
D a
- B
D b
Dung sai ca lng d l hiu s gia lng d ln nht v nh nht:
- B mt khng i xng:
z
= Z
b max
- Z
b min
=
a
-
b
- B mt i xng:
z
= 2Z
b max
- 2Z
b min
=
D a
-
D b
Ly tng cc lng d trung gian ta s c lng d tng cng Z
0
.
112
c) Cc yu t to thnh lng d trung gian
Phn kim loi cn phi ht i qua mt bc hay mt nguyn cng tc l lng
d trung gian, bao gm cc yu t sau y:
Rz
a
- Chiu cao trung bnh ca lp nhp nh b mt do bc cng ngh st
trc li.
T
a
- Chiu su lp h hng b mt do bc cng ngh st trc li.

a
- Sai lch v v tr khng gian ca chi tit do bc cng ngh st trc
li ( khng song song, cong vnh, lch tm...).

a
- Sai s g t do nguyn cng ang thc hin gy ra.
a
m
i
n
R
z
a

+

T
a

W
a
b
m
i
n
Z
b
m
i
n
b
W
Hnh 7.2- Cc yu t to thnh lng d gia cng.
Nh vy, gi tr nh nht
ca lng d gia cng b mt
khng i xng tnh cho bc
cng ngh ang thc hin c
xc nh nh sau:
Z
b min
= Rz
a
+ T
a
+
a
+
b
i vi b mt i xng, th
phng ca
a
v
b
c th khc
nhau nn ta phi tnh theo php
cng vect:
( )
b a a a min b
T Rz 2 Z 2 + + + =
Khi bit r phng ca
a
v
b
th ta cng hai vect theo cng thc:
( )
b a b a
2
b
2
a b a
, cos . . 2 + + = +
tuy nhin, trong thc t th phng ca hai vect rt kh xc nh. V vy, ta ly tr
s trung bnh theo xc sut:
2
b
2
a b a
+ = +
Nh vy, cng thc tnh lng d cho b mt i xng l:
+ + + =
2
b
2
a a a min b
T Rz 2 Z 2
Cc cng thc trn cho ta cch tnh lng d t cc yu t hp thnh vi
trng hp tng qut. Cn trong mt s trng hp c th, biu thc tnh lng d
khng cn y cc yu t . V d:
- Sau nguyn cng th nht, i vi cc chi tit lm bng gang hoc kim
loi mu th khng cn T
a
trong biu thc tnh lng d na. S d nh vy, v
lp kim loi hng to nn l do bin dng do, m i vi kim loi c ht to nh
gang hay kim loi mu th hin tng khng ng k.
- Khi chun nh v trng vi mt gia cng (nh mi khng tm, doa ty
ng, chut l, mi nghin) th sai s chun ca kch thc thc hin bng 0, v nu
b qua sai s do kp cht v sai s g, lc trong biu thc tnh khng c
b
.
113
- i vi nhng nguyn cng cui nhm nng cao bng b mt (nh
nghin, mi siu tinh) th T
a
,
a
,
b
= 0, lc trong biu thc ch cn Rz
a
.
- Cc b mt qua nhit luyn, sau qua mi th trong biu thc tnh
lng d s khng c T
a
bi v khi mi phi gi li lp b mt x l nhit.
Trnh t tnh lng d trung gian v kch thc gii hn
cho tng bc cng ngh
1. Lp quy trnh cng ngh v phng n g t phi cho cc nguyn cng.
2. Xc nh cc b mt gia cng v th t cc bc cng ngh cho tng b mt.
3. Xc nh gi tr cc i lng Rz
a
, T
a
,
a
,
b
.
4. Xc nh tr s tnh ton Z
b min
cho tt c cc bc cng ngh.
Mt ngoi Mt trong
5. Ghi kch thc tnh ton ca bc
cng ngh cui cng theo bn v (kch
thc gii hn nh nht).
6. Xc nh kch thc cho bc st
trc bng cch cng Z
b min
vi kch
thc gii hn nh nht theo bn v.

7. Xc nh kch thc cho tng bc
cng ngh cn li bng cch cng gi
tr Z
b min
tng ng vi kch thc tnh
ton ca bc cng ngh tip theo.
8. Ghi kch thc gii hn nh nht ng
vi tng bc cng ngh trn c s quy
trn gi tr kch thc tnh ton theo
hng s c ngha ca dung sai tng
bc cng ngh.
9. Xc nh kch thc gii hn ln
nht cho tng bc cng ngh bng
cch cng thm dung sai tng bc
cng ngh vi kch thc gii hn nh
nht quy trn theo dung sai.
10. Xc nh gi tr ca lng d theo
tng cp bc cng ngh ni tip nhau:
Z
b max
= hiu hai kch thc ln nht.
Z
b min
= hiu hai kch thc nh nht.
5. Ghi kch thc tnh ton ca bc
cng ngh cui cng theo bn v (kch
thc gii hn ln nht).
6. Xc nh kch thc cho bc st
trc bng cch ly kch thc gii hn
ln nht theo bn v tr i Z
b min
.

7. Xc nh kch thc cho tng bc
cng ngh cn li bng cch ly kch
thc tnh ton ca bc cng ngh tip
theo tr i gi tr Z
b min
tng ng.
8. Ghi kch thc gii hn nh nht ng
vi tng bc cng ngh trn c s quy
trn gi tr kch thc tnh ton theo
hng s c ngha ca dung sai tng
bc cng ngh.
9. Xc nh kch thc gii hn nh
nht cho tng bc cng ngh bng
cch tr tng kch thc gii hn ln
nht quy trn theo dung sai, mt
lng bng dung sai ca mi bc.
10. Xc nh gi tr ca lng d theo
tng cp bc cng ngh ni tip nhau:
Z
b max
= hiu hai kch thc nh nht.
Z
b min
= hiu hai kch thc ln nht.
11. Xc nh lng d tng cng cho tng b mt gia cng Z
0 max
v Z
0 min
bng
cch cng tt c cc gi tr lng d trung gian tng ng.
12. Kim tra cc kt qu tnh ton bng cch tm hiu s lng d v hiu s
dung sai, ri em so snh kt qu vi nhau:

z
= Z
b max
- Z
b min
=
a
-
b
; hoc
z 0
= Z
0 max
- Z
0 min
=
ph
-
ct
114
Kt qu tnh ton s c ghi vo bng sau y:
Cc yu t to
thnh lng d
(m).

Gi tr tnh ton
Kch thc
gii hn
(mm)
Lng d
gii hn
(m)
Th t cc
bc hoc
nguyn cng
gia cng b
mt.

Rz
a

T
a

b
Z
b min
(m)

K.thc
(mm)

Dung
sai
T
(m)
Max Min Max Min
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12)
I (phi) x X x x X
II x X x x x x X
III x X x x x x X
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
IX x X x x x x X
X x X x x x x B/v B/v B/v
Ct 1: Ghi trnh t cc bc cng ngh hoc nguyn cng gia cng b mt.
hng u tin l phi, hng cui l nguyn cng phi t chnh xc, R
z
yu cu.
Ct 2, 3, 4, 5: Tra v tnh ton theo cc s tay, ti liu. Ring I(5) th
trng v bn thn phi th lm sao c g t.
Ct 6: I(6) trng, cc khc ca ct 6 c tnh theo cng thc tnh
lng d trung gian (ty theo b mt m dng cng thc cho hp l).
Ct 7: Ghi cc kch thc tnh ton vo ct 7 theo cch sau:
- i vi mt ngoi: nguyn cng cui cng [tc X(7)] ghi kch thc
nh nht theo bn v [tc X(10)]. Cng kch thc ny vi lng d tnh ton ct
6 s c kch thc tnh ton ca nguyn cng st trc. Tip tc cho n ht.
- i vi mt trong: nguyn cng cui cng [tc X(7)] ghi kch thc
ln nht theo bn v [tc IX(10)]. Ly kch thc ny tr i lng d tnh ton ct
6 s c kch thc tnh ton ca nguyn cng st trc. Tip tc cho n ht.
Ct 8: Hng cui cng [tc X(8)] ghi theo dung sai ca bn v, tt c cc
cn li ca ct c tra theo s tay.
Ct 9, 10: Hng cui cng [tc X(9), X(10)] ghi theo cc kch thc gii hn
ca bn v. Cn cc cn li th c ghi theo cch sau:
- i vi mt ngoi: Ly kch thc tnh ton ct 7 em quy trn (ty
theo hng s c ngha ca dung sai) ri ghi vo ct 10. Sau , ly kch thc gii hn
ct 10 cng vi dung sai s c kch thc ct 9.
- i vi mt ngoi: Ly kch thc tnh ton ct 7 em quy trn (ly
gim i mt n v) ri ghi vo ct 9. Sau , ly kch thc gii hn ct 9 tr i
dung sai s c kch thc ct 10.
Ct 11, 12: Ghi kt qu vo cc theo cng thc:
- i vi mt ngoi: Z
b min
= a
min
- b
min
; Z
b max
= a
max
- b
max
- i vi mt trong: Z
b min
= b
max
- a
max
; Z
b max
= b
min
- b
min
115
Cng tt c lng d ct 11 ta c c lng d tng cng ln nht Z
0 max
[tc I(11)], cng tt c lng d ct 12 ta c c lng d tng cng ln nht Z
0
min
[tc I(12)].
Kim tra li kt qu tnh bng cng thc:
z
= Z
b max
- Z
b min
=
a
-
b

V d: Cn gia cng trc t phi liu ban u l phi cn, kch thc t c
sau khi gia cng s l D = 350
- 0,215
. Cc bc gia cng, gi tr tnh ton lng d
gia cng c cho bng sau. Hy b sung nhng s liu cn thiu (in m).

Cc yu t to thnh
lng d (m).

Gi tr tnh
ton
Kch thc
gii hn
(mm)
Lng d
gii hn
(m)
Th t
gia cng

Rz

T

Z
b min
(m)

K.thc
(mm)
Dung
sai
T
(m)
Max Min Max Min
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12)
Phi 3000 5500 - -
367,495 20000 388 368
- -
Tin th 50 50 105 1000
17300 350,195 1350 351,55 350,2 36450 17800
Tin tinh - - - -
410 349,785 215 350 349,785 1550 415
Ch : - V l mt i xng nn lng d tnh ton s l 2Z
b min
ch khng cn l Z
b
min
, khng c chia 2.
- Vic quy trn gi tr lng d tnh ton l theo hng s c ngha ca dung sai.
Nu l mt ngoi th ly ln mt n v; nu l mt trong th ly gim i mt n v.
7.3.3- Chn phi v phng php ch to phi
Trong thc t sn xut, phi thng c chn theo hai hng sau:
- Theo hnh dng chi tit gia cng, vi cch ny phi c hnh dng v kch
thc gn nh chi tit hon chnh. Lc , chi ph gia cng s c gim xung
nhng c th chi ph sn xut phi s ln, c bit l vi sn xut n chic v lot
nh (v d nh phi ca trc khuu).
- Theo cc phi liu c sn xut sn, s dng rng ri (phi cn). Trng
hp ny th c th lng d gia cng s kh ln, dn n chi ph gia cng cao nhng
c u im l chi ph cho vic ch to phi thp.
Vic chn loi v phng php ch to phi l mt vn tng hp nhm mc
ch m bo hiu qu kinh t - k thut. Phng n phi hp l nht l phng n c
tng ph tn t nht.
La chn phng php ch to phi c th cn c vo cc yu t sau:
- Cn c vo vt liu ch to chi tit. V d nh chi tit bng gang th dng
phng php c; bng thp th dng phng php cn, rn, dp, c...
- Cn c vo hnh dng chi tit v yu cu k thut. Chi tit c hnh dng
phc tp th dng phng php c; chi tit n gin, kch thc ln th dng cn...
116
- Cn c vo dng sn xut. Nu sn xut n chic, lot nh th dng c
trong khun ct, c th cng, hn, rn; sn xut lot ln, hng khi th dng c p
lc, c trong khun kim loi...
- Cn c vo iu kin c th. Xem xt iu kin k thut nh my sn
xut c cho php gia cng c cc loi phi no, t tm hng la chn phng
php ch to phi.
7.4- Xc nh trnh t gia cng hp l
Khi thit k QTCN gia cng chi tit my phi ch xc nh hp l tin trnh
cng ngh ng vi cc b mt ca chi tit, sao cho chu k gia cng hon chnh mt
chi tit l ngn nht, gp phn hn ch chi ph gia cng, m bo hiu qu sn xut.
C s ca vic xc nh trnh t gia cng hp l l tin trnh cng ngh gia
cng cc chi tit in hnh: cng, hp, trc, bc, bnh rng v iu kin c th.
* Cc nguyn tc khi xc nh trnh t gia cng hp l:
- Chn chun th v cch thc hin nguyn cng th nht tht cn thn.
- Tip xc nh trnh t cc nguyn cng sau v chn chun tinh.
- Cn c vo yu cu chnh xc v nhm b mt m chn phng
php gia cng ln cui ca cc b mt quan trng.
V d: Ta cn gia cng mt l c yu yu cu t cp chnh xc 7, Ra = 1,25.
Khi , vi sn xut lot nh ta c th dng trnh t: Khoan - Khot - Doa; hay Khoan
- Tin - Mi. Nu sn xut lot ln th c th dng: Khoan - Chut.
- C gng bo m tnh thng nht v chun tinh.
- Ch ti cc nguyn cng c th sinh ra ph phm. Nhng nguyn cng
ny nn t trc trnh lng ph hoc b tr thm vic kim tra trung gian.
- Ch ti nhng nguyn cng d sinh ra bin dng (nh gia cng th,
nhit luyn). Tch nhng nguyn cng ny khi nguyn cng gia cng tinh hoc thm
vo quy tnh nhng nguyn cng chnh sa nh nn thng...
- C gng gim s ln g, tng s v tr trong mi ln g.
7.5- thit k nguyn cng
7.5.1- Chn my
Khi gia cng ct gt, my ct c xc nh theo cc nguyn tc sau:
- My c chn phi m bo thc hin c phng php gia cng
xc nh, ng vi chi tit gia cng.
- My c chn phi m bo t yu cu cht lng gia cng. Thng
thng chn my c cp chnh xc ln hn cp chnh xc cn thc hin t 1 2 cp.
- Cng sut v phm vi iu chnh thng s cng ngh ca my phi to
iu kin gia cng tt, ngha l t cht lng v nng sut gia cng tt.
- Ty thuc vo dng sn xut m chn my cho hp l. Vi sn xut lot
nh, ta s dng my vn nng; vi sn xut ln ta dng cc my chuyn dng.
117
7.5.2- Chn chun, phng n g t phi v trang b cng ngh
Chn chun cng ngh nhm m bo g t phi t hiu qu k thut v
kinh t cao. Phi c g t vi trang b cng ngh tiu chun, trang b cng ngh t
hp t cc b phn tiu chun hay trang b cng ngh chuyn dng.
7.5.3- Xc nh cc thng s cng ngh
Thng s cng ngh c bn ca qu trnh ct gt i vi chi tit my l: vn
tc ct, s vng quay, lng chy dao, chiu su ct, s ln ct.
Gi tr ca cc thng s cng ngh ph thuc tng phng php gia cng, tng
loi my, tng kiu trang b cng ngh v tnh cht ca vt liu gia cng.
Vic xc nh thng s cng ngh trong thc t ch yu bng th hoc tra
trong s tay, ri i chiu vi phm vi gi tr thc trn my, kt hp vi vic kim tra
li cng sut v nng sut gia cng.
m bo cht lng gia cng v hiu qu kinh t, cn xc nh gi tr ti u
ca thng s cng ngh. Ni chung, khi gia cng th th mc tiu ch yu l t nng
sut gia cng cao; ngc li khi gia cng tinh th mc tiu li l cht lng gia cng.
7.5.4- Xc nh thi gian gia cng
Thi gian gia cng c xc nh m bo nguyn tc tn dng vi hiu qu
cao nht vn thi gian lm vic ca trang thit b, dng c cng ngh v sc lao ng.
Trong thc t, thng xc nh thi gian gia cng theo hai phng php l bm
gi v da vo nh mc tiu chun. Ni chung, phng php bm gi st thc t hn
nn t hiu qu tt hn v thi gian cn thit thc hin cc cng vic trong qu
trnh gia cng c xc nh trn c s quan st, phn tch tng ng tc.
7.5.5- Xc nh s lng my v cng nhn
S lng my cn thit cho mt nguyn cng c xc nh theo tng khi
lng ca nguyn cng, tnh ra tng gi my cn thit, i vi sn lng quy nh v
vn thi gian lm vic thc t hng nm ca mt my ty theo ch lm vic hng
ngy (my ca/ngy).

m . T
k . T
M
M
m
=
vi, + T
m
l tng gi my cn thit gia cng sn lng chi tit (gi/nm).
+ k l h s xt n kh nng vt nh mc, tng nng sut (k = 0,9 0,95).
+ T
M
l vn thi gian lm vic thc t ca mt my theo ch mt ca sn xut
hng ngy (T
M
= 2200 gi/nm).
+ m l s ca sn xut hng ngy (m = 1 3).
+ M l s my tnh ton cn thit cho nguyn cng.
S lng cng nhn cn thit cho nguyn cng cng c xc nh trn c s
tng khi lng lao ng ca nguyn cng hng nm v vn thi gian lm vic thc
118
t ca mt cng nhn hng nm theo ch mt ca sn xut hng ngy.

C
n
T
k . T
R =
vi, + T
n
l tng gi ngi cn thit cho c sn lng (gi/nm).
+ T
C
l vn thi gian lm vic thc t ca mt cng nhn theo ch mt ca sn
xut hng ngy (T
C
= 2000 gi/nm).
7.6- nh mc tnh cht kinh t - k thut
Mt phng n cng ngh bao gi cng c so snh, phn tch v mt kinh t.
Mun chn ng phng hng, bin php tng nng sut v h gi thnh trong
phi c nhng ch tiu kinh t - k thut nh gi.
7.6.1- Ch tiu kinh t - k thut
Ch tiu kinh t - k thut bao gm:
Ch tiu v thi gian T
Ch tiu k thut v thi gian l thi gian cn hon thnh mt cng vic
nht nh trong iu kin sn xut bnh thng ca nh my (phn xng) c tnh n
kinh nghim v nhng thnh tu mi v k thut cng nh v t chc sn xut.
* Thi gian gia cng tng chic: T
tc
= T
0
+ T
ph
+ T
pv
+ T
tn
trong , + T
0
: thi gian c bn. Thi gian ny cn thit bin i trc tip hnh
dng, kch thc v tnh cht c l ca chi tit gia cng v c th thc hin bng tay
hay my, c cng thc tnh cho tng nguyn cng.
+ T
ph
: thi gian ph, l thi gian cng nhn thao tc c th hon thnh
cng vic c bn v c lp li sau mt chi tit hay mt nhm chi tit m khi
khng tc ng n hnh dng, kch thc v tnh cht ca chi tit nh: thi gian g,
tho chi tit, o lng...
T
nc
= T
0
+ T
ph
, l thi gian nguyn cng.
+ T
pv
: thi gian phc v trng nom cho my lm vic, c th phc v v k
thut nh: i dng c, sa , mi dao... hay phc v v t chc nh: tra du, bn
giao ca, qut dn...
nc pv
T .
100
b a
T
+
= , vi a, b l cc h s t l thi gian (tra s tay).
+ T
tn
: l thi gian ngh ngi t nhin theo nhu cu cn thit ca con ngi.

nc pv
T .
100
c
T =
Vy, thi gian gia cng tng chic l:
nc tc
T
100
c b a
1 T
+ +
+ =
* Nu gia cng hng lot chi tit, cn c th iu chnh th ta c thm thi gian
chun b kt thc, bao gm nhng vic c lin quan n vic chun b gia cng
mt lot chi tit v thu dn khi kt thc nh: iu chnh my, dng c ct, g lp...
119
n
T
T T
cbkt
tc lot tc
+ = , vi n l s chi tit trong lot.
Ch tiu v nng sut Q i vi mt nguyn cng hoc c sn phm.
Ch tiu k thut v nng sut Q l nng sut lao ng xc nh bng s lng
sn phm c ch to ra trong mt n v thi gian.
k .
T
m
Q
tc
= (tng chic), hoc k .
T
m
Q
t lo tc
= (hng lot)
vi, m l thi gian (mt ca, gi hay pht).
7.6.2- Gi thnh sn phm
Mt phng n cng ngh phi c nh gi v mt kinh t, ngha l chn
phng n cng ngh kinh t nht s dn n gi thnh h. nh gi ta phi tnh
gi thnh sn phm chi tit:
G = A.n + B = f(nhiu yu t).
vi, + A: l ph tn thng xuyn cho mi chi tit nh vt liu, khu hao, lng cng
nhn..., d sn lng nhiu hay t th ph tn ny vn khng i.
+ B: l ph tn c nh nh lng cng nhn iu chnh my, g, thit b
chuyn dng... tnh cho tng chi tit, ph tn ny cng nh khi x cng ln.
T , ta c gi thnh mt sn phm: g = G/n, da vo y m ta nh gi v
chn phng n cng ngh c gi thnh thp nht.
Gi s, ta c hai phng n
cng ngh vi gi thnh sn
phm c biu din bi cc
ng G
1
v G
2
.
G
1
G
2
B
1
B
2
n
1
n
2
n
3
n'
2
n
Hnh 7.3- Gi thnh sn phm.
G
R rng, nu s lng chi
tit cn gia cng n < n
1
, ta chn
phng n G
1
. Cn nu n > n
1

th chn phng n G
2
.
Tuy nhin, do chi ph c
nh B ph thuc vo n nn n
mt gi t no th cc ng
G
1
v G
2
phi tng ln mt lng
no (lng tng ny bng vi chi ph c nh tng thm). n lc , ta li phi
xt tip phng n no c gi thnh thp hn th chn.
7.6.3- Bin php tng nng sut, h gi thnh sn phm
Ni n nng sut v h gi thnh l mt phm tr rt rng, c th phm vi k
thut, phm vi t chc hoc kt hp c hai mt li.
Trong thc t c th p dng nhiu phng php tng nng sut v h gi thnh
120
gia cng qua cch gim i lng thi gian c bn T
0
v thi gian ph T
ph
.
Ta c:
t . S . n
z . L
S . n
i . L
S . v . 1000
i . L . D .
T
0
= =
=
trong , L: chiu di ct (mm).
v: tc ct (m/ph).
S: lng chy dao (mm/v).
n: s vng quay ca trc chnh (v/ph).
i: s ln chy dao.
t: chiu su ct (mm).
z: lng d gia cng c (mm).
Bin php gim thi gian c bn T
0
- Nng cao chnh xc ca phi v phi ch to c lng d u, chnh xc th
i gim. Phi c x l nhit (ram, , thng ha) to iu kin ct gt d dng.
- Rt ngn chiu di chy dao bng cch: dng nhiu dao, chn lng n ti v
thot ra ca dao mt cch hp l.
- Tng ch ct (chn t
max
, S
max
m bo bng b mt, tng vn tc ct
nhng vn m bo tui bn kinh t ca dng c ct, m bo cht lng gia cng).
- Gia cng nhiu b mt cng mt lc bng dao nh hnh hoc bng nhiu dao
thc hin trn cc my t ng v bn t ng nhiu trc.
Bin php gim thi gian ph T
ph
- Gim thi gian g t chi tit gia cng bng cch dng cc c cu kp nhanh
(kh nn, du p), g t t ng t kch thc, dng g vn nng iu chnh.
- Lm cho thi gian ph trng vi thi gian my nh dng g bn quay, g
phay kiu i v cng ct, phay lin tc, kim tra t ng, cp phi t ng.
- C kh ha, t ng ha qu trnh cng ngh, gim thi gian vn chuyn chi
tit, gim thi gian dng my o, dng my iu khin theo chng trnh...
- Dng dao chuyn dng gia cng c nhiu b mt, gim thi gian thay
dao, iu chnh dao...
- T chc lm vic hp l.

121
Gio trnh: Cng ngh ch to my
Chng 8
Quy trnh cng ngh ch to
Cc chi tit in hnh

Trong ngnh Ch to my, chi tit gia cng c hnh dng hnh hc rt phong
ph v vi mi chi tit th s mt c quy trnh cng ngh ch to. Tuy nhin, chng ta
c th tp hp mt s rt ln cc chi tit v nhm my thnh mt s loi c hn, bo
m c kh nng chuyn t qu trnh cng ngh n chic thnh qu trnh cng ngh
hng lot mang du hiu in hnh c trng cho tng loi. Nhng chi tit c xp
cng mt loi hay nhm khi chng c chc nng v quy trnh cng ngh tng t
nhau.
Trong iu kin sn xut hng lot, quy trnh cng ngh in hnh c tc dng
lm gim bt cng vic chun b sn xut, khng cn lp mt hoc mt vi phng n
cng ngh cho ring tng chi tit, khng cn thit k v ch to trang b cng ngh
ring cho tng chi tit...
Hin nay, cc chi tit c kh c phn loi thnh cc chi tit dng hp, dng
cng, dng bc, dng trc, dng a. Chng ny s trnh by quy trnh cng
ngh gia cng cho tng dng chi tit in hnh ny.
Khi lm cng tc chun b sn xut mt chi tit no , trc ht cn xem xt
n thuc dng chi tit no trong cc dng trn nh hng v tham kho quy trnh
cng ngh in hnh ca chi tit tng ng, trn c s b sung nhng ni dung cn
thit c c quy trnh cng ngh gia cng cho chi tit cn sn xut.

8.1- quy trnh cng ngh ch to chi tit dng hp
Trong tt c cc loi my mc u c chi tit dng hp. Hp bao gm nhng chi
tit c hnh khi rng (xung quanh c thnh vch) thng lm nhim v ca chi tit c
s lp cc n v lp (nhm, cm, b phn) ca nhng chi tit khc ln n to thnh
mt b phn my nhm thc hin mt nhim v ng hc no ca my.
Hp c rt nhiu kiu v cng dng cng khc nhau ty theo yu cu lm vic.
c im ca cc chi tit hp l c nhiu vch, dy mng ca cc vch khc nhau,
trong cc vch li c nhiu gn, nhiu phn li lm; nhiu mt phng phi gia cng
lm mt tip xc; c bit trn hp c nhiu l phi gia cng chnh xc thc hin
cc mi lp ghp.
Nhn chung, hp l loi chi tit phc tp, kh gia cng, khi ch to phi m
bo nhiu yu cu k thut khc nhau.
8.1.1- Yu cu k thut
Hp c nhng b mt chnh nh mt y, mt l yu cu chnh xc kh cao.
Lu c bnh - B mn Ch to my - Khoa C kh - Trng i hc Bch khoa
116
Ngoi ra, cn c cc b mt ph nh b mt y np, l bt bulng...
Nhng yu cu k thut c bn ca hp l:
- khng phng v khng song song ca cc b mt chnh trong
khong 0,05 0,1 mm trn ton b chiu di, Ra = 5 1,25.
- Cc l c chnh xc cp 6 8, Ra = 2,5 0,63 i khi cn t cp 5 vfa
R
a
=0,32. Sai s hnh dng cc l l 0,5 0,7 dung sai ng knh l.
- Dung sai khong cch tm gia cc l ph thuc vo chc nng ca n,
nu l l lp trc bnh rng th dung sai khong cch tm l 0,02 0,1 mm. Dung sai
khng song song ca cc tm l bng dung sai khong cch tm. khng vung
gc ca cc tm l khi lp bnh rng cn v trc vt - bnh vt l 0,02 0,06 mm.
- Dung sai khng ng tm ca cc l bng 1/2 dung sai ng knh l
nh nht.
- khng vung gc gia mt u v tm l trong khong 0,01 0,05
trn 100 mm bn knh.
8.1.2- Vt liu v phng php ch to phi
Vt liu ch to cc chi tit hp thng dng l gang xm, thp c, hp kim
nhm v nhng thp tm hn.
Ty theo iu kin lm vic, s lng hp v vt liu m phi c ch to
bng cc phng php khc nhau. Ph bin nht l phi gang c, phi thp c, phi
hp kim nhm c, trong mt s trng hp ngi ta dng phi dp, phi hn.
* Phi c bao gm c phi gang, thp hoc hp kim nhm l nhng loi
phi ph bin nht ch to cc chi tit dng hp. Thng dng cc phng php
c sau ch to phi c:
- c gang trong khun ct, mu g, lm khun bng tay. Phng php ny cho
chnh xc thp, lng d gia cng ct gt ln, nng sut thp, i hi trnh cng
nhn cao. Phng php ny thch hp i vi dng sn xut n chic v lot nh.
- c gang trong khun ct, mu kim loi, lm khun bng my. Phng php
ny cho chnh xc cao, lng d gia cng ct gt nh. Phng php ny thch hp
i vi dng sn xut hng lot v hng khi.
- c trong khun v mng th chi tit c ra t chnh xc 0,3 0,6 mm,
tnh cht c hc tt. Phng php ny dng trong hng lot ln v hng khi nhng
thng ch dng c cc chi tit c trng lng nh.
- c p lc c th to nn cc chi tit hp c nh c hnh th phc tp.
Cc chi tit hp c ra thng ngui khng u, gy ra bin dng nhit v ng
sut d. Cho nn cn c bin php kh ng sut d trc khi gia cng ct gt.
* Phi hn c ch to t thp tm ri hn li thnh hp. Loi ny c
dng trong sn xut n chic v lot nh v s rt ngn c thi gian chun b phi,
t hiu qu kinh t cao (so vi phi c). Phi hn c 2 kiu:
- Kiu th: Hn cc tm thp li thnh hp ri mi gia cng.
117
- Kiu tinh: Hn cc tm thp c gia cng s b cc b mt cn thit thnh
hp, sau mi gia cng tinh li.
Phi hn th lun c ng sut d v vic kh ng sut d ca phi hn thng
gp kh khn.
* Phi dp c dng i vi cc chi tit hp nh c hnh th khng phc
tp dng sn xut lot ln v hng khi. Ta c th dp nng i vi thp cn hp kim
mu th c th dp ngui. Phng php dp to c c tnh tt v t nng sut cao.
Tnh cng ngh trong kt cu ca chi tit hp c ngha c bit quan trng bi
v n khng nhng nh hng rt ln ti cng sc lao ng khi ch to m cn c nh
hng ti vic tiu hao vt liu. V vy, ngay t khi thit k phi m bo cc yu cu
v tnh cng ngh ca kt cu nh:
- Hp phi c cng vng khi gia cng khng b bin dng v c
th dng ch ct cao, t nng sut cao.
- Cc b mt lm chun phi c din tch nht nh, phi cho php thc
hin nhiu nguyn cng khi dng b mt lm chun. Ngoi ra, b mt chun cn
phi to iu kin g t chi tit nhanh khi gia cng v lp rp.
- Cc b mt cn gia cng khng c c vu li, lm; phi thun li cho
vic n dao, thot dao. Kt cu ca cc b mt phi to iu kin cho vic gia cng
ng thi bng nhiu dao.
- Cc l trn hp nn c kt cu n gin, khng nn c rnh hoc c dng
nh hnh, b mt l khng c t qung. Cc l ng tm nn c ng knh gim
dn t ngoi vo trong. Cc l nn thng sut v ngn.
- Khng nn b tr cc l nghing so vi mt phng ca cc vch khi gia
cng trnh hin tng dao (khoan, khot, doa) b n dao lch hng.
- Cc l kp cht phi l cc l tiu chun.
8.1.4- Quy trnh cng ngh gia cng chi tit hp
a) Chun nh v
Khi lng gia cng chi tit dng hp ch yu l tp trung vo vic gia cng
cc l. Mun gia cng nhiu l trn nhiu b mt khc nhau qua cc giai on th,
tinh... cn to nn mt chun tinh thng nht cho chi tit hp. Chun thng l mt
mt ngoi no v hai l chun tinh ph vung gc vi mt phng . Hai l chun
tinh ph ny phi c gia cng t n chnh xc cp 7 v c khong cch cng xa
cng tt.
Khi nh v chi tit hp trn g th mt ngoi s tip xc vi nh v mt
phng, hai l s c tip xc vi hai cht (mt cht tr, mt cht trm). Nh vy, chi
tit c nh v 6 bc t do.
Hai l chun tinh ph thng c dng trong s cc l bulng trn ca hp.
118
Tuy nhin, khng nht thit lc no cng dng hai trong s cc l bt bulng em gia
E
A
B
cng chnh xc lm chun ph,
m c th cn c vo kt cu c
th ca hp nh rnh, sng trt,
thm ch c l chnh xc ca hp
khng ch cc bc t do cn li.
V d, khi gia cng hp dng
mt bch. Ta chn chun l mt
u (c ng knh A), l chnh
B v mt trong hai l bt bulng.
Hnh 8.1- Chn chun nh v trn mt bch
S g dt c tnh cht in hnh nh trn (mt mt phng v hai l vung gc
vi mt phng ) cho php g t chi tit qua nhiu nguyn cng trn nhiu g,
trnh c sai s tch ly do vic thay i chun gy ra. To c chun tinh nh th,
g cng n gin i nhiu v tng t nhau nhiu nguyn cng.
V vy i vi chi tit dng hp, sau khi lm sch, kh ng sut bn trong, ct
u rt, u ngt th nguyn cng u tin phi l gia cng to mt chun. Vic chn
chun th cho nguyn cng ny ht sc quan trng v n nh hng n lng d gia
cng cng nh chnh xc cc nguyn cng tip theo. Ta c th dng nhng
phng n chn chun th nh sau:
Mt th ca l chnh
khng ch 4 bc t do (hnh a).
Mt th khng gia cng
bn trong khng ch 3 bc t do
(hnh b).
Mt trn g vai khng
ch 3 bc t do (hnh c).
a)
b) c)
Trong cc b mt c th lm
chun th ni trn, quan trng
nht l l chnh v nu chn n
lm chun th th bo m c
lng d v sau cho bn thn l
u n, to iu kin cho vic
gia cng l d dng. Khi chn
chun th, nu khng ch n
Hnh 8.2- S nh v khi chn chun th
nguyn cng u tin
mt trong khng gia cng s c th lm cho khe h lp ghp gia n vi cc b phn
bn trong (nh bnh rng, tay gt...) khng m bo.
Trong sn xut hng lot nh v n chic, do vic ch to phi km chnh xc
v khi khng dng g chuyn dng, c th thc hin nguyn tc chn chun nh
trn bng phng php ly du. Khi ly du, c th kt hp chn chun th ny, ng
thi kim tra chun th kia, chia lng d cho tho mn cc yu cu khc nhau. Tuy
119
nhin, ly du v gia cng theo du c nng sut rt thp, do gi thnh tng.
b) Trnh t gia cng cc b mt ch yu ca hp
Qu trnh cng ngh gia cng chi tit dng hp gm hai giai on chnh sau:
* Gia cng mt phng chun v cc l chun lm chun thng nht.
* Dng chun thng nht trn lm chun nh v gia cng cc b mt
cn li nh:
- Gia cng cc mt phng cn li.
- Gia cng th v bn tinh cc l lp ghp.
- Gia cng cc l khng chnh xc dng kp cht.
- Gia cng chnh xc cc l lp ghp.
- Tng kim tra.
8.1.5- Bin php cng ngh thc hin cc nguyn cng chnh
a) Gia cng mt chun
Mt chun gia cng chi tit dng hp gm mt mt phng v hai l chun.
* Gia cng mt phng chun
Vi hp c kch thc khc nhau v sn lng t, ta c th dng my phay hay
bo vn nng gia cng.
Nu cc hp c ln c b mt chun vung hoc gn trn, c th gia cng trn
my tin ng; cn hp c nh th ngoi bo v phay, ta cn c th gia cng trn my
tin vn nng bng cch dng mm cp 4 chu nh v hoc dng g chuyn dng.
Trong sn xut hng lot ln v hng khi, vi hp c ln hoc trung bnh, gia
cng mt phng chun c thc hin trn my nhiu trc hoc my c bn quay; vi
hp c nh c th dng chut mt phng hoc my t hp hay my chuyn dng.
* Gia cng hai l chun
Nu sn xut hng lot ln hoc hng khi nn dng my nhiu trc chuyn
dng. Ch rng khi gia cng hai l chun ny phi ln lt tin hnh khoan, khot,
doa trong mt ln g v phi dng bc dn hng m bo t c nhm b
mt v chnh xc ca bn thn l cng nh m bo khong cch tm hai l nm
trong phm vi dung sai cho php.
Nu sn lng nh, c th gia cng bng cch ly du v thc hin trn my
khoan ng. Vi hp ln, c th gia cng hai l chun trn my doa ngang.
b) Gia cng cc mt ngoi ca hp
Cc mt ngoi ca hp thng l mt phng, c gia cng bng cc phng
php bo, phay, tin, mi v chut.
Trong sn xut n chic v hng lot nh, thng dng phng php bo v
n gin v r tin. Nng sut ca bo tuy thp nhng c th khc phc bng cch g
nhiu chi tit gia cng cng mt lc.
Trong sn xut hng lot va v ln, vic gia cng mt ngoi c th bng phng
120
php phay. Vi hp c kch thc nh th xp nhiu chi tit gia cng cng mt lc.
Hp c kch thc ln th gia cng mt ngoi trn my phay ging hoc bo ging.
Trong sn xut hng khi th v ang s dng phng php phay lin tc
trn my phay c bn quay v my phay c tang trng gia cng hai mt phng song
song cng mt lc bng hai dao.
Ngoi ra, hin nay cn s dng rng ri c phng php chut gia cng mt
phng ca hp. Nhng hp c mt ngoi v mt trong trn xoay c gia cng trn
my tin ng.
Gia cng tinh cc mt ngoi ca hp trong sn xut hng lot ln v hng khi
c thc hin trn my mi, cn trong sn xut n chic v lot nh thng dng
phng php co.
c) Gia cng cc l lp ghp
Khi ch to cc chi tit dng hp, vic gia cng cc l nht l cc l lp ghp
chim thi gian kh ln. V vy, vic chn phng php gia cng hp l s to iu
kin nng cao nng sut, gim gi thnh rt c hiu qu.
Bin php gia cng cc l lp ghp ca hp ph thuc vo sn lng ca chi
tit. C th gia cng trn my doa ngang vn nng hay my t hp nhiu trc chnh.
Trong mt s trng hp, c th gia cng trn dy chuyn t ng hoc cng c th
gia cng trn my khoan ng, khoan cn, i khi c th gia cng trn my tin ng
hay my tin thng.
ng knh cc l gia cng ph thuc c bn vo kch thc ca dao (dao nh
hnh), hoc ph thuc vo vic iu chnh kch thc ca mi dao lp trn trc dao.
chnh xc v khong cch tm, song song v vung gc gia cc ng
tm l vi nhau, cng nh cc yu cu khc v v tr ca l c m bo bng hai
phng php sau:
- Gia cng cc l theo cc bc dn hng trn g.
- Gia cng cc l theo phng php xc nh bng ta nh cc vch kch
thc trn my (my doa ta ).
* Trong sn xut hng lot ln v hng khi, cc l lp ghp ca hp c gia
cng trn my doa, my t hp nhiu trc theo cch gia cng song song hoc song
song lin tc trn hai hoc ba b mt ca hp. Khi , v tr cc l c m bo theo
cch b tr cc trc chnh trn my. Khi gia cng trn my t hp nn chia ra thnh hai
nguyn cng th v tinh, hon thnh trn hai my ca mt ng dy hoc chia lm
hai bc hon thnh ti hai v tr ca my.
Nhng l chnh ca hp c kch thc khng ln lm, c th c gia cng trn
my khoan ng nh bc dn hng v u khoan nhiu trc gia cng cc l trn
mt b mt cng mt lc, hoc trn my khoan cn c dng bc dn.
* Trong sn xut hng lot, cc l chnh xc ca hp c gia cng trn my
doa ngang c dng bc dn hng. Khong cch tm v song song ca chng c
bo m bng s dch chuyn bn my v bng cc bc dn hng. Cn vung gc
121
gia cc ng tm l c m bo nh quay bn my mang chi tit so vi trc doa.
Nu l cn doa ngn, khi gia cng cn dng bc dn hng cho trc doa pha
trc hoc pha sau. Khi l cn doa di th nh hng trc doa c pha trc v sau.

Bc dn
Chi tit
Bc dn
Chi tit
Chi tit
Hnh 8.3- S nh hng dng c khi doa l chi tit hp
Nu c nhiu l ng trc trn mt hng, c th thc hin gia cng trn my
doa vi bin php thch hp. m bo chnh xc ca hng l nn chia ra hai
nguyn cng th v tinh.
Khi gia cng th, trc tin gia cng l ngoi cng mt pha ca hp bng
trc dao cngxn. Sau gia cng l tip theo, lm nh vy cho n khi xong mt na
s l trn hng l . Quay bn my i 180
0
gia cng cc l cn li pha i din
ca hp vi bin php nh cc l pha bn kia. Lm nh vy cho n ht.
Khi gia cng tinh, c th tin hnh theo hai cch. Cch th nht l gia cng
lin tc cc l bng cch s dng cc l va gia cng c dn hng cho vic gia
cng cc l tip theo. Cch th hai l ln lt gia cng hai l ngoi ca hai mt ngoi
cng i din ca hp, sau dng hai l ny dn hng cho dng c ct cho vic
gia cng cc l cn li gia.
V d, cn gia cng 4 l trn mt hng l ca chi tit hp nh sau:
- Gia cng th:
4

+ Bc 1: Gia cng l 4.
Sau , quay bn my quay chi tit
180
0
v tip tc gia cng.
- Gia cng tinh:
+ Nu dng cch th nht, gia cng l 4 trc. Sau , dng l 4 (gn
bc dn hng) dn trc dao gia cng l 3. C nh vy, dng l 3 nh hng
gia cng cho l 2, dng l 2 nh hng gia cng l 1.
+ Nu dng cch th hai, tin hnh gia cng l 4 trc. Sau , quay bn
my quay chi tit 180
0
gia cng l 1. Dng hai l 4 v 1 va gia cng xong
122
dn hng cho trc dao gia cng cc l 3 v 2.
* Trong sn xut lot nh v n chic, vic gia cng l hp c th thc hin
trn my khoan cn hay my doa ng, doa ngang khng cn bc dn hng cho dng
c ct m tin hnh bng phng php r g theo ng vch du trn phi.
Th t vic gia cng l hp theo phng php ny nh sau:
- G t v kim tra chi tit hp trn bn my sao cho ng tm ca l ly
du song song vi ng tm trc chnh.
- a ng tm trc chnh ca my trng vi tm l u tin s gia cng.
- Gia cng l .
- Dch chuyn bn my cng vi chi tit gia cng theo nhng khong cch
tm cho ti khi trng vi ng tm ca l cn gia cng tip theo.
d) Gia cng cc l kp cht
Trong cc chi tit dng hp, ngoi nhng l c bn, chnh xc cn c cc l
dng kp cht v cc l c ren. Khi gia cng cc l ny ta cng cn c vo san
lng chn bin php gia cng.
- Khi sn lng t, vi mi c kch thc ca hp, cc l kp cht c gia
cng trn my khoan ng hoc khoan cn, khong cch tm gia cc l c m
bo bng cch ly du hoc nh cc phin dn, bc dn khoan.
i vi cc hp qu ln, c th dng my khoan di ng kp thng vo chi tit
gia cng hoc l cho my khoan di ng trn nn xng.
- Trong sn xut hng lot va, cc l kp cht c cg trn my khoan cn
c lp u Rvnve, trn c lp nhiu dng c gia cng khc nhau theo th t gia
cng. Lm nh vy s gim c thi gian tho lp dng c.
- Trong sn xut hng lot ln v hng khi vi cc chi tit c va, cc l
ny c gia cng trn my t hp hay my khoan nhiu trc gia cng nhiu l
cng mt lc. i vi chi tit c nh, nguyn cng ny c thc hin trn my t hp
cng vi mt s nguyn cng khc.
Trong sn xut hng khi, cc l ny cn c th c gia cng trn cc ng
dy t ng. Vi cc l c ren, khi gia cng chng ta phi c thm bc ct ren. Ty
theo sn lng, kt cu v yu cu chnh xc cng nh kch thc ca ren m ta
chn cc phng php ct ren cho hp l.
e) Gia cng chnh xc cc l lp ghp
Nu trong chi tit dng hp c cc l cn m bo chnh xc cp 6, 7 th
phi gia cng tinh ln cui. Cc phng php gia cng tinh ln cui c th l doa
mng (doa lng), mi hnh tinh, mi khn, ln p thm ch c th mi nghin, co...
- Doa mng dng gia cng l t chnh xc cao v kch thc, hnh
dng hnh hc v thng ca ng tm.
c im ca phng php ny l gia cng vi vn tc rt cao, lng n dao
nh, chiu su ct nh. My c th l my mt trc chnh, nhiu trc chnh, my doa
123
ngang, doa ng, doa chuyn dng.
- Mi hnh tinh dng gia cng tinh l c ng knh ln (hn 180 mm).
Phi s c g c nh trn bn my, mi s quay tng i so vi tm ca
trc chnh, ng thi quay hnh tinh (tc l quay tng i so vi l gia cng). Lng
n dao dc do bn my thc hin, n dao ngang l do dch chuyn ca mi.
Phng php ny c nng sut thp, kt cu my phc tp nn t dng.
- Mi khn dng gia cng tinh cc l c ng knh t 25 500 mm.
Mi khn thng c thc hin trn my mi khn mt trc chnh. y l
phng php c nng sut kh cao v kinh t.
- Ln p l phng php gia cng tinh bng bin dng do trong trng thi
ngui. N dng gia cng mi vt liu chu tc dng ca bin dng do c cng
nh hn 40 HRC.
f) Kim tra
Trong qu trnh ch to, ta phi kim tra. Vic kim tra gia cc nguyn cng
c tin hnh sau khi gia cng cc b mt quan trng, c yu cu chnh xc cao.
Cn cui giai on gia cng phi tng kim tra cc yu t ra trong yu cu k
thut nh thng, phng ca cc mt phng, song song, vung gc, ng tm
v khong cch gia cc l...
* thng ca mt phng c kim tra bng cch dng thc hoc ng h
so. phng ca mt phng c kim tra bng ng h so hoc bng nhng bn r
trn c bi lp sn p vo mt cn kim tra.
* chnh xc v kch thc l th c kim tra bng dng c o thch hp
ty theo hnh dng v kt cu l. Nu l c chiu su nh th dng thc cp, calip;
nu l c chiu su ln th dng ng h o l.
* chnh xc hnh dng hnh hc c kim tra bng ng h so.
* ng tm ca cc l c bn c xc nh bng trc kim tra.
o ng tm ca hai l ta
dng trc kim tra v ng h so vi
s nh hnh bn. Ta lp hai trc
chun vo hai l cn o ng tm
(lp khng c khe h, nu l qu to
th ta c th g trc trong bc), cho
trc bn tri quay. Sai lch ch th ln
nht v nh nht trn ng h sau
mt vng quay chnh l sai lch gia
Hnh 8.4- S o ng tm hai l
khong cch ln nht v nh nht t cc im trn tit din o n ng tm quay
trc bn phi, chnh l o hng tm gia hai trc, bng hai ln ng tm
gia hai trc.
Ngoi ra, kim tra ng tm cn c th dng g chuyn dng, phng
124
php quang hc v mt vi phng php khc na.
* Khong cch gia hai tm l th c o nh sau:
Ta a hai trc c ng
knh
1
v
2
vo hai l cn
o khong cch tm.
+ Nu l c cp chnh
xc cao (trn cp 7) v lp
khng c khe h (H7/ h6).

2
M A
2 1
+
=
+ Nu l c cp chnh
xc thp (di cp 8) th lp
trc vo bc im (bc im
c cn 1/500 1/200, khi
lp bc im vo l th s
khng c khe h).
* o song song gia cc l c tin hnh bng ng h so.
Hnh 8.5- S o khong cch tm hai l
N
A M
1
Bc im
1
2
3
4
5
Dng hai trc
kim 4 v 5 cho vo
hai l cn kim tra
dng bc iu chnh
cho khng cn khe
h. Lp tay treo s 3
c mang ng h 1
v 2 vo trc 5,
quay tay treo 3 cho
mi t ca ng h
so 1 v 2 t vo trc
4, ti chnh cc
ng h so v s 0.
Tho tay treo ra,
quay ngc li 180
0

v lp v pha i
din ca trc 4 v 5.
Tin hnh o nh
trn ta c kt qu:
Hnh 8.6- S kim tra song song theo hai phng
- Hiu s ch trn ng h s 1 l sai s v khng song song theo
phng thng ng ca hai ng tm trn chiu di bng khong cch gia hai
u lp tay treo.
- Hiu s ch trn ng h s 2 l sai s v khng song song theo
125
126
phng nm ngang gia hai ng tm .
* song song gia ng tm l v mt y.
Cho ng h so r trn
trc chun (lp trong l) v
pha bn phi, chnh cho
ng h v s 0 khi mi d
tip xc vi ng sinh cao
nht ca trc.
R ng h so v pha
u bn tri ca trc, gi tr
trn ng h so l gi tr
ca song song gia tm
l v mt y.
* vung gc gia tm l v mt u c xc nh bng ng h so hoc
bng calip chuyn dng.
Hnh 8.7- Kim tra song song gia ng tm l
v mt y
b) a)
ng h s c
lp trn trc kim, cho
hp quay quanh tm
trc th ch s trn
ng h s cho ta bit
gi tr vung gc.
Thng thng, trc
kim s c g trong
mt bc kim (c
cn).
Hnh 8.8- S kim tra vung gc gia tm l v mt u
a) Bng ng h so; b) Bng calip chuyn dng
* vung gc gia tm cc l c xc nh bng ng h so hoc calip.

L
1
a) b)

Hnh 8.9- Kim tra vung gc gia cc l
a) Dng ng h so; b) Dng calip

8.2- quy trnh cng ngh ch to chi tit dng cng
Cng l loi chi tit c mt hoc mt s l c bn cn gia cng t chnh xc
cao m ng tm ca chng song song vi nhau hoc to vi nhau mt gc no .
Ngoi ra, trn cng cn c cc l dng kp cht, cc rnh then, cc mt u v cc
yu t khc cn phi gia cng.
Chi tit dng cng thng c chc nng bin chuyn ng thng ca chi tit ny
thnh chuyn ng quay ca chi tit khc. Ngoi ra, chi tit dng cng cn dng
y bnh rng di trt khi cn thay i t s truyn trong cc hp tc .
Cng gt, cng ni, cnh tay n, n kp, n gnh, tay bin v nhng chi tit
tng t l cc khu ng hc ca cc c cu my, dng c, trang b cng ngh u
thuc nhm chi tit dng cng.
8.2.1- Yu cu k thut
Khi ch to cng cn m bo cc yu cu k thut sau:
- Kch thc cc l c bn c gia cng t chnh xc cp 7 9;
nhm b mt Ra = 0,63 0,32.
- khng song song ca tm cc l c bn khong 0,03 0,05 mm trn
100 mm bn knh.
- khng vung gc ca tm l so vi mt u khong 0,05 0,1 mm
trn 100 mm bn knh.
- khng song song ca cc mt u cc l c bn khc trong khong
0,05 0,25 mm trn 100 mm bn knh mt u.
- Cc rnh then (nu c) c gia cng t cp chnh xc 8 10 v
nhm b mt Rz = 10 40.
- Cc b mt lm vic ca cng c nhit luyn t cng 50 55 HRC.
Vi nhng cng lm vic vi ti trng khng ln th dng vt liu l gang xm
GX 12 - 28, GX 24 - 44. Nhng cng c cng vng thp, lm vic vi ti trng va
p th nn chn gang do GD 37 - 12, gang rn. Cn nhng cng lm vic vi ti
trng ln, tng bn nn dng cc vt liu l thp ccbon 20, 40, 45; thp hp kim
18CrNiMoA, 18Cr2Ni4WA, 40CrMoA c bn cao...
Ty thuc vo vt liu v iu kin c th, chi tit cng c th c to phi
bng nhiu phng php nh c, rn, dp.
- Cng c kch thc va v nh, nu sn lng t th phi c ch to
bng rn t do; nu sn lng nhiu th dng phng php dp.
- Phi c dng cho cng bng gang, kim loi mu, thp. Ty theo iu kin
sn xut, sn lng m c th c trong khun ct, khun kim loi, khun mu chy.
- Cng loi ln, nu sn lng t th dng phi hn; nu sn lng nhiu th
127
kt hp dng hn v dp tm.
Cng nh cc dng chi tit khc, i vi chi tit dng cng tnh cng ngh c
ngha quan trng v n nh hng trc tip n nng sut v chnh xc gia cng. V
vy, khi thit k chi tit cng nn ch ti kt cu ca n nh:
- Cng phi c cng vng cao.
- Chiu di ca cc l c bn nn bng nhau v cc mt u ca chng cng
nm trn mt mt phng tin g t.
- Kt cu ca cng nn c i xng qua mt mt phng no .
- Kt cu ca cng phi thun li cho vic gia cng ng thi nhiu chi tit.
- Hnh dng ca cng phi thun tin cho vic chn chun.
8.2.4- Quy trnh cng ngh gia cng chi tit cng
a) Chun nh v
Yu cu k thut quan trng nht ca chi tit dng cng l khong cch tm
gia cc l c bn, v tr tng quan gia l c bn so vi cc b mt l khc hoc mt
u. V vy, khi nh v chi tit dng cng phi m bo c v tr tng i ca cc
b mt vi nhau, ca cc l vi nhau v vung gc ca cc l vi mt u ca n.
Do vy, chun th ban u c chn l vnh ngoi ca l v mt mt u ca
phi. Chn chun th nh vy l gia cng mt u kia v gia cng l c bn.
S nh v chi tit
cng thc hin vic gia
cng to chun tinh nh bn.
W
W
Chi tit c nh v
bng mt u pha di, vnh
ngoi ca l c bn bn tri
c nh v bng khi V c
nh, vnh ngoi ca l c
bn bn phi c nh v
bng khi V di ng, lc kp
W c tc ng thng qua
khi V di ng ny.
Hnh 8.10- S g t khi gia cng mt u v l c
bn ca thanh truyn (nguyn cng to chun tinh)
Sau khi c c l c bn v mt u gia cng, chn chun tinh thng nht
l mt u v hai l c bn gia cng cc mt cn li ca cng.
S nh v gia
cng vi chun tinh thng
nht nh bn, mt u cng
t vo phin t, mt l cng
lng vo cht tr ngn, l kia
W W W W
Hnh 8.11- S nh v vi chun tinh thng nht
128
129
lng vo cht trm (ch
hng nh v ca cht trm).
b) Trnh t gia cng cc b mt
Cc chi tit dng cng rt a dng, tuy vy c th gia cng theo trnh t tng
qut nh sau:
- Gia cng mt u.
- Gia cng th v tinh cc l c bn.
- Gia cng cc l khc nh l ren, l du...
- Cn bng trng lng (nu cn).
- Kim tra.
a) Gia cng mt u
Ty theo chnh xc ca phi m c th gia cng mt u ca cng bng
nhiu phng php khc nhau nh phay, tin, mi, chut. Phng php bo t c
dng v mt u c din tch nh ri rc nn c nng sut thp.
- Trong sn xut hng lot ln v hng khi, nu phi c chnh xc cao
th thng gia cng mt u bng mi hoc chut. Lc , va t c nng sut cao,
va t c chnh xc cao.
- Trong sn xut hng lot nh v va, gia cng mt u ca cng bng
phay hoc tin.
- Tuy nhin, nu chnh xc ca phi qu thp th cc dng sn xut u
dng phay gia cng mt u cng.
Ngoi ra, chn phng php gia cng mt u cng cn ph thuc vo lng d
gia cng hay ni cch khc l ph thuc vo phng php ch to phi. Nu lng d
nh c th khng dng phay c m dng mi; nu lng d ln th dng mi s
khng hp l.
Cc mt u ca cng c gia cng tng pha ln lt trn my phay ngang
hay ng bng mt dao vi s nh v nh hnh 8.10.
Hoc cng c th phay hai mt ca mi
u trn my phay ngang bng mt b hai dao
phay a ba mt. Phi c g t trn cc
nh v thch hp v iu chnh cc mt tng
i vi dao nh cc dng c chuyn dng. Nh
s hnh 8.12, m bo hai mt u i
xng so vi mt phng gia ca tay bin, chi tit
s c nh v vo phn thn tay bin khng
gia cng.
Hnh 8.12- S nh v
phay hai mt u bng dao
phay a ba mt
W W
Vi s nh v ny khi gia cng cc
cng ln, nng cao nng sut c th dng
my phay nhiu trc gia cng c bn mt u
cng mt lc.
Trong mt s trng hp yu cu chnh xc cao th sau khi phay hoc chut,
mt u ca cng phi qua mi trn my mi phng c bn quay. Mi cc mt u
cng lc nu chng c b dy bng nhau, mi xong lt li mi pha kia; nu b dy
khc nhau th mi u ln ring, u nh ring. Cng c th thc hin trn my mi
chuyn dng gia cng c hai pha cng mt lc.
b) Gia cng th v tinh cc l c bn trn cng
Cc l c bn ca cng c yu cu chnh xc bn thn cao v n s lp ghp vi
chi tit khc. Ty theo sn lng, iu kin sn xut m c bin php gia cng ph hp:
* Trong sn xut nh, sn lng t vi mi c ca cng, l c bn c gia
cng trn my khoan ng, khoan cn hoc my tin, my doa ngang bng phng
php ly du, r g.
* Trong sn xut hng lot, sn lng nhiu, cc l c bn c gia cng
trn my khoan ng, khoan cn hoc my khoan c u Rvnve bng phng php
t ng t kch thc nh bc lp trn phin dn.
tin hnh gia cng c th dng hai cch sau:
Cch 1: Gia cng mt l, sau ly l ny lm chun nh v cng vi mt
u gia cng l tip theo. Lc ny s gia cng nh hnh 8.10. V ch gia cng
mt l nn ch cn khng ch 5 bc t do nh vy l ri, bc t do cn li l xoay
quanh tm l cn gia cng khng cn khng ch v n khng nh hng n chnh
xc cn t. L c gia cng qua ba bc: khoan, khot, doa. Cng c th thay khot,
doa bng chut hoc thay doa bng nong l.
Sau khi gia cng mt l
xong, tin hnh gia cng cc
l tip theo. Lc ny chi tit
c nh v bng mt u,
mt l va c gia cng xong
v mt mt no hn ch
nt bc t do xoay quanh tm
l s gia cng. hn ch bc
t do ny ta dng khi V ty
ng t vo vnh ngoi ca
u cng c l s gia cng.
Hnh 8.13- S nh v gia cng l tip theo
Theo cch ny, khong cch tm ca cc l c m bo nh chnh xc
khong cch ca tm cht nh v v tm bc dn cho l tip theo. Khi gia cng cc l
tip theo phi tun th theo nh l u tin.
Cch 2: Gia cng ln lt tt c cc l sau mt ln nh v.
Theo cch ny, chi tit gia cng phi c nh v c 6 bc t do (s nh
130
v nh hnh 8.10): mt u c khng ch 3 bc t do, khi V t vo vnh ngoi
khng ch 2 bc t do, khi V ty ng t vo vnh ngoi khng ch bc t do cn li.
V tr v khong cch gia cc l do v tr cc bc dn lp trn phin dn quyt nh.
Gia cng ln lt cc l theo cc bc khoan, khot, doa trn my khoan cn
bng cch di chuyn u khoan, g c nh hoc trn my khoan ng bng cch di
chuyn g.
* Trong sn xut hng khi, gia cng cc l c bn c tin hnh trn my
khoan nhiu trc hoc my t hp nhiu trc chnh.
Dng my t hp
c th t hiu qu kinh
t cao v n c kh nng
gia cng song song
hoc song song lin tc
tt c cc l trong mt
ln g. S nh v s
nh hnh 8.14. Theo
phng n ny,
chnh xc v v tr cc
l m bo tt, song
song gia cc l v
khong cch gia cc l
cng t c tt hn.
Hnh 8.14- S nh v gia cng hai l cng mt lc
Nu l c ng knh ln hn 30 mm, khi to phi c l sn th trnh t s l
tin rng l (hay khot), gia cng tinh vi mt s l cn lp bc ng th sau khi gia
cng tinh l ri mi ng bc vo, sau li gia cng tinh li bc ng.
Khi l c bn yu cu c rnh then, then hoa th c th gia cng bng phng
php xc hoc chut. Nu dng xc gia cng rnh then hoa th phi dng thm u
phn , lc nng sut thp v chnh xc km; cn dng chut th nng sut cao,
chnh xc nhng li t tin.
c) Gia cng cc l khng c bn
Cc l khng c bn ca chi tit dng cng l cc l c ren, l kp cht, l
bt v m... Thng thng, cc l ny c yu cu chnh xc khng cao, thng l
cp 10.
Trng hp dng nh v ng v tr gia cng vi mt b phn khc, cc l
ny phi gia cng t chnh xc cp 7 (nh l nh v gia thn bin v np bin).
Vic gia cng cc l khng c bn thng c tin hnh sau khi gia cng cc
mt u v mt hoc cc l c bn, s nh v nh hnh 8.10. Cc l ny c gia
cng sau cng trc khi nhit luyn.
i vi nhng l yu cu chnh xc khng cao th dng phng php khoan.
131
Cn nhng l c yu cu chnh xc phi khoan, khot, doa.
Ty theo sn lng m trn c s ca s nh v thit k cc g, cc thit
b c nng sut ph hp.
d) Kim tra
i vi chi tit dng cng, ngoi vic kim tra ng knh l v b dy ca cc
u cng cn phi kim tra khong cch tm cc l c bn, vung gc gia mt u
v ng tm l, khng song song gia cc tm l.
* ng knh cc l c bn c kim tra bng thc cp, calip hay ng
h o l. B dy ca u cng cng c kim tra bng thc cp, calip.
* Khong cch tm cc l c bn c kim tra nh ca chi tit dng hp.
* khng song song gia cc ng tm l c kim tra bng ng h
so vi g nh sau:
Ta cho hai trc kim vo hai l cn
kim tra khng song song. t trc
kim l ln hn ln hai khi V ging
nhau, u kia c bng mt cht
nh v, chi tit c nh v 5 bc t do
khi kim tra.
Cho ng h so o mt bn u trc
kim, chnh ng h so v s 0. Sau ,
cho ng h sang o u bn kia. Ch
s trn ng h so l khng song song
ca hai l cng.
thc hin c chnh xc vic o,
mi d ca ng h so phi d ng
ng sinh trn cng. Ngi ta s thay
mi d ca ng h so c dng li
ngang nh mt con dao tin ct t.
* vung gc gia l v mt u ca cng c kim tra bng g
chuyn dng v ng h so. S kim tra nh sau:
Hnh 8.15- S kim tra khng
song song ca hai l cng
Hnh 8.16- S kim tra vung
gc gia tm l v mt u cng
Lp trc tm (trc ny c mt cn
nht nh) vo l cng cn kim tra. G
trc tm ln hai mi tm, quay trc tm
i mt vng. S ch chnh lch ca ng
h so cho bit vung gc vi bn knh
t mi t ca ng h so n tm quay.
Ch : i vi mt s cng khng c
ng trc i xng th thun tin cho
vic g t, ngi ta s to thm mt s
132
vu lm chun tinh ph hoc kp
cht. Sau khi gia cng xong th ct b i.
Nu khi lng cng vt qu yu cu th chn nhng ni m khng nh hng
n cng vng, bn ca cng (mt u cng) khoan i vi l gim khi lng.
8.3- quy trnh cng ngh ch to chi tit dng hp
Trc l loi chi tit c dng rt ph bin trong ngnh Ch to my, n c
nhim v truyn chuyn ng quay, mmen xon cho nn chu bin dng phc tp
xon, un, ko, nn.
Cc chi tit dng trc c b mt c bn cn gia cng l mt trn xoay ngoi,
mt ny thng dng lm mt lp ghp.
Ty theo kt cu m ta c th chia ra cc chi tit dng trc ra cc loi sau:
- Trc trn: trn sut chiu di l, trc ch c mt kch thc ng knh d.
Vi l/d < 4 l trc trn ngn; 4 l/d 10 l trc trn thng; l/d > 10 l trc trn di.
- Trc bc: trn sut chiu di l ca trc c mt s kch thcng knh
khc nhau. Trn trc bc c th c rnh then, rnh then hoa hoc c ren.
- Trc rng: c tc dng lm gim trng lng v c th lm mt lp ghp.
- Trc rng: l loi trc m trn c bnh rng lin trc.
- Trc lch tm: l loi trc c nhng c trc khng cng nm trn mt
ng tm nh trc khuu.
8.3.1- Yu cu k thut
Khi ch to cc chi tit dng trc cn bo m cc iu kin k thut sau:
- Kch thc ng knh cc c lp ghp yu cu cp chnh xc 7 10, mt
vi trng hp cn cp 5.
- chnh xc hnh dng hnh hc nh cn, van ca cc trc nm
trong khong 0,25 0,5 dung sai ng knh c trc.
- Dung sai chiu di mi bc trc khong 0,05 0,2 mm.
- lch tm gia cc c trc lp ghp khng qu 0,01 0,03 mm.
- khng song song ca cc rnh then hay then hoa i vi tm trc
khng qu 0,01 mm trn 100 mm chiu di.
- nhm ca cc c trc lp ghp t Ra = 1,25 0,63; cc mt u Rz =
40 20; cc b mt khng lp ghp Rz = 80 40.
- Tnh cht c l ca b mt trc nh cng b mt, thm ti th ty
tng trng hp c th m t iu kin k thut.
Ngoi ra, i vi mt s trc lm vic tc cao th cn c yu cu v cn
bng tnh v cn bng ng kh rung ng trong qu trnh lm vic.
Vt liu ch to cc chi tit dng trc thng thng l thp cacbon nh thp
133
35, 40, 45; thp hp kim nh 40Cr; 40Mn, 50Mn... dng cho trc chu ti trng ln.
i vi cc trc c bit nh trc cn, trc khuu, trc chnh my ct kim loi
thng c ch to t gang c bn cao, gang cu v nhng vt liu ny c tnh
chng mn cao v gim rung ng tt.
Khi ch to trc trn th tt nht l dng phi thanh. Vi trc bc c ng knh
chnh nhau khng ln lm th dng phi cnnng.
Trong sn xut nh v n chic, phi ca trc c ch to bng cch rn t
do hoc rn t do trong khun n gin trn my ba, i khi dng phi cn nng.
Phi ca trc ln c ch to bng cch rn t do hoc hn ghp tng phn li.
Trong sn xut hng lot ln v hng khi, phi ca trc c ch to bng dp
nng trn my dp hoc p trn my p; vi trc bc c th rn trn my rn ngang
hoc bng phng php c.
i vi phi trc bng gang bn cao c ch to bng phng php c.
Phi c cho php gim lng d v khi lng gia cng trong qu trnh ch to.
Khi thit k chi tit dng trc cn phi ch cc vn sau:
- Cc b mt trn trc c th gia cng c bng cc dao thng thng.
- ng knh cc c trc nn gim dn v hai u.
- Gim ng knh trc n mc c th m vn m bo kh nng lm vic.
- i vi trc di th phi ch n vic b tr luynt c d dng.
- Chn v b tr cc b mt nh then, ren, rnh xon... phi thch hp v
thun li cho qu trnh gia cng.
Mt vn cn ch l quy tnh cng ngh ch to trc trn khc hn trc bc
v tnh n gin v tnh kinh t, v vy cn nghin cu kh nng thay trc bc bng
trc trn nu c th.
8.3.4- Quy trnh cng ngh gia cng chi tit trc
a) Chun nh v
i vi chi tit dng trc yu cu v ng tm gia cc c trc l rt quan
trng. m bo yu cu ny, khi gia cng trc cn phi dng chun tinh thng nht.
Chun tinh thng nht khi gia cng chi tit dng trc l hai l tm hai u
trc. Nu l trc rng th dng mi tm kha nhm truyn mmen xon.

a) b)
Hnh 8.17- S nh v trc bng hai mi tm
a) Hai mi tm thng; b) Hai mi tm c kha nhm
134

Khi dng hai l tm lm chun c th gia cng tt c cc mt ngoi, phay rnh
then, then hoa, ren trn trc. Khi dng hai l tm lm chun v c nh v trn hai
mi tm gia cng mt ngoi th khng c sai s chun cho kch thc ng knh,
nhng s c sai s chun cho kch thc hng trc nu mi tm tri l mi tm cng
khi gia cng cc bc trc theo phng php iu chnh sn dao t kch thc bi v
trong qu trnh ch to hai l tm c sai s v chiu su ca l tm, trong khi mi
dao c iu chnh sn cch mi tm bn tri mt kch thc khng i. iu dn
n kch thc t mi dao n u bn tri ca trc s thay i nu l tm cn ca trc
su, cn khc nhau. khc phc sai s ny, ta thay mi tm cng bn phi bng mi
tm ty ng.
Khi dng hai mi tm lm chun th phi dng tc truyn mmen xon, nu
gia cng trc trong mt ln g tin ht chiu di th c th dng mi tm c gn tc
mt u.
Khi gia cng mi tm sau c th c nh khi s vg quay ca chi tit gia cng
nh, nu s vng quay chi tit gia cng > 500 v/ph th s lm mi tm c nh b chy
cho nn phi dng mi tm quay.
Ngoi hai l tm cn c th ly chun l mt ngoi ca trc gia cng cc mt
ngoi ca bc trc khc, gia cng rnh then, then hoa, mt u. Cn c th dng chun
phi hp c mt ngoi v l tm.
i vi chi tit l trc rng, khi gia cng tinh mt ngoi, chi tit c nh v
bng mt trong l gia cng m bo ng tm gia mt trong v ngoi.
Chi tit trc c th c gia cng theo trnh t nh sau:
* Gia cng chun b: ct t phi theo chiu di, kho hai mt u v khoan
tm, nu trc di cn dng thm luynt th phi gia cng c .
* Gia cng trc nhit luyn: m bo cng vng ca trc, khi gia
cng ngi ta gia cng cc on trc c ng knh ln trc, ri gia cng cc ng
knh nh sau.
- Tin th v bn tinh cc mt tr.
- Tin tinh cc mt tr. Nu l trc rng th sau khi tin th v bn tinh
phi khoan v doa l ri mi gia cng tinh mt ngoi.
- Mi th mt s c trc chi tit khi phay.
- Nn thng trc c ng knh < 100 mm v l/d > 10.
- Gia cng cc mt nh hnh, rnh then, rnh cht, rng trn trc...
- Gia cng cc l vung gc hoc l thnh vi ng tm trc mt gc,
cc b mt c ren, mt khng quan trng.
* Gia cng nhit luyn.
* Nn thng sau khi nhit luyn khc phc bin dng.
135
136
* Gia cng tinh sau nhit luyn:
- Mi th v tinh cc c trc.
- Mi th v tinh cc mt nh hnh (nu c).
- nh bng.
a) Kho mt u v khoan tm
Khi ch to cc trc c chiu di l > 120 mm t phi dp hay phi thanh th hai
l tm c dng lm chun nh v. Trong trng hp ny, vic kho mt u v
khoan l tm c th thc hin theo cc phng php sau y:
* Trong sn xut n chic v lot nh, thng phay hai mt u ca trc
sau ly du ri khoan l tm. Cng c th g trc ln my tin, tin mt on
gia ri kho mt u v khoan l tm; sau tr ngc u trc kia, kp on tin
nguyn cng trc ri kho mt u v khoan l tm cn li.
* Trong sn xut hng lot ln v hng khi, vic kho mt u v khoan l
tm c thc hin theo mt trong ba cch sau:
- Phay mt u trn my phay c tang quay, sau khoan l tm trn
my khoan hai pha.
- Phay mt u trn my phay ngang, khoan l tm trn my chuyn dng.
G hai chi tit ln
cc khi V nh v 1, kp
cht bng khi V 2. Cc
chi tit c khng ch
dc trc bng cht t 4.
Trc a vo gia cng
v tr II l trc c
gia cng mt u nh v
tr I. Sau khi gia cng
xong v tr II l trc
c gia cng c hai u.
II
I
5 4
3
2
1
Hnh 8.18- S gia cng mt u trc
trn my phay ngang
Vi hai cch trn, vic gia cng mt u v khoan l tm c chia thnh hai
nguyn cng.
- Phay mt u v khoan l tm c hai pha trong mt nguyn cng
trn my chuyn dng.
Chi tit c nh v
v kp cht nh cc
khi V 2. Sau khi gia
cng xong mt u bng
hai dao phay, bn xe
dao 1 s chy n v tr
ca hai mi khoan tm.
1
2
Hnh 8.19- S gia cng ng thi mt u trc
v l tm trn my chuyn dng
Gia cng xong th bn
xe dao li chy v v tr
ban u tho chi tit
ra v thay phi mi vo.
b) Tin th v tinh cc bc trc
Tin th v tinh cc bc trc c th c thc hin trn my tin vn nng, my
tin c bn dao chp hnh thy lc, my bn t ng chp hnh thy lc, my tin mt
trc nhiu dao. Chn loi my no l ty thuc vo iu kin sn xut v sn lng.
- Trong sn xut nh v n chic, vi phi cn v rn t do ty theo hnh
dng bn ngoi v kch thc ca trc cng nh t l gia cc ng knh ln, nh m
tin hnh tin lin tc trn my tin vn nng. Khi l tm c gia cng theo
phng php ly du.
- Trong sn xut hng lot nh, c th gia cng cc bc trc trn cc my
tin c trang b bn dao chp hnh thy lc. Vi loi my ny c th rt ngn thi gian
gia cng t 2,5 3 ln so vi gia cng trn my tin thng.
- Trong sn xut hng lot ln v hng khi, vic gia cng cc bc trc
c tin hnh trn my bn t ng mt trc nhiu dao, my nhiu trc... Tin nhiu
dao trn bt c my loi no cng u c u im hn tin mt dao l gim c thi
gian gia cng c bn.
Ngoi ra, cn dng c my bn t ng chp hnh thy lc gia cng cc bc
trc trong sn xut hng khi. Vi loi my ny n s c cc u im sau so vi tin
nhiu dao:
+ Thi gian iu chnh gim i 2 3 ln.
+ Nng sut gia cng cao v c th ct tc cao.
+ Thun li i vi cc trc km cng vng.
+ Tin tinh c cc trc di c yu cu nhn bng b mt cao m
tin bng nhiu dao khng th thc hin c.
c) Mi th v tinh cc c trc
Mi c trc c th c thc hin trn my mi trn ngoi, vi cc trc bc
ngn v trc trn c th mi trn my mi v tm.
Khi mi trn my mi v tm th mt nh v chnh l mt gia cng.
Khi mi trn my mi trn ngoi, trc c nh v bng hai l tm trn hai mi
tm. Lc , chnh xc ca c trc sau khi mi ph thuc vo chnh xc cc l
tm v mi tm, do vy trc nguyn cng mi tinh phi sa l tm loi tr cc sai
hng do b mt l tm b xy ha hoc b chy trong khi nhit luyn. Vi my mi
trn ngoi c th tin dao theo phng ngang hay phng dc.
- Mi tin dao ngang khi chiu di mi l < 80 mm, dng khi chiu di on
gia cng nh hn b rng hoc khi gia cng cc mt nh hnh trn xoay.
- Mi tin dao dc khi chiu di mi l > 80 mm, trng hp ny c s
137
dng ph bin khi mi trc.
Khi mi, do thi gian ph kim tra chi tit l kh ln. V vy, nng cao
nng sut, khi mi thng dng thit b kim tra kch thc gia cng ngay trong qu
trnh gia cng (xem CNCTM II/ 181).
d) Gia cng cc mt nh hnh
Cc mt nh hnh trn trc gm cc mt c ren, bnh rng, then hoa, rnh then,
cc mt lch tm... Phng php gia cng cc mt ny c cp Chng 6 -
Cc phng php gia cng b mt chi tit my.
* Gia cng mt c ren trn trc
- Gia cng ren theo chiu trc: i vi ren kp cht nu sn lng t th
dng tin ren, bn ren; sn lng nhiu th dng dao tin rng lc, u ct ren, cn
ren. Nu l ren truyn lc (ren hnh vung, hnh thang) vi sn lng t th dng tin
thng, sn lng nhiu th dng phay ren.
- Gia cng ren trn cc l lm vi ng tm trc mt gc: Loi l ren ny
thng dng bt bulng kp cht cc chi tit khc ln trc. Ren thng c ct
bng tar tay nu sn lng t v bng tar my nu sn lng nhiu.
* Gia cng rng trn trc
Phng php gia cng rng trn trc cng ging nh phng php gia cng
bnh rng. Vic thc hin bng ct rng bao hnh hay nh hnh l ty thuc vo dng
sn xut v iu kin sn xut.
* Gia cng rnh then v then hoa
Rnh then trn trc thng c gia cng trn my phay vi dao phay ngn
hay dao phay a. Lc , trc c nh v trn hai khi V hoc l tm.
Mt then hoa trn trc th thng c gia cng bng phng php phay,
ngoi ra cn c th gia cng bng phng php bo, chut hay cn ngui.
* Gia cng cc mt lch tm
Cc chi tit trc c cc mt lch tm l cc loi chi tit nh trc cam, trc
khuu trong ng c t trong.
e) Gia cng cc l chnh xc dc trc
i vi cc loi trc nh trc chnh ca my ct kim loi, nng sng... thng
c cc l rng bn trong v trn c nhng b mt cn hay tr i hi chnh xc
v kch thc cng nh ng tm vi mt ngoi ca trc. C th quan nim cc loi
trc ny cng ch l mt dng trc bc c l rng bn trong. V vy, ch cn ra bin
php gia cng cc l chnh xc bn trong sao cho ng tm vi mt ngoi ca trc.
Ty theo dng phi m ta c bin php gia cng thch hp:
- Nu phi c t thp cn, rn hay dp th sau khi tin th c cc bc
ngoi ca trc, tin hnh gia cng th mt l bng khoan, sau gia cng tinh bng
khot, doa hoc tin trong. Khi gia cng tinh xong l, dng l ny nh v cho
gia cng tinh mt ngoi.
138
- Nu phi c c l sn th dng chnh l th lm chun gia cng
th mt ngoi ca trc. Sau , dng mt ngoi nh v gia cng l. Ri li dng mt
l va gia cng xong nh v gia cng tinh mt ngoi. Ring vi trc chnh my ct
kim loi th li dng mt ngoi tinh ny nh v cho qu trnh mi l cn u trc.
f) Khoan l vung gc vi ng tm trc
khoan l loi ny thng dng my khoan, kiu my v cch nh v ph
thuc vo hnh dng trc v cng dng ca l.
Thng thng, chi tit c nh v trn hai khi V, dng thm mt cht t
hn ch chuyn ng chiu trc. Ngoi ra, cng c th nh v trn hai mi tm cng.
Khi gia cng cc l nghing vi ng tm trc mt gc th vic nh v vn th, ch
khc l ta iu chnh nh v sao cho l gia cng ph hp vi hng chy ca dao.
g) Gia cng tinh ln cui
i vi cc trc c chnh xc thng thng th ch cn mi tinh l . Tuy
nhin, i vi cc trc c yu cu chnh xc cao nhr trc chnh my ct kim loi,
trc khuu th sau khi mi tinh cc c trc phi qua gia cng tinh ln cui bng nh
bng, mi khn hoc mi siu tinh xc.
h) Kim tra
i vi cc chi tit dng trc, thng phi kim tra kch thc, nhm b mt
b mt, hnh dng hnh hc cc b mt.
- Kim tra kch thc bao gm kch thc ng knh, chiu di cc bc
trc, kch thc then, then hoa, ren trn trc... C th dng thc cp nu yu cu dung
sai > 0,02 mm; nu dung sai nh hn c th dng panme, calip, ng h so, dng c
quang hc, g chuyn dng.
- Kim tra hnh dng hnh hc ca cc c trc c thc hin nh ng h
so. Chi tit c g trn mi tm my tin hay g chuyn dng. Kim tra mt tit
din ng gi c van, a cnh; kim tra nhiu tit din dc trc suy ra cn.
- Kim tra v tr tng quan gia cc b mt bao gm:
+ dao ng gia cc c trc c kim tra bng cch t trc ln
khi V, cn u o ca ng h th t vo c trc cn o. Hiu s ca hai ch s ln
nht v nh nht ca ng h sau khi quay trc i mt vng l tr s dao ng .
+ song song gia nh, chn v mt bn ca cc then, then hoa so vi
ng tm ca cc c cng c kim tra bng ng h so. Chi tit cng c t
ln hai khi V, dng ng h so r trn nh, chn, mt bn ca then, then hoa s c
song song so vi ng tm cc c .
+ Kim tra ng tm cc c trc.
Nh g mang
theo ng h so
quay quanh mt
139
g
H h 8 19 S ki t t i h i t
bc trc trong khi
mi t ca ng
h t vo bc trc
cn kim tra.
8.4- quy trnh cng ngh ch to chi tit dng bc
nng cao tui th ca thit b, n gin ho v gim bt khi lng gia cng
cc my mc thit b, ngi ta thng lp cc chi tit h bc. Chng thng c dng
lm chi tit lt , chu mi mn v c bit l kh nng thay th c.
Bc l nhng chi tit c dng trn xoay, hnh ng, thnh mng, mt u c vai
hoc khng c vai, mt trong c th tr hoc cn. Bc c th nguyn hoc x rnh, mt
lm vic ca bc c rnh du, trn bc c l ngang tra du.
V mt kt cu, c th chia cc chi tit dng bc ra cc loi nh:

a) b) c) d)

Hnh 8.20- Mt vi dng kt cu ca bc
- Loi bc trn khng c g (hnh a).
- Loi bc c g hoc mt bch (hnh b, c).
- Loi bc c l hnh cn (hnh d).
- Loi bc c x rnh.
- Loi bc c thm lp hp kim chng mn.
- Loi bc mng c x rnh.
Nu da vo my gia cng cc nguyn cng chnh ca bc, c th chia bc
ra thnh 6 nhm theo ng knh gm: Di 25 mm; 25 32 mm; 32 40 mm; 40
50 mm; 50 65 mm; 65 100 mm.
c trng quan trng v kch thc ca bc l t s gia chiu di v ng
knh ngoi ln nht ca chi tit. T s ny thng nm trong khong 0,5 3,5.
8.4.1- Yu cu k thut
Khi ch to chi tit dng bc, yu cu k thut quan trng nht l ng tm
gia mt ngoi v mt l, cng nh vung gc gia mt u v ng tm. C th
l phi m bo cc iu kin sau:
- chnh xc v kch thc ca b mt ngoi t cp 7 10.
- chnh xc v kch thc ca b mt l t cp 7, i khi cp 10, nu l
140
bc cn lp ghp chnh xc c th yu cu cp 5.
- dy ca thnh bc cho php sai lch trong khong 0,03 0,15 mm.
- ng tm gia mt ngoi v mt l thng thng > 0,15 mm.
- khng vung gc gia mt u v ng tm l khong 0,1 0,2 mm/
100 mm bn knh. Nu l loi bc chu ti trng dc trc th khng vung gc ny
khong 0,02 0,03 mm/ 100 mm bn knh.
- nhm b mt:
+ Vi mt ngoi cn t Ra = 2,5.
+ Vi mt l, ty theo yu cu m cho Ra = 2,5 0,63; c khi Ra = 0,32.
+ Vi mt u Rz = 40 10, c khi cn Ra = 2,5 1,25.
V c im ca bc l lm vic c s chuyn ng tng i, do vy vic la
chn vt liu ch to chi tit dng bc phi da trn c s cc cp vt liu ma st
cho ph hp. Cc loi vt liu thng dng ch to chi tit dng bc l thp, ng,
gang v cc hp kim c bit khc; ngoi ra cn dng cht do v gm.
Vic chn phi ch to chi tit dng bc ph thuc vo iu kin lm vic,
hnh dng v sn lng, c th:
- Vi bc c ng knh l < 20 mm thng dng thp thanh nh hnh v
thp thanh cn nng hoc l phi c c vi vt liu l hp kim ng, gang.
- Vi bc c ng knh l > 20 mm thng dng phi ng hoc phi c l
c sn. Thng thng c trong khun ct, lm khun bng tay; khi sn lng ln c
th dng c ly tm, c trong khun kim loi, c p lc...
- i vi bc c thnh mng v x rnh, thng ngi ta lm bng ng
thau hoc ng hoc dng ng l cun li.
- i vi cc loi bc yu cu lm vic sut i v khng th thay c th
dng hp kim xp, sau thm du vo trong qu trnh lm vic nhit tng ln
du s t tit ra.
- Vi cc loi bc rt nh, nh nh trong ng h, vt dng gia nh, ngi
ta thng dng cht do lm bng cch p li, nu lm bng s th p li, sau
thiu kt.
Khi gia cng cc chi tit dng bc trc ht cn ch n c trng quan trng
l t s gia chiu di v ng knh ngoi ln nht ca chi tit. T s ny thng nm
trong khong 0,5 3,5.
Cn phi lu n kch thc l ca bc v vi cng mt ng knh, vic gia
cng l s kh hn gia cng trc.
Ngoi ra, b dy ca bc cng khng c mng qu s gy kh khn trong
vic kp cht gia cng (thng dng ng kp n hi, c cu kp bng cht do).
141
8.4.4- Quy trnh cng ngh gia cng chi tit bc
a) Chun nh v
m bo c hai iu kin k thut c bn ca bc l ng tm gia
mt ngoi v mt trong, vung gc gia mt u v ng tm l, c th dng mt
trong cc phng php gia cng sau:
- Gia cng mt ngoi, mt l, mt u trong mt ln g.
Phng n gia cng ny c th thc hin
khi ch to cc bc t phi thanh hoc phi
ng vi vic ct t bc cui cng, lc
chi tit c nh v bng mt ngoi v mt
mt u.
Nu l phi c tng chic, mun gia
cng theo phng php ny cn phi to
thm cc vu li di lm chun, lc s
tng ph liu v gim h s s dng vt liu.
Hnh 8.21- Gia cng cc mt ca
bc trong mt ln g
- Gia cng mt ngoi, mt l, mt u trong hai ln g.
ln g u tin, chi tit c nh
v bng mt ngoi v mt mt u
gia cng mt l v mt u kia.
Sau , nh v chi tit bng mt l
v mt u gia cng gia cng mt
ngoi v mt u cn li.
- Gia cng mt ngoi, mt l, mt u trong ba ln g.
Hnh 8.22- Gia cng cc mt ca
bc sau hai ln g
Ln g u tin,
chi tit c nh v
bng mt ngoi v
mt mt u gia
cng mt phn mt
ngoi, mt mt u
Hnh 8.23- Gia cng cc mt ca bc sau ba ln g
v gia cng th mt trong.
Tip n, nh v chi tit bng mt phn mt ngoi v mt u gia cng
ln g trc gia cng phn mt ngoi, mt u cn li v gia cng tinh mt trong.
Sau , nh v chi tit bng mt l gia cng gia cng tinh mt ngoi.
Nh vy, vi vic nh v vo mt l bc gia cng mt ngoi c u im hn
so vi nh v mt ngoi gia cng l v nu nh v bng mt l, c th dng trc g
n hi th sai s g t hoc khng c (nu dng chng tm) hoc rt nh (nu kp
trc g ln mm cp); ngoi ra, khi dng l tm lm chun gia cng mt ngoi th
lch tm gia l v mt ngoi c loi b.
142
Khi lp trnh t cc nguyn cng gia cng cc b mt v my gia cng cn
da vo hnh dng ca phi v sn lng. Tuy nhin, trnh t gia cng cc b mt ca
bc thng nh sau:
- Gia cng cc mt chnh ca bc (mt ngoi, mt trong, mt u).
- Khoan cc l ph.
- Gia cng cc mt nh hnh.
- Nhit luyn.
- Gia cng tinh cc l, cc mt ngoi.
- nh bng cc mt yu cu c bng cao.
- Kim tra.
a) Gia cng cc mt chnh ca bc
Bin php gia cng cc mt chnh ca bc ph thuc vo dng phi v sn lng.
* Cc bc ch to t phi thanh
- Nu sn lng t, c th tin hnh gia cng trn my tin vn nng trong mt
ln g qua cc bc: xn mt u, khoan mi, khoan l, tin trong, tin ngoi, ct t.
- Nu sn lng nhiu, vic gia cng cc mt chnh ca bc c thc hin trn
my rvnve t ng mt trc hoc nhiu trc trong mt ln g qua cc bc: xn mt
u, khoan l, tin mt ngoi, vt mp, doa th v ct t.
* Cc bc ch to t phi ng
Bin php gia cng bc t phi ng cng ging phi thanh ch khc l khng c
nguyn cng khoan l v thay bng khot v doa l.
* Cc bc ch to t phi c hoc rn tng chic
- Nu sn lng t, vi chi tit c ln v va th thc hin gia cng trn my tin
ct, tin ng; vi chi tit c nh c th gia cng trn my tin vn nng thng thng.
- Nu sn lng nhiu, vi chi tit c nh v va th gia cng trn my tin mt
trc nhiu dao hay my tin nhiu trc nhiu dao.
Ch :
i vi cc bc c thnh mng, km cng vng khi gia cng cc mt
chnh, vic nh v khng khc g vi cc loi bc ni trn nhng lc kp phi theo
phng hng trc trnh gy bin dng hng knh trng v sau khi gia cng.
Vi nhng bc c kt cu c bit cn phi c bin php thch hp nh:
bc c l cn th c khot, doa bng dao hnh cn; bc c mt lp hp kim chng
mn th sau khi gia cng tinh l s tin hnh c lp hp kim ln mt l, sau
phi gia cng tinh li lp hp kim...
b) Gia cng cc l ph
Cc l ph trn bc thng l cc l tra du, l c ren kp cht vi cc chi
143
tit khc. gia cng cc l ny, bc thng c nh v bng mt ngoi v mt u
hoc mt trong v mt u.
- Nu sn lng t, l c khoan trn my khoan ng vi g c bc
dn hng hoc khoan theo du.
- Nu sn lng nhiu, c th dng my khoan c u rvnve hoc u
khoan nhiu trc gia cng tt c cc l cng mt lc; vi chi tit c va c th gia
cng trn my t hp.
c) Gia cng th v tinh cc mt nh hnh trong v ngoi
Nhng mt nh hnh ny gm rnh then, rnh du, rng kha, rnh then trong.
- Rnh then: Nu sn xut nh, n chic th gia cng trn my xc; nu
sn xut lot ln th gia cng trn my chut.
Rnh then mt ngoi c gia cng bng dao phay ngn trn my phay
ng hoc dao phay a trn my phay ngang nh i vi chi tit dng trc.
- Rnh du hoc mt nh hnh mt trong: thng c gia cng bng
phng php chp hnh. Nh gia cng rnh du mt l bc bng tin chp hnh; rnh
nh hnh trn mt ngoi bc nh rnh cam thng c gia cng bng tin chp hnh
hoc phay chp hnh.
- Rng kha trn bc hay bnh rng lin bc: c gia cng bng phng
php phay, bo, xc (xem Chng 9 - Gia cng bnh rng).
d) Gia cng tinh cc b mt sau nhit luyn
Cc b mt chnh xc ca bc sau khi nhit luyn cn phi gia cng tinh li
(thng l cc mt trong, c khi l mt ngoi). m bo ng tm gia mt
trong v mt ngoi cn ly mt ny lm nh v gia cng mt kia.
Vic gia cng tinh cc b mt thng thc hin trn my mi. i vi chi tit
c ng knh ln kh gia cng trn my mi th phi dng dao hp kim cng hoc
dao kim cng tin mng trn my tin ct, tin ng vi cc g thch hp.
Nu b mt bc cn nhn bng v chnh xc cao hn th c th dng phng
php mi khn hoc mi nghin gia cng tinh ln cui.
e) Kim tra
Khi gia cng cc chi tit dng bc thng phi kim tra cc yu t nh ng
knh ngoi, ng knh trong, chiu dy thnh bc, nhm b mt, ng tm gia
mt ngoi v mt trong, vung gc gia mt u v ng tm l...
- Kim tra cc yu t kch thc nh ng knh trong, ng knh ngoi,
chiu dy thnh bc bng cc dng c o vn nng nh thc cp, calip...; kim tra v
nhm b mt bng cch so snh vi mu.
- Kim tra ng tm gia cc b mt: thng dng ng h so v g
kim tra ging nh s kim tra cc bc trn chi tit dng trc.
- Kim tra vung gc gia mt u v ng tm l: c th dng ng
144
Thc gc
h so (nh i vi chi tit dng trc) hoc dng
thc gc vi s bn. s ny, lp thm trc
tm vo l bc, sau cho mt cnh ca thc gc
ln trc tm, dch n vo tip xc vi mt u bc.
Trc tm
145
Chng 9
Gia cng bnh rng

Bnh rng, bnh vt l nhng chi tit dng truyn lc v chuyn ng nh n
khp m ta thng thy trong cc loi my mc. S dng bnh rng c th truyn c
chuyn ng quay gia cc trc song song nhau, cho nhau hoc vung gc vi nhau.
Gia cng bnh rng l mt cng vic kh v va phi m bo cho c cc ch
tiu k thut va phi kinh t. Chn phng php gia cng bnh rng ph thuc vo
vt liu, chnh xc v kt cu ca bnh rng, yu cu v kh nng truyn ti v cc
ch tiu kinh t.
C nhiu phng php gia cng bnh rng, bnh vt nhng chng ny ch
trnh by phng php gia cng bnh rng bng ct gt.

9.1- Phn loi
Da vo mt kt cu, bnh rng c chia lm 3 loi:
- Bnh rng tr (rng thng v rng nghing).
- Bnh rng cn (rng thng v rng xon).
- Bnh vt.
Da vo c tnh cng ngh, bnh rng c chia lm cc loi sau:
- Bnh rng tr v cn khng c may v c may, l trn v l then hoa.
- Bnh rng bc l trn v l then hoa.
- Bnh rng tr, bnh rng cn v bnh vt dng a.
- Trc rng tr v trc rng cn.

Hnh 9.1- Cc b truyn bnh rng, bnh vt
145
9.2- chnh xc
chnh xc ca bnh rng, bnh vt c nh gi theo tiu chun Nh nc
TCVN, tiu chun ny quy nh 12 cp chnh xc khc nhau t 1 12, trong cp 1
l chnh xc nht, cp 12 l km chnh xc nht. Thng thng, trong thc t ch dng
cc cp chnh xc 3 11.
chnh xc ca bnh rng, bnh vt c c trng bng cc ch tiu sau y:
- chnh xc ng hc: chnh xc ny c nh gi bng sai s gc
quay ca bnh rng, bnh vt sau mt vng. Sai s ny l do sai s ca h thng cng
ngh gy ra.
chnh xc ny rt quan trng i vi cc truyn ng c tnh n gc
quay nh truyn ng phn ca cc my ct rng hoc cc c cu o m ...
- n nh khi lm vic: n nh khi lm vic c nh gi bng sai
s chu k tc l gi tr trung bnh ca sai s truyn ng bng t s gia sai lch ln
nht v s rng bnh rng.
n nh khi lm vic c trng cho n nh ca tc quay ca
b truyn ng trong mt vng quay ca bnh rng hoc bnh vt. Dao ng ca tc
quay s gy ra ti trng ng, rung ng v ting n ca b truyn.
chnh xc ny rt quan trng i vi b truyn lc lm vic vi tc
ln.
- chnh xc tip xc: chnh xc tip xc c nh gi bng vt tip
xc (din tch v hnh dng) ca prfin rng theo chiu di, chiu cao v c biu
din bng %.
chnh xc tip xc nh hng n mc tp trung ti trng trn cc
vng khc nhau ca b mt rng, nh hng n bn v tui th ca b truyn.
chnh xc ny rt quan trng i vi cc b truyn c ti trng ln
v tc thp.
- chnh xc khe h mt bn: khe h mt bn l khe h gia cc cnh
rng trong b truyn (bnh rng cng ln th khe h mt bn cng ln).
Khe h mt bn c xc nh khng phi bng mc chnh xc ca
b truyn m bng cng dng v iu kin s dng ca n. V d, vi cc b truyn c
tnh n gc quay cn c khe h mt bn nh, cn vi cc bnh rng trong cc turbin
tc cao li cn c khe h mt bn ln.
Xut pht t , ngi ta quy nh 4 cp khe h mt bn ca b truyn
nh sau:
+ Khe h bng 0.
+ Khe h nh.
+ Khe h trung bnh.
+ Khe h ln.
Trong , b truyn c khe h trung bnh c s dng rng ri nht.
146
9.3- vt liu ch to
Vic chn vt liu ch to bnh rng ph thuc vo iu kin lm vic ca
chng. Mi mt loi vt liu u tha mn nhng yu cu ring, c bit l dng cho
ch to t, my ko, my bay, cc my cng c...
- Cc bnh rng truyn lc thng c ch to bng thp hp kim Crm
nh 15Cr, 15CrA, 20CrA, 40Cr, 45Cr; Crm - Niken v Crm - Mlipden nh 40CrNi,
35CrMoA, 18CrMnTi.
- Cc bnh rng chu ti trng trung bnh v nh c ch to bng thp C
cht lng tt nh C40, C45 v gang.
- Cc bnh rng lm vic vi tc cao m khng gy ting n c lm t
cht do, vi p, da p.
- Vi tin b ca ngnh luyn kim, ngy nay ngi ta c th ch to bnh
rng t vt liu kim loi bt.

9.4- phng php ch to phi
Chn phng php ch to phi ph thuc vo hnh dng v kch thc ca chi
tit, vt liu v cng dng ca n, sn lng hng nm cng cc yu t khc.
- Trong sn xut ln, phi bnh rng thp thng l phi rn.
- Trong sn xut nh, n chic ngi ta thng dng phi thanh.
- Bnh rng, bnh vt c kch thc qu ln, phi c ch to bng phng
php c. Nhng bnh rng, bnh vt c ng knh l > 25 mm v chiu di l nh
hn hai ln ng knh th ngi ta to l khi rn hoc c.
- Vi bnh rng c ch to t kim loi bt th phi chnh l kim loi bt.

9.5- Nhit luyn
Do yu cu lm vic, rng bnh rng phi c cng v bn, cn li bnh
rng th yu cu phi do, dai m bo bn un ca rng khi chu ti va p, v
vy cn phi c ch nhit luyn thch hp.
- i vi nhm bnh rng c rn ca mt rng HB 350, vic gia cng
chnh xc bnh rng sau khi nhit luyn v rn tng i thp. Lc ny khng
cn phi qua cc nguyn cng chnh sa t tin nh mi, mi nghin...
Ch nhit luyn thng l ti ci thin (thp C cht lng tt, thp hp
kim); thng ho (thp C cht lng thng CT51, CT61 hoc thp C cht lng tt).
- i vi nhm bnh rng c rn ca mt rng HB 350, bnh rng
c gia cng trc ri mi nhit luyn. Lc ny bnh rng c bn cao, kh nng
ti ln nhng cn phi gia cng li sau nhit luyn khc phc nhng bin dng do
nhit luyn gy ra.
Vi bnh rng c mun v kch thc nh thng c ti th tch. Tuy
147
nhin, phng php ny lm tng bn nhng li lm gim do, dai ca li rng
nn by gi thng dng thm than, thm Ni, thm Cyanua thay cho ti th tch.
Vi bnh rng c mun v kch thc ln thng dng ti cao tn. Ti cao
tn tc l dng dng in c tn s cao (c th ln n 20.000 Hz) t nng b mt
ri lm ngui nhanh, lc ny li bnh rng cha kp nng nn vn m bo c
do, dai ban u cn b mt rng th bn, cng c tng ln rt cao, bng b
mt khng gim nhiu, bin dng b... Tuy nhin, ti cao tn c gi thnh rt cao nn
thng ch dng trong sn xut hng lot ln, hng khi. Ngoi ra, ngi ta cn dng
cc phng php gia cng b mt rng bng nng lng cao nh tia laser, plasma...

9.6- yu cu k thut
Ngoi cc yu cu v chnh xc khi ct rng, quy trnh cng ngh ch to
bnh rng cn m bo nhng yu cu k thut sau y:
- khng ng tm gia mt l v ng trn c s (vng chia) nm
trong khong 0,05 0,1 mm.
- khng vung gc gia mt u v tm l nm trong khong 0,01
0,015 mm trn 100 mm ng knh.
- Mt l v cc c trc ca trc rng c gia cng t chnh xc cp 7,
nhm b mt Ra = 1,25 0,63.
- Cc b mt khc c gia cng t cp chnh xc 8 10, nhm b mt
Rz = 40 10.
- Sau nhit luyn t cng 55 60 HRC, chiu su thm C l 1 2 mm;
cc b mt khng gia cng cng thng t 180 280 HB.

9.7- Tnh cng ngh trong kt cu
Khi thit k bnh rng phi ch n kt cu b mt nh:
- Hnh dng l phi n gin v nu phc tp ta phi dng my Rvnve
hoc my bn t ng gia cng, s khng kinh t.
- Mt ngoi ca bnh rng phi n gin, bnh rng c tnh cng ngh cao
nht l khi hnh dng mt ngoi phng, khng c may.
- Nu bnh rng cn c may th nn may nm v mt pha lc ta c
th g c hai chi tit cng mt lc gia cng, tng c nng sut.
- B dy ca mt bn phi trnh bin dng khi nhit luyn.
- Hnh dng, kch thc cc rnh (nu c) phi thun tin cho vic thot dao.
- Kt cu bnh rng phi to iu kin cho vic gia cng bng nhiu dao
cng mt lc.
- Cc bnh rng bc nn c cng mt mun thun tin cho vic gia
cng, gim c thi gian thay dao, tng nng sut.
148
9.8- chun nh v
Ty theo kt cu, sn lng v chnh xc yu cu m ta chn chun cho
thch hp:
- Khi gia cng bnh rng c l, d l bnh rng tr, cn, bnh vt th chun
tinh thng nht l mt l. Ngoi l ra, ngi ta cn chn thm mt u lm chun, lc
mt l v mt u phi gia cng trong mt ln g m bo vung gc gia
mt u v tm l.
Trong sn xut n chic v lot nh, nguyn cng u tin ngi ta
thng dng mt mt u v mt ngoi ca bnh rng lm chun th. Sau khi nhit
luyn, khi cn mi li l ngi ta phi dng vnh rng nh v bng vng ln.
Nh vy, trong nhng trng hp gia cng bnh rng c l, chun nh
v c th l tt c cc b mt.
- i vi cc loi trc rng, chun lp rp l b mt c trc. V vy, phi
ca cc loi bnh rng ny c gia cng nh cc trc bc v chun nh v c th l
mt u, c trc v hai l tm.

9.9- quy trnh cng ngh trc khi ct rng
Quy trnh cng ngh gia cng phi trc khi ct rng bao gm cc nguyn cng
nh sau:
- Gia cng th mt l.
- Gia cng tinh mt l.
- Gia cng th mt ngoi.
- Gia cng tinh mt ngoi.
Ngoi ra, nu cn cn c thm cc nguyn cng nh khoan l, phay rnh then,
then hoa trn trc rng hoc lm ren...
- Khi sn lng nh, vic gia cng phi trc khi ct rng c thc hin
trn my tin. L bnh rng cn phi doa v yu cu phi c chnh xc cao.
- Trong sn xut hng lot ln v hng khi, thng dng phng php
chut gia cng l, k c l c rnh then, then hoa. Trong trng hp ny, trc khi
chut thng c khoan hoc khot trn my khoan ng; cc nguyn cng khc ch
c gia cng sau khi chut l bi v phng php chut c th t c chnh xc
kch thc rt cao nhng chnh xc v v tr tng quan ca mt l vi mt khc li
kh thp.
Cc mt ngoi c gia cng trn my tin bn t ng hoc trn dy
chuyn t ng.
- Trong sn xut n chic v lot nh, thng gia cng chun b trc khi
ct rng trn cc my tin v cc my rvnve.
- Cc bnh rng c ng knh > 500 mm thng c gia cng chun b
trc khi ct rng trn my tin ng.
149
9.10- Cc phng php gia cng rng
Bnh rng l chi tit quan trng, c bn v tui th cao. Thng thng, rng
ca bnh rng c bin dng l ng thn khai.
V nguyn l to rng, c th chia thnh hai phng php gia cng l phng
php nh hnh v phng php bao hnh.
- Phng php nh hnh l phng php ct rng m dng c ct c bin
dng li ct l rnh rng. Qu trnh ct rng khng lin tc, khi ct th ct tng rnh
rng mt, sau phn gia cng tip rnh rng khc.
- Phng php bao hnh l phng php ct rng m dng c ct khng
cn c bin dng li ct l rnh rng. Qu trnh ct rng din ra lin tc, khi ct dng
c ct s ln tng i trn vnh ca bnh rng gia cng v khi qu tch cc ng
bao ca dng c ct l prfin thn khai ca rng bnh rng gia cng.
9.10.1- Gia cng bnh rng tr
a) Gia cng theo phng php nh hnh
Phay nh hnh
Phay rng bng phng php nh hnh c tin hnh bng dao phay nh hnh
m prfin ca n ph hp vi prfin ca rnh rng.
* Rng thng:
Dao phay nh hnh dng gia cng bnh rng l dao phay a mun (hnh a)
hoc dao phay ngn mun (hnh b).
n
s
a) b)
n
s

Hnh 9.2- Gia cng bnh rng tr bng dao phay nh hnh
Phng php ny c s dng nhiu trn my phay vn nng c trang b dng
c phn . Khi gia cng, chi tit c g vo phn , dao c g sao cho ng
knh ngoi (dao phay a mun) hoc mt u (dao phay ngn) trng vi ng sinh
cao nht ca chi tit. Sau , iu chnh dao cao sao cho rnh rng c chiu su
theo yu cu (ty theo mun rng gia cng). Tin hnh gia cng.
150
Gia cng xong mt rng th dng u phn quay chi tit mt gc 360
0
/z
(vi z l s rng cn gia cng) ri tip tc gia cng rng tip theo, c th cho n ht.
* Rng nghing:
Khi phay bnh rng tr rng nghing, vic g dao v chi tit cng nh phn
ct ht cc rng ging nh vi rng thng, ch khc mt iu l phi quay bn my
i mt gc ph hp vi gc nghing ca rng.
to c rng nghing cn thc hin ng b chy dao ca bn my v
chuyn ng quay ca u phn bng cch ni trc vitme bn my thng qua b
bnh rng thay th vi trc truyn ng ca u phn .
Khi quay bn my
cn ch chiu nghing
ca rng trn chi tit:
i vi rng nghing tri
th bn my quay theo
chiu ng h khi nhn
t trn xung (nh hnh
bn) v khi rng nghing
phi th quay bn my
ngc chiu ng h.

Hnh 9.3- S gia cng bnh tr rng nghing
* Rng ch V:
Phng php phay nh hnh cng c th gia cng c bnh rng tr rng hnh
ch V lin tc c gc nhn.
Ct loi rng lin tc gc v trn ny c
thc hin bng dao phay ngn trn my phay
vn nng c c cu phn v o chiu quay
ca bnh rng trong qu trnh chy dao dc
(tng t nh rng nghing nhng phi lm hai
ln) hoc gia cng trn my bn t ng
chuyn dng. Gc nhn c v trn c bn
knh ng bng bn knh ca dao phay ngn.
Hnh 9.4- Phay bnh rng tr
ch V bng dao phay ngn
c im ca phay nh hnh:
- t chnh xc thp (cp 7, 8); kh khn trong vic iu chnh chnh
xc v tr tng i gia dao v vt. Nng sut thp nhng li tng i n gin.
- Thng l sn xut bnh rng cho b truyn tc thp (< 5 m/s). Trong
sn xut hng lot ln v hng khi, i vi nhng bnh rng c mun ln, phng
php ny ch dng gia cng ph.
- Dao phi c bin dng rnh rng, tuy nhin rnh rng li thay i theo
mun v s rng. Do vy, m bo tnh kinh t, dao phay nh hnh c sn xut
theo b 8, 15 hoc 26 con vi cng mun v gc n khp. Mi dao dng sn xut
mt loi bnh rng trong phm vi s rng nht nh v c hnh dng rng gn ng.
151
Bo nh hnh
Bo rng nh hnh c thc hin trn my bo rng vi dao nh hnh cng c
prfin ging prfin rnh rng hoc dao thng thng vi dng. Khi gia cng cc rnh
rng th cng dng u phn theo tng rng.
Phng php ny c dng ch yu gia cng th cc bnh rng n khp
ngoi v trong c mun ln.
Chut nh hnh
Gia cng bnh rng bng phng php chut nh hnh cho nng sut v
chnh xc cao, thng dng dng sn xut hng lot ln v hng khi.
Theo phng php ny, dao
chut c prfin ging prfin ca
rnh rng. C th chut mt rnh
hoc nhiu rnh cng mt lc.
Sau mi hnh trnh ca dao, mt
hoc mt s rnh rng c gia
cng, mun gia cng cc rnh
khc th chi tit c quay i mt
gc nh c cu phn .
t
S
z

S
v
n
Phng php chut ton b
cc rnh cng mt lc rt t c
Hnh 9.5- S chut rng bnh rng
s dng v lc kt cu dao rt phc tp, kh nng thot phoi km, lc ct ln.
Dng c ct l mt b dao nh hnh vi tng nc c lp vo u chut.
Lng nng ca mi li ct ph thuc vo chiu dy lp phoi c ct S
z
, loi vt liu
bnh rng v tc ct v, lng nng ny c chn nh vi dao chut thng.
Lp vt liu phi ct c phn chia theo tng s cc li ct ca dng c, nn
tui th, tui bn ca dao ln. Song chi ph cho dng c rt ln nn chut ch dng cho
sn xut ln, bnh rng c mun ln v bnh rng khng gia cng nhit khng mi.
b) Gia cng theo phng php bao hnh
Phay ln rng
Phay ln rng l phng php phay bnh rng theo nguyn l bao hnh.

N N
Hnh 9.6- S phay ln rng. Hnh 9.7- Dao phay ln dng trc vt
152
y l phng php sn xut rng ph bin nht hin nay, cho nng sut v
chnh xc cao (c th t cp 4, 5).
Dng c phay ln rng l dao phay ln dng trc vt thn khai m prfin ca
n mt php tuyn N-N l thanh rng c bn.
My gia cng rng theo phng php phay bao hnh l my phay ln rng
trc thng ng, trn dao vi chi tit thc hin s n khp ca b truyn trc vt.
S n dao ca dao phay ln l lin tc, tt c cc rng ca bnh rng c gia
cng ng thi nn my khng cn thit b i chiu phc tp, khng cn c cu phn
, do vy tt c thi gian phc v c lin quan n cng vic b loi tr, nng cao
c nng sut.
* Rng thng:
Chuyn ng bao hnh c thc hin da trn nguyn l n khp gia dao v phi
l cc chuyn ng quay
ca dao v phi, ng thi dao cn
c chuyn ng tnh tin dc trc
ca phi nhm ct ht chiu dy ca
bnh rng.
Trc khi ct, dao phay ln
cn c chuyn ng hng knh sao
cho vng ln ca dao tip xc vi
vng ln ca phi, iu ny nhm
t c chiu su ca rnh rng
cn ct.
Hnh 9.8- S phay ln rng thng.
Mi lin h gia vng quay ca dao v bnh rng gia cng c thc hin nh
cc bnh rng thay th ca my: khi phi quay 1/z vng th dao quay 1/k vng (z: s
rng bnh rng cn ct; k: s u mi ca dao).
v
S

v
S
Khi phay bnh rng
thng, trc dao phi t
nghing so vi trc chi tit
mt gc ng bng gc
nng ca ng xon vt
trn trc chia ca dao.
Dao phay c g
theo hng nghing phi
hay tri ty theo hng
nghing ca rng dao.
a) b)
Hnh 9.9- S b tr dao khi phay ln rng thng
a) G dao nghing hng phi.
b) G dao nghing hng tri.
Lng chy dao ca dao phay ln theo phng dc trc ca phi sau mt vng
quay ca phi ph thuc vo tc ct ca dao.
Cho n nay, hu ht cc my phay ln u lm vic bng phng php phay
nghch (a) v ct m, t gy va p, t lm gy v dao.
153
a) b)
Vi cc my phay ln c
ci bin cho phng php phay
thun (b), dao c v tr u tin l
di vt v chy dao t di ln,
phng php ny cho php nng
cao tc ct ln 20 40% v
lng chy dao ln 80%. Hnh 9.10- S ct khi phay ln rng.
Nu bnh rng c mun nh th phay bng mt ln ct, bnh rng c mun
ln th phi phay bng mt s ln ct.
Cc dao phay c ng knh ln hn bo m hiu qu ct ln hn, cht lng
b mt rng tt hn v c chnh xc cao hn.
Khi ct rng, c th tin dao theo hai cch: tin dao hng trc hoc tin dao
theo hng knh ri mi tin theo hng trc bnh rng (c th rt ngn c hnh
trnh ph l).

a) b)
n
c
n
d
S
l
n
d
n
c
S
S
1

Hnh 9.11- Cc phng php tin dao khi phay ln rng
a) Tin dao hng trc; b) Tin dao hng knh v hng trc
* Rng nghing:
Bnh rng nghing phay bng phng php phay ln tng t nh vi rng thng.
Nhng m bo cho
on xon vt ca dao vng
ct trng vi phng rng chi
tit gia cng phi g trc dao
lm vi mt u chi tit mt
gc sao cho:
=
0

d
vi,
0
: gc nghing trn
vng chia ca rng bnh rng
gia cng.

d
: gc nng vng chia
ca dao.
Hnh 9.12- S phay ln bnh rng nghing.
+ khi dao v chi tit ngc chiu nghing.
- khi dao v chi tit cng chiu nghing.
154
=
0
+
d
n
d
0

n
c

=
0
-
d
n
d
d
n
c
0

a) b)

Hnh 9.13- S g dao khi phay ln rng nghing
a) Bnh rng nghing phi, dao xon phi.
b) Bnh rng nghing phi, dao xon tri.
Ngoi s bn, c th v cc s g dao khc khi phay bnh rng nghing
tri bng cc dao xon tri v phi.
Ch : Khi gc nghing ca rng = 6 10
0
, nn gia cng theo s ngc
chiu xon ca bnh rng v dao (tc l bnh rng xon phi c gia cng bng dao
xon tri v ngc li). Cn khi gc nghing ca rng > 10
0
th gia cng theo s
cng chiu xon ca bnh rng v dao.
Mt im cn ht sc ch rng, v hng chy dao S
d
song song vi trc ca
chi tit nn khi phay ln bnh rng nghing, phi phi c chuyn ng quay b sung
hng ca rng dao ln trng vi hng rng gia cng. Chuyn ng ny c thc
hin nh b truyn dn vi sai c thit k trong xch truyn ng ca my.
R rng l, khi phay ln bnh rng thng, dao
tnh tin mt on S
i
s gia cng c on rng
thng t 1 2. Do , gia cng bnh rng nghing
th ta phi cho phi thm mt chuyn ng quay sao
cho vi S
i
dao s ct t 1 2.
2
1
2
S
i
S
Z = 1
.D
0

L
B
155
Nh vy, nu dao chy thng ng c mt on L bng bc xon ca rng
nghing th chuyn ng quay bn my mang chi tit gia cng phi quay nhanh thm
(nu rng dao v hng bnh rng gia cng cng chiu) hoc chm i (nu rng dao
v hng bnh rng gia cng ngc chiu) va ng mt vng (tng ng vi tng s
rng Z
c
cn gia cng). Nu nh chuyn ng ca bn my c nhanh thm (hay chm
i) ch bng mt bc rng th dao phay phi dch i mt qung ng S:

c
0
c
Z
g cot . D .
Z
L
' S

= =
Sau khi bn my quay mt vng th dao phay dch chuyn c mt on S
ht
;
trong khi , s quay ca bn my c nhanh thm (hay chm i) mt gc tng ng
vi s rng Z:

= =
g cot . D .
S . Z
' S
S
Z
0
ht c ht
(S
ht
: lng chy dao hng trc)
Do , bnh chia phi c iu chnh thnh:

=

=
=
0
ht
c
0
ht c
c
c
D .
tg . S
1 Z ' Z
g cot . D .
S . Z
Z
Z Z ' Z

Vy, khi phay ln rng nghing cn m bo t s truyn gia dao v chi tit l:

= = =
0
ht
d
c
d c
d
D .
tg . S
1 .
Z
Z
Z
' Z
n
n
i
Ch ct khi phay ln:
Khi phay ln, c rng thng v rng nghing phi chn ch ct thch hp
m bo yu cu ca sn phm:
- Tc ct V: Vi dao phay ln thp gi dng ct thp th c th dng V =
15 30 m/ph; vi dao hp kim cng cho php ct vi V = 60 70 m/ph hoc cao hn.
- Lng chy dao S: Lng chy dao dc trc c nh hng n nhm
b mt. nng cao chnh xc gia cng c th chn lng chy dao ln khi gia
cng th , thng khong S = 0,8 1,8 mm/vg i vi thp v S = 1 2,3 mm/vg. Khi
gia cng tinh cn chn lng chy dao nh (b gii hn bi nhm v sng b
mt), khong S = 1 2 mm/vg i vi thp v S = 1,2 2,2 mm/vg i vi gang.
c im ca phay ln rng:
- Phng php ny c tnh vn nng cao, s dng mt dao gia cng
nhiu loi bnh rng c s rng khc nhau.
- Nng sut gia cng cao.
- chnh xc gia cng thp hn so vi xc rng.
- Cn khong thot dao ln nn khng th gia cng cc loi bnh rng bc.
- Dao phc tp, kh ch to.
156
Xc rng
Xc rng l mt phng php ct bao hnh, y dao xc c dng bnh rng
(hnh chu) hay dao c dng thanh rng (hnh lc).
* Xc rng bng dao xc dng bnh rng:
Phng php ny c th gia cng bnh rng thng, rng nghing, bnh rng bc
m khong cch gia cc bc nh v c bit sn xut bnh rng n khp trong.
V bn cht, dng c ct l
mt bnh rng m mt u c
to thnh mt trc cn cc mt
bn to thnh cc mt sau ca
li ct. Trong qu trnh gia
cng, dng c ct chuyn ng
ct theo hng dc trc ca bnh
rng v cng vi chi tit c
chuyn ng quay cng bc.
Khong cch trc ca dng
c ct v chi tit gia cng ng
bng khong cch tm ca cp
Hnh 9.14- S xc bnh rng trong.
bnh rng tng t n khp khng c khe h.
Tc vng ca dng c ct v chi tit gia cng phi tun theo t s:

c
d
d
c
Z
Z
n
n
=
trong , n
c
, n
d
l s vng quay ca chi tit gia cng v dng c ct
Z
c
, Z
d
l s rng ca chi tit gia cng v dng c ct.
Xc rng bng dao
xc dng bnh rng l da
trn nguyn tc chuyn
ng tng h gia dao v
chi tit. Dao xc v chi tit
gia cng c quay cng
bc xung quanh trc ca
chng theo hng ngc
nhau khi gia cng bnh
rng n khp ngoi v
cng hng khi gia cng
bnh rng n khp trong.
n
d
n
c
S
1
v
S
Hnh 9.15- S xc rng bng dao xc bnh rng.
Dao thc hin chuyn ng ln xung v ct gt, chuyn ng ny l thng
khi gia cng rng thng v l chuyn ng xon khi gia cng rng nghing. Khi dao i
xung l thc hin tch phoi v khi chuyn ng tr li l hnh trnh chy khng. Chi
tit c chuyn ng ra vo dao khng c vo mt gia cng trong khi chy khng.
157
Khi gia cng, khng th ngay mt lc ct ht chiu su rnh rng bnh rng
c m phi t t tin dao hng knh. Khi tin dao hng knh ln u, chi tit quay
mt cung tng ng vi thi gian tin dao, ri sau li quay thm t ra l mt vng
na dao ct ht chiu cao rng ca c vng rng, vic c thc hin nh cam
trn my. Tip , dao li tin theo hng knh v chi tit cng quay mt cung tng
ng, ri chi tit li quay thm mt vng na ct ht chiu cao rng vi lng tin
dao hng knh ny. C th cho n khi dao tin theo hng knh mt lng bng
chiu cao rng cn gia cng th thi. Tin dao hng knh 1, 2 hay 3 ln l ph thuc
vo mun rng cn ct.
Tc ct khi xc rng phi c chn hp l, n ph thuc vo vt liu gia
cng, yu cu k thut, iu kin ct. Tc ct khi xc c th tnh theo s hnh trnh
kp ca u xc, thng thng khong 400 1000 htk/ph.
Thng thng, dng phng php xc
gia cng bnh rng thng. Tuy nhin,
cng c th xc c bnh rng nghing khi
dao c rng nghing cng vi bc dn
nghing tng ng. Hng nghing ca
rng dao xc c th l phi hay tri, dao
nghing phi c dng gia cng rng
nghing tri v ngc li.
gc nghing
ca rng
Bnh rng
Bc dn
Khi xc rng nghing, ngoi cc
chuyn ng nh xc rng thng, phi cn
c thm chuyn ng quay tng ng vi
gc nghing ca rng.
Hnh 9.16- S xc rng nghing
* Xc rng bng dao xc dng thanh rng:
Phng php ny da trn nguyn tc n khp ca bnh rng v thanh rng. Dao
c dng thanh rng vi prfin
hnh thang thc hin chuyn
ng ct theo hng vung
gc vi mt u ca bnh rng
gia cng.
Chuyn ng bao
hnh c thc hin bi bnh
rng gia cng g trn bn quay,
ng thi dch chuyn tm dc
theo phng ca dao. V chiu
di ca dao thng ch c 3 8
rng nn n ch ct cng mt
lc mt s rng ca bnh rng
Hnh 9.17- S xc rng bng dao rng thng.
v vic gia cng ch c tin hnh trn mt cung nh.
158

O
1
O
2
O
3
O
4
O
5
S

Hnh 9.18- S xc rng bng dao dng thanh rng
Ban u, bn my mang vt gia cng chy dao ngang tin dn ti dng c ct,
t chiu su rnh rng. Sau , gia cng rng bt u v tr bin ca O
1
. Khi gia
cng xong mt phn rng, dao ra khi s n khp vi vt gia cng, lc vt v tr
O
3
, chuyn ng S ca bn my c dng v chuyn ng ln cng dng. Bnh rng
gia cng c di chuyn t O
3
n O
4
v nh trc vt bn my mang vt gia cng n
v tr O
5
. Quay cp bnh rng chia i mt s bc xc nh v chu trnh lm vic
lp li cho n khi tt c rng c gia cng.
Phng php ny dng gia cng chnh xc bnh rng thng, nghing, bnh
rng ch V. Dao thanh rng ch to n gin v r tin hn so vi dao xc dng bnh
rng, tuy nhin my xc rng bng dao dng thanh rng li rt phc tp, cho nn
phng php ny t c s dng hn phng php xc bng dao dng bnh rng.
c im ca xc rng:
- Phng php ny t c chnh xc tng i cao do dao d ch to
chnh xc. bng b mt tt v phi c ct lin tc theo chiu di ca rng
- L phng php duy nht c th gia cng bnh rng c khong cch bc
nh, bnh rng trong.
- Do c chuyn ng tnh tin kh hi nn pht sinh lc qun tnh, s gy
va p, v th khng tng c vn tc ct nn nng sut khng cao.
- Khi ct rng nghing th dao kh ch to v cn c bc dn chuyn dng.
c) Gia cng mt u ca rng
Mt u ca rng cn c gia cng to ra hnh dng thun li cho vic ra
vo khp cc bnh rng di trt, ng thi lm cn cnh sc v ty ht bavia xut
hin trong qu trnh ct rng.
Hnh dng ca mt u rng t c ty thuc vo yu cu s dng v kh
nng cng ngh ca thit b.
159

d) c) a) b)

Hnh 9.19- Cc hnh dng mt u rng
Cc dng mt u rng c gia cng nh hnh trn:
- V trn u rng dng khi bnh rng va quay va di trt.
- Vt nhn u rng dng khi bnh rng khng quay m di trt.
- Vt cnh hai pha dng khi bnh rng quay vi tc thp m di trt.
- Vt cnh mt pha thng dng vi bnh rng tr rng nghing.
Vic gia cng u rng c th c gia cng bng cc cch sau:
- Phng php th cng: dng da tay gia cng u rng. Phng php
ny n gin, nng sut thp, chnh xc khng cao, khng ng u gia cc rng.
- Dng my chuyn dng vi dao phay ngn (nh hnh hoc hnh cn):
Khi ct, cc loi dao ny c chuyn
ng theo mt cung trn 180
0
ct t cnh bn
ny sang cnh bn kia ca mt u rng, cn
bnh rng c gia cng th ng yn. Ct
xong mt rng, dao c nng ln, sau khi
phn xong, dao tr li v tr lm vic ct
rng tip theo. Phng php ny ct khng
lin tc nn nng sut thp.
- Dng my chuyn dng vi dao phay nh hnh chuyn dng:

Dao
Khi ct, c dao v chi tit u chuyn ng. Gia hai chuyn ng ny c xch
truyn ng cng bc. Qu o tng i ca dao so vi chi tit l mt ng
epixicloid. u rng gia cng c c dng vt nhn ch khng trn. Phng php
ny ct lin tc do vy nng sut t cao.
160
c) Gia cng tinh bnh rng tr
C th chia gia cng tinh bnh rng ra lm hai loi:
- Loi 1: Gia cng khng c phoi nh phng php chy r bnh rng.
- Loi 2: Gia cng c phoi nh c rng, mi rng, nghin rng, khn rng.
Chy r bnh rng
Phng php chy r bnh rng c thc hin khi hai bnh rng gia cng n
khp vi mt hoc ba bnh rng mu c ti c cng v chnh xc cao hn.
Trong qu trnh gia cng, nh p lc P ca bnh rng mu tc dng ln bnh
rng gia cng m cc nhp nh trn b mt rng ca n b nn xung v c l phng.
Hnh 9.20- S chy r bnh rng
tr bng 3 bnh mu
Bnh rng cn chy r 1 quay do bnh
mu 2 tc ng v truyn chuyn ng cho
hai bnh mu 3.
chy r u cn phi quay theo hai
chiu vi s vng quay ging nhau t 3
25 vng. p lc P c chn khong 5
10 at. Thi gian chy r t 10 30 giy vi
bnh rng c mun m = 2 5.
Phng php ny c thc hin nh
bin dng do ca b mt rng, v vy vt
liu phi phi c gin di tng i >
9% v cng HB < 380. Chy r cho php
gim tiu hao dng c, nng sut cao. Thng gia cng bnh rng khng nhit luyn.
C rng
C rng l phng php gia cng tinh bnh rng cho nhng bnh rng khng
cng lm nh cc bnh rng khng ti hoc sau khi qua xmentit ho, trc khi ti.
C rng c th gia cng c bnh rng thng, rng nghing, rng trong hay ngoi.
Dao c rng c dng bnh rng hoc thanh rng,
trn prfin ca cc rng ngi ta x cc rnh song song vi
mt u rng to ra cc li ct. Dao c rng c ti
cng, cho n khp khng c khe h vi bnh rng gia cng.
Qu trnh ct xy ra khi dao c trt v ln trn mt
rng ca bnh rng gia cng. c bnh rng tr rng
thng th dao c phi c rng nghing 15
0
khi c thp v
10
0
khi c gang. Ngc li khi c bnh rng tr rng
nghing th dao c phi c rng thng hoc rng nghing
nhng phi khc vi gc nghing trn bnh rng gia cng.
Hnh 9.21- Dao c
dng bnh rng
C rng cho php sa sai s hnh dng v nng cao nhn bng b mt (c th
t Ra = 0,63 0,16); gia cng c cc bnh rng c ng knh 6 1200 mm vi
mun t m = 0,01 12 mm, lng d khong 0,25 0,1 mm.
161
* Cc loi dao c rng:
- C rng bng dao c dng bnh rng:
Phng php ny c s dng ph bin v n c th c c nhng bnh rng
c kch thc bt k, c bnh rng trong v ngoi, n cn sa c sai s bc rng.
to s ct gt tt cho
dao c, trc dao c v trc
chi tit phi c t cho
nhau mt gc = 5 15
0
,
nh vy hin tng trt
khng ch xy ra theo bin
dng m theo c hng
rng. Chnh thnh phn vn
tc trt theo hng rng
lm cho cc li ct co ln
b mt rng chi tit tch ra
mt lp phoi mng.
Hnh 9.22- C rng bng dao c dng bnh rng.
Khi gia cng, ch c dao nhn c chuyn ng t ng c, cn chi tit (c
g trn hai mi tm) quay theo dao. c c c hai pha ca rng, chuyn ng
quay ca bnh c phi c i chiu thun nghch. Chi tit gia cng c chuyn ng
chy dao tnh tin qua li ct ht chiu di rnh rng v sau mi hnh trnh cn c
chuyn ng tin thng ng n dao c ct ht chiu su ct.
- C rng bng dao c dng thanh rng:
Dao c dng thanh rng c ghp t nhiu mnh rng li vi nhau. Dng dao
c thanh rng rng thng c th c c rng ca bnh rng thng, bnh rng nghing
theo hng phi hoc tri mt gc < 30
0
. Khi cn c bnh rng nghing c gc
nghing > 30
0
th phi dng dao c thanh rng c rng nghing.
S
P
Dao c thanh rng c kp trn bn
my c chuyn ng tnh tin qua li, bnh
rng gia cng c lp t do trn trc v
n khp vi dao di mt p lc nn n s
quay thun nghch theo s i li ca dao.
Ngoi cc chuyn ng trn, chi tit
gia cng cn phi chy dao S ct ht
chiu dy rng v sau mi hnh trnh kp,
dao tin mt lng S
k
ly ht lng d
cn ct.
S
k
n
d
Dao c dng thanh rng tuy c bn
ln nhng t c dng v dao kh ch to
chnh xc v t tin so vi dao c dng
bnh rng.
v
Hnh 9.23- C bng dao thanh rng
162
* Cc phng php c rng:
- C rng theo phng php chy dao song song:
Phng php ny, bnh rng gia cng s dch chuyn song song theo trc ca
n. Sau mi hnh trnh, bnh rng c chy dao hng knh ti bnh c.
nng cao bng ca mt rng, khi gia cng
gn xong khng cn chy dao hng knh na.
Bnh c
S

Tit din trung bnh ca bnh c cn phi chy ra
khi mp ngoi ca bnh rng gia cng thc hin sa
ng. V vy, chiu di hnh trnh ca bn my cn phi
bng b rng ca bnh rng cng thm mt mun na.
C theo phng php ny tuy ch cn dao mng nhng hnh trnh i li phi di
v s hnh trnh phi nhiu nn nng sut gia cng thp.
- C rng theo phng php chy dao vung gc:
Phng php ny, bnh rng gia cng s dch chuyn vung gc vi trc ca dao.
Qu trnh ct hon thnh sau mt hnh trnh kp
ca bn my v khng c chy dao hng knh.
Bnh c
S

C theo phng php ny th dao phi dy nhng
hnh trnh i li ngn v s hnh trnh t nn nng sut
gia cng cao.
- C rng theo phng php chy dao tip tuyn:
Phng php ny, bnh rng gia cng s dch chuyn vung gc vi trc ca
n. Khong cch gia trc dao v trc chi tit khng thay i.
Qu trnh ct c hon thnh sua mt hnh trnh
kp ca bn my v khng c chy dao hng knh.
Bnh c
S

Chiu rng ca dao yu cu phi ln hn so vi
chiu rng ca bnh rng cn gia cng. c ht cc vt
rnh v sn ca rng th bnh c cn phi c dch
chuyn nh theo chiu trc ca n.
Phng php ny thng dng gia cng bnh rng c vnh hp, vnh kn.
- C rng theo phng php chy dao theo ng cho:
Phng php ny chy dao theo ng cho to thnh mt gc vi trc ca
bnh rng gia cng.
u im ca phng php ny l chiu di hnh
trnh lm vic ngn, nng cao nng sut (iu ho c
hai phng php c song song v vung gc). Hn na,
im giao nhau ca hai trc lin tc thay i trong qu
trnh gia cng nn mn ca bnh c theo chiu di
rng u n hn, nng cao c tui bn ca bnh c.

S
Bnh c

C theo phng php ny c nhn b mt ca rng thp hn mt t so vi
phng php c song song vi cng mt ch ct.
163
* Ch ct khi c rng:
- Tc ct:
Tc ct khi c lun lun thay i t chn rng. Tc ct chn v nh
ln hn vng vng chia nhng s chnh lch y c th b qua c nn thng ly
tc ct vng chia lm i din.
v
ct
Tc ct chnh l tc trt:
Chi tit

ct
-
d
v
ct k
= v
d k
v
d
v
d s
Dao c

ct
ct
d
v
ct s
v
c
= v
ct s
v
d s
trong , v
ct s
: tc vng ca chi tit.
v
d s
: tc vng ca dao.
+: khi phng ca rng
bnh c v rng gia cng cng chiu.
-: khi phng ca rng
bnh c v rng gia cng ngc chiu
(trn hnh l ngc chiu).
T hnh ta c:
v
ct s
= v
ct
.sin
ct
v
d s
= v
d
.sin
d
vi
ct
: gc nghing rng chi tit.
Hnh 9.24- S tnh ton tc ct

d
: gc nghing rng dao.
Mt khc, v
ct k
= v
d k
(do n khp)
m: v
ct k
= v
ct
.cos
ct
v
d k
= v
d
.cos
d
nn: v
d
.cos
d
= v
ct
.cos
ct
Suy ra:
ct
d
d ct
cos
cos
. v v
=
Do vy, ta tm c mi lin h gia tc trt v tc vng ca dao:

( )
ct
d c
ct
d ct
d
d
ct
ct
d d c
cos
sin
. v v
cos
sin
. v
sin
cos
sin
. cos . v v
=

vi : =
ct

d
l gc nghing gia trc dao v trc chi tit gia cng.

1000
n . D .
v
d d
d
= (m/ph): tc vng ca dao vi s vng quay ca dao n

d
(v/ph).
Vy, tc ct khi c s l:
ct
d d
c
cos
sin
.
1000
n . D .
v

= (m/ph)
164
- Lng chy dao:
Lng chy dao c chn ty theo phng php c. Ni chung, lng chy
dao dc c chn khong S
d
= 0,2 0,6 (mm/ vng quay ca dao) v lng chy dao
hng knh S
0
= 0,02 0,06 (mm/ hnh trnh kp).
* c im cn ch khi c rng:
- Dao c phi c s rng ln hn nhiu so vi s rng ca chi tit v khng
nn bng bi s ca s rng chi tit gia cng khi in dp theo chu k cc sai s cc
b ca dao ln chi tit m s phn b u cho tt c cc rng.
- Kt cu ca dao c rng c cc rnh thot phoi v chnh cc rnh thot
phoi ny s to thnh li ct co ln b mt chi tit tch phoi. Dao c c hai dng
rnh thot phoi nh sau:
Loi rnh thot phoi (a) c gc
trc hai bn hai bn khc nhau v
khc 0.

Loi rnh thot phoi (b) tt hn v
to ra c li ct m hai bn hai
bn u c gc trc bng nhau v
bng 0.
a) b)
Hnh 9.25- Rnh thot phoi trn dao c
- c th c c rng th trc ca dao c v trc ca bnh rng gia cng
phi to vi nhau mt gc =
ct

d
(
ct
v
d
l gc nghing ca rng chi tit v
rng dao c vng chia) lc mi c s trt ca rng dao c trn rng gia cng.
Khi gc m tng th chiu di trt qua mt rng v tc ct s tng nhng ng
thi tc dng dn hng ca chuyn ng tng i cc rng ca dao c v bnh rng
b c s gim i, nh vy cng tc ca dao c khng c u n v bng b mt
rng c s gim i. Nu gim gc th bng b mt cao nhng nng sut li thp.
Mi rng
Mi rng l phng php gia cng tinh bnh rng c kh nng t chnh xc
cp 4 6; nhm b mt t t Ra = 1,25 0,32; thng dng cho cc bnh rng sau
khi nhit luyn c mun m = 2 10 mm.
Mi rng c nng sut rt thp v gi thnh cao nn ch dng khi cn thit nh
gia cng nhng dng c ct bnh rng, cc bnh rng mu, bnh rng trong my c
yu cu k thut cao...
Mi rng c thc hin theo hai nguyn l c bn: nh hnh v bao hnh bng
mt hoc hai .
* Mi rng theo phng php nh hnh:
Mi rng theo phng php nh hnh c thc hin nh mi c prfin
ging nh prfin rnh rng. Trong qu trnh gia cng, mi thc hin chuyn ng
ct quay trn, ngoi ra cn c thm chuyn ng dc theo trc ca bnh rng ct
ht chiu dy rng. Ct t rng ny sang rng khc nh s phn chi tit gia cng.
165
Phng php ny cng tng t nh phay bnh rng bng dao phay mun nh
hnh. C th mi mi ln mt bn rng hoc c hai mt bn rng cng mt lc bng
mt hoc hai .
c)
L

a) b)
Hnh 9.26- S mi rng bng mi nh hnh
Mi mt mt bn rng (a) cho nng sut thp. Mi hai mt bn rng bng mt
dao (b) th dng prfin ph thuc vo mun, tng s rng v gc n khp; phng
php ny c chnh xc thp. Mi hai mt bn rng bng hai dao (c) cho chnh
xc cao v hiu qu hn. Hai mi c t cch nhau mt khong L, gi tr L ph
thuc vo tng s rng.
Khi mi nh hnh, tt c cc sai s hnh dng ca t ban u cng nh b
mi mn trong qu trnh mi s trc tip gy ra sai s cho vt mi. V vy, mi cn
c sa chnh xc theo dng hoc bng b phn sa t ng sau khi gia cng
xong mt rng.
Khi mi nh hnh, thng chn tc quay ca v = 30 35 (m/ s); tc
tin v
t
= 8 16 (m/ ph). Lng d khong z = 0,2 0,3 (mm) v chia lm 3, 4 bc.
* Mi rng theo phng php bao hnh:
Mi rng theo phng php bao hnh t chnh xc cao hn v ng dng
rng ri hn so vi mi nh hnh. Phng php ny da theo nguyn l n khp ca
thanh rng vi bnh rng m thanh rng c cng mun v gc n khp vi bnh rng
gia cng. Khi mi rng bao hnh thng dng cc loi nh sau:
- Mi rng bng c prfin hnh thang ca mt rng thanh rng:
Vi kiu mi ny, mt lm vic ca c hnh cn. mi tip xc vi
bnh rng gia cng ch mt im.
Theo phng php
ny, c th mi bng mt
c prfin hnh thang
ca mt rng thanh rng
(a) hoc cng c th dng
hai a t nghing mt
gc sao cho hai mt cn
ca hai to ra prfin
hnh thang ca mt rng
thanh rng (b).
S
d
v
S
d
v
a) b)
Hnh 9.27- Mi rng bng mi c prfin hnh thang
166
- Mi rng bng hai a nghing gc bng gc n khp:
Hai mi a c t mt gc bng gc n khp sao cho to ra vi mt
bn ca rng mt thanh rng tng tng m bnh rng gia cng c ln theo thanh
rng ny (hnh 9.24).
c mt cn v v th ch mi c bng mp ca mt u. Mt lm vic ca
l mt phng nn tip xc gia v mt rng bnh rng l tip xc ng.
- Mi rng bng hai a c trc quay vung gc vi trc bnh rng:
Hai mi a c t song song v c trc quay vung gc vi trc bnh
rng gia cng (hnh 9.25).
S
d
v

S
d
v

Hnh 9.28- Mi rng bng hai a
nghing mt gc bng gc n khp
Hnh 9.29- Mi rng bng hai a c
trc quay vung gc vi trc bnh rng
Vi cc phng php mi bao hnh bng mi hnh cn v mi a
nh trn cn c cc chuyn ng sau: chuyn ng quay ca mi v; chuyn ng
i li tnh tin ca bnh rng gia cng hay mi theo hng vung gc vi trc bnh
rng ph hp vi s quay ca bnh rng; chuyn ng tng i ca dc theo bnh
rng S
d
; s quay ca bnh rng i mt bc sau khi kt thc gia cng mt rng.
- Mi rng bng mi dng trc vt:
Mi bnh rng bng mi trc vt c nng sut cao do qu trnh gia cng lin
tc v ng thi trn mt s rng. Ta c th gia cng bnh rng tr hay rng nghing.
mi c ch to theo dng trc vt c
mt hoc hai u mi, ng knh khong 300
400 mm.
Chuyn ng quay ca to nn chuyn
ng ct gt vi tc 22 32 mm/s. Chuyn ng
ny cng vi chuyn ng quay ca bnh rng to
thnh cc chuyn ng bao hnh nh phay ln rng.
Ngoi ra, cn c chuyn ng ca dc theo trc
hoc theo hng ca rng (nu rng nghing) mi
Hnh 9.30- mi trc vt
ht chiu dy ca rng; chuyn ng hng knh ca mi ht chiu su ca rng.
Gia cng bng mi trc vt c th t chnh xc cp 4 5; nhm b
mt Ra = 1,25 0,16; thi gian gia cng ngn. Nhng nhc im l vic sa mi
lu v phc tp, thot nhit km nn nh hng n cht lng mt rng.
167
9.10.2- Gia cng bnh rng cn
Gia cng bnh rng cn thuc loi cng vic kh trong sn xut. Ty theo yu
cu s dng m bnh rng cn c nhiu loi khc nhau:
* Nu cn c vo hng rng th chia bnh rng cn thnh:
- Rng thng.
- Rng nghing.
- Rng xon (cong).
+ Rng cong cung trn.
+ Rng cong thn khai.
+ Rng cong epixicloid.

Rng thng Rng nghing Rng cong

Hnh 9.31- Cc loi bnh rng cn.
* Nu cn c vo v tr tng quan gia hai trc quay c th chia bnh rng cn
thnh loi c hai trc giao nhau (vung gc hoc khng vung gc) v loi c trc
cho nhau.

O
E

Hnh 9.32- S v tr trc ca truyn ng bnh rng cn.
* Nu da vo chiu cao rng c th chia bnh rng cn thnh: loi rng c
chiu cao u v loi rng c chiu cao thay i.
O

Hnh 9.33- Cc dng chiu cao rng ca bnh rng cn.
168
a) Gia cng bnh rng cn rng thng
Phng php nh hnh
* Phay nh hnh:
Theo phng php ny th dng c ct c prfin ging nh prfin ca rnh rng
c gia cng, trong trng hp ny l dao phay mun (a v ngn). Cng vic gia
cng s c thc hin trn my phay vn nng c phn .

1
2
b
1
L
b
2
Hnh 9.34- S phay bnh rng cn rng thng
bng dao phay a nh hnh.
phn
Chi tit c g vo
phn nghing i mt
gc ph hp vi gc cn
chn rng. Mi mt rnh
rng c phay qua 3 bc:
- Phay phn vt liu

1 ca rnh, chiu rng ny
ti a bng chiu rng u
nh ca rnh rng.
- Phay tip phn vt
liu 2 bng cch quay bnh
rng i mt gc .
- Phay phn cn li bng cch quay bnh rng mt gc v pha ngc li.
Gc nghing ca trc chia c xc nh cn c vo gc cn chn rng
trn bn v. Cn gc xoay ca bnh rng c tnh bng:

L . 2
b b
tg
2 1

=
Phng php ny thng dng trong sn xut n chic v lot nh gia cng
cc bnh rng c cp chnh xc 9 11; gia cng cc bnh rng c mun ln.
* Bo theo dng:
S dng phng
php ny gia cng
bnh rng cn rng
thng c ng knh
v mun ln.
Dng c b mt
lm vic tng ng
mt thn khai ca mt
bn rng gia cng.
Phng php ny
rt thch hp vi cc
nh my ch to my
hng nng.
Hnh 9.35- S bo rng theo dng.
169
* Chut nh hnh:
Trong ngnh t, gn
y thng dng phng
php chut nh hnh vi
dao chut hnh trn ct
cc bnh rng cn c mun
nh v trung bnh trn my
chut rng chuyn dng.
Phng php ny thng
s dng trong sn xut lot
Hnh 9.36- S chut bnh rng cn rng thng.
ln, hng khi v nng sut rt cao nhng bin dng ch gn l thn khai.
Phng php bao hnh
Khi gia cng bnh rng cn theo phng php bao hnh th rng c to nn
bi s ln ca cn chia bnh rng theo mt phng chia ca bnh dt sinh. Bnh dt
sinh c coi l bnh rng cn c gc nh ca cn chia l 180
0
. Prfin rng c to
nn bng s ln tng i ca dng c ct v bnh rng gia cng.
Dng c ct c li ct dng hnh thang, thc hin chuyn ng n nh i li
theo hng cn chia ca bnh rng. Dng c ct c g trn mt u dao m du dao
ny phi thc hin chuyn ng n khp vi bnh rng gia cng.
* Phay bao hnh bng hai dao phay a:
Phng php ny c qu trnh ct c thc hin bng hai dao phay a nhng
nghing v hai pha v cng nm trong mt rnh rng gia cng. Dao c ng knh
ln, dng rng chp, mt bn l cnh ca hnh thang ging dng rng ca thanh rng.
Cc mnh li ct ca dao ny nm xen gia cc mnh li ct ca dao kia.
Trc chnh ca hai dao phay a c
t trn mt u ca mt bn trt quay
m s vng quay n
d
ca n lin h vi s
vng quay n
c
ca bnh rng to nn
chuyn ng ln gia li ct v mt bn
ca bnh rng gia cng.
S
v
n
c
n
d
Cc dao phay thc hin chuyn ng
quay ct v c thm chuyn ng
thng ng ct ht chiu rng rng
(nu ng knh ca dao ln hn nhiu
chiu rng bnh rng th khng cn).
Sau khi gia cng xong mt rnh, bn
quay (mang dao) quay n v tr ban u,
vt gia cng c quay i mt bc bng
dng c chia v tip tc gia cng.
Hnh 9.37- Phay bnh rng cn rng
thng bng hai dao phay a bao hnh
Gia cng bnh rng cn theo phng php ny c nng sut cao (so vi bo).
170
* Bo rng bao hnh:
Bo rng bao hnh thng c s dng gia cng cc bnh rng cn c
mun nh.
Phng php ny c tnh vn nng cao, m bo cht lng gia cng bng dng
c n gin, r tin. Tuy nhin, v nng sut thp, do n ch c dng trong sn
xut n chic v hng lot nh.
Trong qu trnh ct, bnh rng gia cng v bnh dt sinh n khp vi nhau. Cc
dao bo rng thc cht l mt rng ca bnh dt sinh, cn li ct thng ca dao l cc
pha ca cc rng k nhau ca bnh dt sinh.
My bo rng c in Bilgram Reinecker c coi l loi my bao hnh gia
cng bnh rng lu i nht. Hin nay, tuy khng cn c s dng gia cng na
nhng nh vo n ta d nhn thc c nguyn l gia cng bnh rng cn rng thng
bng phng php bao hnh.

1
2
3
4
5
6
8
9
K
K

K-K

5
6
10
7

Hnh 9.38- S nguyn l ca my bo rng Bilgram Reinecker

- Trc vt 1 truyn chuyn ng quay cho gi 3 qua bnh vt 2, gi 3 mang
c trc 4 quay quanh tm ca n. Cam 5 l mt na hnh elip c hai bng thp 10
gi cho lun lun tip xc vi mt phng 6 v ch c th ln khng trt trn . Cam
5 gi vai tr nh mt mt nn c gc nh ng bng nn chia ca bnh rng gia cng
8. Khi trc 4 quay quanh trc ca gi 3 buc cam 5 phi ln khng trt trn mt 6
lm cho bnh rng gia cng 8 va quay trc ca n va quay quanh trc ca gi 3.
Nh vy, bnh rng gia cng 8 thc hin ng chuyn ng n khp vi bnh dt
sinh 9 tng tng ng yn. Dao 7 ch c chuyn ng ti lui ct gt, qu o ca
li ct chnh l mt cnh rng ca bnh dt sinh tng tng 9.
- Phng php ny mi ln gia cng c mt cnh bn ca rng, gia cng
xong, ngi ta tin hnh phn gia cng tip cnh bn ca rng tip theo. Khi
gia cng xong cnh bn ca tt c cc rng, gia cng cc cnh bn i din ca cc
rng, bnh rng gia cng vn c g t nh c nhng dao s c thay bng dao
khc c li ct ngc vi li ct ban u.
171
V mi ln ch ct mt bn cnh rng nn bo mt dao cho nng sut thp.
Do vy nng cao nng sut, ngy nay ngi ta thng dng phng php bo bng
hai dao vi dao va c chuyn ng ct, va c chuyn ng bao hnh do gi dao lc
l quay quanh trc ca n; cn chi tit ch quay quanh trc ca n.

Hnh 9.40- Kt cu ca u dao.

Hnh 9.39- S bo bao hnh bng hai dao.

Khi ct, mi dao ct mt cnh bn ca rng v hai dao lun chy ngc chiu
nhau kh qun tnh. Gi dao (c bnh dt sinh tng tng) ch quay lc l v nu
quay ton vng th cn thm mt bn dao na, s rt phc tp.
b) Gia cng bnh rng cn rng cong
Bnh rng cn rng cong c s dng nhiu v nhng tnh cht ni tri nh
kh nng truyn mmen xon ln, truyn ng m, t n, h s trng khp cao, c th
t c t s truyn ln vi khng gian tng i b. Tuy nhin, bnh rng cn rng
cong li c lc chiu trc ln (hn bnh rng cn rng thng).
V mt ch to bnh rng cn rng cong i hi phi c thit b phc tp
chuyn dng nhng do c th ct c lin tc nn nng sut t c cao.
Nu trn bnh dt sinh c mt vng trn bn knh R
a
lun lun ln khng trt
vi mt vng trn bn knh r
s
trn u dao th qu o chuyn ng tng i ca mt
li ct s vch trn bnh dt sinh mt ng cong:
- Khi r
s
= 0, ta c ng cung trn, hay s c bnh rng cn dng cung
trn (cn gi l rng h Gleason). Loi ny c chiu cao rng thay i.
- Khi r
s
0, ta c ng cong epixicloid, hay s c bnh rng cn dng
epixicloid (cn gi l rng h Mammano). Loi ny c chiu cao rng khng i.
- Khi r
s
= , ta c ng thn khai, hay s c bnh rng cn dng cung
thn khai (cn gi l rng h Klingelnberg).
Gia cng bnh rng dng cung trn
Hin nay, loi bnh rng cn dng cung trn c s dng ph bin. Gia cng
loi ny c thc hin trn my Gleason bng phng php bao hnh vi u dao
phay. Nguyn l lm vic ca my da trn s n khp (hay ln) gia bnh dt sinh
vi bnh rng gia cng.
172

Chi tit
R
a
Bnh dt sinh
Dao

O
n
ct
n
bds
n
d
Hnh 9.41- S gia cng bnh rng cn rng dng cung trn
Khi gia cng, u dao gm nhiu dao c dng hnh thang c lp trn mt
vng trn, thng c b tr mt li ct pha ngoi, mt li ct trong lin tip nhau.
Cc li ct ng vai tr mt rng ca bnh dt sinh v tr ct.
Chi tit c lp trn trc chnh my v nh nn chia ca chi tit c g t
trng vi nh ca bnh dt sinh.
Chuyn ng quay ca u dao v s dao trn khng b rng buc bi mt t
s truyn no c m ch ph thuc vo cc yu t ct gt.
Trc lc bt u lm vic,
vt c dch chuyn hng knh
ly chiu su rnh rng. Ngoi
chuyn ng quay quanh trc ca
mnh to vn tc ct, u dao
cn c quay cng vi a g
thc hin chuyn ng n khp
ca bnh dt sinh vi chi tit gia
cng. Mt phng u rng ca dao
phi tip xc vi mt nn chn
rng ca chi tit v ln khng trt
trn nhau, cho nn gia chuyn
ng lc l ca u my (chuyn
ng n khp ca bnh dt sinh)
vi chuyn ng ca chi tit phi
tho mn t s truyn thch hp.
Hnh 9.42- Gia cng bng rng cn cung trn.
Dng rng cung trn l loi bnh rng cn duy nht c th tin hnh mi bin
dng c. Nguyn l gia cng khi mi cng ging nh khi ct rng.
173
Gia cng bnh rng dng epixicloid
Gia cng rng cn dng epixicloid c tin hnh trn my Oerlikon vi nng
sut cao v kt cu my v u dao cho php gia cng lin tc v ng thi trn tt c
cc rng bng s ln ca dao v chi tit gia cng nh khi phay ln rng bnh rng tr.
V ng epixicloid l ng c to nn t
mt im trn mt vng trn ln khng trt trn
mt ng cong, do gia cng rng c dng
ng epixicloid th vic g t ging nh gia cng
rng dng cung trn ch khc vic b tr cc li
ct trn u dao quay.
Cc li ct c b tr trn u dao (l mt a
phng) theo dng ng Archimede, ng vi mt
ng Archimede l mt dao (t 3 5 li ct) to
thnh mt rng thanh rng. C th dng mt dy dao
Hnh 9.43- S b tr dao.
hoc nhiu dy dao (thng t 2 9 dy).
Khi gia cng, dng c ct v bnh rng gia cng phi thc hin s n khp ca
bnh rng cn vi bnh dt sinh tng tng.

Dao
Bnh dt sinh
R
a
O
d
r
s
Hnh 9.44- S nguyn l to hng rng.

Hnh 9.45- Gia cng rng cn cung epixicloid.
Cng ging nh phng php gia cng dng cung trn, bnh dt sinh c thay
bng a g quay vi tc n
d
m trn c t u dao phay quay vi tc v vi
tm quay lch so vi tm ca a g.
Prfin rng ca bnh dt sinh chnh l prfin rng dao, n c dng hnh thang
v mt bn ca rng to ra ng xycloid ko di.
Gc ca cn chia cng tng t nh gc cn ca chn rng v nh rng, c
ngha l vi phng php ny s to ra rng c chiu cao khng i.
Trong qu trnh gia cng, ngoi chuyn ng n khp, u dao khng quay c
lp nh khi ct rng dng cung trn m c mi lin h vi chuyn ng quay ca bnh
rng gia cng qua xch phn .
Gia cng bnh rng dng thn khai
Gia cng bnh rng cn c rng dng thn khai c thc hin trn my
Klingelberg bng mt dao phay ln c bit.
174
Dao phay ln c dng cn, rng ca dao c phn b trn ng xon vt cn
m bc ca n trn ng cn chia l khng i. Rnh thot phoi to nn mt trc
ca dao, mt bn v nh rng c mi to thnh gc sau nh dao phay ln trc vt.
Tuy bc ca dao khng i nhng gc nng ca ren li thay i, do mt gia
cng khng c bin dng thn khai sut c chiu di bnh rng m bin dng thc t
c dng paloid. V th, loi bnh rng ny cn c gi l bnh rng cn paloid.

O
n
d
n
ct
Bnh dt sinh
Dao
n
bds
Hnh 9.46- S gia cng bnh rng cn rng dng thn khai
Phng php ny da trn nguyn l n khp ca dng c v bnh dt sinh
tng tng m bnh ny to nn vi a g lc l ca my.
Dao c g trn a g m trc quay ca n trng vi trc quay ca bnh dt
sinh. Trc ca bnh rng gia cng v bnh dt sinh tng tng ct nhau trong mt
phng chia ca bnh dt sinh. ng sinh nn chia ca dao nm trn mt phng chia
ca bnh dt sinh. Dao ln trn bnh dt sinh v thc hin thm chuyn ng quay
cng a g xung quanh trc ca n.
li ct to nn hnh bao ln bnh rng gia cng, gi mang u dao cn phi
mang chuyn ng quay chm t v tr bt u n v tr kt thc vi mt gc quay gi
l gc bao hnh.
Vi mi tr s mun php tuyn v vi mi gc n khp, khi gia cng cn c
mt dao phay ring. Nh vy, khi gia cng mt cp bnh rng cn rng thn khai n
khp vi nhau cn phi c hai dao, mt dao xon phi ct bnh rng xon tri v
mt dao xon tri ct bnh rng xon phi.
Rng ca b truyn c sn xut c chiu dy bng nhau, gia cng lin tc.
9.10.3- Gia cng bnh vt
Khi gia cng bnh vt, dng c ct trong mi trng hp u ng vai tr trc
vt n khp vi bnh vt c ct. V mt kt cu, dng c ct hon ton ging trc vt
s n khp vi bnh vt gia cng khi lm vic, ch khc l ng knh ngoi ca dng
c ct ln hn ng knh ngoi ca trc vt mt lng bng khe h hng knh.
Gia cng bnh vt c thc hin trn my phay ln rng bng dao phay ln
hoc trn my phay ngang bng dao quay.
175
a) Gia cng bnh vt bng dao phay ln
Tin dao hng knh
Khi gia cng bnh vt theo phng php tin dao hng knh, cn g t sao
cho ng knh ca dao phay ln nm trong mt phng i xng ca bnh vt.
Khi ct, dao quay trn, chi tit cng quay
trn; hai chuyn ng ny theo mt t s
truyn xc nh.
Chuyn ng chy dao hng knh c
dao (hoc chi tit) thc hin cho n khi dao
c v tr tng ng v tr ca trc vt n khp
vi bnh vt. Lng tin dao S = 0,55 1 mm/
vng quay chi tit.
Khi ct ht chiu su rng, chi tit quay 1
2 vng na nng cao chnh xc rng.
Phng php ny cho php t nng sut cao v hnh trnh ngn nhng c
nhc im l nhm b mt thp, b ct lm do gc nghing nh chi tit khng
ging gc xon ca dao.
V c hin tng ct lm nn khi gc nng trc vt ln hn
6 8
0
th khng cho php dng phng php ny gia cng
ln cui.
Trong thc t, khi khng c dao phay ln bnh vt th c
th dng dao phay ln bnh rng, lc ny bnh vt c gia
cng s c sai s ln (dao phay ln c ng knh cng ln so
vi trc vt th sai s gia cng bnh vt cng ln).
Hnh 9.47- Ln rng bnh vt
bng tin dao hng knh
v
S
Tin dao tip tuyn
Khi gia cng bnh vt bng phng php ln tin dao tip tuyn, ng tm ca
dao ln c g t cch ng tm ca chi tit mt khong ng bng khong cch
gia tm bnh vt v trc vt.
S
v
V mt kt cu, dao phay ln trong
trng hp ny gm hai phn:
- Phn u hnh cn khi ct chiu
su ct tng khng qu t ngt, gc cn
thng 10 15
0
.
- Phn sau c hnh tr ct tinh.
Khi ct, dao quay trn v tin thng
theo hng tip tuyn vi vng ln ca
bnh vt; cn chi tit ch thc hin chuyn
ng quay bao hnh.
Hnh 9.48- Ln rng bnh vt
bng tin dao tip tuyn
S vng quay ca dao v chi tit
176
chng nhng phi ph hp vi t s truyn ca cp trc vt - bnh vt m chi tit cn
c thm chuyn ng vi sai b li lng tin dao theo hng tip tuyn (ging nh
khi phay ln rng bnh rng nghing).
Phng php ny thng dng gia cng bnh vt c mun m = 3 12 mm;
lng tin dao tip tuyn S = 1,1 1,6 mm/ vng quay chi tit. Ni chung, phng
php ny c nng sut thp nhng cng thng c dng v d iu chnh khong
cch tm, bng b mt rng cao v khng c hin tng ct lm.
Tin dao phi hp
Phng php ny phi hp c hai cch tin dao trn nn khc phc c nhc
im ca c hai.
Vi phng php ny, ban u ct th bng cch tin dao hng knh s t
c nng sut cao. Sau khi t c khong cch tm ca cp n khp trc vt - bnh
vt th bt u tin dao theo hng tip tuyn sa ng b mt gia cng. Nh vy,
ch cn dng dao phay ln hnh tr.
b) Gia cng bnh vt bng dao quay
V dao phay ln qu t tin nn trong sn xut nh ngi ta dng dao quay.
Li dao c gn trn trc dao quay to thnh dao phay ln mt li, bin dng v
kch thc ca li dao phi ging ht nh mt li ca dao phay ln tng ng. Gc
to thnh bi mt trc ca dao vi ng tm ca trc dao phi bng gc nng ca
trc vt m n s n khp vi bnh vt sau khi gia cng.
n
S
Khi ct, dao c chuyn ng quay trn, chi
tit cng c chuyn ng quay trn; hai chuyn
ng ny theo mt t s truyn nh bnh vt gia
cng xong n khp vi trc vt. Ngha l khi dao
quay mt vng, chi tit phi quay c Z
d
rng,
m Z
d
ng bng s u ren ca trc vt.
ln ht sn rng cn phi c chuyn
ng chy dao tip tuyn v chi tit phi c
chuyn ng quay thm tng ng. Hnh 9.49- Gia cng bnh vt
bng dao quay mt li
Trc dao g cch ng tm ca chi tit mt
khong ng bng khong cch gia trc vt v bnh vt khi lm vic.
y ch cn mt ng chuyn dao l ct xong chi tit. Khong chy dao
khng ln nhng v s li ct qu t (ch l 1) nn nu mun c nhm b mt bin
dng khng qu ln th lng chy dao phi kh b, v vy nng sut gia cng s thp.
nng cao nng sut v bng b mt rng, ngi ta dng hai hoc ba dao.
Cc dao ny c lp trn cng mt ng xon bng ng xon ca trc vt n khp
vi bnh vt cn gia cng. Dao trc ct th cn dao sau s ct tinh. Cc dao trc c
th lm thnh bc thang (khng cn c bin dng chnh xc) phn phi lng d
cho hp l. Vi nhm dao nh vy, lng chy dao c th ln hn.
177
Chng 10
Cng ngh lp rp cc sn phm c kh

10.1- Khi nim v cng ngh lp rp
10.1.1- V tr ca cng ngh lp rp
Mt sn phm c kh do nhiu chi tit hp thnh. Sau khi cc chi tit c gia
cng xong trong phn xng c kh, chng ta phi lp chng li vi nhau to thnh
mt sn phm hon thin. Nu qu trnh gia cng c kh l giai on ch yu ca qu
trnh sn xut th qu trnh lp rp l giai on cui cng ca qu trnh sn xut y.
Thc vy, v ch sau khi lp rp thnh sn phm th qu trnh sn xut mi c ngha;
cc qu trnh to phi, gia cng c, nhit luyn mi c tc dng thc.
Qu trnh lp rp l mt qu trnh lao ng k thut phc tp. Mc phc tp,
khi lng lp rp lin quan cht ch n qu trnh gia cng c v gia cng cc chi tit
cng chnh xc th lp rp chng cng s nhanh, chn lp d dng, t sa cha...
Mi quan h gia khi lng gia cng v lp rp nh sau:
- Trong sn xut hng khi, khi lng lao ng lp rp chim 10 15%
khi lng gia cng c.
- Trong sn xut hng lot, khi lng lao ng lp rp chim 20 35%
khi lng gia cng c.
- Trong sn xut n chic, khi lng lao ng lp rp chim 30 45%
khi lng gia cng c.
Mt khc, khi lng lao ng lp rp cng c quan h mt thit vi qu trnh
thit k sn phm. Cng ngh lp rp phi m bo nhng yu cu k thut do thit k
ra, phi t yu cu ca cc mi ghp, cc chui kch thc lp rp, chnh xc v
truyn ng. Bi vy, khi c bn thit k sn phm hp l v kt cu v s hnh thnh
chui kch thc th gim c khi lng lao ng lp rp.
Qu trnh lp rp kh thc hin c kh ho, t ng ho m phn ln phi lm
bng tay. Cht lng lp rp quyt nh cht lng sn phm. Trong nhiu trng hp,
giai on gia cng c c chi tit t mi yu cu k thut nhng cng ngh lp rp sn
phm khng hp l th cht lng ca sn phm khng t yu cu, nh hng n
tui th ca sn phm.
V d nh khi lp ng ca my tin ln bng my m khng m bo
ng tm vi tm trc chnh s nh hng n chnh xc ca chi tit khi gia cng
trn my tin nh b cn khi khng trng tm theo phng ngang, c dng yn nga
khi khng trng tm theo phng thng ng.
Tm li, nghin cu hp l ho cng ngh lp rp phi c qun trit t giai
on thit k sn phm n giai on gia cng c kh sn xut ra nhng sn phm
c cht lng cao v gi thnh h.
178
10.1.2- Nhim v ca cng ngh lp rp
Nhim v chung ca cng ngh lp rp l cn c vo yu cu k thut ca bn
v lp m nghin cu tm cc bin php v t chc v k thut lm sao thit k
quy trnh cng ngh lp rp t hai yu cu:
- m bo tnh nng k thut ca sn phm theo yu cu nghim thu.
- Nng cao nng sut lp rp, h gi thnh sn phm.
* t c nhng yu cu ni trn cn phi gii quyt cc nhim v sau:
- Nghin cu k yu cu k thut ca sn phm.
- Phn bit chnh xc ca cc mi lp v c tnh lm vic ca chng
trong qu trnh lp sai lch khng vt qu gii hn cho php.
- Nm vng nguyn l hnh thnh chui kch thc lp rp, t c bin
php cng ngh lp, kim tra, iu chnh v co sa nhm tho mn yu cu k thut
ca sn phm.
- Cn thc hin quy trnh cng ngh lp theo mt trnh t hp l (tun t
hay song song) thng qua vic thit k s lp.
- Nm vng cng ngh lp rp, s dng hp l cc trang b, g, dng c
o kim, vn chuyn... nng cao nng sut v cht lng lp rp.

10.2- cc phng php lp rp
10.2.1- Phn loi cc mi lp
Trong cng ngh lp rp, yu t c quan tm u tin l thc hin cc mi
lp ghp. Da vo c tnh ca n, ngi ta phn mi lp thnh hai loi chnh:
- Mi lp c nh: l mi lp m v tr tng i gia cc chi tit khng
i. Mi lp c nh c phn thnh hai loi nh sau:
+ Mi lp c nh tho c: nh mi lp ren, then, chm, cht...
+ Mi lp c nh khng tho c: l cc mi lp nh inh tn, hn, p
nng, p ngui v dn. Cc mi lp ny thng gp trong v tu thu, my bay, cu...
- Mi lp di ng: l mi lp m cc chi tit c kh nng chuyn ng
tng i vi nhau. Mi lp di ng cng c phn thnh hai loi nh sau:
+ Mi lp di ng tho c: nh khp xoay, khp trt, khp ln,
piston - xylanh...
+ Mi lp c nh khng tho c: nh khp xon, bi chn...
10.2.2- Khi nim v chnh xc lp rp
Cng nh qu trnh gia cng c, qu trnh lp rp cng c kh nng xut hin
cc sai lch nh sai lch v v tr cc cm lp, cc chi tit lp, cc mi lp lm chng
khng tho mn c nhng yu cu ca bn v lp sn phm.
m bo chnh xc lp rp ngha l phi t c ba yu cu sau:
- Khi cc chi tit my c em lp ghp vi nhau, gia chng s hnh
179
thnh mi lp (c nh hay di ng). Ta phi m bo tnh cht ca tng mi lp
theo yu cu ca thit k.
- Cc mi lp ghp lin tip to thnh chui kch thc, c th l chui kch
thc ng thng, chui kch thc mt phng, chui kch thc khng gian hay
chui gc tu theo yu cu thit k, khi lm vic cc chi tit chu lc m vn m
bo mi quan h gia cc khu vi nhau, khng thay i v tr tng i ca chng
ngha l tnh nng ca my c n nh.
- Sau mt thi gian lm vic, cc mi lp di dng, cc b mt tip xc
gia cc chi tit s b mn lm tng dn khe h, thay i v tr ca cc chi tit v b
phn my. Cho nn, cng ngh lp rp cn tm cch gim khe h ban u v c kh
nng hiu chnh v tr ca chi tit v b phn my khi b mi mn, nhm nng cao thi
gian v hiu qu s dng thit b.
10.2.3- Cc phng php lp rp
m bo chnh xc lp rp, cc nh my c kh thng s dng 1 trong 5
phng php lp rp sau y. Vic chn phng php lp rp no l ty theo dng sn
xut, tnh cht sn phm v chnh xc m nh my c kh nng thc hin.
a) Phng php lp ln hon ton
Nu ta ly bt c mt chi tit no em lp vo v tr ca n trong cm hay
sn phm lp m khng phi sa cha, iu chnh vn m bo mi tnh cht lp rp
ca n theo yu cu thit k, th ta gi l phng php lp ln hon ton.
Phng php ny n gin, nng sut cao, khng i hi trnh cng nhn
cao, d dng xy dng nhng nh mc k thut, k hoch lp n nh, c kh nng t
ng ho v c kh ho qu trnh lp, thun tin cho qu trnh sa cha thay th.
Tuy nhin, thc hin phng php ny hon ton ph thuc vo chnh
xc gia cng cc chi tit lp, s khu trong chui kch thc lp v dung sai khu
khp kn trong qu trnh lp.
Nh ta bit, dung sai ch to cc khu thnh phn c tnh theo cng thc:

1 n
T
T
ct
=

trong , T
ct
: dung sai ch to ca cc khu thnh phn.
T
: dung sai ca khu khp kn.

N: s khu trong chui kch thc lp.
R rng thy rng, khi dung sai ca khu khp kn cao (T
ct
nh) v s khu
trong chui kch thc nhiu th vic thc hin phng php ny l rt kh khn, thm
ch khng thc hin c hoc c thc hin c th gi thnh cng s rt cao, t l
ph phm ln v i hi phi ch to cc chi tit rt chnh xc.
V vy, phng php lp ln hon ton ch thch hp i vi dng sn xut hng
lot ln v hng khi, sn phm c tiu chun ho.
180
b) Phng php lp ln khng hon ton
V iu kin v phm vi ng dng ca phng php lp ln hon ton trong
nhiu trng hp b hn ch nn ta phi dng phng php lp ln khng hon ton.
Thc cht ca phng php ny l cho php chng ta m rng phm vi dung sai
ca cc khu thnh phn ch to d hn, song khi lp th ta phi tm cch thc hin
t yu cu k thut ca khu khp kn nh thit k cho.
* Gi s, ta c 3 khu lp vi nhau theo yu cu nh sau:
A
1
+ A
2
- A
= 0.
Gii chui kch thc trn vi gi thit dung sai cc khu thnh phn bng nhau, ngha
l dung sai ch to T
A1
= T
A2
.
- Nu dng phng php lp
ln hon ton th dung sai cc khu
thnh phn l:

2
T
1 3
T
T T
A A
2 A 1 A

=
= =
T
A
A

T
A1
T
A2
A
2
A
1
nh vy, khi T
A
kh b th vic ch
to cc khu thnh phn vi dung
sai T
A1
, T
A2
l rt kh, nng sut
thp, gi thnh ch to cao v ph
phm ln.
Hnh 10.1- Phng php lp ln hon ton
T
A1
A
1
A
2
T
A2
T
A
T
A
- Nu ta dng phng php lp
ln khng hon ton th cho php
tng T
A1
, T
A2
ln gp nhiu ln
thnh T
A1
, T
A2
. Khi lp phi chu
mt s phn trm ph phm nht
nh v kch thc thc thng phn
b theo quy lut tp trung nhiu vo
trung tm dung sai nn c mt s
chi tit khng ng quy cch v lp
khng va.
Hnh 10.2- Phng php lp ln khng hon ton
S phn trm ph phm ph thuc vo quy lut phn b ca ng cong xc
sut v quan h gia s khu trong chui. S khu nhiu th T
A
c th b tr cho
nhau khng tng t l phn trm ph phm cho cc khu theo t l. Do , phng
php ny thng p dng cho sn phm lp c chnh xc cao v s khu nhiu.
c) Phng php lp chn
Bn cht ca phng php lp chn l cho php m rng dung sai ch to ca
cc chi tit. Sau khi ch to xong, chi tit c phn thnh tng nhm c dung sai nh
hn, sau tin hnh lp cc chi tit trong cc nhm tng ng vi nhau. Nh vy, i
vi tng nhm, vic lp rp c thc hin theo phng php lp ln hon ton.
181
Lp chn c th tin hnh theo hai cch:
* Chn lp tng chic: Ta o kch thc ca mt chi tit, ri cn c vo yu
cu ca mi lp xc nh khe h hoc di cn thit. T , ta o v chn ra chi
tit lp ph hp vi kch thc xc nh trn.
Nhc im ca cch ny l mt nhiu thi gian o, tnh ton v la chn
chi tit ph hp vi mi lp. V vy, nng sut rt thp, chi ph lp rp tng.
* Chn lp theo nhm: Trong qu trnh lp rp, ta tin hnh phn nhm cc chi
tit lp. Sau thc hin qu trnh lp rp cc chi tit theo nhm tng ng.
V d: Khi lp ghp piston vi xylanh ca ng c t trong. Vi dung sai
kch thc xylanh (l) l T
A
, ca trc (piston) l T
B
, khi lp phi m bo khe h l .
Nu ta tng dung sai ch to cho cc chi tit b bao v chi tit bao ln n ln th:
T
A
= n. T
A
; T
B
= n. T
B
Sau khi ch to, ta phn cc chi tit gia cng ra n nhm v thc hin qu trnh lp rp
cc sn phm theo nhm s tho mn yu cu k thut ca mi lp. Nh vy, vic lp
rp trong tng nhm c thc hin theo phng php lp ln hon ton.
Cch chn lp theo nhm cho kh nng nng cao c nng sut qu trnh gia
cng, gim c gi thnh ch to sn phm. Phng php lp chn ny thng ng
dng trong cng ngh ch to cc b i c yu cu dung sai ca mi lp kht khe
(nh b i bm cao p, van trt thu lc... c khe h lm vic t 1 3 m).
Tuy nhin, phng php chn lp theo nhm cn mt s tn ti nh:
- Phi thm chi ph cho vic kim tra v phn nhm chi tit, ng thi phi
c bin php bo qun tt, trnh nhm ln gia cc nhm.
- Thng s chi tit trong mi nhm ca chi tit bao v b bao khng bng
nhau nn xy ra hin tng tha v thiu cc chi tit lp ca nhm ny hay nhm
khc. Trong trng hp ny phi tnh n vic iu chnh ng cong phn b cho
cc ng cong phn b ng dng nhau bng cch iu chnh my.
Ngoi vic phn nhm theo kch thc lp, i vi chi tit c chuyn ng tnh
tin kh hi vi tc cao (piston, con trt, bin) cn phi phn nhm theo trng
lng nhm trnh hin tng mt cn bng trong qu trnh lm vic, gim rung ng.
d) Phng php lp sa
gia cng cc chi tit (khu thnh phn) c d dng nhm gim gi thnh
ch to, ngi ta tng dung sai cc khu thnh phn t T
1
, T
2
... T
n
thnh T
1
, T
2
... T
n
.
Vic m bo dung sai ca khu khp kn T
s c thc hin trong qu trnh lp rp,

ngha l bt i mt khu no trong chui kch thc, gi l khu bi thng.
Ch rng, khng c chn khu bi thng l
khu chung ca hai chui kch thc lin kt. Nh hnh
bn, khng c php chn khu A
2
= B
3
lm khu bi
thng v khi co sa tho mn chui A th khng
lm tho mn chui B.
B
1
B
4
B
3
B
2
A
4
A

A
3
A
2
A
1
182
V d nh khi lp h dn trt:
Ta c: A
2
- A
1
- A
= 0
Khi ch to, ta m rng dung
sai cc khu thnh phn A
1
, A
2
d
gia cng.
Khi lp, ta phi m bo c
tnh mi lp l khe h
max
bng cch
chn khu thnh phn A
2
lm khu
bi thng co bt i mt lp
lng d cho m bo yu cu khe
h ca mi lp.
Mt vn cn quan tm l phi chn khu bi thng th no lng d co
sa va , khng qu nhiu (tn cng sa cha, tng chi ph, gim nng sut) hoc
qu t (ht kch thc). Mun vy, vic b tr tm dung sai khu bi thng i vi
kch thc danh ngha ca n sao cho chi tit c chn lm khu bi thng c lp
kim loi co sa l t nht m vn t c chnh xc ca khu khp kn.
* Cch tnh lng d, iu chnh v tr ca tm dung sai khu bi thng
m rng nh sau:
Nu ta gi lng iu chnh l K v gi s ta c chui kch thc lp rp
l: A
1
+ A
- A
2
= 0 th m bo c yu cu k thut ca mi lp.
Vi: T
A1
, T
A2
l dung sai ca kch thc A
1
, A
2
ban u.
T
A1
, T
A2
l dung sai m rng ca kch thc A
1
, A
2
.

A1
,
A2
l to tm dung sai ca cc khu A
1
, A
2
.

A1
,
A2
l to tm dung sai m rng ca cc khu A
1
, A
2
.
A

Hnh 10.3- Lp h dn trt bng co sa
A1
A
1
A2
A
max
A
2
A
A1

A2
A
max
K
A
max
A
1
A
2
Khi ch to, ta m rng
dung sai d gia cng, nhng
khi lp phi m bo dung sai
khu khp kn khng i. Vy, ta
phi gi cn trn hoc di min
dung sai m rng ca mt
khu l khng i v iu chnh
cn di hoc trn ca khu kia
sao cho mi lp vn c khe h
A
max
khng i. Lng iu
chnh l K.
y, ta chn khu A
2
l
khu bi thng v gi cn di
ca khu A
1
khng i, sau
iu chnh cn trn khu A
2
.
Hnh 10.4- S b tr dung sai tnh K
183
Vy, ta c lng iu chnh:

max
2 A
2 A 1 A
1 A
A
2
' T
' A '
2
' T
K

+ + + + =
trong ,
2
T
A
2
T
A
2 A
2 A 1 A
1 A
max
+ + + + =

suy ra: ( ) ( )
+ + + =

2
T
2
' T
' ' K
A A
2 A 1 A 2 A 1 A

t: T
K
= T
A
- T
A
, l sai lch gia dung sai khu khp kn khi m rng v
dung sai khu khp kn khi cha m rng ca cc khu thnh phn. Ta c:
( ) (
2 A 1 A 2 A 1 A
K
' '
2
T
K + + + = )
Qua y, ta c th suy rng ra l: Cc to tm dung sai cng thc trn c
th Lm cho gi tr A
tng hoc gim. Nu n lm cho khu khp kn tng th mang

du (+) v lm cho khu khp kn gim th mang du (-). Vy, cng thc xc nh
lng iu chnh s l:
( ) (
2 A 1 A 2 A 1 A
K
' '
2
T
K + = )
Cng thc trn l xt cho chui 3 khu, nu chui c nhiu khu th cng thc
tng qut tnh lng iu chnh s l:

+ =

+ = =
+ = =
1 n
1 m i
Ai
m
1 i
Ai
1 n
1 m i
Ai
m
1 i
Ai
K
' '
2
T
K
trong , m: s khu tng.
n: tng s khu ca chui.
e) Phng php lp iu chnh
Phng php lp iu chnh v c bn ging phng php lp sa, ngha l
chnh xc ca khu khp kn t c nh thay i gi tr ca khu bi thng.
Nhng im khc nhau l phng php ny khng phi ly i mt lp kim loi
ca khu bi thng m l iu chnh v tr khu bi thng hoc thay i kch thc
khc nhau ca khu bi thng m bo chnh xc ca khu khp kn. Nh vy,
khu bi thng c th c nh nh bc, vng m... hay c th dch chuyn c nh
chm, bc n hi, ni trc n hi, bnh lch tm, cu iu chnh...
T yu cu ca mi lp, ta c th tnh ra gi tr phi iu chnh khu bi
thng theo dung sai ca cc khu thnh phn m rng v dung sai khu khp kn.
Phng php iu chnh c dng nhiu trong trng hp chui kch thc c
nhiu khu, trong khu khp kn i hi chnh xc cao nhng khi ch to cc khu
thnh phn th khng cn cao lm. Cui cng sai s cc khu c dn vo khu bi
thng. Phng php ny c kh nng phc hi chnh xc ca mi lp sau thi gian
lm vic v thun tin trong sa cha thit b.
184
10.3- cc hnh thc t chc lp rp
Vic chn hnh thc t chc lp rp sn phm ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh:
- Dng sn xut.
- Tnh cht sn phm: phc tp hay n gin, nng hay nh.
- chnh xc t c ca cc chi tit lp.
- Tnh cht mi lp v phng php lp.
Cn c vo trng thi v v tr ca i tng lp, ngi ta phn thnh:
- Lp rp c nh.
- Lp rp di ng.
10.3.1- Lp rp c nh
Lp rp c nh l hnh thc t chc lp rp m mi cng vic lp c thc
hin ti mt hoc mt s a im. Cc chi tit lp, cm hay b phn c vn chuyn
ti a im lp.
Lp rp c nh cn c phn thnh lp rp c nh tp trung v phn tn.
a) Lp rp c nh tp trung
L hnh thc t chc lp rp m i tng lp c hon thnh ti mt v tr
nht nh do mt cng nhn hoc mt nhm cng nhn cng thc hin.
Hnh thc lp rp c nh tp trung i hi din tch mt bng lm vic ln, i
hi th c trnh v tnh vn nng cao, ng thi c chu k lp rp mt sn phm
ln, nng sut thp. Do , hnh thc ny thng dng khi lp rp cc loi my hng
nng nh my cn, my hi nc, tu thy; lp nhng sn phm n gin, s nguyn
cng t trong sn xut n chic, lot nh...
b) Lp rp c nh phn tn
Hnh thc lp rp ny thch hp vi nhng sn phm phc tp, c th chia thnh
nhiu b phn lp rp, thc hin nhiu ni c lp. Sau mi tin hnh lp cc b
phn li thnh sn phm mt a im nht nh.
So vi hnh thc lp rp c nh tp trung, hnh thc ny cho nng sut cao hn,
khng i hi trnh tay ngh v tnh vn nng ca cng nhn cao. Do , h c
gi thnh ch to sn phm.
Nu sn lng cng ln th c th cng phn nh sn phm lp thnh nhiu b
phn v cm. Mi v tr lp ch c s nguyn cng nht nh, cng nhn lp rp c
chuyn mn ho cao theo nguyn cng. V vy, hnh thc ny thng dng trong sn
xut dng trung bnh.
10.3.2- Lp rp di ng
Trong hnh thc lp rp di ng i tng lp c di chuyn t v tr ny sang
v tr khc ph hp vi quy trnh cng ngh lp rp. Ti mi v tr lp, i tng c
thc hin mt hoc mt s nguyn cng nht nh.
185
Theo tnh cht di ng ca i tng lp rp, ngi ta phn thnh:
a) Lp rp di ng t do
y l hnh thc t chc lp rp m ti mi v tr lp c thc hin hon chnh
mt nguyn cng lp rp xc nh, sau i tng lp mi c di chuyn ti v tr
lp tip theo ca quy trnh cng ngh lp ch khng theo nhp ca chu k lp. S di
chuyn ca i tng lp c thc hin bng cc phng tin nh xe y, cn trc...
b) Lp rp di ng cng bc
y l hnh thc t chc lp rp m qu trnh di ng ca i tng lp c
iu khin thng nht, ph hp vi nhp ca chu k lp nh cc thit b nh: bng
chuyn, xch ti, xe ray, bn quay...
Theo hnh thc di ng, ngi ta chia lp rp di ng cng bc ra hai dng:
- Lp rp di ng cng bc lin tc: i tng lp c di chuyn lin tc
v cng nhn thc hin cc thao tc lp trong khi i tng lp chuyn ng lin tc.
Bi vy trong hnh thc ny, cn phi xc nh vn tc chuyn ng ca i tng lp
hp l m bo yu cu ca cht lng lp v hon thnh nguyn cng lp tha
mn chu k lp.
- Lp rp di ng cng bc gin on: l hnh thc lp m i tng lp
c dng li cc v tr lp cng nhn thc hin cc nguyn cng lp rp trong
khong thi gian xc nh, sau i tng lp di chuyn n v tr lp tip theo. Tng
thi gian dng li cc v tr lp v di chuyn tng ng vi thi gian nhp sn xut.
Lp rp di ng cng bc lin tc c nng sut cao hn nhng chnh xc li
thp hn so vi lp rp di ng cng bc gin on v trong qu trnh lp v kim tra
cht lng b nh hng bi chn ng ca c cu vn chuyn. Do , t c
chnh xc v nng sut lp rp th dng hnh thc lp rp di ng cng bc gin on.
10.3.3- Lp rp dy chuyn
Hnh thc lp rp dy chuyn l hnh thc lp, trong sn phm lp c thc
hin mt cch lin tc qu cc v tr lp trong mt khong thi gian xc nh. y,
cc sn phm lp di ng cng bc gin on hay di ng cng bc lin tc.
Lp rp dy chuyn l c s tin ti t ng ho qu trnh lp rp.
thc hin lp rp dy chuyn cn c nhng iu kin sau:
- Cc chi tit lp phi tho mn iu kin lp ln hon ton, loi tr vic sa
cha, iu chnh ti cc v tr lp ca dy chuyn.
- Cn phi phn chia thnh qu trnh lp rp thnh cc nguyn cng sao cho
thi gian thc hin gn bng nhau hoc bi s ca nhau, m bo s ng b ca cc
nguyn cng v nhp sn xut dy chuyn lm vic lin tc v n nh.
- Cn xc nh chnh xc s lng cng nhn c trnh tay ngh ph hp
vi tnh cht lp cc v tr nguyn cng lp, la chn trang thit b, g, cc dng
c ph hp v cn thit cho mi nguyn cng.
186
- Phi m bo cung cp y v kp thi ti ch lm vic cc chi tit,
cm hay b phn phc v cho qu trnh lp rp dy chuyn lm vic lin tc.
Thit k quy trnh cng ngh lp rp theo dy chuyn i hi khi lng tnh
ton ln, t m v chnh xc ty theo quy m sn xut, mc phc tp ca nhng
ng tc lp v iu kin cng ngh lp rp.
Cng ngh lp rp theo dy chuyn c cc u im sau:
- Cng nhn lp rp c chuyn mn ho cao, s dng hp l, do , gim
c thi gian lp rp.
- Mt bng lp rp gn, m rng c kh nng ca phn xng.
- Nng cao c nng sut, gim ph tn nn gi thnh sn phm h.

10.4- thit k quy trnh cng ngh lp rp
10.4.1- Khi nim v nh ngha
Ni dung ca quy trnh cng ngh lp rp l xc nh trnh t v phng php
lp rp cc chi tit my to thnh sn phm, tho mn cc iu kin k thut ra
mt cch kinh t nht.
Qu trnh lp rp sn phm cng c chia thnh:
- Nguyn cng lp rp: l mt phn ca qu trnh lp, c hon thnh i
vi mt b phn hay sn phm ti mt ch lm vic nht nh do mt hay mt nhm
cng nhn thc hin mt cch lin tc.
V d: Lp bnh rng, bnh ln trc hay lp rp my...
- Bc lp rp: l mt phn ca nguyn cng, c quy nh bi s khng
thay i v tr dng c lp.
V d: Lp bnh ai ln trc gm cc bc sau:
+ Co sa v lp then ln trc.
+ Lp bnh ai.
+ Lp vt hm.
- ng tc: l thao tc ca cng nhn thc hin cng vic lp rp.
V d: Ly chi tit lp, t vo v tr lp, kim tra cht lng mi lp...
10.4.2- Nhng ti liu ban u thit k quy trnh cng ngh lp rp
thit k quy trnh cng ngh lp cn c cc ti liu chnh sau:
- Bn v lp chung ton sn phm hay b phn vi y yu cu k thut.
- Bn thng k chi tit lp ca b phn hay sn phm vi y s lng,
quy cch, chng loi ca chng.
- Thuyt minh v c tnh ca sn phm, cc yu cu k thut nghim thu,
nhng yu cu c bit trong lp rp s dng.
- Sn lng v mc n nh ca sn phm.
- Kh nng v thit b, dng c, g lp; kh nng k thut ca x nghip.
187
10.4.3- Trnh t thit k quy tnh cng ngh lp rp
Thit k quy trnh cng ngh lp rp cn thc hin cc cng vic theo trnh t:
- Nghin cu bn v lp chung sn phm, kim tra tnh cng ngh trong lp
rp. Gii cc chui kch thc lp rp nu cn sa i tnh cng ngh ca kt cu.
- Chn phng php lp rp.
- Lp s lp rp.
- Chn hnh thc t chc lp rp, lp quy trnh cng ngh lp rp.
- Xc nh ni dung, cng vic cho tng nguyn cng v bc lp rp.
- Xc nh iu kin k thut cho cc mi lp, b phn hay cm lp.
- Chn dng c, g, trang b cho cc nguyn cng lp rp hay kim tra.
- Xc nh ch tiu k thut, thi gian cho tng nguyn cng. Tnh ton v
so snh cc phng n lp v mt kinh t.
- Xc nh thit b v hnh thc vn chuyn qua cc nguyn cng.
- Xy dng nhng ti liu cn thit: bn v, s lp, thng k dng c,
hng dn cch lp, kim tra...
10.4.4- Lp s lp rp
Mt sn phm c nhiu b phn, mi b phn c nhiu cm, mi cm c th c
nhiu nhm, mi nhm gm nhiu chi tit hp thnh. Ta c th gi cc phn chia nh
l mt n v lp (c th l b phn, cm hay nhm).
Trong cc chi tit ca mt n v lp, ta chn mt chi tit m trong qu trnh lp
cc chi tit khc s lp ln n. Chi tit ny gi l chi tit c s.
T y, ta tin hnh xy dng s lp. Trong s cc chi tit ca mt n v
lp, ta tm chi tit c s, ri lp cc chi tit khc ln chi tit c s theo mt th t xc
nh. Ni chung, cc chi tit lp vi nhau thnh nhm, cc nhm lp vi nhau thnh
cm, cc cm lp vi nhau thnh b phn, cc b phn lp vi nhau thnh sn phm.
Nhng cng c th c nhng chi tit lp trc tip ln cm, ln b phn hoc sn phm,
c nhng nhm lp trc tip ln b phn hoc sn phm, c nhng cm lp trc tip
ln sn phm...
Khi lp s lp cn ch cc vn sau:
- Mi n v lp khng nn chnh lch qu ln v trng lng, khun kh,
kch thc, s lng chi tit. Lm c nh vy, nh mc lao ng ca cc n v lp
s gn bng nhau, to iu kin tng nng sut v tnh ng b khi lp rp dy chuyn.
- Chn n v lp sao cho khi lp rp thun tin nht. S chi tit lp trc tip
ln chi tit c s cng t cng tt. Thit k quy trnh lp rp hp l s trnh c vic
tho ra, lp vo nhiu ln trong qu trnh lp.
- B phn no cn kim tra khi lp rp nn tch thnh n v lp ring
kim tra d dng v thun tin.

188

(Share99.Net) Cong Nghe Che Tao May - DH Da Nang

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

(Share99.Net) Cong Nghe Che Tao May - DH Da Nang

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

i hc nng

trng i hc bch khoa

= l h s gim sai (h s in dp).

Hnh 3.10- ng cong phn

l mt sai s h thng khng i v

(t) l mt sai s h thng thay i v

Thi gian (pht)

> (thng ly m = 2 8 chi tit)

Hnh 6.30- Mi phng bng mi hnh tr.

= (m/ph): tc vng ca dao vi s vng quay ca dao n

- Phay phn vt liu

: dung sai ca khu khp kn.

s c thc hin trong qu trnh lp rp,

tng hoc gim. Nu n lm cho khu khp kn tng th mang

You might also like