ET4590Chap3 (3in1)

FUNDAMENTALS OF DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING
TNG CNG CHT LNG NH

(Image Enhancement)
CHNG 3
Image Enhancement Fundamentals of Digital Image Processing
-2-
3.1. Gii thiu
- Mc ch: tng cng cht lng nh l lm cho
nh c tng cng ph hp hn nh ban u cho
mt ng dng c th no .
- Quan h vi khi phc nh: khi phc nh l x l
nh b suy gim hay suy bin (degradation) nh
thu c cng ging nh ban u cng tt.
- Cc ton t
+ Ton t im: nh x gi tr mc xm u vo
+ Ton t khng gian: lc khng gian
+ Ton t bin i: thc hin trong min bin i
-3-
3.2. Cc ton t im (Point Operators)
a.Kodn tng phn (Contrast Stretching)
- Tng di ng ca cc mc xm trong nh c x
l
Ko dn tng phn
-4-
- Ghim (clipping): trng hp c bit ca tng
tng phn khi o==0.
Thch hp lm gim nhiu nu bit nh u vo
nm trong khong [a,b].
Phi c thc hin trn cc nh c biu din mt
s hu hn cc bit nh s nguyn khng du.
- Ly ngng (thresholding): trng hp c bit
ca ghim khi a=b=t
-5-
(a) nh ban u.
(b) Ko dn tng phn:a=80,b=175, v
a
=40, v
b
=215.
(c) Ghim. (d) Ly ngng t=128
-6-
Cctont im khc
- Bin i m bn (image negative):
( ) ( )
2 1 0 , 2 1
n n
v u u v = s s
(a), (c): nh ban u. (b), (d): nh bin i m bn
-7-
- Trch chn bit (Bit extraction):
{ }
1 0
2 -1 1
,...,
0 0

n
t
t n
t
u
v u u u
u

= =
(a)-(h): nh trch chn bit 0-7

-8-
- Nn di (Range compression):
Di ng ca nh c bin i n v rt lnch
nhn thy mt s t cc pixel
C th nn di ng.
- Tr nh (Image subtraction)
so snh 2 nh vi nhau, thng l nh ca cng 1
i tng nhng ti 2 thi im khc nhau.
Tr theo tng bit
10
.log (1 | |) : v c u c const = +
1 2
( , ) . | ( , ) ( , ) | , : v i j a u i j u i j b a b const = +
-9-
ng dng ca tr nh: chp mch xa nn
(Angiography)
nh chp trc (tri) v
sau (phi) khi tim thuc
nh chp mch xa
nn khng (tri) v c
(phi) hiu chnh nhiu
chuyn ng
-10-
b. Sa i mc xm (HistogramModification)
- Mc xm /lc mc xm: biu din tn s
xut hin tng i (xc sut xut hin) ca cc mc
xm c trong nh.
- Gm 2 phng php
+ Cn bng mc xm (Histogram Equalization)
Mc xm ca nh u ra l ng u
+ Ch nh mc xm (Histogram Specification)
Mc xm ca nh u ra c dng nh cho
trc
-11-
Cnbng mc xm
- Coi gi tr im nh u>0 l mt bin ngu nhin c
hm phn b mt xc sut l p
u
(u) v hm phn
b tch lu l F
u
(o)=P[uso].
- Bin ngu nhin v c nh ngha di y s
phn b u trong khong [0,1].
( ) ( )
}
= A =
=
u
u u
dx x p u F v
0
-12-
- Chng minh:
Ly vi phn ca v theo u
- Thc hin trn nh s
nh vo u c mc xm h(x
i
)
nh ra v
*
cng gi thit l c L mc c cho bi
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
1
1
u v u u
u
du
dv du p u p v p u p u
dv p u
= = = =
( ) ( ) ( ) 1 ..., 1 , 0 ;
1
0
= =

=
L i x h x h x p
L
i
i i i u
( )
u
x
i u
i
x p v
0
( )( ) ( ) | | 5 , 0 1 1
min min
*
+ v L v v Int v
-13-
Lng t
ha u
v
*
u
(L-1)
( )
=
u
i
u
i p
0
( ) { } i p
u
| | 5 , 0 v ) 1 L ( int
*
v + =
Thc hin gn ng cn bng mc xm
-14-
u 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
h(u) 790 1023 850 656 329 245 122 81
p
u
(u) 0,19 0,25 0,21 0,16 0,08 0,06 0,03 0,02
( )
=
=
u
i
u
i p v
0

0,19 0,44 0,65 0,81 0,89 0,95 0,98 1,00
v
*
=Int[7v+0,5] 1 3 5 6 6 7 7 7
p
v*

0,19 0,25 0,21 0,24 0,11
v
*
tng qut

V d:
-15-
nh v mc xm
ban u
nh v mc xm
sau khi cn bng
mc xm
-16-
Cn bng mc xm nh chp cng hng t MRI
-17-
Ch nh mc xm
- Cn bng mc xm c th dn ti bo ha mt
s vng trong nh, lm mt cc chi tit v cc thng
tin tn s cao c th cn thit cho vic c, bin dch
nh
- C th thc hin cn bng mc xm cc b hoc
bin i mc xm ban u thnh mt mc xm
mi c phn b nh mong mun
-18-
- Gi thit bin ngu nhin u>0 c pdf p
u
(u) c
bin i thnh bin ngu nhin v>0 c pdf cho l
p
v
(v).
- nh ngha 1 bin ngu nhin phn b ng u
- Bin ny ng thi tha mn
- Trit tiu w thu c
( ) ( ) u F dx x p w
u
u
u
=
}
0
( ) ( ) v F dy y p w
v
v
v
=
}
0
( ) ( ) ( ) u F F w F v
u v v
1 1
= =
-19-
v
*
u
( )
=
u
i
u
i p
0
( ) { } i p
u
{ } 0 : min > w w
n
n
( )
1
v
F
n
w w =
*
w
S thc hin ch nh mc xm
-20-
u 0 1 2 3
p
u
(u) 0,25 0,25 0,25 0,25
p
v
(v) 0,00 0,50 0,50 0,00
( )
=
=
u
i
u
i p w
0
0,25 0,50 0,75 1,00
( )
=
=
n
i
v n
i p w
0

0,00 0,50 1,00 1,00
w
*
0,50 0,50 1,00 1,00
v
*
=n
opt
1 1 2 2

V d:
-21-
nh v mc xm
ban u
nh v mc xm
sau khi ch nh
mc xm
-22-
3.3. Cc ton t khng gian (Spatial Operators)
a.Lmtrn (Smoothing)
- Cc b lc lm trn c s dng lm m v
lm gim nhiu.
- Lm m c s dng cc bc tin x l nh
loi b cc chi tit nh khi nh trc khi thc hin
trch, chn i tng (ln); xa cc cch qung nh
trn cc ng thng hoc ng cong.
-23-
b. Lc trungbnhkhnggian(Spatial Averaging)
- Gi tr pixel c thay th bi trung bnh trng s
ca cc pixel ln cn.
W: ca s/mt n lc c chn hp l.
a(k,l)}: h s lc
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
e
=
W l , k
l n , k m y l , k a n , m v
1 1 1
1/9 1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
1/10 1 2 1
1 1 1
1 2 1
1/16 2 4 2
1 2 1
Mt s mt n lc trung bnh
-24-
- Lc trung bnh ph hp gim nhiu, lc thng
thp, gim ly mu
Gi thit nh ban u y(m,n)=u(m,n)+(m,n) vi
(m,n) l nhiu trng k vng=0 v phng sai=o
2
nh sau khi lc
c k vng=0 v phng sai=o
2
/N
w
cng sut nhiu gim i N
w
ln
( ) ( )
( )
( ) n m l n k m u
N
n m v
l k
w
, ,
1
,
,
q + =

eW
( , ) m n q
-25-
Tri-phi: nh b nhiu; Lc trung bnh ca s 3x3, ca s 5x5
nh ban u (tri). nh lc vi cc ca s 3x3 cho
-26-
c. Lc trungv (MedianFiltering)
- Gi tr pixel c thay th bi pixel trung tm ca
dy cc pixel ln cn.
Nu N
w
l chn th thay th bng trung bnh ca 2
pixel trung tm
V d:
{u(m)}={2,3,8,4,2}; W
1
=[-1,0,1]; W
2
=[-1,0,1,2]
{v
1
(m)}={2,3,4,2,2}
{v
2
(m)}={2,3,3.5,3.5,2}
( ) ( ) { }
, , , ( , ) W v m n median u m k n l k l = e
-27-
Tnhcht ca lc trungv
- Phi tuyn
- Gim nhiu xung
{0,0,0,1,0,0,0}; W
1
=[-1,0,1]{0,0,0,0,0,0,0}
- Bo ton ng bin
{0,0,0,1,1,1,1}; W
1
=[-1,0,1]{0,0,0,1,1,1,1}
- Tch c
{ } { } { }
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) median u m v m median u m median v m + = +
-28-
(a) nh ban u. (b) nh b nhiu nh phn (10%).
(c) Lc trung bnh 3x3. (d) Lc trung v 3x3
-29-
d. Lmsc nt (Sharpening)
- Cc th nghim v tm-vt l ch ra rng mt bc
nh hay tn hiu hnh nh c cc ng bin c
lm ni bt th v mt ch quan s em li nhiu
cm gic hi lng, tha mn hn l nh thc t.
Mt n lmsc nt (UnsharpMasking)
- Thng dng trong cng nghip in lm ni bt
(crispening) cc ng bin
- Phn tn hiu khng sc nt (phn tn s thp) s
c tr khi nh. Phn tn s cao c thm vo
nh.
-30-
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
, 1 . , ,
, ,
, . ,

LP
LP
HP
v m n u m n h u m n
u m,n u m n h u m n
u m n h u m n

= +
= + (

= +
h
LP
, h
HP
: p ng xung ca b lc thng thp v
thng cao tng ng
: c chn trong khong t 0,25-0,33
(1) nh ban u. (2) Lc thng thp
(3) (1)-(2). (4) (1)+(3)
-31-
Tri-phi: nh ban u. nh lc thng thp
nh |(1)-(2)|. nh (1)+(3).
-32-
Sai khcthng k(Statistical Differencing)
- Tng cng nh sao cho nh c k vng v lch
chun nh mong mun.
u(m,n), o(m,n): k vng v lch chun cc b
m
d
, o
d
: k vng v lch chun mong mun
o: h s ngn cc gi tr u ra ln khi o(m,n) nh.
|: h s iu khin t s gia cng ng bin
v nn.
m
d
, o
d
, o, |: 128;8,5;1/6;0,1
( )
( )
( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( ) | | n m u m n m u n m u
n m
n m v
d
d
d
, 1 , ,
,
, | |
oo o
o
+ +
+
=
-33-
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) | |
( )
2 1
,
2
,
, ,
1
,
,
1
,
)
`
=
=
e
e
W
W
W
W
l k
l k
n m u n l k m u
N
n m
n l k m u
N
n m u
o
(a), (c): nh ban u. (b), (d): nh sai khc thng k
-34-
e. Lc ng hnh(HomomophicFiltering)
- L k thut tng cng cht lng nh khi nh b
nh hng bi nhiu c bn cht nhn
- C th gim di ng, tng tng phn cc b.
Vi m hnh to nh chiu-phn x
i(m,n): chiu sng, ng gp chnh vo di ng
v thay i chm.
r(m,n): phn x, th hin chi tit ca i tng,
ng gp ch yu vo tng phn ni b v c
gi thit l bin i rt nhanh.
( ) ( ) n m r n m i n m u , , ) , ( =
-35-
( ) ( ) ( ) n m r n m i n m u , log , log , log + =
Suy hao log[i(m,n)] lm gim di ng
Tng log[r(m,n)] tng phn gii ni b
S khi lc ng hnh
-36-
(a) nh ban u. (b) nh lc ng hnh
-37-
f. Phngto, thunh (Zooming)
- C nhiu k thut ni suy (interpolation) dng
thay i kch thc ca nh nhm tng cng cht
lng ca nh khi hin th.
- Tn hiu lin tc c ni suy
Hm ni suy
lin tc h
c
(x)
Ly mu
li
u(n) v(x)
Tn hiu
lin tc
v(m)
Zoom s vi hm ni suy lin tc
( ) ( ) ( )
=
n
c
n x h n u x v
-38-
Mt s hm ni suy lin tc
-39-
Ni suylintc 2chiu
- Ni suy tch c: h
c
(x,y)=h
c
(x).h
c
(y)
- Ni suy song tuyn: Ax=x-m; Ay=y-n
( ) ( )( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) 1 , 1
, 1 1
1 , 1
, 1 1 ,
+ + A A +
+ A A +
+ A A +
A A =
n m yu x
n m u y x
n m yu x
n m u y x y x v

-40-
Ni suyL:1(L:1I nterpolator)
- Da trn l thuyt x l tn hiu s
- Gm: tng tc ly mu ln L ln, lc thng thp,
khuch i ln L ln
L
u(n) y(m)
v(m)
LPF
h(m)
L
tng ly mu khuch i
Ni suy L:1
-41-
( ) | | ( ) L m u m y =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | | ( )

= =
k k
k L m u k h L k m y k h L m v
- Quan h gia ni suy lin tc v ni suy L:1
t x=m/L
t k/L=m/L - n
( ) ( )
/ ( ). /
c
n
v m L u n h m L n =
( ) ( ) | | ( )
( ) | | ( )
/ / . ( ) /
. ( ) /
( ) (1/ ). ( / )

c
k
k
c
v m L h k L u m k L
L h k u m k L
h n L h n L
=
=
=

-42-
Ni suy 2:1 (a) vung, (b) tam gic, (c) chung, (d) cubic B-spline
-43-
L:1Decimator
- Gim tc ly mu i L ln
L
u(n) y(m)
v(m)
LPF
h(m)
gim ly mu
L:1 Decimator
( ) ( ) ( )
=
k
k Lm u k h m v
-44-
3.4. Cc ton t bin i (Transformation
Operators)
- Bin i nh sang min biu din khc
- Tng cng cht lng nh bin i
- Bin i ngc v min khng gian
Bin i n v
AUA
T
U
Ton t
tng
cng
Bin i ngc
A
-1
V*(A
T
)
-1
V V
*
U
*
S khi thc hin ton t bin i

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FUNDAMENTALS OF DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING

TNG CNG CHT LNG NH

(a)-(h): nh trch chn bit 0-7

Image Enhancement Fundamentals of Digital Image Processing

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