1

B GIO DC V O TO
TP ON BU CHNH VIN
THNG VIT NAM
HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG
---------------------------------------


NG TH LAN

M PHNG MNG IP V LM CH PHN MM NS-3
CHUYN NGNH : TRUYN D LIU V MNG MY TNH

M S : 60.48.15
Ngi hng dn khoa hc: TS inh Vn Dng
TM TT LUN VN THC S



H NI - 2011


2
M U
I. t vn
Th gii ca mng vin thng v mng my tnh tri qua kinh nghim trn 2 thp nin trc, mt s
pht trin cha tng c tin l trong lnh vc cung cp dch v, m lng ca qu trnh truyn tin, cc cng
ngh c s dng. Cc mng vin thng, m trc y tp trung vo s truyn ti s dng cng ngh
chuyn mch, nhanh chng pht trin theo hng chuyn giao k thut s, d liu, hnh nh dng cc
cng ngh chuyn mch gi TCP/IP.
Vic kt hp cc h thng lm tng tnh phc tp trong x l l nguyn nhn dn n s ra i ca cc
phng php m hnh ha v cc k thut m phng trong khi quy hoch, thit k mng vi cng ngh nn
IP (Internet, NGN, 3G, MAN-E,...).
Ngay nay, vic m hnh ha v m phng l mt trong hu ht cc k thut c s dng rng ri trong
thit k cc h thng phc tp do n linh hot v hiu qu. ng thi, s dng cc m phng lmcho vic
hc tp, nghin cu cc h thng trong cc nh trng hiu qu hn trong khi c s vt cht cha p ng
c.
II. Mc tiu nghin cu ca lun vn
Xut pht t s hiu qu trong s dng, ng thi cng xut pht t yu cu ca trng i hc Cng
Nghip Vit Hung: Khuyn khch gio vin s dng cc cng c m phng bi ging, hc sinh quan st
trc quan v cng l gii quyt vn thiu phng tin dy hc. V t thc t dy hc chuyn nghnh
Qun tr mng ti trng.
ti M phng mng IP v lm ch phn mm NS-3 vi mong mun sau khi hon thnh s gip
cho cng tc ging dy c thun li hn truyn t ti a kin thc n cho sinh vin chuyn nghnh
Qun tr mng ni em cng tc. Do , mc tiu ca ti cn t c l:
- Tm hiu cc phng php m hnh ha mng IP: m phng s kin ri rc, m phng theo vt (trace
driven) v phng php m phng Monte.
- Lmch phn mmm ngun m ns-3, nmvng cc lp, m hnh v cch s dng ca cc lp trong
ns-3
- Thc hin cc minh ha m phng s dng ns-3.
III. B cc ca lun vn
Lun vn gm3 ni dung sau:
Chng 1 : M phng mng IP
Chng 2 : Kin trc h thng phn mm NS-3
Chng 3 : Pht trin v ng dng phn mmm phng NS-3
3
Chng 1
M PHNG MNG IP
1.1. Cc phng php m hnh ha mng IP
1.1.1. Phng php m phng s kin ri rc
Mt m phng s dng m hnh trng thi ri rc ca h thng c gi l phng php m phng
s kin ri rc. Phng php ny ngc vi cc phng php m phng s kin lin tc ch trong m
phng s kin lin tc trng thi ca h thng ly cc gi tr lin tc. Cc m hnh trng thi lin tc c s
dng trong cc m phng ha hc do trng thi ca h thng c m t bi s tp trung ca mt cht ha
hc. Trong cc h thng my tnh, cc m hnh s kin ri rc c s dng bi v trng thi ca h thng
c m t bi s lng cng vic nhng thit b khc nhau. Lu rng thut ng ri rc khng dng
ch gi tr thi gian c s dng trong m phng. Phng php m phng s kin ri rc c th s dng cc
gi tr thi gian lin tc hay ri rc.
Tt c phng php m phng s kin ri rc u c chung mt cu trc. Bt k h thng c m
hnh l g, th phng php m phng cng s c mt s thnh phn nh sau: Nu s dng ngn ng lp
trnh a dng, th cc nh phn tch phi t pht trin tt c cc thnh phn. Ngun ng lp trnh m phng
th c th cung cp mt vi thnh phn, cn li cc nh phn tch phi t pht trin.
1.1.2. Phng php m phng theo vt (trace driven)
M phng s dng trace lm u vo l phng php m phng trace-driven. Trace l mt bn ghi
cc s kin c sp xp theo thi gian ca mt h thng tht. Cc phng php m phng trace-driven ny
kh thng dng trong cc phn tch h thng my tnh. Chng thng c s dng phn tch v iu
chnh cc gii thut qun l ti nguyn. Gii thut paging, phn tch b nh cache, cc gii thut lp lch
CPU, cc gii thut ngn chn nghn v cc gii thut phn chia ng b nh l cc v d v cc trng
hp p dng thnh cng phng php m phng Trace-driven v c cp n trong cc ti liu
Trong nhng nghin cu , Trace ca ti nguyn yu cu c dng lm u vo thc hin m phng
m hnh nhng gii thut khc nhau.
1.1.3. Phng php m phng Monte
Phng php m phng tnh hay mt phng php m phng no khng c trc thi gian th
c gi l phng php m phng Monte Carlo. Nhng phng php thng c dng m hnh nhng
hin tng xc sut , nhng hin tng khng thay i c tnh theo thi gian. Ging nh mt phng php
m phng ng, cc phng php m phng tnh cng cn phi c mt b to cc s gi ngu nhin. Phng
php m phng Monte Carlo cng c s dng tnh ton cc biu thc khng theo sc xut bng cch s
dng cc phng php theo sc xut.
1.2. nh gi cc phn mm m phng mng IP
1.2.1. Cc tiu ch nh gi mt phn mm m phng mng
- Phng php m phng c h tr: Cc phng php m phng ph bin gm c 3 phng php: m
phng s kin ri rc, m phng theo vt (trace driven) v m phng Monte.
- H tr chy trn cc nn tng khc nhau: S hu ch nu c mt chng trnh m phng chy trn cc
nn tng khc nhau, c th l trn c cc h iu hnh linux v windows. Trong trng hp m phng c
ti tnh ton nng, cn quan tmti cc kh nng x l a nhim, song song, hay phn tn
- H tr vic to cc topo mng: Cc chng trnh m phng cn c kh nng to cc topo mng phn
cp, khng phn cp cng nh cc topo mng ngu nhin.
4
- H tr gim st: Trong qu trnh m phng, s rt c li nu gim st hot ng ca mng trn mi
lung, mi nt mng hay tng qut hn l trn mt s cc tiu ch tng hp. Vic gim st c th c
tr gip bi giao din ha. Kt qu gim st c th ghi vo cc file nhmto ra cc d liu so snh
v sau hay chy li m phng phc v mc ch nghin cu cc hot xy ra.
- S cn i, kh nng m rng, kh nng iu chnh v tnh mm do/ linh hot: Cc chng trnh m
phng phi c mt kin trc module m trong , cc m hnh hin thi c th c thay th, chnh
sa, hay b sung cc m hnh mi.
- Tnh kh dng rng ri: Thit k phn mm ca mt chng trnh m phng cng nh l cc cng c
lp trnh dng trong chng trnh m phng c tc ng ln n tnh kh dng ca n. Li ch ca
giao din ha c th tng tc thao tc trn chng trnh m phng. V cht lng chung ca cc ti
liu sn c v h tr v k thut cng l cc yu t quan trng c th hc cch s dng v iu khin
chng trnh m phng mt cch hiu qu v nhanh chng.
- Mc cng ng mng chp nhn mt chng trnh m phng: Vic chn la mt chng trnh m
phng c s dng rng ri v c chp nhn bi cng ng mng cho php to ra cc kt qu d so
snh vi cc kt qu c trnh by trong cc ti liu c, v kha cnh no , cc kt qu ny cng
d c gii khoa hc chp nhn hn.
1.2.2. Mt s phn mm m phng mng IP
1.2.2.1. OPNET
1.2.2.2. OMNeT++
1.2.2.3. NS-2
1.2.2.4. JiST
1.2.2.5. SimPy
1.3. So snh hiu sut ca cc phn mm m phng
1.3.1. Phng php thc hin
Thc hin trn mt m hnh mng bt k v chy trn tt c cc phn mm m phng ns-2, OMNet++,
ns-3, SimPy v J iST/SWANS. Bi v, hiu sut ca qu trnh m phng mng ph thuc ch yu vo m ca
cc m hnh mng v phc tp tnh ton ca chng.
1.3.2. Kh nng tng ng ca cc m hnh
Thc hin mt m phng trn 5 phn mm m phng khc nhau trn. Trong v d ny ta chy m
phng mt m hnh mng trong tt c cc phn mm m phng, xc sut mt mt thng tin nm trong
khong gia 0 v 1, cu trc lin kt mng hnh vung gii hn kch thc mng t 4 ti 1024 nt , thi gian
m phng c t l 600s.
Kt qu t c cho thy t l mt mt thng tin ca SimPy l hi cao hn mc trung bnh, tuy
nhin vn nmtrong gii hn chp nhn c. T nhng kt qu ny, ta c th kt lun rng vic trin khai
c lp cc m phng trong thc t cho kt qu tng ng nhau.
1.3.3. So snh hiu sut
Vi thc t kh nng m phng ca cc phn mm cho kt qu nh nhau, by gi ta tin hnh so snh
tng cng c m phng ring, nh gi thng s: Thi gian chy m phng (simulation runtime) v s
dng b nh (memory usage). nh gi kh nng ca cc phn mm m phng, chng ta s thc hin 2
lt chy khc nhau s dng mt m phng. Trong lt chy u tin, xc sut mt thng tin c t c
nh l 0.10 vi kch thc mng trong khong t 4 ti 3025 nt.

5
Hnh 1.3. Thi gian chy m phng thi gian so vi kch thc mng
Lt th 2 s dng kch thc mng c nh l 3025 nt, xc sut mt thng tin nm trong khong 0.0
v 1.0. Tt c cc kt qu a ra sau y l trung bnh ca 5 ln thc hin i vi mi lot m phng. Trong
c 2 lot m phng, thi gian m phng c t l 600s.
1.3.3.1. Thi gian chy m phng
Hnh 1.3 cho thy thi gian chy m phng c o cc kch thc mng khc nhau i vi cc
cng c m phng c so snh. Trc ht, nhng kt qu ny cho thy rng SimPy khng hot ng tt v
v th khng th p dng m phng mng c quy m ln: i vi mt mng c kch thc 3025 nt, trung
bnh n cn ti 1225 giy hon thnh vic chy m phng. Tri ngc vi iu , cng mt cng vic
JiST hon thnh nhanh hn khong 14 ln, kt qu thi gian thc hin trung bnh l 86s. Nhn qua th hiu
sut thi gian chy tng th ca JiST l ng kinh ngc.
Thc t cho thy l n c xy dng da trn J ava v vn cn nhanh hn so vi OMNeT++v ns-
3, l nhng cng c c thc hin mt cch t nhin. iu l do gii hn thnh cng l t kin trc ca
J iST: Bn cnh vic thc hin song song trn cc thc th khc nhau, J iST thc hin ti u ha thi gian
chy da trn s phn tch ca m byte thc hin. Theo hiu sut thi gian chy ca Ns-3, s ci tin v kin
trc, c th l vic b oTCL/C++, c phn nh r rng trong kt qu thu c trn, ns-3 c coi l
nhanh hn so vi phin bn trc (ns-2) ca n. Trong khi hiu sut thi gian chy ca OMNeT++ hi km
hn so vi ns-3 v J iST, c 3 cng c m phng ny th hin rng hu nh c cng mt kh nng m rng
theo thi gian chy m phng.









Hnh 1.4. Thi gian chy m phng so vi vic gim xc sut
6

hiu su hn v cc cch thc trong thi gian chy ca cc cng c m phng khc nhau ta c th
c quan st t cc kt qu trong hnh 1.4. y, c th hnh dung thi gian chy trung bnh t lot m
phng th 2 i vi mt mng c kch thc c nh l 3025 nt v cc xc sut mt mt thng tin khc
nhau. Vi vic tng cc xc sut mt mt thng tin, thi gian chy m phng t nhin gimmt cch nhanh
chng i vi ton b cc cng c m phng, cng ngy cng nhiu gi tin b loi b t m phng, do
dn n kt qu l t s kin c x l hn. Ni cch khc, xc sut mt mt thng tin trc tip phn nh s
cc s kin c thc hin trong cc m phng. Ta c th thy rng thi gian chy m phng SimPy tng
nhanh hn nhiu xc xut mt thng tin thp hn bt k mt cng c m phng no khc. T cc kt qu
, ta c th kt lun rng thc t SimPy c mt t s kin x l hn cc li m phng khc.
1.3.3.2. S dng b nh
Tng t nh phn tch trn v thi gian chy m phng. Hnh 1.5 m t vic s dng b nh ti
a ca tng cng c m phng ring bit trong hai lot chy m phng.












Hnh 1.5. B nh s dng so vi kch thc mng
T kt qu trn cho thy, J iST s dng ti nguyn b nh nhiu hn so vi cc cng c m phng
khc. Ngoi ra, s khc bit trong s dng b nh gia J iST v cc cng c khc tng ln khi kch thc
mng ln hn. Hiu sut s dng b nh ca ns-2, OMNeT++ v SimPY chia thnh cc ng tuyn tnh
tng t nhau th hin tc tng dn ca vic s dng b nh khi kch thc mng tng v ns-3 l cng c
m phng hiu qu nht trong vn ny.
7

Chng 2
KIN TRC H THNG PHN MM NS-3

2.1 Cu trc phn mm NS-3
Ns-3 l mt phn mm m phng mng cc s kin ri rc m trong li v cc m hnh m phng
c thc hin trong C++. Ns-3 xy dng mt th vin c th l tnh hoc ng lin kt vi mt chng
trnh chnh ca C++, nh ngha cc cu trc m phng v bt u m phng. Ns-3 cng a ra hu nh tt
c cc API ca n cho Python, cho php cc chng trnh Python s dng mt module Ns-3 tng t nh
c s dng trong C++.
2.2 Lch trnh thi gian thc (RealTime Scheduler)
Mc ch ca lch trnh thi gian thc l ng b gia thi gian m phng vi thi gian thc bn
ngoi. Nu khng c s hin din cc mt thi gian thc bn ngoi (bin ca ng h) thi gian ca cc m
phng tip theo s c nhy ngay lp tc sau khi kt thc mt m phng trc .
2.3 M phng ri rc vi MPI
M phng s kin ri rc v song song cho php thc hin mt chng trnh m phng trn nhiu b
x l. Bng cch chia cc m phng thnh cc x l thch hp, cc LP, mi LP c th c thc hin bi
mt b x l khc nhau. Phng php m phng ny cho php m phng cc m phng trong phm vi rt
ln bng cch thc y lm tng nng lc x l v s sn c ca b nh. m bo chc chn vic thc
hin m phng ri rc l ng, bt buc phi c mt thng ip truyn qua gia cc LP. h tr cho cc
m phng ri rc trong ns-3, mt giao din chuyn thng ip chun (Message Passing Interface (MPI))
c s dng, cng vi mt lp m phng ri rc mi. Hin ti, vic phn chia mt m phng cho cc mc
ch ri rc trong ns-3 ch c th tp trung cc lin kt imni im(Point-to-Point)
2.4 Node v NetDevices
Node l mt thnh phn ca lp Node. Mt lp Node bao gm cc NetDevice v nhng b phn cu
trc bn trong l cc phng thc v cc ng dng. i tng Node cha mt danh sch cc ng dng
(Application) (ban u l danh sch rng), mt danh sch cc NetDevice (ban u l danh sch rng), mt
danh sch cc ProtocolHandlers, v mt s nguyn ID duy nht v mt ID ca h thng (i vi m phng
ri rc).
2.5 Wifi NetDevice
WifiNetDevice m hnh ha mt iu khin giao tip ca mng khng dy da trn chun
IEEE802.11. Tp hp cc m hnh ca 802.11 trong ns-3 cung cp mt thc thi chnh xc mc MAC ca
cc chi tit k thut 802.11 v cung cp mt m hnh mc PHY ca cc chi tit k thut 802.11a. M ngun
ca NetDevice Wifi c trong th mc src/devices/wifi.
2.6 Wimax NetDevice
Khi thm cc i tng WimaxNetDevice vo cc nt ca Ns-3, ngi ta c th to ra cc m hnh
mng da trn chun 802.16. Cc tnh nng quan trng nht ca m hnh Wimax trong ns-3 gm:
- Kh nng m rng, lp vt l thc t v m hnh knh.
- Phn loi gi tin cho cc lp con hi t IP
- Hiu qu trong cc k hoch lin kt trn v lin kt di.
- H tr dch v truyn a im v qung b (Multicast v Broadcast Service (MBS)) v chc nng truy
tmgi tin.
8
M ngun ca cc m hnh WiMAX c t trong th mc src/devices/wimax
2.7 Cc API Socket
API ca socket tn ti t lu c s dng bi cc ng dng ngi dng truy cp cc dch v
mng trong nhn mng. Socket l mt khi nim tru tng, ging nh mt knh iu khin tp tin ca
Unix, cho php cc ng dng kt ni vi cc my tnh khc trn Internet v trao i dng d liu tin cy v
cc gi d liu khng tin cy, gia cc dch v vi nhau. Ns-3 cung cp 2 loi API Socket, v iu l rt
quan trng hiu c s khc bit gia chng. Loi u tin l mt API ns-3 t nhin trong khi loi th 2
s dng cc dch v ca API t nhin cung cp mt API ging nh POSIX nh l mt phn ca qu trnh
x l ng dng tng th. C 2 loi ny u c gng sao cho gn vi cc API c bn ngi vit ng dng
trn h thng Unix quen vi n, nhng cc bin th POSIX l rt gn vi cc API Socket ca h thng thc.
2.8 Tng quan v nh tuyn
Ns-3 c thit k nhm mc ch h tr cc phng php nh tuyn v cc giao thc truyn thng,
cc cng h tr thc thi cc nh tuyn trn m ngun m v to iu kin nghin cu cc k thut nh
tuyn khng chnh thng. Mt s vn v nh tuyn trong ns-3: Kin trc nh tuyn, cu hnh cc nh
tuyn ton cc i vi cu trc mng c dy, cc giao thc nh tuyn n, nh tuyn a lung.
2.9 To mt m hnh Ns-3 mi
2.9.1 Phng php thit k
Hy xem xt vic m hnh mun to lmvic nh th no; n nn lm nhng g. Hy suy ngh v
nhng iu ny:
+Chc nng: N cn c nhng chc nng g ? Nhng thuc tnh hay nhng cu hnh no c ngi
dng nhn thy ?
+S dng li: bao nhiu ngi c kh nng s dng li thit k ca ti? Ti c th s dng li m t
ns-2 bt u? Lmth no ngi s dng tch hp m hnh vi phn cn li ca m phng khc?
+Ph thuc: Lmth no ti c th lm gim bt s ph thuc vo bn ngoi trong on m mi
ca ti cng nhiu cng tt ( lm cho n module ha hn khng)? V d, ti mun s dng Ipv6 m khng
ph thuc vo IPv4? Ti c nn trnh bt k s ph thuc vo IP tt c cc phin bn?
2.9.2 Xy dng khung cho cc hm cn to
Khi sn sng bt u thc hin v xc nh nhng g mun xy dng. Mt cch gii quyt
l to ra khung cho cc hm cn to (scaffolding) v in cc chi tit nh l hon thnh qu trnh thit k.
Phn ny m t qua rt nhiu bc nn cn cn nhc nh ngha scaffolding hoc khung sn khng cha
ni dung no ca nhng m hnh g s c thc thi. N thng c thc hnh tt khng phi i c
c nhng chi tit ny kt hp vi ngi dng cui, nhng thay v a ngay khung trong m hnh vo h
thng v sau thm mt s chc nng mi sau khi API v qu trnh tch hp dng nh thch hp
2.9.3 To mt m hnh Ns-3 mi
2.9.3.1 B sung thm cc h tr c bn vo lp
point-to-point-net-device.h
class ErrorModel;
/**
* M hnh li i vi cc s kin nhn gi tin
Ptr<ErrorModel> m_receiveErrorModel;
9
2.9.3.2 B sung b x l truy cp
void
PointToPointNetDevice::SetReceiveErrorModel (Ptr<ErrorModel> em)
NS_LOG_FUNCTION (this << em);
m_receiveErrorModel = em;
.AddAttribute ("ReceiveErrorModel",
"M hnh li nhn c s dng m phng mt gi tin",
PointerValue (),
MakePointerAccessor (&PointToPointNetDevice::m_receiveErrorModel),
MakePointerChecker<ErrorModel> ())
2.9.3.3 2.9.3.3 Xm nhp vo h thng
void PointToPointNetDevice::Receive (Ptr<Packet> packet)
NS_LOG_FUNCTION (this << packet);
uint16_t protocol = 0;
if (m_receiveErrorModel && m_receiveErrorModel->IsCorrupt (packet) )
/ / Nu chng ta c mt m hnh thng bo li v n ch ra thi im mt mt gi d liu b
hng, khng chuyn tip gi tin ny, hy cho n i.
m_dropTrace (packet);
else
/ / Tm c du vt nhn tip theo th g b tiu ca giao thc im ni im v chuyn tip
gi tin ny ln ngn xp giao thc.
m_rxTrace (packet);
ProcessHeader(packet, protocol);
m_rxCallback (this, packet, protocol, GetRemote ());
if (!m_promiscCallback.IsNull ())
m_promiscCallback (this, packet, protocol, GetRemote (),
GetAddress (), NetDevice::PACKET_HOST);
2.9.3.4 To mt on m khng c chc nng
simple-error-model.cc
/ / M hnh thng bo li
// Chng ti mun b sung thm mt m hnh li vo NetDevice ca Node 3.
// Chng ti c th c c mt x l ti NetDevice thng qu knh v node
// Cc con tr
Ptr<PointToPointNetDevice> nd3 = PointToPointTopology::GetNetDevice
(n3, channel2);
Ptr<ErrorModel> em = Create<ErrorModel> ();
nd3->SetReceiveErrorModel (em);
bool
ErrorModel::DoCorrupt (Packet& p)
NS_LOG_FUNCTION;
NS_LOG_UNCOND("Corrupt!");
return false;
10

Chng 3
PHT TRIN V NG DNG PHN MM
3.1 Thc hin gi tin IPv6 trong NS-3
Ns-3 ra i nhm p ng s pht trin mnh m ca cc cng ngh mng, s xut hin ca cng ngh
khng dy, trong bao gm h tr tnh di ng v multihoming. Hin nay, NS-3 p ng c cc yu cu
ca mt cng c m phng c bn. Tuy nhin NS-3 ch tp trung vo IPv4, trong khi IPv6 ang c trin
khai trn mng Internet v chc chn s l giao thc c s dng trn Internet trong nm mi nm ti, v
v th bt k mt cng c m phng mng no cng nn h tr cho IPv6. Hu ht cc pht trin trong tng
lai ca cc giao thc cho Internet s h tr IPv6
3.1.1 c im ca IPv6
Hin nay, giao thc c s dng l giao thc mng phin bn 4 (IPv4). Giao thc ny c a
vo s dng rt hiu qu. Tuy nhin, s pht trin ngy cng tng ca mng Internet gy ra s thiu ht v
a ch v vn bo tr cc tuyn ng. Vn thiu ht a ch c khc phc mt phn bng cch gii
thiu rng ri v cng ngh NAT (Network Address Translators), cho php kt hp mt a ch IP ton cc
duy nht cho nhiu my trong cng mt mng ring. Mc d vy, vic s dng NAT gy rc ri trong qu
trnh truyn thng gia cc my v cng c th nh hng n hiu sut ca mng. gii quyt vn ny
v nng cao dch v c cung cp bi IP th phi chp nhn mt phin bn IP mi, l IP phin bn 6
(IPv6). IPv6 c a ra gii quyt phn ln cc vn c kt c trn 30 nm qua trn mng
Internet. u tin, n m rng khng gian a ch t 232 ti 2128. Mt a ch IPv6 c cu to gm128
bit: 64 bit u tin thng c dng nh danh mt mng (phn u ca mng), trong khi 64 bit sau
dng nh v cc my trong mng ny. Mi a ch IPv6 u c th hin phm vi ca chng: lin kt cc
b, trang cc b hay ton cc. Phm vi c hiu lc ca cc a ch lin kt cc b b gii hn bi chnh tn
ca lin kt , v d nh cc a ch loi ny ch c dng truyn thng trc tip gia cc my gn
nhau. Mt a ch lin kt cc b c cu hnh t ng trn mi giao din mng bng cch kt hp tin t
FE80::/64 vi IEEE802 E-64 ca giao din . i vi mt trang khng kt ni c ti mng Internet hoc
vn l mt mng ring th n c phm vi cc b. Nhng a ch ny tng ng vi cc a ch IPv4 ring
(v d 192.168.0.0). Tuy nhin, nhng a ch nh th ny khng c chp nhn trong sut qu trnh nh
tuyn v cc vn phn nh ranh gii ca mt trang. Chng c thay th bi a ch cc b duy nht.
Cui cng, cc a ch IPv6 ton cc c th c nh tuyn trn ton b mng IPv6 v do c s dng
truyn ti thng tin gia hai my IPv6 t xa bt k.
3.1.1.1 Pht hin cc nt mng ln cn
IPv6 c mt giao thc mi l giao thc pht hin cc nt mng ln cn (Neighbor Discovery), thc
hin mt vi chc nng nh khm ph cc tuyn ng, phn gii a ch (nh x cc a ch IP vi cc a
ch lp lin kt), t ng cu hnh a ch, tmcc nt mng ln cn, quyt nh bc nhy tip theo v
chuyn hng my. Tt c cc thng ip IPv6 (ICMPv6) c giao thc pht hin cc nt mng ln cn
truyn i u c thc hin bi Giao thc iu khin thng bo trn mng (Internet Control Message
Protocol).
Giao thc pht hin nt mng ln cn cung cp mt th tc cu hnh a ch mi l c ch t ng
cu hnh a ch. Mt my tnh c th t ng cu hnh a ch IPv6 c gi tr ton cc khi nhn c mt
thng ip thng bo ca b nh tuyn (Router Advertisement) rng b nh tuyn truy cp cc b nh k
11
c qung b trn lin kt IPv6. Mt thng bo ca b nh tuyn thng cung cp mt (nhiu) tin t lin
kt cu hnh a ch ton cu, thmvo a ch lp lin kt ca b nh tuyn truy cp cc b. Lu rng,
a ch IPv6 lin kt cc b ca b nh tuyn c ly t tiu IPv6 ca thng bo ca b nh tuyn, do
mt yu cu cn thit l khng c thay i gi tin IPv6 cn chuyn tip ti b nh tuyn ny. Khi nhn
thng bo ca b nh tuyn, mt my tnh cu hnh a ch IPv6 ton cc cho mi tin t c lit k trong
thng bo bng cch kt hp nhng tin t ny vi IEEE 802 EUI-64 ca giao din nhn c tin nhn.
Ngoi ra, my cng b sung thmcc tuyn ng c lin quan trong bng nh tuyn ca n (Tuyn
ng mc nh, tuyn ng cho cc lin kt ch,) v mg k trong b nh mca nt mng ln cn
(tng ng vi b nh ARP ca IPv4) nh x cc a ch IPv6 vi cc a ch lp lin kt ca b nh
tuyn. Hn na, b nh tuyn truy cp cung cp mt thi gian tn ti cho mi tin t, thng bo h tr
cc my tnh bit khi mt a ch khng c chp nhn v khng nn s dng bt u mt phin truyn
thng mi. Lu rng, IPv6 cng cho php cu hnh a ch t ng thng qua Giao thc cu hnh a ch
ng phin bn 6 (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol version 6 - DHCPv6) hoc cu hnh a ch bng
tay.
3.1.1.2 Phng thc nng cao tin cy kt ni IP
Phng thc nng cao tin cy kt ni IP (Multihoming) l trng thi mt nt mng c th truy cp
bng nhiu ng, hoc bi v nt mng ny c mt vi giao din mng kt ni ti cc mng truy cp khc,
hoc bi v mng con ca nt ny c truy cp nhiu ln bi chnh n. Trong khi mt nt mng ch c th
c mt a ch trn mi giao din trong IPv4, th IPv6 cho php mt nt mng c gn vi a ch IPv6
(khng quan tm phmvi ca a ch) trn mt giao din. Mt trng hp c th minh ha cu hnh ny l
mt lin kt c cung cp vi 2 b nh tuyn truy cp thng bo mt tin t duy nht. Mt nt mng c th
cu hnh t nht 3 a ch trn giao din kt ni ti lin kt ny: Mt a ch lin kt cc b, v 2 a ch ton
cc (t y gi l IP1 v IP2), tng ng vi mi tin t. Nh vy, nt mng ny c th hoc l giao tip ch
vi IP1 hoc IP2 hoc l c IP1 v IP2.
3.1.1.3 Phng thc truyn a im
Phng thc truyn a im IP l c ch chuyn cc gi tin IP ti nhiu im n cng mt lc bng
cch thc hin gi mi gi tin mt ln v khi gp mt im n b chia tch th to mt bn sao khc. Khc
vi IPv4, phng thc truyn a im IP l mt phn c bn trong c tnh ca IPv6. V d, c tnh qung
b ca IPv4 c thay th bng phng thc truyn a imti cc nhm i din cho tt c cc nt mng
trn lin kt. Giao thc pht hin danh sch cc hng (Multicast Lister Discovery) (tung ng vi giao
thc qun l nhmmng ca IPv4) c nhng trc tip trong cc thng ip ICMPv6.
3.1.1.4 M rng tiu
Bn cnh mt tiu IP n gin (( s cc trng c chia thnh 2 so vi 1 tiu ca IPv4). IPv6
cng lm cho vic nh ngha phn m rng mi dng hn, nhng trc tip vo tiu ca IP. Tiu ca
IPv6 gm c mt trng cho tiu tip theo xc nh hoc l giao thc t lp trn ca m hnh OSI (chng
hn l giao thc TCP hoc UDP) hoc l mt IPv6 m rng. Ngi c c th tham kho phn [2] bit
thmchi tit v nh dng v tin ch ca nhng la chn ph bin nht.


12
3.2 Cc cng ngh nn tng m phng cc tn cng v thch thc mng
Thch thc l mt s kin tc ng ti cc hot ng bnh thng. Thch thc gy ra li v nu li
lan ra n c th lm cho cc dch v chuyn vn li. Cc thch thc ti cc hot ng bnh thng ca cc
mng gm: Cu hnh sai khng c , hoc li hot ng, cc tn cng nguy him, cc tai nn t nhin trong
quy m ln, v cc thch thc ca mi trng. Nguyn tc phn loi thch thc mng c dng cho cc
cng ngh nn tng m phng th hin trong hnh 3.7.









Hnh 3.7: Nguyn tc phn loi cc thch thc mng
Nguyn tc ny cn thit phn bit nhng thch thc c a ra v hiu hn v tc ng ca
chng. Cc thch thc c chia thnh 3 loi: Mc ch, phmvi v min hot ng.
3.2.1 Cc m hnh thch thc cn c vo mc tiu
Cc m hnh thch thc c phn loi cn c vo s nguy him hay khng nguy him. Cc thch
thc khng nguy himc th do s thiu nng lc ca ngi s dng (v d: v tnh b ct lin lc, cu hnh
sai ti nguyn mng) hoc do ngi thit k (v d li phn cng hoc phn mm cui cng lm cho mt nt
hoc mt lin kt b li). Nhng s kin ngu nhin ny nh hng ti nt hoc lin kt c sn v kt qu
c th thy c trong a s cc li gp phi. Mt khc, cc tn cng c hi hoc c sp t bi mt i
th thng minh, mc tiu c th trong cc phn ca mt mng v c th tc ng ng k nu cc thnh phn
quan trng ca mng b li.
3.2.2 Cc m hnh thch thc cn c vo phm vi
Phm vi ca mt thch thc c th c phn loi nhiu hn na da trn cc nt, cc lin kt hoc
cc phn t mng b nh hng trong mt khu vc a l. Trong khi mt nt v mt lin kt li c th tc
ng n mt hoc nhiu phn t mng th thch thc theo vng thng nh hng ti nhiu phn t mng.
Hin tng a l t nhin c th tc ng ti cc khu vc rng ln. Bo, ng t, bo mt tri l cc v d
ca thin tai c th nh hng ti mng trong phm vi ln. Hn na, tng quan a l sai c th do ph
thuc gia cc c s h tng quan trng.
3.2.3 Cc m hnh thch thc cn c vo min hot ng
Cc mng c cc c im khc nhau ln da trn min chng hot ng l c dy hay khng dy.
Hiu qu ca qu trnh truyn thng trn mng trong min khng dy ch yu b nh hng bi s di chuyn
gia cc nt v s suy yu gy ra bi cc phng tin khng dy. Nhng thch thc l c hu trong lnh
vc khng dy bao gm: cc knh kt ni yu, s di chuyn ca cc nt trong mng ad-hoc, v thi gian tr
khng th xc nh trc c. y l kt qu ca ting n, nhiu, v cc hiu ng khc t s nhn ln ca
RF nh phn tn v nhiu ng truyn, cng nh s di ng ca cc nt khng dy. Hn na, cc s kin
thi tit nh ma v tuyt c th lmcho cc tn hiu suy gimv lm suy yu cc mng truyn thng khng
13
dy. Cc nt nguy him c th lm nghn tn hiu ca ngi s dng lm suy yu phin truyn thng
trong phng tin khng dy m.
Trong khi cc m hnh thch thc c nhc n trn l trc giao vi nhau th cc kch bn thch
thc l s kt hp ca cc thch thc loi nh. V d, mt tht bi do s lo ha t nhin ca mt thnh phn
c th c phn loi nh l mt nt khng nguy him, c dy (hoc khng dy), nt b li.
3.3 Nn tng m phng
xy dng nn tng (Framework) m phng bc u tin l cung cp chi tit thng tin thch thc
bao gmloi thch thc v chi tit c th ca loi thch thc . Bc th 2 l cung cp mt m t v cu
trc lin kt mng, bao gm v tr a l ca nt hoc ta logic v mt ma trn k. Bc th 3 l t ng
sinh m m phng ca ns-3 da trn cu trc lin kt mng v cc m t thch thc. Cui cng, tin hnh
chy cc m phng v phn tch hiu sut mng theo cc kch bn thch thc.
3.4 Cc v d m phng
Trong phn ny, p dng nn tng m phng ca cc thch thc v phng php nh gi cc cu trc
lin kt mu chng minh s hu ch ca phng php ny. Cc tham s m phng ns-3 cho nh sau:
mng bao gmcc lin kt hai chiu c dy vi bng thng 10Mb/s v thi gian truyn tr l 2ms. Vic nh
tuyn c thc hin bng cch s dng thut ton tm ng i ngn nht Dijkstra, tnh ton li mi
bc, vi thi gian tr hi t li coi nh l mt tham s m phng. Lu lng truyn vi tc bit c nh
(CBR) l 40kb/s gia mi cp nt, vi cc gi tin 1000 Byte. Nhng tham s ny c la chn nh vy l
khng c tnh trng tc nghn trong iu kin hot ng bnh thng, nhng mng khng cung cp cc thng
tin c th nhn thy tc ng ca nt v lin kt tht bi. Tin hnh o hiu sut mng theo cc thch thc
v t l phn phi gi tin (PDR).
3.4.1 Cc thch thc c hi v khng c hi
u tin, ta nh gi hiu sut ca 3 cu trc lin kt ring th hin trong hnh 3.10. theo cc thch
thc c hi v khng c hi. Cc cu trc lin kt c chn l Sprint suy ra t cu trc lin kt (hnh 3.10.1)
v 2 cu trc lin kt gi (hnh 3.10.2 v 3.10.3). Cc cu trc lin kt gi c to ra bng cch s dng
cng c to cu trc lin kt KU-LoCGen. KU-LoCGen to ra cc cu trc lin kt vi cc rng buc a l
v a im lin kt gia cc nt s dng m hnh Waxman c sa i. Kt qu l cc cu trc lin kt
gi c s cc nt ging nhau cc v tr ging nhau nh suy ra t cu trc lin kt Sprint, tuy nhin s cc
lin kt v cc kt ni ca cc nt l khc nhau. Hai th gi c chn trong y bao gm mt cu trc
lin kt a dng v mt cu trc khng c lin kt nu chng minh phmvi ca cc kt ni mnh m t
cng ngh m phng ny. Cc c tnh th ca 3 cu trc lin kt c biu din trong bng 3.2.
.








Bng 3.2- Cc c tnh cu trc lin kt trong v d
14
u tin chng ta tnh ton s nm gia (hoc mc kt ni ) i vi mi thnh phn ca mng
trong cu trc lin kt, v cung cp mt tp tin thch thc l mt danh sch cc phn t c a xung.
Trong hnh 3.11 th hin PDR trong cc lin kt xo trn ti Sprint suy ra t cc cu trc lin kt
tng ng: (hnh 3.11.1), m hnh 1 (hnh 3.11.2). v m hnh 2 (hnh 3.11.3). Kt qu nh gi PDR trong
cc lin kt li vi 2 trng hp sau: 10 lin kt ngu nghin li v mt tn cng s dng 10 lin kt c th
hng cao nht trn c s lin kt c cc gi tr nm gia. Ngoi tr cu trc lin kt gi lp 1, cc lin kt tn
cng c nhiu tc ng lmgim hn l cc lin kt tht bi ngu nghin. 100% PDR cho c trng hp
ngu nhin v trng hp tn cng i vi cu trc lin kt gi lp 1 (hnh 3.10.2) c th l do s cc im
tip theo trung bnh thp hn ca cu trc lin kt ny, ng knh mng, h s nhmv mc trung bnh
cao hn. Cu trc lin kt gi lp 1 cng c nhiu hn 6 lin kt so vi 2 cu trc lin kt khc: 74 v 68.
Mt khc, mt lin kt tn cng trn lin kt nm gia cao nht i vi cu trc lin kt gi lp 2 kt qu
trong PDR gimti 60%. Xemxt k cu trc lin kt gi lp 2 (hnh 3.10.3) r rng xc nh c lin kt
ct gia trung tmv pha ty US l nguyn nhn lmgimnhiu nh vy k t cc phn vng mng sau khi
lin kt tht bi. T cng c th suy ra cng mt kt lun bng cch kim tra cc lin kt nm gia ca
cu trc lin kt gi lp 2 trong bng 1, trong lin kt ny c 140 ng ngn nht.
Hiu sut ca cc cu trc lin kt trong v d tng phn vi vic s o ngc nt nhiu v khng
nhiu c th hin trong hnh 3.12. Kt qu nh gi PDR trong nt li i vi 3 trng hp: 10 li nt
ngu nhin, cc tn cng ca 10 nt c th hng cao nht da trn c s cc tn cng nm gia, v 10 nt c
th hng cao nht da trn mc kt ni. Hnh 3.12.1, 3.12.2 v 3.12.3 th hin rng cc li nt ti t hn
cc lin kt tht bi v li lin kt, v mi nt li tng ng vi s tht bi ca tt c cc lin kt n nt
. Kt qu thu c cho thy cc cuc tn cng c th gy ra s suy thoi nghimtrng nht.
3.4.2 Cc thch thc da cn c vo vng hot ng
Nh tho, cng ngh nn s dng cc hnh trn v hnh a gic m hnh a l tng quan vi
cc li th hin cc tai nn c quy m ln cn thit cho s tn ti ca mng. Nhng thch thc da trn vng
trong m hnh ca chng ti c th khng thay i hoc pht pht trong mt thi gian. Tip theo, chng ti
biu din cc kt qu ca 3 kch bn chng minh cc thch thc da trn vng pht trin khng gian v thi
gian. Trong tt c cc kch bn, xem trong hnh 3.13 chng ti s dng Rocketfuel suy ra t cu trc lin kt
Sprint nh th hin trong hnh 4a. Lu lng ng dng c sinh ra trong khong thi gian t 2 n 29s v
cc kch bn thch thc c ng dng t 10 ti 22s i vi cc th hin th hiu sut nh trong hnh 3.14.
3.4.2.1 ng trn t l
chng minh mt ng trn t l trong kch bn thch thc da trn vng. Chng ti m phng
mt vng trn trung tm(74:00, 40:71), New York, USA nh trong hnh 3.13.1, vi ng knh l 1
(Khong 111 km). Chng ti chn kch bn miu t mt xung in t tn cng (EMP). PDR c hin th
trong hnh 3.14.1. Chng ti chn cc tham s m phng bn knh tng gp i trong 4 giy. Nh c th
thy, PDR lmgim gp i din tch ng trn. Vic gim PDR ph thuc vo vic xt xem bao nhiu
nt v bao nhiu lin kt nmtrong mi bc.
3.4.2.2 Vng trn di ng
Tip theo, chng ta chng minh mt kch bn da trn vng c th pht trin trong khng gian v thi
gian. Chng ti m phng mt s dch chuyn ca vng trng theo qu o t Orlando, USA (81:37, 28:53)
ti New York, USA (-74.00, 40.71). Ba hnh chp c trong vic pht trin cc thch thc c hin th
trong hnh 7b. ng knh ca hnh trn c gi l 2 (tng ng 222km). Chng ti chn cc thams
15
m phng minh ha rng ng trn t n NY trong 7 giy ( hn ch thi gian m phng) vi tuyn
ng c lng li mi 3 giy






(3.10.1) Sprint suy ra t (3.10.2) Cu trc (3.10.3) cu trc
cu trc lin kt lin kt gi 1 lin kt gi 2
Hnh 3.10: V d v cc cu trc lin kt c tnh cc nt v cc lin kt li [11]







Hnh 3.11:PDR trong sut cc lin kt c hi v khng c hi







Hnh 3.12:PDR trong sut cc nt c hi v khng c hi. [11]
Nh trong hnh 3.14.2, PDR lmgim n 93% nh cc thch thc bt u ch bao gmmt nt
Orlando lc 10s. Nh i vi thch thc di chuyn v pha NY trong qu o ca n, PDR t 1 vo giy th
13. Trong trng hp ny, thch thc vng ch gmmt lin kt gia Orlando v NY, nhng t khi c nhiu
ng i trn mt li lin kt n khng nh hng ti PDR, cho thy s a dng kh nng sng l rt quan
trng. Khi di chuyn thch thc vo khu vc ng bc US giy th 16, PDR gimti 66% nh l thch
thc bao gm mt s cc nt v cc lin kt. Qu trnh m phng cho thy rng vic di chuyn vng trn ra
ngoi khu vc ng c ca mt mng, PDR c ci thin, cho ti khi thch thc kt thc giy th 22.
16
3.4.2.3 M rng a gic
Cc a gic rt hu ch cho vic m hnh c th cc thch thch a l nh cc tht bi v nng lc
mng. Xt mt v d v m rng a gic, chng ti biu din mt a gic c 6 mt khng u nhau vng
Trung Ty ca US, c trng tiu biu ca Tng cng ty in t tin cy vng Bc M (NERC) khu vc
Trung Ty, vi cc nh [(-87.91 , 43.04 ), (-89.09,42.27), (-89.64,39.8), (-88.54,39.12), (-88.24 ,40.12 ), (-
87.65 , 41.85 )] nh trong hnh 3.15








(3.13.1) ng trn t l (3.13.2) Di chuyn vng trn (3.13.3) M rng a gic
Hnh 3.13: Cc kch bn thch thc da trn vng.







Hnh 3.14. PDR trong sut ccthch thc da trn vng.
PDR trong qu trnh m phng c th hin trong hnh 8c. Trong m phng ny, cc cnh ca a
gic khng u tng 1,8 ln mi giy. giy th 10, Challenge nh hng ti 16 lin kt, iu ny lmcho
PDR gimti 65%. PDR sau tng ln ti 93%, cho d nhiu lin kt v nhiu nt b nh hng giy th
3 hn. Do s hi t ca cc tuyn ng. Khi tng kch thc a gic, PDR gim xung thp ti 41%, bi v
cc khu vc thch thc chia ct mng giy th 21. Kiu m phng ny c th c s dng tmhiu
rng buc gia khu vc thch thc v nng lc mng, hoc m hnh mt thch thc tmthi ang pht
trin, chng hn nh sp tng nng lng tht bi lm tng phmvi thi gian.
17
3.4.3 Cc thch thc trong min khng dy
Nhng thch thc khng dy c m hnh nh mt thit b lmnhiu v lm gimtrong cng ngh
li ca ns-3. Trong phn ny, chng ta s thc hin mt kch bn kt hp vi c 2 loi thch thc. Trong kch
bn ny, mt nt lmnhiu v lmgimdi chuyn nh th hin trong hnh 3.15. Ngi gi ta (300,0)
ngi nhn v tr ta (0,0), v nt lmnhiu ta (-100,0). Trong khi m phng nt lmgim chy
ngang qua mng khng dy t tri sang phi.







Hnh 3.15: S phi hp gia cc thit b gy nhiu v lmsuy yu thng tin [11]












Hnh 3.16: PDR trong kch bn thch thc khng dy [11]
Kt qu thc hin ca kch bn trn c hin th trong hnh 3.16. Trong kch bn ny, thit b lm
nhiu c lp t do n lm cho gi tin mt 70% lu lng truyn thng chnh thc gia ngi gi v
ngi nhn. khi suy gim qut theo chiu ngang, PDR thay i theo. Trong mt khu vc khi vic suy gim
nh hng ti nt lmnhiu, PDR t c gia ngi gi v ngi nhn l 100%. Khi suy gimnh hng
ti ngi gi v ngi nhn, PDR gimxung 0%.
18

KT LUN

M phng mng l lnh vc hin nay ang ngy cng c s dng rng ri trong thit k mng my
tnh v mng vin thng. Cc phn mmm ngun m, cc phn mm thng mi ln lt xut hin mang
n cho ngi dng nhng cng c ti u nht phc v cho mc ch, cng vic ca mnh.
Sau mt thi gian nghin cu, thc hin ti c th rt ra mt s kt lun sau:
- Trnh by tng quan v cc phng php m hnh ha v mt s phng php m phng c s
dng hin nay.
- Gii thiu mt s phn mmm phng mng hin ang c s dng.
- So snh hiu sut ca mt s phn mm m phng hin nay: OPNET, OMNET++, J iST, SimPy v
NS-2 v phng php thc hin m phng, hiu sut thc hin, thi gian chy m phng v nhu cu s dng
b nh khi thc hin m phng.
- Tng quan v cu trc ca phn mm m phng NS-3. Trnh by cc chc nng, cu trc ca cc lp
trong ns-3
- ng dng phn mm m phng NS-3 vo thc hin mt s m phng

19

KIN NGH V HNG NGHIN CU TIP
I. Kin ngh
Vi mong mun sau khi nghin cu, thc hin ti ny s gp phn h tr vic hc cc mn hc v
mng my tnh v truyn thng ti trng i hc Cng Nghip Vit Hung. Tc gi kin ngh vi ban gim
hiu nh trng v cc cp c thmquyn trin khai hiu qu cc vn sau:
- Vn dng cc phn mm m phng vo dy hc chuyn ngnh Qun tr mng ti trng nng
cao cht lng dy hc.
- Lp k hoch tp hun, bi dng, to iu kin cho i ng gio vin tip cn v a vo nghin
cu v s dng cc phn mm m ngun m.
- Khuyn khch gio vin s dng cc cng c m phng bi ging, hc sinh quan st trc quan v
cng l gii quyt vn thiu phng tin dy hc.
II. Hng nghin cu tip
Lun vn c th c pht trin tip theo mt s hng:
- Pht trin thmcc module ca phn mm m phng mang NS-3.
- Vn dng cc chc nng c ca ns-3 nh gi nng lc mng ca cc h thng ln.