Professional Documents
Culture Documents
DK Thiet Bi Qua Mang Internet
DK Thiet Bi Qua Mang Internet
LUN VN TT NGHIP
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Gii thiu
iu khin t xa v ang l mt xu hng pht trin mang tnh quy lut. S
pht trin nhanh chng ca khoa hc k thut ni chung v ngnh in t-vin thng
ni ring l nn tng cho xu hng ny. V s tin li ca n, iu khin t xa c th
c s dng bt k ni no. Ngi s dng c th bt k u trn th gii cng c
th iu khin c nhng b phn ngoi vi nh, cng s hay mt ni no c
nh sn.Lc ny khng cn gii hn v khong cch na.
Trong k thut iu khin t xa, mi trng truyn dn c th l dy dn in
hay khng kh vi tn hiu truyn c th l tn hiu in hng ngoi hay sng v
tuyn....c bit, k thut hng ngoi hay v tuyn c khai thc trit trong vic
ch to cc thit b u xa. Tuy nhin k thut iu khin dng tia hng ngoi v v
tuyn b hn ch v khong cch v bng thng. khc phc nhc im trn c th
s dng phng php khc l iu khin t xa qua mng ethernet, Internet hoc LAN.
tng ca n l s dng mng c sn truyn tn hiu iu khin, nh m vn
khong cch c khc phc.
Nh ta bit, ngy nay mng li Internet-Ethernet pht trin v ph bin
khp ni trn th gii. C th xem s bng n ca Internet ngy nay cng ging nh
s bng n ca tivi vo nhng nm 40-50 ca th k trc. Chnh iu ny cng lm
cho Internet ng tr trong mi ngc ngch ca cuc sng, v do vic iu khin t
xa qua mng tr nn d dng, thun tin hn v l mt nhu cu tt yu ca cuc sng
hin i ngy nay.
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1.2.
remote
client
Device1
Switch
IP
t n
Internet
h
IP tn
Device 2
IP
h
tn
.
.
.
Device N
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trc c thc hin tc 3 Mbps v s dng nghi thc CSMA/CD (carrier sense
multiple access collision detect) cho mng LAN vo nm 1970 bi tp on Xerox. S
thnh cng ca n ny sm gy s ch v dn n s pht trin ca Ethernet
10 Mps bi ba tp on: Digital Equipment, Intel, Xerox.
Thnh ng Ethernet c ngun gc vi mng LAN ( Local-Area Network) v vic
s dng chun IEEE 802.3. Chun ny c bit vi nghi thc CSMA/CD. C ba tc
c c dng cho mng Ethernet vi ng truyn l cp ng trc, cp i hay
si quang.
10Mbps10 base-T Ethernet.
100Mbps Ethernet tc cao (Fast Ethernet).
1000MbpsGigabit Ethernet.
Ethernet 10-Gigabit pht trin v c a ra cng chun IEEE 802.3ae cui
2001 v u 2002. N cng tng thch vi chun IEEE 802.3.
Ethernet c to ra phn ln t k thut mng LAN (hin ti ang c s dng
cho gn 85% cho mng LAN ni PC v cc my trm-workstations). Bi v ghi
thc ca n c mt s c im sau:
D dng s dng, thc hin, qun l v bo tr.
Cho php thc hin mng tc thp.
Cung cp rt a dng m hnh mng (topology).
Bo mt thnh cng vic kt ni chung.
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2.2.
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2.2.1.
Lp vt l (Physical Layer)
2.2.2.
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2.2.3.
2.2.4.
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2.2.5.
2.2.6.
2.2.7.
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quan vi cc ng dng nh: FTP (truyn nhn file), Telnet (gii quyt s khc nhau
phn cng cng nh phn li gia cc terminal), e-mail (truyn nhn mail), file
sharing
2.3.
2.4.
cng vic m MAC thc hin. Thm vo , mt vi chc nng la chn c thm
vo cho khung d liu. Mt khung d liu gm c 7 trng nh hnh v.
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0 v 1 xen k nhau bo hiu cho trm nhn (receiving stations) rng c khung ang
ti. V n cng cung cp mt phng tin ng b ha nhng phn khung nhn ca
lp vt l nhn vi mt lung bits vo.
Preamble bao gm 7 bytes nh sau:
10101010 - 10101010 - 10101010 - 10101010 - 10101010 - 10101010 - 10101010
u ca chui thng tin vi hai bit cui l 11. Sau byte ny chnh l a ch.
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v pht hin sai theo m CRC-32 v tnh trn tt c cc trng (fields) ngoi tr
Preamble, SFD, FCS.
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2.5.
2.5.1.
Lp con MAC nm lp 2 trong m hnh OSI. C chc nng l gii quyt tranh
chp cho mi trng dng chung. N bao gm cc quy nh ng b, kim sot li cn
thit chuyn thng tin t v tr ny n v tr khc, cng nh cc a ch vt l ca
trm m bo khung d liu c truyn nhn ng trm.
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2.5.2.
Khi c nhiu ngi s dng cng truy cp 1 knh truyn dng chung m khng
c quy lut th s dn n xung t. iu ny s dn n d liu s b sai v tr thnh
nhiu. Do mt mng LAN cn c mt c ch qun l lu lng, ti thiu ha
cc xung t v cc i ha cc khung c phn phi thnh cng. C ch truy cp
c dng trong mng Ethernet theo chun IEEE-802.3 l Carrier Sense Multiple
Access with Collision Detect (CSMD/CD), tm dch l a truy cp cm nhn sng
mang c pht hin xung t.
Thit k ban u l phng thc a truy cp (Multiple Access - MA) trong
mi trm truy cp n mt lin kt l ngang bng nhau v bnh quyn. Vi MA th
khng c qun l lu lng, bt c trm no mun truyn th s truyn v da vo xc
nhn kim tra khung truyn l thnh cng hay khng.
Trong mt h thng CSMA, bt c trm no mun truyn trc tin phi lng
nghe sng mang bng cch kim tra in p. Nu khng c in p trn ng truyn
th ng truyn xem nh l rnh v n c th bt u truyn. CSMA c th gim
thiu s xung t nhng tt nhin khng th loi b chng mt cch hon ton. Xung
t vn xy ra nu mt trm cha cm nhn c tn hiu sng mang t mt trm khc
no trn ng truyn do hin tng tr ca truyn sng.
khc phc tnh trng nh trn cn phi c b pht hin xung t Collision
Detect CD. Trong CSMA/CD mt trm mun pht th phi chc chn l ng
truyn rnh, ri mi truyn d liu. Trong lc truyn d liu, trm lun kim tra xem
c in p cao vt tri hay khng, nu c tc l c xung t xy ra. Nu pht hin c
xung t, trm s ngng truyn v i mt lng thi gian ngu nhin nu ng
truyn rnh n s thc hin truyn li.
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2.5.3.
Half Duplex Ethernet l m hnh truyn thng ca Ethernet s dng giao thc
CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detect). Vi CSMA/CD hay
nhiu hn cc trm chia s mt ng truyn chung. truyn mt frame, mt trm
phi ch cho mt khong thi gian rnh trn ng truyn khi khng c mt trm
khc ang truyn. Sau n truyn frame bng cch thng bo (broadcast) n trn
ng truyn m n nghe tt c cc trm trn mng. Nu mt trm khc c gng
truyn truyn d liu ti cng mt thi im, mt ng xut hin. Trm truyn
sau c truyn mt Jam bo m tt c cc trm c thng bo frame truyn b
li v mt ng . Trm sau gi cho mt khong thi gian ngu nhin trc khi n
lc truyn li. Tin trnh c lp li cho n khi frame truyn thnh cng.
Cc nguyn tc c bn cho vic truyn mt frame:
Sau khi gi chui jame, trm truyn ch mt khong thi gian ngu nhin
c chn t b pht random number trc khi bt u tin trnh truyn li.
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i vi Gigabit Ethernet, slot time phi c tng t 512 n 4096 bits time. V
Gigabit Ethernet c tc data cao hn, tn hiu truyn ch cho mt khong cch rt
nh trong phm vi 512 bits time. Ti tc mt slot time 512 bits s c h tr mt
mng kch c ti a khong 20 mt. Mt mng nh l khng thc t, v th chp nhn
ca vic m rng mt sng mang c gii thiu tng slot time n 4096 bits. Vic
tng kch c ca slot time v vic gii hn s ln lp li trong mt mng, kch c mt
mng 200 mt c th c h tr bi Gigabit Ethernet.
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Backoff
Backoff l qu trnh x l mt trm ang truyn tnh ton ch bao lu sau mt
ng trc khi n lc truyn li frame. Nu tt c cc trm ch cng khong
thi gian trc khi truyn li, sau ng khc s chc chn xut hin. iu ny
c trnh bng cch mi trm pht mt s ngu nhin tn khong thi gian n phi
ch trc khi kim tra sng mang. Khong thi gian ny c bit nh l backoff
delay ca trm.
Thut backoff thc hin trong Ethernet l truncated binary exponential
backoff. Sau mt ng , mi trm pht mt s ngu nhin nm trong tm ch r ca
gi tr. Sau n ch s slot time trc khi n lc truyn li. Tm gi tr tng theo s
m sau mi ln truyn li b hng. N lc ln u c tm l 0 n 1, ln th hai l 0
n 3, ln ba l 0 n 7 v c th tip tc. Nu ng lp li, th tm tip tc m
rng n 10 n lc khi n i t 0 n 1023. Sau tm ca gi tr nm gia t 0 n
1023. Nu mt trm khng thnh cng trong vic truyn sau 16 ln n lc, th MAC
thng bo excessive collision error. Frame c truyn li sau b b i, ta cn
phn mm ng dng pht hin mt frame v bt u mt s truyn li.
Cc kt qu binary exponential backoff trong khong tr hon nh nht trc khi
truyn li khi lu lng trn LAN l thp. Khi lu lng cao, ng lp li l
nguyn nhn lm tm tng ln, v th lm gim c hi ng sau . Trong mt
mng, ni m lu lng c mc cao, ng lp li s bt u gy ra li qu ng
(excessive collision error) c pht i. Li qu ng ch ra rng lu lng
ti tng n im m n khng th c kh nng c gi trn mt mng Ethernet
n l.
Capture Effect
Khi mng ang hot ng di mt ti ln, thut ton binary exponential backoff
c th trnh by mt s khng cng bng c bit nh capture effect. Vn ny
sinh t vic nm gi ca collision counter. Mi trm s cp nht b m ng mt
cch c lp ca n v ch sau mt n lc truyn li. Ch c thnh cng b m ng
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2.5.4.
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nhng khng cng mt lc. Mode full duplex cho php hai trm ng thi chuyn
data trn mt lin kt im im cung cp ng truyn v nhn c lp. T mi
trm c th truyn v nhn data cng mt lc, thng lng ca lin kt c gp i
ln. Mt trm 10 Mb/s hot ng mode full duplex cung cp bng thng ti a 20
Mb/s. Mt trm 100 Mb/s cung cp bng thng 200 Mb/s.
Hot ng full duplex b gii hn n chun sau:
ng truyn vt l phi l cp h tr truyn v nhn ng thi m
khng nhiu. Cc phng tin truyn ch r gp yu cu ny l: 10Base-T,
10Base-FL,
1000Base-CX,
100Base-TX,
1000Base-SX,
100Base-FX,
1000Base-LS,
100Base-T2,
1000Base-T.
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2.6.
2.6.1.
M hnh TCP/IP ch c 4 lp. M hnh tham chiu ca TCP/IP khng trc tip
ging m hnh ca OSI. Mc d mi m hnh mng u c chung mt mc ch l
truyn thng d dng gia cc mng, gia cc loi my tnh chy trn nn h iu
hnh khc nhau. Nhng mi m hnh mng u c c im ring v cch thc thi
cng cht t khc nhau. M hnh OSI do ISO to ra trong mt thi gian di, n c
dng lm m hnh chun cho cc m hnh khc. Cn TCP/IP ra i do yu cu cp
thit ca chnh ph M trc tnh hnh lc by gi, do s pht trin ca TCP/IP
khng b nng bi nhng yu cu cht ch nh OSI.
Do c tnh ca OSI l mt m hnh tham kho nn vic p dng OSI vo thc t
l kh c th thc hin (hiu sut km v d liu khi truyn trong mng phi qua tt c
cc lp ca m hnh OSI). Do , OSI ch l mt tiu chun cc nh nghin cu
da vo pht trin cc m hnh khc ti u hn. C rt nhiu m hnh khc nhau
c pht minh, tuy nhin hin nay trn th gii cng vi s pht trin nh v bo
ca Internet th m hnh TCP/IP l c s dng ph bin nht.
B giao thc TCP/IP l rt quan trng trong vic la chn cch thc truyn thng
nhm hn ch li v tng hiu qu. TCP/IP c cc c im ni bc sau:
c lp vi cu hnh mng: TCP/IP c th dung cho mng bus, start, ring,
cho mng cc b, mng din rng hay cc lin mng.
c lp vi phn cng vt l ca mng: TCP/IP c th dung cho Ethernet,
token-ring hay bt c loi phn cng no.
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2.6.2.
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Cc mc con c th li b loi b.
Hai h thng khc nhau c th truyn thng vi nhau nu chng bo
m nhng nguyn tc chung (ci t cng mt giao thc truyn
thng).
Cc chc nng c t chc thnh mt tp cc lp ng mc cung cp
chc nng nh nhau. Cc lp ng mc phi s dng giao thc chung.
Mt lp khng nh ngha mt giao thc n, n nh ngha mt chc nng
truyn thng c th thi hnh bi mt s giao thc. Do vy, mi lp c th cha nhiu
giao thc, mi giao thc cung cp mt dch v ph hp cho chc nng ca lp. Mi
lp phi c chun ha giao tip vi lp tng ng vi n. Trn l thuyt, giao
thc ch lin quan ti lp ca n m khng quan tm ti lp trn hoc di ca n.
Tuy nhin phi c s ng lm sao chuyn d liu gia cc lp trn mt my
tnh, bi mi lp li lin quan ti vic gi d liu t ng dng ny ti mt ng dng
tng ng trn mt my khc. Lp cao hn da vo lp thp hn chuyn d liu
qua mng pha di. D liu chuyn xung ngn xp t lp ny xung lp thp hn
cho ti khi c truyn qua mng nh giao thc ca lp vt l. Ti ni nhn, d liu
i ln ngn xp ti ng dng nhn. Nhng lp ring l khng cn bit cc lp trn v
di n x l ra sao, n ch cn bit cch chuyn thng tin ti lp m thi. S c
lp cc hm truyn thng trn cc lp khc nhau gim thiu s tch hp cng ngh ca
u vo mi b giao thc. Cc ng dng mi c th thm vo m khng cn thay i
lp vt l ca mng, phn cng c th c b sung m khng cn vit li cc phn
mn ng dng.
Cc lp kin trc m hnh TCP/IP v cc nghi thc tng ng nh sau:
OSI
Application
layer
Presentation
layer
TCP/IP
Process/Application
layer
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Session layer
Transport layer
Transport layer
TCP or UDP
Network layer
Internet layer
DataLink layer
Network Access
layer
Physical layer
2.6.3.
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2.6.4.
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2.6.4.1.
Protocol
Source address
Destination address
Option:
Strick source route
Loose source route
Record route
Time stamp
Security
Data (max 65535 bytes)
IP datagram header
Destination Address Source Address
4 bytes
4 bytes
Type Field
2 byte
IP data
46 1500 bytes
CRC
4 bytes
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2.6.4.2.
a ch IP
Bit trng
s
0xxx
Lp
(Class)
A
Phm vi a ch
0.0.0.0 127.255.255.255
Kch thc
khng gian a ch
224 = 16777216
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10xx
110x
1110
1111
B
C
D
E
128.0.0.0 191.255.255.255
192.0.0.0 223.255.255.255
224.0.0.0 239.255.255.255
240.0.0.0 255.255.255.255
216 = 65536
28 = 256
Khng gian a ch IP
Khi mt mng phc tp c a ch thuc lp A, B hoc C c mt vi subnet tham
d to cu trc mng th local s c chia lm 2 phn: subnet address v host
address. Kch thc v vic gn trng s ca subnet part c qun l bi t chc ni
b.
phn bit cc subnet cho cc host v router th cn dng mt subnetsmask.
l b 32 bits, bit 1 ph phn network v subnet, bit 0 dng mask out s host trong
a ch IP.
Class A
Class B
Class C
Class D
Class E
0
1
1
1
1
Net ID
0
Net ID
1 0
1 1 0
1 1 1
Host ID
Host ID
Net ID
Host ID
Multicast address
Reserved for future use
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2.6.4.3.
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Host A
Host B
Host C
Host D
ARP Request
Host A
Host B
Host C
Host D
ARP Reply
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7 8
Hardware Type
Hareware len
15 16
31
Protocol Type
Protocol len
ARP operation
Destination Address
6 bytes
Source Address
6 bytes
Frame type
2 bytes
(ARP) Data
28 bytes
CRC
4 bytes
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2.6.5.
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cc nghi thc port to port lm vic pha trn ca cc nghi thc IP phn pht gi t
port gc n port ch ti cui truyn.
Mi port c nh ngha bng mt s nguyn dng c mang trong header
ca gi lp giao vn. Mt khung ti lp giao vn dng a ch port 16 bits, dng
cho cc ports t 0 n 65535.
2.6.5.1.
UDP (User Datagram Protocol) l mt nghi thc khng tin cy, ch c gng ht
mnh phn pht d liu. UDP ch cung cp c bn cn thit cho phn pht end-toend. N khng cung cp bt c chc nng nh s th t no v do khng th lm
r gi no b hng khi bo co v li. UDP c th khm ph ra mt li xut hin tc
l ICMP c th thng bo pha gi l mt user datagram hng v b loi. Tuy nhin
n khng c kh nng bit l gi no b mt. UDP cho php truyn d liu trn mng
vi chi ph thp do s phn pht d liu khng tin cy. Cc dch v dng UDP l
TFTP, DSN, SNMP
Gi thng tin UDP:
Mi gi thng tin UDP gi l mt Datagram c phn lm 2 phn header v
data trong header cha thng tin v a ch cng ngun, a ch cng ch, di
ca gi v checksum.
Chech sum: 16 bits l s b 1 ca tng b 1ca cc 2 bytes trong phn header, d
liu v phn header gi (pseudo header) . Nu phn header v text cha mt s l bytes
th byte cui cng c m vo bn phi vi 0 16 bit cho mc ch Checksum.
Phn m th khng c truyn nh mt phn ca header.
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Sourceport
D
estinationport
M
essagelength
C
hecksum
D
ata
D
ata
D
ata
D
estination
Source
Type
IP
A
ddress
A
ddress
field
header
U
D
Pdata
CR
C
Port 2
Port 3
UDP: Demultiplexing
Based onPort
UDPDatagramarrives
IPLayer
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2.6.5.2.
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) l mt nghi thc tin cy. TCP l mt nghi
thc port-to-port tin cy v nh hng kt ni. TCP to ra mt mch o gia pha gi
v nhn trong sut qu trnh truyn.TCP bt u truyn bng cch thng bo cho pha
nhn bit (thit lp kt ni) v khi kt thc truyn th gi mt kt thc kt ni. N c
gng phn pht d liu n ch, kim tra li, truyn li nu cn, thng bo li cho lp
trn nu truyn khng thnh cng. Do , vic s dng TCP cng lm tng chi ph.
TCP cung cp y cc dch v lp giao vn i vi p dng. TCP l mt nghi
thc port to port tin cy v nh hng kt ni. TCP to ra mt mch o gia pha gi
v nhn trong sut qu trnh truyn. TCP bt u truyn bng cch thng bo cho pha
nhn bit (thit lp kt ni) v khi kt thc truyn th gi kt thc kt ni.
S tin cy ca TCP m bo bng vic pht hin li v truyn li cc khung b
hng: tt c cc an phi c nhn v xc nhn trc khi xem nh cuc truyn l
han thnh v mch o c lai b.
Ti u gi, TCP chia cuc truyn thnh cc n v d liu nh hn v ng gi
thnh cc khung gi l an. Mi an bao gm vic nh s nhm sp li theo th t
khi nhn. Cc an c ti qua mng bn trong cc IP datagram. Ti u nhn, TCP
gom mi datagram khi chng n v xp li theo th t da vo cc s c nh.
TCP gi trn internet cc datagram. Header ca Internet Protocol mang nhng
trng thng tin bao gm a ch ngun v ch ca my ch. TCP header theo sau
header ca internet v cung cp thng tin c th ti nghi thc TCP.
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Sourceport
Destinationport
SequenceNumber
Acknowledgment Number
Dataoffset
reserved
U A
R C
G K
P
S
H
R S
S Y
T N
Checksum
F
I
N
Window
Urgent pointer
Option
Padding
Data
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s
Sourceaddress
D
estinationaddress
Zero
PTC
L
TC
PLength
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2.6.6.
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M t tng quan
ENC28J60 l IC giao tip mng Ethernet lp vt l tng ng trong m
hnh OSI. N h tr tuyn song cng trn knh truyn c bng thng t 1020Mbps. ng thi nhm trnh xung t trn knh truyn, ENC28J60 lm vic
trn protocol CSMA/CD pht hin v ti thiu ha xung t. ENC28J60 c
giao tip vi cc thit b khc theo chun SPI.
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packets
SPI Interface with clock speeds up to 20 MHz
8-Kbyte transmit/receive packet dual port SRAM
Configurable transmit/receive buffer size
Hardware-managed circular receive FIFO
Byte-wide random and sequential access with
auto-increment
Internal DMA for fast data movement
Hardware assisted
Supports Unicast, Multicast and Broadcast
Packets
Loopback mode
Two programmable LED outputs for LINK, TX,
RX, collision and full/half-duplex status
Six interrupt sources and one interrupt output pin
25 MHz clock input requirement
Clock out pin with programmable prescaler
Operating voltage of 3.1V to 3.6V (3.3V typical)
5V tolerant inputs
Temperature range: -40C to +85C Industrial,
0C to +70C Commercial (SSOP only)
28-pin SPDIP, SSOP, SOIC, QFN packages
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3.2.
S chn
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3.3.
S khi
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7. The PHY (Physical Layer) module that encodes and decodes the analog
data that is present on the twisted pair interface.
3.1.1.
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3.3.1.1.
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3.4.
Giao tip vi VK
3.1.1.
Truyn gi
3.4.1.1.
3.4.1.2.
Tin trnh gi
3.4.1.3.
3.1.1.
Nhn gi
3.4.1.4.
3.4.1.5.
B m thu
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1.2.
Chun SPI
The ENC28J60 is designed to interface directly with the Serial Peripheral
Interface (SPI) port available on many microcontrollers. The implementation
used on this device supports SPI mode 0,0 only. In addition, the SPI port
requires that SCK be at Idle in a low state; selectable clock polarity is not
supported. Commands and data are sent to the device via the SI pin, with
data being clocked in on the rising edge of SCK. Data is driven out by the
ENC28J60 on the SO line, on the falling edge of SCK. The CS pin must be
held low while any operation is performed and returned high when finished.
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