Mt s vn c bn v Php lut Hp ng

Php lut hp ng ca Vit hin nay, tuy c mt s hn ch nht nh nhng nhn

chung c coi l kh tin b v ph hp vi xu hng pht trin kinh t - x hi
trong thi k i mi.
Php lut v hp ng ca Vit Nam hin nay ang c quy nh trong nhiu vn
bn php lut khc nhau nh B lut Dn s, Lut Thng mi, Lut kinh doanh bo
him, tuy nhin, B lut dn s c coi l lut gc quy nh cc vn chung v hp
ng, l nn tng cho php lut v hp ng, iu chnh cc quan h hp ng c xc
lp trn nguyn tc bnh ng, t nguyn, t tho thun v t chu trch nhim. Cc quy
nh v hp ng trong B lut Dn s c p dng chung cho tt c cc loi hp ng,
khng phn bit hp ng dn s hay hp ng kinh t, hp ng c mc ch kinh
doanh hay hp ng nhm p ng cc nhu cu sinh hot hng ngy. Trn c s cc quy
nh chung v hp ng ca B lut Dn s, tu vo tnh cht c th ca cc mi quan
h hoc cc giao dch, cc lut chuyn ngnh c th c nhng quy nh ring v hp ng
iu chnh cc mi quan h trong lnh vc , v d nh cc quy nh v hp ng
mua bn hng ho trong Lut Thng mi, hp ng bo him trong Lut kinh doanh
bo him... Cc quy nh v hp ng trong B lut Dn s c coi l cc quy nh
chung cn cc quy nh v hp ng trong cc lut chuyn ngnh c coi l cc quy
nh chuyn ngnh v cc quy nh ny c u tin p dng.
Php lut hp ng ca Vit hin nay, tuy c mt s hn ch nht nh nhng nhn
chung c coi l kh tin b v ph hp vi xu hng pht trin kinh t - x hi trong
thi k i mi. Sau nhiu ln sa i, b sung cc ch nh v hp ng phn no
qun trit, th ch ho cc ch trng, chnh sch v pht trin kinh t - x hi ca nh
nc, c th ho cc quyn v kinh t, dn s ca cng dn c ghi nhn trong Hin
php 1992 v p ng c cc yu cu trong qu trnh hi nhp kinh t quc t. Cc quy
nh v giao kt, thc hin hp ng th hin quan im tng cng quyn t do hp
ng thng qua vic cc bn c ton quyn quyt nh v i tc tham gia k kt hp
ng, hnh thc hp ng, ni dung ca hp ng v trch nhim ca cc bn khi c vi
phm.
B lut Dn s quy nh nhng vn chung v hp ng nh khi nim hp ng,
giao kt hp ng, thc hin hp ng, chm dt hp ng cn cc lut chuyn ngnh
th ch quy nh cc vn mang tnh c th ca hp ng trong cc lnh vc khc nhau.
Do , phn ny ch yu cp n mt s quy nh chung v hp ng trong BLDS.
1. Khi nim hp ng
Hp ng dn s l s tho thun gia cc bn v vic xc lp, thay i hoc chm
dt quyn, ngha v dn s. Nh vy hp ng c hiu l s th hin ch ca cc bn
bng vic tho thun vi nhau v quyn v ngha v ca cc bn, xc nh khi no v
trong iu kin no th cc quyn v ngha v ny c xc lp, c thay i v chm
dt. Cc ch th tham gia hp ng c th l c nhn hoc php nhn hoc cc loi ch
th khc. Khch th ca hp ng chnh l i tng ca hp ng, c th l ti sn,
hng ho hoc dch v. Nguyn tc quan trng v c php lut bo v l nguyn tc t
do tho thun, bnh ng v thin ch trong vic giao kt, thc hin hp ng, khng
phn bit mc ch ca hp ng l kinh doanh thu li nhun hay nhm phc v cho tiu
dng.
2. Hnh thc hp ng
V nguyn tc, cc bn c quyn t do quyt nh hnh thc ca hp ng. Hnh thc
hp ng c th c th hin bng li ni, bng vn bn hoc bng hnh vi c th, tr
mt s trng hp php lut yu cu hp ng phi c th hin bng hnh thc nht
nh nhm m bo trt t cng, v d nh hp ng chuyn nhng quyn s dng t
phi c th hin bng vn bn.
ph hp vi xu th pht trin mnh m ca cng ngh thng tin v vic ng dng
cng ngh thng tin vo mi lnh vc ca i sng x hi, php lut cng ghi nhn hnh
thc ca hp ng c th c th hin thng qua phng tin in t di hnh thc
thng ip d liu v hnh thc ny c coi l hp ng bng vn bn. Trong trng
hp php lut yu cu hp ng phi c th hin bng vn bn c cng chng hoc
chng thc, phi ng k hoc xin php th phi tun theo cc quy nh . Tr trng
hp php lut c quy nh khc th nhn chung, hp ng khng b coi l v hiu nu c
vi phm v hnh thc.
3. K kt hp ng v vic u quyn k kt hp ng
BLDS xc nh thi im c hiu lc ca hp ng trn c s cng nhn hiu lc
ca cam kt, tho thun ca cc bn, khng ph thuc vo hnh thc ca hp ng. Do ,
v mt nguyn tc, hp ng c giao kt vo thi im bn ngh nhn c tr li
chp nhn giao kt ca bn c ngh. Hp ng cng xem nh c giao kt khi ht
thi hn tr li m bn nhn ngh vn im lng, nu cc bn c tho thun im lng l s
tr li chp nhn giao kt. Trn c s hnh thc ca hp ng, php lut cng quy nh
c th i vi tng trng hp, v d, i vi hp ng c giao kt bng li ni th
thi im giao kt hp ng l thi im cc bn tho thun v ni dung ca hp ng;
i vi hp ng c giao kt bng vn bn th thi im giao kt hp ng l thi
im bn sau cng k vo vn bn.
V mt nguyn tc, thi im c hiu lc ca hp ng c tnh t thi im giao
kt, tuy nhin vn c cc ngoi l l khi cc bn c tho thun khc, v d hp ng
c cc bn k vo ngy 1/1/2009 nhng cc bn tho thun l hp ng c coi l k
kt vo ngy 1/2/2009 hoc khi php lut c quy nh khc, v d theo php lut v t
ai th thi im c hiu lc ca hp ng th chp l thi im ng k.
Vn u quyn k kt hp ng khng c BLDS quy nh c th, tuy nhin, v
hp ng l mt dng ca giao dch dn s cho nn c th p dng cc quy nh v vic
u quyn xc lp, thc hin giao dch dn s. Theo c nhn, ngi i din theo php
lut ca php nhn c th u quyn cho ngi khc xc lp, thc hin hp ng theo ch
nh ngi i din.
4. iu kin c hiu lc ca hp ng
Theo quy nh ca iu 405 BLDS th hp ng c giao kt hp php c hiu lc
k t thi im giao kt tr trng c tho thun khc hoc php lut c quy nh khc.
Tuy nhin, BLDS li khng quy nh th no l "c giao kt hp php", do phi p
dng iu 122 BLDS v iu kin c hiu lc ca giao dch dn s v hp ng l mt
trong nhng hnh thc giao dch dn s.
Giao dch dn s c coi l c hiu lc khi c cc iu kin sau:
+ Ngi tham gia giao dch c nng lc hnh vi dn s;
+ Mc ch v ni dung ca giao dch khng vi phm iu cm ca php lut, khng
tri o c x hi;
+ Ngi tham gia giao dch hon ton t nguyn
Ngoi cc iu kin trn y, nu php lut quy nh giao dch phi c th hin
bng mt hnh thc c th, v d phi th hin bng vn bn, th hnh thc ca giao dch
l iu kin c hiu lc ca giao dch.
Nh vy, khi hp ng c 3 iu kin trn th s c hiu lc tr mt s trng
hp m php lut yu cu hp ng phi tun theo mt hnh thc nht nh.
5. iu kin v hiu ca hp ng
Theo quy nh ca iu 410 BLDS th vn hp ng v hiu s c p dng
theo cc quy nh t iu 127 n iu 138 BLDS v hp ng l mt loi giao dch dn
s. Cc quy nh ca cc iu t iu 127 n 138 l cc quy nh p dng cho giao dch
dn s v hiu, bao gm cc trng hp sau:
+ giao dch b v hiu khi khng c mt trong cc iu kin c quy nh ti iu
122 ca BLDS bao gm: ngi tham gia giao dch c nng lc hnh vi dn s; mc ch
v ni dung ca giao dch khng vi phm iu cm ca php lut, khng tri o c x
hi; ngi tham gia giao dch hon ton t nguyn. Ngoi ra, nu php lut yu cu giao
dch phi c th hin bng mt hnh thc c th no th hnh thc ca giao dch
cng l iu kin c hiu lc ca giao dch.
+ Giao dch dn s v hiu do vi phm iu cm ca php lut, tri o c x hi.
iu ny c ngha rng nu giao dch dn s c mc ch v ni dung vi phm iu cm
ca php lut, tri o c x hi th b v hiu. Vi phm iu cm ca php lut c ngha
l vi phm nhng quy nh ca php lut khng cho php ch th thc hin nhng hnh
vi nht nh, v d nh hnh vi bun bn cht ma tu. o c x hi l nhng chun
mc ng x chung gia ngi vi ngi trong i sng x hi c cng ng tha
nhn v tn trng.
iu ny c ngha rng nu giao dch dn s c mc ch v ni dung vi phm iu
cm ca php lut, tri o c x hi th b v hiu. Vi phm iu cm ca php lut c
ngha l vi phm nhng quy nh ca php lut khng cho php ch th thc hin nhng
hnh vi nht nh, v d nh hnh vi bun bn cht ma tu. o c x hi l nhng
chun mc ng x chung gia ngi vi ngi trong i sng x hi c cng ng
tha nhn v tn trng.
+ Giao dch dn s v hiu do gi to
Nu mt giao dch dn s c xc lp mt cch gi to nhm che giu mt giao
dch khc th giao dch gi to b v hiu, tuy nhin giao dch b che giu vn c hiu
lc tr khi n cng b v hiu theo cc quy nh khc ca BLDS. V d, A bn ti sn cho
B nhng li lm hp ng gi to l hp ng tng cho khng phi ng thu cho nh
nc, khi hp ng tng cho b coi l v hiu cn hp ng bn ti sn vn c hiu
lc. Lut cng quy nh trng hp giao dch c xc lp mt cch gi to nhm trn
trnh ngha v vi ngi th ba th giao dch cng b v hiu.
+ Giao dch dn s v hiu do ngi cha thnh nin, ngi mt nng lc hnh vi
dn s, ngi b hn ch nng lc hnh vi dn s xc lp, thc hin
Ngi cha thnh nin, ngi mt nng lc hnh vi dn s hoc ngi b hn ch
nng lc hnh vi dn s m xc lp, thc hin giao dch dn s th theo yu cu ca
ngi i din ca ngi , to n c th tuyn b giao dch l v hiu nu theo quy
nh ca php lut giao dch ny phi do ngi i din ca h xc lp, thc hin, v d
mt ngi b tm thn, khng c kh nng nhn thc c hnh vi ca mnh k hp
ng bn nh cho mt ngi khc, giao dch ny b coi l v hiu v trong trng hp
ny ngi b tm thn khng th t mnh giao dch c m cn phi c ngi i din
ca h.
+ Giao dch dn s v hiu do b nhm ln
Khi mt bn c li v lm cho bn kia nhm ln v ni dung ca giao dch dn s
m xc lp giao dch th bn b nhm ln c quyn yu cu bn kia thay i ni dung ca
giao dch , nu bn kia khng chp nhn th bn b nhm ln c quyn yu cu to n
tuyn b giao dch v hiu. V d, A bn cho B mt chic xe my nhng A qun khng
thng bo cho B bit rng h thng n ca chic xe b chy. B yu cu A gim bt
gi bn chic xe hoc thay th h thng n mi nhng A khng chp nhn. B c
quyn yu cu to n tuyn b giao dch mua bn v hiu.
Trng hp mt bn do li c lm cho bn kia nhm ln v ni dung ca giao dch
th s p dng cc quy nh ti iu 132 BLDS v giao dch dn s v hiu do b la di,
e do. Trong v d trn y, nu A c tnh che giu, khng thng bo cho B bit v h
thng n b hng v ni vi B rng h thng n vn tt th trng hp ny b coi l
giao dch b la di.
+ Giao dch dn s v hiu do b la di, e do
Theo quy nh ca BLDS th la di trong giao dch l hnh vi c ca mt bn
hoc ca ngi th ba nhm lm cho bn kia hiu sai lch v ch th, tnh cht ca i
tng hoc ni dung ca giao dch nn xc lp giao dch . e do trong giao dch l
hnh vi c ca mt bn hoc ngi th ba lm cho bn kia buc phi thc hin giao
dch nhm trnh tht hi v tnh mng, sc kho, danh d, uy tn, nhn phm, ti sn ca
mnh hoc ca cha, m, v, chng, con mnh. Khi mt bn tham gia giao dch dn s do
b la di hoc b e do th c quyn yu cu to n tuyn b giao dch dn s l v
hiu.
+ Giao dch dn s v hiu do ngi xc lp khng nhn thc v lm ch c hnh
vi ca mnh
Ngi c nng lc hnh vi dn s nhng xc lp giao dch vo ng thi im
khng nhn thc v lm ch c hnh vi ca mnh th c quyn yu cu to n tuyn b
giao dch dn s l v hiu, v d, mt ngi c nng lc hnh vi dn s bnh thng
nhng k hp ng mua bn ti sn trong lc say ru, khng nhn thc c hnh vi
ca h th trong trng hp ny hp ng b coi l v hiu nu ngi yu cu to n
tuyn hp ng l v hiu.
+ Giao dch dn s v hiu do khng tun th quy nh v hnh thc
Trong trng hp php lut quy nh hnh thc ca giao dch l iu kin c hiu lc
ca giao dch m cc bn khng tun theo th khi c yu cu, to n, c quan nh nc c
thm quyn khc quyt nh buc cc bn thc hin quy nh v hnh thc ca giao dch
trong mt thi hn, qu thi hn m cc bn khng thc hin th giao dch b v
hiu. V d, A v B tho thun mua bn nh nhmg khng k hp ng bng vn bn
(theo quy nh ca php lut th hp ng mua bn nh phi c giao kt bng vn bn),
khi c tranh chp xy ra, to yu cu cc bn phi hon tt th tc theo quy nh ca php
lut trong mt thi hn nht nh nhng khng bn no thc hin. Theo yu cu ca mt
hoc cc bn, to n c th tuyn hp ng ny l v hiu.
Ngoi cc quy nh trn, BLDS cn c quy nh v hp ng dn s v hiu do c
i tng khng th thc hin c, l trong trng hp ngay t thi im k kt, hp
ng c i tng khng th thc hin c v l do khch quan th hp ng ny b v
hiu.
Trong trng hp khi giao kt hp ng m mt bn bit hoc phi bit v vic hp
ng c i tng khng th thc hin c nhng khng thng bo cho bn kia bit nn
bn kia giao kt hp ng th phi bi thng thit hi cho bn kia, tr trng hp bn
kia bit hoc phi bit v vic hp ng c i tng khng th thc hin c. V d, A
cam kt s sn xut bn cho B mt loi thuc c th cha c bnh tim mch, B tin
tng rng A c th bn cho mnh loi thuc nn giao kt hp ng vi A nhng v
l do khch quan A khng th sn xut c loi thuc v A cng bit rng mnh s
khng th giao cho B loi thuc nhng li khng thng bo cho B bit. Trong trng
hp ny hp ng b coi l v hiu v A phi bi thng cho B.
Quy nh trn y cng c p dng i vi trng hp hp ng c mt hoc
nhiu phn i tng khng th thc hin c nhng phn cn li ca hp ng vn c
gi tr php l.
Theo quy nh ca BLDS hin hnh th s v hiu ca hp ng chnh lm chm dt
hiu lc ca hp ng ph, tr trng hp cc bn c tho thun hp ng ph c thay
th hp ng chnh. Tuy nhin, quy nh ny khng p dng i vi cc bin php bo
m thc hin ngha v dn s. S v hiu ca hp ng ph khng lm chm dt hiu
lc ca hp ng chnh tr trng hp cc bn tho thun hp ng ph l mt phn
khng th tch ri ca hp ng chnh.
6. Hu qu php l ca hp ng v hiu v x l hp ng v hiu: hu qu php l
ca hp ng v hiu c gii quyt theo quy nh ca iu 137 i vi hu qu php
l ca giao dch dn s v hiu. Theo quy nh ny th hp ng v hiu khng lm pht
sinh, thay i hoc chm dt quyn, ngha v ca cc bn k t thi im xc lp hp
ng. Khi hp ng v hiu cc bn phi khi phc li tnh trng ban u, hon tr cho
nhau nhng g nhn; nu khng hon tr c bng hin vt th phi hon tr bng tin,
tr trng hp ti sn giao dch, hoa li, li tc thu c b tch thu theo quy nh ca
php lut. Bn c li m gy thit hi th phi bi thng cho bn kia. V d, A bn cho
B mt chic xe my, B l ngi khng c nng lc hnh vi dn s nn hp ng b tuyn
l v hiu do B phi tr li xe my cho A, cn A phi tr li tin cho B. Tuy nhin,
qua mt thi gian s dng B lm hng mt vi b phn ca chic xe my cho nn B
phi tr li A chic xe my cng vi nhng b phn b h hi, nu khng hon tr
c bng cc b phn th phi tr mt mn tin b p cho phn h hng ca chic
xe.
7. Chm dt hp ng v trch nhim ca bn vi phm ngha v trong hp ng
Theo quy nh ca BLDS th hp ng chm dt trong cc trng hp sau:
+ Hp ng c hon thnh: l khi cc bn thc hin xong cc ngha v
ca mnh theo hp ng, v d A thu B xy nh cho A, ht thi hn thc hin vic
xy nh m cc bn tho thun, B giao nh cho A v A tr tin cho B, khi hp ng
chm dt.
+ Theo tho thun ca cc bn: v d A thu B trng cho A mt rung la trong thi
hn 1 tun, ht 1 tun B vn cha trng xong rung la nhng A chp nhn coi nh B
trng xong v tr tin cho B. Hp ng thu trng la chm dt.
+ C nhn giao kt hp ng cht, phn nhn hoc ch th khc chm dt m hp
ng phi do chnh c nhn, php nhn hoc ch th thc hin. y l loi hp ng
m ngi c ngha v, do tnh cht c th, phi t h thc hin m khng th chuyn
giao cho ngi khc. V d, A thu ca s B l ngi rt ni ting, ht cho m ci ca A
nhng khng may vo ngy m ci ca A, B khng may b tai nn cht. Hp ng
gia A v B chm dt v A ch thu B ht ch khng phi ca s khc.
+ Hp ng b hu b, b n phng chm dt thc hin:
Hu b hp ng :
Mt bn trong hp ng c quyn hu b hp ng v khng phi bi thng thit
hi cho bn kia khi bn kia vi phm hp ng v vic vi phm l iu kin hu b m
cc bn tho thun hoc php lut c quy nh. Tuy nhin, bn hu b hp ng phi
thng bo ngay cho bn kia bit v vic hu b, nu khng thng bo m gy thit hi th
phi bi thng.
V d, A k hp ng mua hng ca B v hn B trong vng 1 tun phi giao hng,
nu ht 1 tun m B khng giao hng th A s hu b hp ng. Sau thi hn 1 tun B
khng giao hng cho A, A thng bo cho B rng mnh hu b hp ng. Hng ca B sau
cng khng bn c cho ngi khc nn B phi chu thit hi v phi tr tin lu kho,
lu bi. Trong trng hp ny A c quyn hu b hp ng v khng c li, khng phi
bi thng cho B v cc bn tho thun t trc.
Khi hp ng b hu b th hp ng khng c hiu lc t thi im giao kt v cc
bn phi hon tr cho nhau ti sn nhn; nu khng hon tr c bng hin vt th
phi tr bng tin. Bn c li trong vic hp ng b hu b phi bi thng thit hi.
Trong v d trn y, nu A chng minh c mnh b thit hi do B khng giao hng
ng hn th B phi bi thng cho A.
n phng chm dt thc hin hp ng:
Mt bn c quyn n phng chm dt thc hin hp ng nu cc bn c tho
thun hoc php lut c quy nh. Bn n phng chm dt thc hin hp ng phi
thng bo ngay cho bn kia bit v vic chm dt hp ng, nu khng thng bo m gy
thit hi th phi bi thng. Khi hp ng b n phng chm dt thc hin th hp
ng chm dt t thi im bn kia nhn c thng bo chm dt, cc bn khng phi
tip tc thc hin ngha v. Bn thc hin ngha v c quyn yu cu bn kia thanh
ton. V d, A k hp ng mua ca B 100 tn thp, B giao c 50 tn v ang
chun b giao tip s cn li nhng A thng bo chm dt hp ng, khng mun nhn
s thp cn li. Nu B ng th B khng phi giao tip s thp cn li v A tr tin cho
B, hp ng chm dt.
Nu hp ng b n phng chm dt do li ca mt bn th bn c li phi bi
thng thit hi cho bn kia.
+ Hp ng khng th thc hin c do i tng ca hp ng khng cn v cc
bn c th tho thun thay th i tng khc hoc bi thng thit hi. V d, A k hp
ng mua ngi nh ca B nhng sau ngi nh khng may b chy nn B khng th
giao nh cho A c. B c th tho thun bn cho A ngi nh khc hoc bi thng thit
hi cho A nu A b thit hi do B khng th thc hin hp ng.
+ Cc trng hp khc do php lut quy nh.
8. Ch ti i vi hnh vi vi phm trch nhim hp ng
Ngoi cc ch nh v bi thng thit hi do vi phm hp ng ni trn, php
lut to iu kin cho cc bn c t do tho thun v trch nhim ca bn vi phm
ngha v hp ng, v mi quan h gia pht vi phm v bi thng thit hi. Pht vi
phm l s tho thun gia cc bn trong hp ng theo bn vi phm phi tr mt
khon tin cho bn b vi phm, mc pht ny do cc bn t tho thun. Cc bn c th
tho thun v vic bn vi phm ngha v ch phi np tin pht vi phm m khng phi
bi thng thit hi hoc va phi np pht vi phm va phi bi thng thit hi. Nu
cc bn khng c tho thun trc v mc bi thng thit hi th phi bi thng ton
b thit hi. V nguyn tc, bn vi phm ch phi np tin pht vi phm nu cc bn
khng c tho thun v vic bi thng thit hi. V vn ny, Lut Thng mi 2005
li c quy nh khc so vi BLDS. Theo Khon 2 iu 307 Lut Thng mi th trng
hp cc bn c tho thun pht vi phm th bn b vi phm c quyn p dng c ch ti
pht vi phm v buc bi thng thit hi, tr trng hp Lut ny c quy nh khc.
Tr mt s trng hp min trch nhim quy nh ti iu 294 ca Lut Thng mi, th
trch nhim bi thng thit hi lun c t ra khi c cc yu t nh: c hnh vi vi
phm hp ng; c thit hi thc t; hnh vi vi phm hp ng l nguyn nhn trc tip
gy ra thit hi.
9. Thi hiu khi kin tranh chp hp ng dn s:
Thi hiu khi kin yu cu to n gii quyt tranh chp hp ng l hai nm k
t ngy quyn v li ch hp php ca c nhn, php nhn v cc ch th khc b xm
phm. V d, A v B k hp ng mua bn hng ho vo ngy 1/1/2007, sau c tranh
chp xy ra, quyn li ca A b vi phm vo ngy 1/3/2007. A ch c th khi kin yu
cu to n gii quyt trong khong thi gian k t khi quyn li b xm phm l t ngy
1/3/2007 n ht ngy 1/3/2009 (l 2 nm k t ngy quyn li ca A b vi phm).
10. Cc bin php bo m thc hin hp ng
Cc bin php bo m thc hin hp ng c quy nh t iu 318 n iu 373
BLDS 2005 bao gm: cm c ti sn, th chp ti sn (bao gm c cm c, th chp bng
ti sn ca ngi th ba), t cc, k cc, k qu, bo lnh v tn chp. Theo cc quy
nh ca php lut hin hnh th cc bn trong hp ng c quyn t ch, t do cam kt
v t do tho thun ng thi cc bn cng phi t chu trch nhim i vi cc cam kt,
tho thun ca mnh. iu ny c th hin r nht trong cc quy nh v giao kt, thc
hin hp ng cm c, th chp v bo lnh. Cc bn c th linh hot hn v t ch hn
trong vic x l cc tnh hung pht sinh, c th nh sau:
+ V phm vi bo m thc hin ngha v: cc bn c ton quyn tho thun v
phm vi bo m thc hin ngha v dn s. Ngha v c th c bo m mt phn
hoc ton b theo tho thun hoc theo quy nh ca php lut. Nu cc bn khng c
tho thun v php lut khng c quy nh th ngha v coi nh c m bo ton b, k
c ngha v tr li v bi thng thit hi. ng thi, cc bn cng c quyn tho thun
v cc bin php bo m thc hin ngha v bo m thc hin cc loi ngha v,
khng ch ngha v hin ti m cn ngha v trong tng lai hoc ngha v c iu kin.
cc bn c ton quyn tho thun v phm vi bo m thc hin ngha v dn s.
Ngha v c th c bo m mt phn hoc ton b theo tho thun hoc theo quy nh
ca php lut. Nu cc bn khng c tho thun v php lut khng c quy nh th ngha
v coi nh c m bo ton b, k c ngha v tr li v bi thng thit hi. ng
thi, cc bn cng c quyn tho thun v cc bin php bo m thc hin ngha v
bo m thc hin cc loi ngha v, khng ch ngha v hin ti m cn ngha v trong
tng lai hoc ngha v c iu kin.
+ V ti sn bo m thc hin ngha v:
BLDS th hin quan im l v nguyn tc mi ti sn u c th c dng bo
m thc hin ngha v tr mt s trng hp m php lut cm. Trc ht, vt bo m
thc hin ngha v phi l ti sn thuc quyn s hu ca bn bo m v c php giao
dch. Vt y c th l vt hin c hoc vt c hnh thnh trong tng lai. Nu l vt
hnh thnh trong tng lai th vt phi l ng sn, bt ng sn thuc s hu ca bn
bo m sau thi im ngha v c xc lp hoc giao dch bo m c giao kt.
Ngoi cc ti sn thng thng nh t ai, nh ca, phng tin giao thng th cc ti
sn khc nh tin, tri phiu, c phiu, k phiu v giy t c gi khc cng c dng
lm ti sn bo m thc hin ngha v.
Ngoi cc ti sn ni trn th cc quyn ti sn thuc s hu ca bn bo m cng
c th tr thnh ti sn bo m, bao gm: quyn ti sn pht sinh t quyn tc gi,
quyn s hu cng nghip, quyn i vi ging cy trng, quyn i n, quyn c
nhn s tin bo him i vi vt bo m, quyn ti sn i vi phn vn gp trong
doanh nghip, quyn ti sn pht sinh t hp ng v cc quyn ti sn khc thuc s
hu ca bn bo m. Quyn s dng t v quyn khai thc ti nguyn thin nhin cng
c dng bo m thc hin ngha v hp ng.
+ V vn mt ti sn dc dng bo m thc hin nhiu ngha v:
Mt ti sn c th c dng bo m thc hin nhiu ngha v nu gi tr ca ti
sn ti thi im xc lp giao dch bo m ln hn tng gi tr cc ngha v c bo
m, tr trng hp cc bn c tho thun khc hoc php lut c quy nh khc. Trong
trng hp ny bn bo m phi thng bo cho bn nhn bo m sau bit v vic ti
sn bo m ang c dng bo m thc hin ngha v khc. Trong trng hp
phi x l ti sn thc hin mt ngha v n hn th cc ngha v khc tuy cha n
hn cng c coi l n hn v tt c cc bn cng nhn bo m u c tham gia x
l ti sn. Bn nhn bo m thng bo v vic x l ti sn c trch nhim x l ti
sn nu cc bn cng nhn bo m khng c tho thun khc. Trng hp cc bn mun
tip tc thc hin cc ngha v cha n hn th c th tho thun v vic bn bo m
dng ti sn khc bo m vic thc hin cc ngha v cha n hn.
Trong s cc bin php thc hin ngha v dn s th cc bin php cm c v th
chp thng c cc bn p dng nhiu nht. Do , BLDS quy nh rt c th v
vn ny. BLDS th hin quan im bn cm c, th chp tuy b hn ch mt s quyn
nhng h cng c nhng quyn t ch nht nh, nht l trong hot ng sn xut, kinh
doanh. V d, bn th chp c quyn c khai thc cng dng, hng hoa li, li tc t
ti sn tr trng hp hoa li, li tc cng thuc ti sn th chp theo tho thun ca cc
bn; c u t lm tng gi tr ca ti sn th chp; c bn, thay th ti sn th
chp, nu ti sn l hng ho lun chuyn trong qu trnh sn xut, kinh doanh. Trong
trng hp bn ti sn th chp l hng ho lun chuyn trong qu trnh sn xut, kinh
doanh th quyn yu cu bn mua thanh ton tin v s tin thu c hoc ti sn hnh
thnh t s tin thu c tr thnh ti sn th chp thay th cho s ti sn bn; c
bn, trao i, tng cho ti sn th chp khng phi l hng ho lun chuyn trong qu
trnh sn xut, kinh doanh nu c bn nhn th chp ng ; c cho thu, cho mn
ti sn th chp nhng phi thng bo cho bn thu, bn mn bit v vic ti sn cho
thu, cho mn ang c dng th chp v phi thng bo cho bn nhn th chp
bit.