001-008 (

24-11-06

12:47

M

001-008 (

9-11-06

15:42

, ,
/
, ,
/
, ,
/
, ,
/
,

,

,
, ,
/
, -
,
,

... / II / 2.2.1. / 2.2.1.:

.
...,

.


.

.

75% 25% .

001-008 (

9-11-06

15:42

M

001-008 (

9-11-06

15:42

001-008 (

9-11-06

15:42

,

,
,
,

. To
,
..


( ),
, /
( )
.
,
,
,
.
. ,
.

,

,
.

001-008 (

9-11-06

15:42

001-008 (

9-11-06

15:42

E
.................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

1
1.1 ( )
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.2 Mo
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..2
22
1.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..2
23
1.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
1.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
1.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
1.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
1.10
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2
2.1 x + = 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.2
.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3
3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

001-008 (

9-11-06

15:42

E
4
4.1 y = x2  0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4.2 y = x2 + x +  0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

5
5.1
69
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
5.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
5.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
86
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
1.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

0   180 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

1o

-

(9-40)

9-11-06

15:51

:
To

, .
,
, ,
.
.
5
, .
2 ,
.
, :
, , ,
, ,
.


.
, .
,
.
.
.

.
.

,
.

.
,
.
.


. ,
... .


.
( )
,
, ,
.
.

.
.

1o

-

(9-40)

9-11-06

15:51

10

10

.

( )

,
, ,
.
.
( )

.
,
,
.

.

,
, (
, ..), . ,

.


,
.

.
.
, , , .
, .
.


.

.
.
:

1o

-

(9-40)

9-11-06

15:51

11

11

)
.
) .
) ,

.
,

.

, 1 ,
, 8-9 2002, ( ).

.

(projects), ,
,

.

. Frey, Projects, , 2002.

. : ,
, , 2003.
( , , )
, -., 2002.
., . ,
. ,
-., 2001.
H/Y ( )
,
.
.

.
.

. - . , nternet M, . , 2001.
. - T. /, . ,
2003.
www.e-yliko.gr, http://pi-schools.gr, http://www.sch.gr
-
, ,
.
- .

1o

-

(9-40)

14-11-06

15:37

12

12

, , ,
.

.
.
,

, :
.
,
.
,
.

.
.. , ,
, , , , ...
, .
, . ,
.

. , , RT of text A. E, 1995.
.. .. .. :
( , , ), Gutenberg, A 1993.
. . , , . ,
2002.

,
.

. ,
,
.
,
(). H


. ,
.

, , ,
, ,
, .
()
. -

1o

-

(9-40)

14-11-06

15:37

13

13

.
, .
,
. , , .

,
, .
.

,
.
,
. Polya
:
: ,
, ,
-, ,
, ,
.
: , ,

, ,
, , ...
: ,
, , ....
:
, ,

.
Polya: ,
. .

,
.

.

Burkhardt H. Shoenfeld A.: Problem solving An Overview in problem solving A wold

view, First Congress of Mathematical Education, 1984.
.: T , , 2000.
. : , , , .

1o

-

14

(9-40)

14-11-06

15:38

14

.: ,
.
2, 1997,
..
N.C.T.M(National Council of Theathers of Mathematics), The teaching and Assessing of
mathematical Problem solving, volume 3, (Research agenda for mathematics education),
1988.
N.C.T.M (National Council of Teachers of Mathematics), Problem solving in school
mathematics, 1980 yearbook.
A.H Shoenfeld: Mathematical problem solving, Academic Press, London,1985.
G.Polya: , , 1991, :

nternet

nternet . , ,
. , .

. ,

.

,
.
http://mathforum.org/library/problems, http://nrich.maths.org,
http://www.geom.uiuc.edu/java/,
http://www.mathgoodies.com/lessons/,
www.bbc.co.uk/schools, www. derive,
www.hms.gr,
www.pi-schools.gr,
www.e-yliko.gr, www.telemath.gr
M
http://www.col-ed.org/cur/math/math25.txt,
.

1o

-

(9-40)

9-11-06

15:51

15

15

1 -
1.1. (-)

. , ,
. ,
.
,
,
, .
,

.

(2 )

:
, , .

, .

..

4,

9
.. .
(. . 1).
2
.
3
.
2 9, 10
.
11
,
(-7+2+5, -6-3+9, -5+1+4).

.
.
,
( 3 - 8).

1o

-

(9-40)

9-11-06

15:51

16

16

- 1

1
2

1.

0, 3

0,8

3



16



3,14

2
) ,
3

3. ) 11x,
) 6 + 15x,
4. i) ii)
5.

) 0,

) 1,

) 9x, ) 3, 2x,

22
7

2. ) 4, ) 0, ) 11,

5
2 ,

2
) ,
5

) 1

) 6 +3y + 2x + xy, ) 3x, 2

1.

.

5 + 12 3... ... =
3 9 1... ... =
2(3) 4... ... =
3(4) + 7... ... =

2.

.

6 5
7
8
18
7

8
3
6
6
18 15

,

, .
. ,
, , ,
.
,
, ...

o
. ,
.
, .

1o

-

(9-40)

9-11-06

15:51

17

17

(1 )

.

( 3).

1. ,
3. i) , ii) , iii)

2. = (, , )  (, , , , )
4. 5, 6, 1, 4

1. , ,
, .
(: 20
21
22 = 23...)

20

22
21
22

2.
= 2102 2101 2100
= 377 + 377 + 377
59
29
=2 4
= 217
318 218 317
(: = 378, = 2100, = 258, = 617)

+1
3. (2)
x = 2
(: x = 2 , x = 2 )

(2 )

,
.

.
,
.


.

:
.
,
.

1o

-

(9-40)

21-11-06

17:10

18

18

 - 1

.

.
)2 =
,
0, (



2 =

2 =  ( 4, 4).



+

=

+ ( 3).
( 4, 9, 10).
4
, .

1. ) 4

3, ) 2

2, ) 0, ) 6, ) 3, ) 12
2. 3, 2, 1, 3, 3, 12
3.





4
9
64

1
16
36

2
3
8

1
4
6


+

+


4.


5
5
10

3
7
14










2
12
48





2
3/4
4/3

2
12
48

2
3/4
4/3

5.

1. ;
)

1
,


3



3
3
1 ,

,
, 2
3
3


3

12

(:

) 3

8,

72, 2

18, 6

2, 3

2, 2

3


6
2. ;
i) =

8, =

4
1


2
, = 2

, =
, =
2, =
2


2


2

3


3

(: 3

2)



2
4
(: ==, == )

ii) =

3 +

3 , = 2

3


3 , =

12, =

3+3, =

27

3
(: ==)

1o

-

(9-40)

14-11-06

15:40

19

19

3.

 

= 21+

13+
7
+

3+
1
4.


1=


121 =


12321 =


1234321 =
................


57+

44+

15+



99+
1

(: =5, =8 )


123456789
87654321 =

(: 1,11,111,..., + 1
2
)

5. 80cm2
, 45cm2,

12

5.

6. .
128 +

50 +

8 = ... = 15

2 ...)
(:



32


8


128


50

7.
r = 10cm.
M
.

.
5 . . ,
.
.
, , 1882 .., .
.
Dirk Struik :
( )
,
, .
r2, x = r

.
x r , x2 = r2 , x =

Lindemann * ,
.

.
(* ,
2 ,
. ..

x2 2 = 0 ).

1o

-

(9-40)

9-11-06

15:51

20

20

- 1

1.2.

(1 )

.
.
,
-
( ).

,
.

.. .
1.9 1.10.
.
( 3, 5, 6, 7).
5.

1. , , ,
4.

2. , , , , , ,

1 2 3 1 2 3
xy ,
xy
3
3

3.

5
xy4
1
xy2
1/7 x2y5


3 x4

1
1
2
4

4
2
5
0

5
3
7
4

5.
: 1. , 2. , 3. , 4. , 5. ,
6. , 7. , 8.
:

1., 2. , 3. , 4. , 5.) , 6. ,
7. , 8.

1o

-

(9-40)

9-11-06

15:51

21

21

1. o x. To
:
) x2,
) 4x
) 3x,
) 3x2,
(: )
2. H M x , 2 .
:
) x 2, ) 3x + 2, ) 3x,
) 3x 2
( : )
3. 2 (. 27 ) 25 174 cm
24 167 cm.
(: 68,85, 55,52)

, ( , , ...) , , . , , ,
, .

, ,
.
. , , ,
(, ,
...). .
, .
,
. . ,
. , , ,
, , (,
...).

.
,
(- ), ( ) ( ) .

1o

-

(9-40)

9-11-06

15:51

22

22

- 1

: ,

(, , , ,
...) ,

. -

. :
/ (
).
,
( ).
, ,
, ...
,
, ..

(1 )

, .

, , ,
.
, .
,
,
( 2).

1.
2. ) 3x2,

) 10x5,

) 5x-2y,

) 3x2y,

) 2xy3,

) 2x2, ) 2x2,

1. ,

) 3xy2,

) 7x2y

1o

-

(9-40)

9-11-06

15:51

23

) (-15x3-1y) : (-3x y2) = 5x3y,

23

) (42-1 3) : (12+2+1) = 2 3
3
(: ) = 2, = 3 ) = 4, = 2)

2. 3x 4x .
.
(: 5x)

1.3. (2 )

, .

:
,
.

, .

.

.
3, (x), (2x), P(x), P(x2), ...
3 ( ) .

1. , ,

2. , ,

3. , 4. ,

5. ) 3, ) 0 1 2

1. , 3x2 + 5x + 21
2x2 + 4x + 1
x2 + x + 4,
4.
2. P(x)= 4x2 3x Q(x)= 36x2 + 9x : P(3x) Q(x) = 0.

1o

-

(9-40)

14-11-06

15:41

24

24

- 1

1.4. (2 )

.

.

( 2).

1. 5, 7, 1, 3, 6
) 2x, 3x, 15,
3. ) 4, 2x2, ) xy, 6x2,

2.
) y2, x3, xy,

4. i) , ii)

5. ,

1.
(x) = (x 2)(x 3) Q(x) = x2 + x +6 ,
) =1 =5, ) = 2 = 3 ) =1 = 5 ) = 5 =1
(A: )
2. P(x) = 3x(2x+4)(x-1) Q(x) = x3 + x2 + x + , , , , ,
P(x) Q(x) .
(A: =6, =18, =12, =0)
3. (x+2)(x+3)
.
( . . 5 )
(A:

2x

x2

3x

4. o . x.

x+1

(A: 2x2 + 10x +4, 2x2 + 2x)

x

1o

-

(9-40)

9-11-06

15:51

25

25

1.5. A (6 )

(x +3)2 = x2 + 6x + 9 .
)
x;

, ,
.
.

.
.
.
x, y
.

. .

1. 2(x + y)2

. .

2. 2xy

. .

3. (x + y)2

. .

4. x2 + y2

. .

5. (xy)2

. . 6 . 2 ( x + y )
H 4 (+)2 = + 8 +,

, 8 = 2(4) = 2(4) =2(2)(2) = 2(8)(

) =
2
( + )2 = 2 + 2 + 2
.
.
:
1.

2+2

()2

1o

-

(9-40)

9-11-06

15:51

26

26

- 1

2.

( )( + )

2 2

3.

\
2

( + ) 3

3 + 32 + 32 + 3

1. , , , 2. i) , ii) iii)
6. i) , ii) , iii) , iv) v)

3.
4. i) , ii)
5.
7. 4, 5, 1, 2, 7, 8

1. ( 16 . 50).
.
.
9.
;
( : (10 + )2 ( + )2 =992 +18 )
2.


) x + 3, ) 2x + 1
(A: ) 1 6 9 ) 4 4 1)

3.
) 122 82
) 152 52
=..
=..
2
2
=..
1022 982
=..
105 95
10022 9982 = .
10052 9952 = .
4. ) :
=5+4
52 - 42
122 - 112 = 12+11
652 - 642 = 65 + 64
1342 1332 = 134+133

x
1
x

1o

-

(9-40)

9-11-06

15:51

27

27

) :

.
)
45682 = +
2

+1
1

= 2
2
2
) .

5. )

) (

6. 9991
100 .
. 9991 = 10000 9
.
;
( : 9991=100009 =100232 =103
97 97 ).

1.5

(6 )
1

(
).
1, 2i, ii.
1, 15.
2
.
2, iii, 3.
1.
2, 3, 4, 16, 17.
3
.
4, 5.
2.
5.
: Pascal.

4
.
6i, ii, iii.
3, 4, 5.
6, 7, 8, 9, 18.
5
.
6, iv, v.
6, 7.
10, 13.
6
.
7.
11, 12, 14.
5, 6.
: .

: ,
, ,
.
.

Pascal
, Pascal (1623-1662.)
.

1o

-

(9-40)

9-11-06

15:51

28

28

- 1

1
1.

1
1


1
2
1
.. 3 =1+ 2, 4 =1+3,.
1
3
Pascal
3
1
:
1.
4
6
1
4
1

+ .

,

. ( 5 . 181)
2. 2, ..
1= 20, 1+1= 2 = 21, 1+2+1= 4 =22, 1+3+3+1= 8 =23, 1+4+6+4+1=16= 24.
3. 11,
.. 1=110, 11=111, 121 =112, 1331=113, 14641 = 114.
4. ) H 1 1.
) H 2 1, 2, 3, 4,

10

15

21

28

) H 3 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, ...

.
5. Pascal Fibonaci 1, 1, 2, 3,
5,, 190 .
13 8 5 3 2

1 1

1 2 3 5 8 13

1
1 1
1 2 1
1 3 3 1
1 4 6 4 1
1 5 10 10 5 1
1 6 15 20 15 6 1

,
.

1o

-

(9-40)

9-11-06

15:51

29

6.
, , . fractal
Sierprinski.

29

1
1
1
1

1
2

1
3

1
6
4 1
1 4
1 5 10 10 5 1
1 6 15 20 15 6 1
1 7 21 35 35 21 7 1

,
, .
. .. .
E.T. ell, , ,, , 1995.
- , , , 2000.
http://mathforum.org/workshops/usi/pascal/pascal.links.htm
http://jwilson. coe.uga.edu/ http://ptri1.tripod.com/

(5 ..) .

2 1
2 + 1

,
, , = 3, 5, 7,...
2
2
( ).
L. Bunt ..
).
2
2
+ 1,
1, , ( = 4, 6, 8,)
4
4
.
,
1 28
( )
.

,
, 2 + 2, 2 2, 2, ,
, .
, 3 .. .
,
,
z2 = x2 + y2.

. Pierre de Fermat
(1601-1665),

1o

-

(9-40)

9-11-06

15:51

30

30

- 1

x, y, z, n n>2 xn + yn = zn,
: ,
.
, .
350 ,
Fermat, , .
1995 Andrew Wiles.

A. czel: Fermat , , 1998.

L.Bunt- Ph. Jones - J.Bedient : ,
, . . , 1981
Th. L.Heath : ,
, 2001.
. . : , 1975.
. : , ,
37-38.

( 45 min)

1
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

1.
2.
( + 4)2
3.
(4 + )2
4.
(4 3)(4 + 3)
5.
( 1)3
( 1)(2 + + 1) 6.
7.
8.

3 1
3 3 + 32 1
2 + 8 + 8
42 9
3 32 + 3 1
2 8 + 16
162 9
2 + 8 + 16

(2,5 )

. ( + )3 = 3 + 32 + 32 + 3

(4,5 )

2
(x + 2y)2 (y 2x)
(y + 2x) + (2x y)2 = 9x2 + 4y2 (6,5 )

3
2
2
= 4x 1, AB = 4x, = 4x + 1.
.
(6,5 )
4x

4x2 + 1

4x2 1

1o

-

(9-40)

9-11-06

15:51

31

31

nternet
Internet (.. www.e-yliko.gr Y,
).
.

:
, , , . , , , , , .. (, , ...).
()
, ,
.
4 .X , ,
, : . ,
, ,
(, 2, 25222). , ,
,
.

, , . (), , ,
. .
. , , , 6 ..

. . ,
, , , . , ,
.
, ,

.
(624-547
. ), .
. ,
, , .

1o

-

32

(9-40)

9-11-06

15:51

32

- 1

. , , , ,
.


. - .
(..
, ...).

3 .
.

(
(Rhind) ),
(, , ..).
( ,

).
:
:
, , - ,
, ... .

.
.
:
.
: ,
, ..
( , , ...).

( , , ...),

. , ..
.
: , , , .. :
: M, ,
, 1997.
rris line : , , .
. Neugebauer : , ,
, 1990.
B.L. van der Waerden : (,
) , 2000.
, (2), 523, .

1o

-

(9-40)

9-11-06

15:51

33

33

1.6. (7 )

.

.

R2 2 = (R + )(R )
.
()
.

, :
. K
.
.
. .
. x2+( + )x +

. ,
, .
.
.

.
( 1, 3,11) ( 2, 17, 18, 22, 24) . .
, .

, .. 2x2-5x-3,.

1o

-

(9-40)

9-11-06

15:51

34

34

- 1

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

) x + 2, ) 3 y, ) 6x ) x 2, ) x +1, ) x 2

) 2 + 2 + 4, ) 2 3 +9, ) 4x2 + 2x +1, ) 1 5y +25y2

8. ) x + 3,
) 2 1, ) y2 1, ) 5 + x3

9.

10.

(x+)(x+)

(x +1)(x + 2)

(x 1)(x 2)

(x + 6)(x 1)

(x + 2)(x + 3)

(x 2)(x + 1)

(x + 2)(x 1)

11. ) (x +)(x +2),

) (x +
2)(x +
3)

1. ) .
) ;

(: + , + ,
2 + + + = (+)(+)

2. ) 2 + 2.
) , : 2 = 2 ,
, .
(A: 2 + 2 = ( )( 1))
3. 6 , ,
12.
(A: = 6 + , = 6 + , 2 2 =.= 12 ( ) (3 + 3 + )

1o

-

(9-40)

9-11-06

15:51

35

35

4. ,

t1 sec.
, t 2 2 sec
.
t1, t2 6 sec,
. (g = 10m/sec).
(A: = 1 g(t12-t22) == 60m)
2
,
2 1.2

5. (A = 90) :
= 12cm, = 27 cm, = 18 cm

(A: 2 = 2 2 = = B
E =182)

6. :
) O 2 + , .
) 2 + 7 , .
) 8 1.

1.6

(7 )
1

.
1, 2.
1.
1, 2, 3.
2
.
3.
2.
4, 5, 6, 7.
3
.
4, 5.
3.
8, 9, 10, 11.

4

6, 7.
12, 13, 14.
5
.
8, 9.
15, 16, 17, 18.
6

x2 +( + )x + = 0
10, 11.
19, 20, 21.
7
.
4.
22, 23, 24.
9, 10.

1o

-

(9-40)

9-11-06

15:51

36

36

- 1

( 45 min)

1
. .
) 5x2 + 15xy 10x 25x = 5x (..)
) (x3 + 2) (x3 + 2) + (x3 + 2) = (..)(.)
) 25x2 9 = (.-.3)(....+ 3)
) 16x2 24x + 9 =(...)2
) x2 + (3 + 2)x + 3
2 = (..)(..)

(4 M)

. (), ()
) x2 ( + ) ( +) = ( + )x2
) 9 6 +2 = ( 3)2.
3
2
) x +1=(x + 1)(x + x + 1).
(3 M)
2
) 3x3 12x.
) 4x3 = 12x + x3.

(3 M)
(3,5 M)

3
:
= x4 x2, B = x3 + 2x2 x 2 A B.

(6,5 M)

1.7. (3 )

(325 = 19
17 + 2 =
+ ). ((x) = (x)
(x) +(x).) (x), , (x) (x) (x) (x).

.

.

1o

-

(9-40)

9-11-06

15:51

37

37

(E 2).
(x) (x) (x) = 0
(x) < (x).
(
1, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11).
x .

1. i) , ii) , iii)

2. 5 5 9

3.

1.8. ... .. (1 )

... .. ...
.. .

... ..
( ).

H ... .. ,
, .
... ... .

.

1. 4, 2, 1
2.
12x3
4x3(x 1)
8x5

3. 2, 4, 3
4.

6x2(x 1) 18x2(x 1)2

3x

x(x 2)2

6(x 2)2

2x2(x 1)

9x2(x 1)2

x2

x3(x 2)

2(x 2)

8x5(x 1) 72x5(x 1)2

3x2

x3(x 2)2

3(x 2)3

1o

-

(9-40)

9-11-06

15:51

38

38

- 1

1.9. (2 )

. , ,
.

:
.
.

.
( 2).

. ,
.
,
.

:
3x
/ +y
..
= y x + 2/ = x
( 2)
y + 2/
3x
/
y

1. 6, 3, 4, 1, 5
3. ) x 2,

) ,
+

) x + 1,

2.
) x,

) 2( + ),

) (x + 2)2

4. x  0.

1. :
) 3 + 6 + 9 ... + 300 ,
2 + 4 + 6 ... + 200

) 3x + 6x + 9x ... + 300x
2x + 4x + 6x ... + 200x

(A: )

3
3
, )
2
2

2. x2 + 5x +6 x + 3. ;
(: x + 2)

009-040

27-12-06

19:14

39

3.

39

(A:

x3 + 1 .
x4 + x2 +1

x+1
x2 + x + 1

4. 1
2 .
)

x2 + x
,
x

x2 x
,
x1

x2 x
,
x

1.

x
,
x+1

2.

1
,
x 1

3. x 1,

x2 x
x2 1

4. x + 1,

5.

x2 x
,
x2 1

6. x

(: 4, 6, 3, 1)

1.10.

(1 )

. , .
.

1.

2. ) 2x, ) xy, ) 4x, )

x+2
x1
, )
, ) y
x1
x+2

1. () ()
.

x x+2
x
x+2


=
,
3
y
3y

7
x
7


=
,
x
x+4
x+4

2
1+

y
3
x

1 + 2x
3y

1o

-

(9-40)

9-11-06

15:51

40

40

- 1

x
+1
,
y

y
x:
=
+1

5x

y ,
5x2

x
y

x2
y
=
x
y2

(: )

(2 )

,
.

(.. + = +

1.

3. )

x
,
x+6

2.

6
,
x+6

x
,
x+1

6
,
x+2

x+3
1.
x+1
1
) x ,

8
) x

1. , ,
.
2. :

= 0,
+
+
(: = )

2y
x2 + y2
y
+
= 1+
2
x
x
x

2o

-

(41-54)

9-11-06

15:54

41

41

2 -
2.1. x + = 0 (1 )

,
x + = 0
x+(x+1)+(x+2) = 15, x+(x+1) + (x+2) = 3x,
x +(x+1) + (x+2) = 3(x+1) 3x = 12, 0x = 3, 0x = 0.

. x + = 0
.

,

.
5
. , .
.

1. 1, 3, 2, 1

2.

2.2. 2 (5 )

,
x2 + x + = 0  0

x2 = 9, (x + 3)2 = 9(x + 1), (x + 3)2 + 9(x + 1) = 34 x2 9 = 0,
x2 3x = 0, x2 + 15x 16 = 0.

E
(2 )

:
2 x -

2o

-

(41-54)

9-11-06

15:54

42

42

- 2

.
2o (i x2 + x = 0, x2 + = 0 ).

,
.
x2 + x = 0  0.

,
..:
(x + 3) + (x 5) = 0 x + 3 = 0 x 5 = 0.
(x 1) + (x 2) + 12 = 0 x 1 = 0 x 2 = 0.

) x 3(2x 1) = 0,
) (x 3) (2x 1) = 0,
) (x 3)(2x 1) = 0,
) (x 3)(2x 1) = 3.
2
2 .

. , 2
,
. ( 5).

2 (),
.
3
.

1.

2. ,

3. x x0

1. x2 + x 4 = 0 2, ;
(A: 2)
2. 4x2 + x + 9 = 0
2x + 1 = 0.

1
2

(: = 20, x = , x =

E 2
(3 )

9
2

2o

-

(41-54)

14-11-06

15:42

43

43

.
.

3 .
,
. , 6, 7, 7 (. 93 ) .
:
)
) .
(.. x2 8x + 12) 1.6 = 1 (
8 12, . 57 )
.
.

1. 2, 3, 1, 4

2.

3. ,

8 . 93

1
0

2
1
5

3
0

1
2
3

5
1
2

 

  

,
(.. 1 , 2 , ...,
24 ).






x2 + 1 = 2x
x2 8x + 7 = 0
(x 2)2 = 25
x2 17x + 30 = 0
2(x 8)2 = 72
(x 2)2 = 2x + 4
x2

9
x+2=0
2

A:
1 ,  8 ,  7 ,  15 2 = 13 ,  2, 0,  4

2o

-

(41-54)

9-11-06

15:54

44

44

- 2

2.2

(5 )
. 2

. 2

1
2
2
.
2
.
1.
1, 2, 3, 4.

1
2
(-).
1.
1.
1, 2, 3.

2
3 .
2
.
1, 2, 3.
2.
5, 6, 7, 8.

2
2.
4, 5, 7, 8.
3
3.

2, 3.
6.
:
.

2

.
, , .
.

13901
.
,
, ,
.
(1830 1530 ..)
,
.


x2 x = ,
x2 + x =
x2 + x = ,
2
( ).


. .

2o

-

(41-54)

9-11-06

15:54

45

45

,
2+4 (
x2 x = , + 
2
).
1 :
2
2
2 :
=
2
2
4

2
3 : + 4

(
).

4 :
2
2+4
+ 2 + = + 
2
2
4



.. x2 + x = 3
4
1 , 1 , 1 + 3 , = 1, 1 = 1 x
2 4 4
4
1
1
1
=
2
2
x2 + x = 4
+ 
2+4
2
. + =
2
2
2
4



(0 ).

x2 1. , 7x2 + 6x = 1,
, 7,
(7x)2 + 6
(7x) = 7. y = 7x
y2 + 6y = 7 y = 1, x = 1 .
7
7, 6 , 1
7 7
. (
).
: 2 3
.

L. Bunt Ph. Jones J. Bedient: ,

, .. , 1981.
. : (
).
, 1997.

2o

-

(41-54)

46

21-11-06

17:12

46

- 2

B. Hughes: Understanding algorithms from their history. The teaching and learning of
algorithms in school mathematics, NCTM 1998.
O. Neugebauer: ,
, 1990.
B.L. van der Waerden: Geometry and Aglebra in Ancient Civilizations, SpringerVerlag, New
York, 1983.

2
-
.. ,
.

.
.

.
. ,
, /.
/
. / ,
. /, ,
.
.
.
, .
,
.
. , .

.
,
.
.
D.Struik
9 .. , al-Khwarizmi.
- .

. Algorihmi de numero Indorum (
) ,
.
. - -
( ,
, ).
- ,
, .
,
. 19
.
-

041-054

27-12-06

16:19

47

47

,
, .
.
,
,
. . ,
.

: x2 + 10x = 39, x2 + 21 = 10x, 3x + 4 = x2 (
).
, .
2
,
. Sridhara (1025 ..)
2 .

.
x2 + x + = 0
2
4 .
x + x =
,
42x2 + 4x = 4
42x2+4x+2 = 2 4 2.
(2x + )2 = 2 4
2 4  0,


2
.


4

x=

Vie Harriot
2 . 2
16 ..

. . . . . :
, ..., 2 , , 1990.
Dirk J. Struik: , . , 1982.

2.3. 2 (2 )

,
. 7
. (
x 1 x(x 1) = 240).

, .

2o

-

(41-54)

14-11-06

15:43

48

48

- 2

(
),
, :
3.
... ( 5, 6).
, ,
.
1 2
x + 20x + 500
2
10
, : 500 (, ,
, ... ), 20
, 20x x
1 2
,
x 10
.

( 45 min)
2

1
. .
2x2 (
3 1)x 5 = 0 x2 + x + = 0
(2 M)
=.................,
=.................,
=.................
. (), ()

) 1 3x2 + 5x + 8 = 0.
) (2x 1)2 = 4x(x + 2) 2 .
(4 M)
2
. :
) x2 10x + 25 = 0,
) 2x2 + 3x + 5 = 0
(4 M)
. 3x2 7x + 4 = 0

3
40 m 24 m
.
836 m2, .
(6 M)

(4 M)
40m

24m

2o

-

(41-54)

9-11-06

15:54

49

49

2.4. (3 )

:
,
.
.

,
, ,
..
1
+ x = 0 24x + x = 2 4 ,
x x
x+1
x 1
x
x1
x = 0 .

... ( 5)
.

, ... .
( 6)

1.

2.

3.

4.

1.

2km/h
4 km
5 km

. . , .
: x .
(
x 2.
x 2 + x = x 1,
2
4
5
9

+
=
, ..., x = 10km/h)
x2
x
x1

2o

-

(41-54)

9-11-06

15:54

50

50

- 2

2. ( = 24km)
5 . 2km/h , . .
(: 24 + 24 = 5, x = 10km/h)
x2
x+2
3. 3000 CD . 1800 CD 3 .
100 CD, . 100 CD.
1800
(: 3000
= 100, x = 15 )
x+3
x

( 45 min)

1
. ;
(2 M)
. x
2. ;
) x + 1 = 2,
x+3

x
= 2,
x+1

) x 1
x

x
= 2,
x1

= 2,

(2 M)

. () ()
20
6 + 3
)
x 2= x
x3
x3

x 2

) 1 x + 1 + 2x = 2
x+2
x1
) 12 + 5(x + 3) = 19 12(x1)+5x(x+3)=19
x1
x
(3 M)
2

3
2x + 1 =
x
3x x2
3x 9

(7 M)

3


7
(6 M)
.
6

041-054

27-12-06

16:40

51

51

,

.
.
1/2, 2/3, 3/4...., ,
.
.

, .
(, ).
,
, , .
.
, Kepler
(1571-1630)
.
= = x = x,


5 1
x
. =
x =

2
x
x

5 + 1
1,61803...=
, =
2
x

.
, ,
.

= ,
= .

.
, ( 4
..) .
II
, x
:
x,
x
x.
x
( 1, , 2 = + 1 1

, 1 = 1)

,
, .
sectio aurea( ) proportio divine ( ) ,
60 .

2o

-

(41-54)

9-11-06

15:54

52

52

- 2

,
, .
, .
.
. ,
. ,
.
,
, .

, ,
: , , ..
20 ,
modylor ( ,
)
.
.
Fibonacci
(1180-1250 ..) :
1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 144...
,
1,618 133 98875...,
55
89
8
21
= 1,6,
= 1,615,
= 1,617,
= 1,618...
5
13
34
55

(
, ,
; : 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8,...)
13 , ,
, ,
.

,
. , ,
, . , 5
.. .

2o

-

(41-54)

9-11-06

15:54

53

53

. () ,
, ,

. ,
.

P.J. Davis R. Hersh: , , .

Th. L.Heath: ,
, 2001.
Jean-Francoise Mattei: , .
, 1995.
.L. van Waerden: , ,
2000.
www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_ratio
http://goldennumber.net

2.5. (4 )

,

.

:
.
.

.

.
) ,
.
) , .
() () ,
.
,
:
1 : ,
. (.. 1, 2, 3)
2 : ,
.
(.. 4, 4, 11, 12, ...)
, .. < < ,
< < .

2o

-

(41-54)

9-11-06

15:54

54

54

- 2

.
,
... . (.. 6,
9, 12)
() :

>
> 1 > 2 >

.

1.
2
3.
4.

) >, ) <, ) <, ) , ) >, ) .
4 3.
) 4 .
) 2 .
) 5.
) 6.
5. ), ).
6. , , . ( )
(. 119, )
: 1) , 2) , 3) , 4) , 5) ,
6) , 7)
:
1) , 2) , 3) , 4) , 5) , 6)

2.5

(4 )
1
.
( ).
1.
1, 2, 3, 4.
2
.
2.
1.
5, 6, 7, 8.

3
3, 4, 5, 6.
2, 3.
9, 10, 11, 12,
13, 14, 15.
4

.
4.
16, 17, 18.

3o

-

(55-60)

9-11-06

15:56

55

55

3 -
3.1. (2 )

,
x + y = ( 2x + y = 6)
(x, y),
, .
.

:
.
x + y =

.

x + y =
0
0,
.
x + y =
0
0,
(
).
.
x + y = ,
.
,
, ( 1, 2,
2).

, , .



.
-
.

3o

-

(55-60)

9-11-06

15:56

56

56

 - 3

0
0

= 0 =

= t

= 0 + t

= 0 t

1. (3, 2), (0, 6), (3, 10)
2.
3. 4,
4. i) ,

3,

1,

ii)

5. i) , ii)

1. 1, 2,
3, 4, 5

) x y = 2
) 2x y = 0
) y = 2
) x = 1
) x + y = 2
1

4 5

3
4

2
1
2 2

1
1

(: 1 , 2 , 3 , 4, 5)
2. : x y = 1 (2, 5).
)
) yy.
(: =2, (0, 1))
3. : 2x y = (1, 3).
)
) xx.
1
(: =1, ( , 0)
2

3o

-

(55-60)

9-11-06

15:56

57

57

3.2.
(1 )

,
1 : x + y = 5 2 : 2x + y = 8
.

:

.

, .

( 2).
.

1x + 1y = 1
:
,
2x + 2y = 2

1 , .
2
2

= 1
1 , .
2
2
2

= 1 = 1 , .
2
2
2

( 3, 4)

.

. ..

3o

-

(55-60)

9-11-06

15:56

58

58

 - 3

(x0, y0)
.

O (x0, y0)
.

(x0,y0).

(x0, y0)
.

1, 2 .

1, 2
.

1, 2 .

1.

2. 2, 3, 1

3. ) (3, 2),

) (3, 2), ) (6, 0), ) (0, 0)

/
( )
:
, /.

x + y = y = x + , .. Graphmatica for
windows. :

.

.

www.e-yliko.gr

3.3. (4 )

,
(x + y = 20, x + 3y = 44)
.

:
.


.

055-060

27-12-06

16:42

59

59

. ( 5)
x, y
, , , t ...

, , , ...

,
.

.
(3 ..)
. 100 ()
40. (: x x + 40 ,
x + (x + 40) = 100). : x + y = 100,
x y = 40). 1, 4
9, 16 ...
.

.

. ,

.
19 (
-) 16 .
15 14 .

1.
2.
3.
4. 1, 2, 1 5, 3 2 .
5. , , . 6. (1) , (2) .

1. : , .
: , .
;
(: x = 10, y = 14)
x y .
...x + y = 4
.
2.
6x ....y = 3
1 5
;
(: 17, 3)
,
3 3

3.
x + 2y = 5

3x 2y = 7

x + 4y = 1 .
2x 3y = 3
(: x=3, y=1)

3o

-

(55-60)

9-11-06

15:56

60

60

 - 3

3.3

(4 )
1
.
1, 2.
1, 2.
1, 2, 3, 4,
20.
2
.
3, 4.
3.
2, 3, , 4, 5.

3
5, 6.
4.
6, 7, 8, 9, 10.
4
.
11, 12, 13, 14,
15...

.

( 45 min)

1
. (), (),
.
) (3, 2) 3x 2y = 5.
) : 2x 5y = 0 .
) y = 3 yy.
) ,
(4 M)
.
. :
i) 1 : 2x 3y = 18 2 : 3x + 5y = 8
) (9, 0),
) (1, 1),
) (6, 2),
) (3, 4)
5x 4y = 6
ii)

2x + 4y = 3

, :
) 5x = 6,
) 3x = 3,
) 2x = 3,
) 3x = 9
x + 2y = 5
iii) T
x + 2y = 5
) ,
) ,
)

2
+ 5y = 8
3x

(3 M)

(6 M)

2x + 3y = 0

3
1 : ( + 2)x + ( 1)y = 26 2 : ( +4)x y = 6
(2, 4), , .
(7 M)

4o

-

(61-68)

9-11-06

15:58

61

61

4 -
4.1. y = x2,
0 (2 )

y = x2,
0.
y = x2
.
,
.

:
x, y
.
y = x2,
0.
( )
y = x2 .
y = x2,
0
.

y = x2,
0 .
.

y = x2, (. 6).
:
1 2 3 4
1, 2, 3, 4 1
1
1
) y = 2x2, ) y = 4x2, ) y = x2, ) y = x2
4
2

4
3
2

1
2
4

061-068

27-12-06

16:44

62

62

 - 4

2
1
1
) y = 5x2, ) y = 3x2, ) y = x2, ) y = x2
2
4

1 2 3

,
x
. ( 3, 7)
y = x2,
0
( 3) ,
1 2
, ... S =
t ,
2
= 2, > 0 ( ) ...

. ,
. .

, ,
.

1. ,

2. , , ,

3.

y
4.

5.
6. 3, 4, 1, 2

1. x. y
x .


3 2
(: y =
x , x>0)

2. T , y = 3x2 y = 2x2
1. , .
(: 5)
3. ( 4)
1
, y = x2 8,
2
, .

(: 32)

4. ( 3)
:

4o

-

(61-68)

9-11-06

15:58

63

63

(: y = 2x2,

1
1

y =

1 2
x,
2

y =

1 2
x)
2

4.2. y = x2 + x +
0 (2 )

y = x2 4x + 3,
y = x2.

:
y = x2 + x + y = x2

,
,

2 4

x =
.
2

y=x2+x+,
0
y = x2 + x +
0
.
y = x2 + x +
.
y = x2 + x + ,

0 ( ,
...) .

:
) y = x2 + x + ,
0
.
)
.

( 1, 2).

4o

-

(61-68)

9-11-06

15:58

64

64

 - 4

xx,
, .

y = x2 + x + ,
4

0 x =

.
2

O y = x2 + y =(x )2
. ( 1, 2)

1. ) , (1, 4), x = 1,
2. i) ,

) , 4, 1,

) (1, 0), (3, 0), (0, 3).

ii) ,

3.
4. 2, 4, 1, 3,
5. ) x = 1, K(1, 4),

) y = 4, x = 1,

) (1, 0), (3, 0), (0, 3).

,

.
, ,
.
(
, , (
) ).

(, , ..)
,
:
(
).

(
)

.

.

4o

-

(61-68)

9-11-06

15:58

65

65

.
,
,
. (
., ., 2003)

.

.


.
,
- (, ,
...). ,

, .

.
.:
. , ( .
. - Art of text A.E, 239-258,
1995)
.- .- .:
, 59, 2003.
Eisenberg Th.: Function and associated learning difficulties, Kluwer academic publishers
group.
: . , 1992.
. - .: .
. . 1993.
Sfard A: Operational origins of mathematical objects and the quandary of reification. the
case of function in The concept of Function:aspects of epistemology and Pedagogy by
Dubinsky Ed. and Harrel G.(eds). Mathematical Association of America U.S vol 25, pp.
25-58, 1992.
Sierpinska A: On understanding the Notion of function in The concept of Function:aspects
of epistemology and Pedagogy by Dubinsky Ed. and Harrel G.(eds), M.A.A vol 25, pp.5984, 1992.
Vinner S: Consept definition, consept image and the notion of function, Journal for
research in Mathematics education, 14 pp. 239-305, 1983.

4o

-

(61-68)

66

9-11-06

15:58

66

 - 4

H y = x2 + x +
0

x, y,
y = x2 + x+ ,
0,
.
, , ,
,
pattern ( ) (
). ,
( ).

30 cm,
;
) 30 cm.
)
.
) ,
; , .
) , :
x
x.
y x
.
) , ;
, :
100 cm,
. ,
;
: , ,
, , .

/
( )
:
y = x2 + x+
/
. , / . , / -

4o

-

(61-68)

9-11-06

15:58

67

67

.
.
.

/.
, .. y = x + y = x2 + x + , /
Function Probe, Derive, Sketchpad, Mathematika, Mathpad, Mathcad, Graphmatica
..., (Java appltes)
Internet, ..
http://math.hws.edu/javamath/config_applets/SimpleGraph.html.
http://why.gr/math/Algebra/Files/Function1.htm.
http://www.mathgv.com
http://math.exeter.edu/rparris/winplot.html,
, .. y = x + y = x2+x+,
:
,
.
, .

,
y = x2+x+
y = x2,
0.

2 3 ( ) , .

, ,
. /

,
.


y = x2+x+, .
* ( )
www.e-yliko.gr
/.
graphmatica,
www.graphmatica.com.

4o

-

(61-68)

14-11-06

15:45

68

68

- 4

/
( )

: y = x 2 + x +
Graphmatica f(x) = x2
y = x 2 enter.
. y = x 2.
y = 1x2.

1
:
1
) 2, 3, 4, 5, ,10,
0.8, 0.5, 0.4, ,
4
1
) 2, 3, 4, , 8
, 0,6,
4
;
. y = x 2.
1. ( clear screen)
y=x2.

x2
) 1, 2, 3, (y = x2 + 1, y = x2 + 2 , )
) 1, 2, 3, (y = x2 1, y = x2 2 ,)
;
2. y = x2.

x
) x 1 , x 2 , [y = (x 1)2 , y = (x 2)2 , ]
) x + 1 , x + 2 , [y = (x + 1)2 , y = (x + 2)2 , ]
;
. .
1.

) y = x2 2x, y = x2 2x + 1, y = x2 2x +2, y = x2 2x 1,
) y = 2x2 3x, y = 2 x2 3x + 1, y = 2x2 3x +2,
y = 2 x2 3x 1,
;
2.

) y = x2,
y = (x 1)2, y = (x 2)2, y = (x 3)2,...
2
) y = (x +1) , y = (x +1)2, y = (x + 2)2, y = (x + 3)2
;

5o

-

(69-76)

9-11-06

16:00

69

69

5 -
5.1. (3 )

( 1).
( 2),
( 3) ( 4).
.

:
,
Venn.

.
.
,
.

. , (, )

Venn.
,

.

. ( 3)

N, Z, Q, R, ( 2,
1).
, . ( 8 9)

1.
2. 3, 4, 2, 1
3. =
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, =
1, 2, 3, =
2, 3, 4, 5, =
4, 5, 6, 7, =
1, 6, 7,

=
1, 2, 3, 4, 5,  =
2, 3
4. 5, 6, 2, 3, 1
)  : ,
) : ,
5. )
: ,
) : , ) (
): , ) (  ):

5o

-

(69-76)

9-11-06

16:00

70

70

- 5

Venn
John Venn (1834-1923)
.
.
Venn Leibniz.

http://www.andrews.edu/~calkins/math/biograph/biovenn.htm
http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Venn.html

5.2. (2 )

,
. (, ).

:

.
,
.

.

, ,
,
. ( 1)

.

.
( 1, 2, 2, 3)
( 4),
. ( 5, 6, 7)

( ). (
8, )

1. 2. .
3. 235, 253, 325, 352, 523,532
4.
5.
6. 7.
8. 2, 4, 1

5o

-

(69-76)

9-11-06

16:00

71

71

()

, .

.
(deterministic) (radom experiment).
,
. , ..
, 760mm Hg,
, 100C.
,
, .
,
,
.
.

5.3. (3 )

:
.
.
3
2
(: A = {0, 2, 4}, B = { 6, 8}, P(A) = , P(B) = , o
5
5
).

:
,

.
.

.
, 10 , 10 10
, .
10 , 15 25 ,
.
,

.

1 0,
. ( 1)

5o

-

(69-76)

9-11-06

16:00

72

72

- 5

( 2,
3, 4) . ( 2,
5)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5. ,

1
6
4
5

+
+
11
11
11
11

:
1.

.
2. .
3.
.
4.
.
5. .
6. .

:
1.

.
2. =
, , 
=
.
3. .
4. ...
.
5. .
6.
.
7.
8. .

:
: 1. , 2. , 3. , 4. , 5. , 6.
: 1. , 2. , 3. , 4. , 5. ,
6. , 7. , 8.

5o

-

(69-76)

9-11-06

16:00

73

73

:

, A
. ,
,
1/6 .
(1501-1576)
. ,

.
, .

1654 , ,
(Chevalier de Mr, 1610-1685).
, ,
.
, , .
,
. ,
, .(
,

).

. ,
.
.
(Chr. Huygens 1629-1662)
-,
.

(1671, 1693).

17
,
...
.
, .
18
Bernoulli, De Moivre, Gauss ( Gauss)
. To 1812 o Laplace
Thorie Analytique des probabilits.. O Laplace
,
.
19
, ,
, . 20
Chebyshev, Markov, von

5o

-

(69-76)

74

9-11-06

16:00

74

- 5

ises, Kolmogorov .. ,
, , , , , ,
, ..

.. ell: , , , 1995.

orris Klein: T , II, , .

Dirk Struik: , . ,
1982.

nternet

, ,
... ,
( ). , ,
.
http://mathforum.org/drexel.
http://www.cut-the-knot.com/probability.htm.
www.bbc.co.uk/schools
http://www.shodor.org/interactivate/activities/spinner3
http://www.stat.sc.edu/~ west/javahtml/CTL.html
http://www.stat.sc.edu/~ west/javahtml/LetsMakeaDeal.html
http://nlvm.usu.edu/en/nav/trames_asid_186_g_1_t_5.html

, ,
( + ).
.

1

()
1
1
1

2
1
2
1
( + )3 1 + 3 +
3 + 1 = 8,
3
1
3
3
1
2
3 33-2 31
4
1
4
6
4
1
.
5 1
5
10
10
5
1 , ,
.


.
, -
- 2.
( + ), ( + )1 , ( + )2 , ( + )3 , ( + )4, ...
1, + , (2 + 2 + 2), = = 1,

5o

-

(69-76)

9-11-06

16:00

75

75

.
, , 23 = 8
( + )3.
.
35-3 ,
10,
.
,
, , , , 
, ,
,

, 10. , , , , , , , ,
, . , 5 3.
, ,
.
!

=
!( )!

54321
5
5!
:
=
= 3 2 1 2 = 10.
  
3
3!(5 3)!

35-3
10.
2
1
. 181 : ) 25 = 32, )
=
,
32
16
1
) 26 = 64
.
64

( )

( )

:


. (G. Mentel).
. , ,
.
,
.
. ,

.
,
. (N
: (F1) ).
(F1),
,
( ) , . (N
: ,
(F2)
).

5o

-

(69-76)

9-11-06

76

16:00

76

- 5

, :
1 , 2 1 .
1/4 25%,
2/4 50% 1/4 25%.

,
.


, .
. ,

. (
).


. . ...
,
,
, ,
.


.
.
,
,
.( , ,
).

.
,
, .
, ,
.

, , , ..
An introduction to genetic analysis Suzuki-Griffiths, 1990.
Genetics: A guide to basic concepts and problem solving Nickerson, Simon college
publissing, 1985.
http://www.mendelweb.org
http://www.bios.niu.edu/johns/genetics/ext_mendel_files/frame.htm
http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Biology/7-012Introduction-to-BiologyFall2001/LectureNotes/
index.htm

077-098

27-12-06

19:39

77

77

1
1.1. (5 )

,
.
, 3.
.

:
( ).

.
.

.


.
N ( , , ...)
.
,
.
:
1 , (. 7).
2
(. 3).

.

(. 7, 7.)
2, 5 10

.

077-098

27-12-06

19:39

78

78

- 1

( ,
, ).
1, 3 4.
N
.

1.
2.
3.
5.
8.
11.

( ), = , = , = .

( ), = ,
=. 4. ,
( ).

6. ( ), = , = , = .
7. .

9. , .
10. .
.
. ( = , )

.

, . Tannery La
gomtrie grecque (eath, , I, 172, ...)
Loria , 40, ..,

.

Marcus Junius Nipsus Fluminis Varatio.
.: ,
1985, . 40-41.

1.1

(5 )
1

.

.
1 .
1, 2.
1.
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
2
2 .
3, 4, 5.
2.
7, 8, 9.

3
3 .
6, 7.
10, 11, 12, 13, 14.
4
. .
8, 9, 10, 11.
3, 4.
15, 16, 17, 18.
5

19, 20, 21
1, 2, 3, 4.

077-098

27-12-06

19:39

79

79

( 45 min)

1
. (), (),
:
) .
) .
)
.
(3 M)
. ,
.
(3 M)
2
. ,
= ,
(7 M)
3
,

, 1 = 1 1 = 2. :
) .
) .

1
1

(7 M)

Internet

www.mathcsusb.edu/courses/m129/tri_congr.html
( 2
, 1
2 ). ,
, 2 .
http://nlvm.usu.edu/en/nav/frames_asid_165_8_3_t_3.html
www.pinkmonkey.com/studyguides/subjects/geometry/

077-098

27-12-06

80

19:39

80

- 1

/
( )
Cabri geometry ,
-
73, , .

H

, ""
.
"" .
, ,
.
,
. ,
,
:
, :
.
,
. , , '
, .4 ( ),
(),
,
.
, , ,
.4
( ) .8 ( ). , 4
, , . L.Bunt
, '
.4, .
;
,
"" .
, . ,
, ,
1

, ,
: , ,
,
.
.

077-098

27-12-06

19:39

81

81

.
. ;
. , .
, ilbert 19 ,
,
. (congruence)
,
.

.
ilbert :
,
.
1 ( )
.
H , , ,

.
. --.
.

,
, .
, .
.
,
.
"", "", "" "",
, () .
-
.
,
.

.
,
lein ,
. ' , ,
,
. 1872, Felix lein Earlagen
, Earlagen.
.

. (), ,
,
,

077-098

27-12-06

19:39

82

82

- 1

. ,
.

, , .
()
.

:
1600.
, .
H. Eves: , , ,
1989-90.

1.2. (2 )

,
, , ,
. ,



.
, .
.

:
, ,
.

.
.

.

.

:
.
( ).

. .

077-098

27-12-06

19:39

83

83

= 10 cm.
, :
) = = ( 1)
) = = 2 ( 2)

1
) = = ( 3, 4)

, , .
( 1, 4).
6 7 ,
,
.
1 ( 6 5).
, .
8
:
,
.
.

077-098

27-12-06

19:39

84

84

- 1

1. 5
5.

2. 12cm
1 , 2 , 1 , 4 , 1.
3
3
2

3. ,

4  5 .
4
6

4.

1 , 3,
3

1 ,
4

3 .
4

6. . 7.

1.2

(2 )
1

.
1, 2, 3.
1, 2.
1, 2, 6, 8.

2

.
4, 5, 6, 7.
1, 3, 4.
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.

1.3. (2 )

,
,
. ,
.

:

.

.

, .

077-098

27-12-06

19:39

85

85

.

,
. ( 1,
2, 4, 5).

.

1. ) 1 , ) 2 , ) 7
2
5
13
4. ) 2,

) 1 , ) 3 ,
3
4

2.
) 7
2

3. , 4  5
6
7

5. 3, 1, 4

1. ) .

)

= = 2

7
(: ) 4 )
7

2. //.
.

(: = = 1)

3.

,
//.
(: = = )

077-098

27-12-06

19:39

86

86

- 1

1.3

(2 )
1
.
.
1, 3.
2.
1, 2, 3.

2

.
2, 4, 5.
1.
4, 5, 6, 7, 8

/
( )
Cabri geometry , .
. 75. .

1.4. (2 )

( )
, . ,
,
, .

:
,
.
,
.

. ( 2 9).
, (, . 2, 3, 4).

( 8).

077-098

27-12-06

19:39

87

87

, .
6
,
.
7 ,
,
.
/, .
9 (


) ( = 5
2

= 5

1. )

) ,

) ,

) .

2. 1 3 , 2 .
3. 1 : , 2 : 1 , 3 : , 3, 4 : 1 , 5 : .
2
3

1.4

(2 )
1
.
, , , .
1, 2, 3, 9.

2
.
1.
1, 2, 3.
4, 5, 6, 7, 8

1.5. (4 )

(2 )

2,

077-098

27-12-06

19:39

88

88

- 1

(-).

. ,
,
.




.

:
() ,
.

:

, .
,
, .

.
( 2 6).

.
, .
, ,
. ,
, .
, ,
.

, .
:
= 15,
,

;

. ( 4, 5).

(
) (-) (
3, 1).
3
, ( )
cm

077-098

27-12-06

19:39

89

89

1.
2. 1 3 7, 5 6, 2 4.
3. ) 1 : 4, 2, 2 : 6, 4, 3 : 9, 6. , .
) 1 : 3, 2, 2 : 5, 3, 3 : 6, 4. , .
4. ) 2 ,
3

) 3 ,
2

) 3 ,
2

) 10cm

1.5

(2 )
1


.
1.
1, 2, 3.
1, 2, 3.

2
,
.
2.
4.
4, 5, 6.

.
o
.

.

.


(. 22cm 12cm)

.
5 1cm .
,
. ,

. .
,
.
www.e-yliko.gr

.
http://www.ies.co.jp/math/java/geo/panta/panta.html

077-098

27-12-06

19:39

90

90

- 1

.
(1471-1528) " " (1525
1538) ,
.

.

,
.

.

.
.

()

.
.

Alison Cole: -, -,
1993.
Carol Vorderman : , , 1998.

(2 )

:
, .

077-098

27-12-06

19:39

91

91

( - )
( ) .
, (.. -).
( 2).
.
, 5.
,
.

1. )

2. = = 30, = = 75
3. )

=
=

= =
Z
ZE
E

= =

4.
5. ) .
) . , ,
.

1.5

(2 )
1
.
1, 2, 3.
1, 2, 3, 4.

2
1, 2.
4, 5.
5, 6, 7, 8
.

/
( )
:

Internet, : www.ies.co.jp/math/java. , . Cabri
Skechpad .

077-098

27-12-06

19:39

92

92

- 1

, , ( )
.



.

''
.

,
,

/

= ......
= .....

= .....

/

= ......
= .....

= .....
(

/

= ......
= .....

= .....
).

,

.
= ....
= ....
= ....

= ....


= ....


= ....

= ....
= ....

= ....

= ....


/ = .... /
= ....

:
.
.
, .
.
www.why.gr/math, ,
.

,
.
,
, .

077-098

27-12-06

19:39

93

93

B
48-71 , T , ,

.
, : ,
, 2002.




.



.
1629
.
1 4
.

.. ,
... (
6, ).



(1 ..1 .).

.
.
, .. =1/10
=1/10 (
). ,
B=10 (
1/10).

, , ...
.

077-098

27-12-06

19:39

94

94

- 1

. .
,
..

.

.
, , .

Internet.
:
31 1999
1.380.000 Km - 382.000m.
6360 Km 1740 Km
.
:

.

27-12-06

19:39

95

95

( 45 min)

1





3




2 ,
:
) O




:......................
) .....................cm.

6cm

6cm

077-098

)

.....................cm.





)
..................

(6 M)
2
)
.
(4 M)

50

30

) .
10

50

(2 M)

3
= 8cm = 6cm.
, :
)
.
(5 M)
) , , .
(3 M)

077-098

27-12-06

19:39

96

96

- 1

1.6. (2 )

. 30m
2
15 m, 0,18 m2 450 m2 0,18 = 1 .
450
50

( )

:

.


2.

,

( 2, 2).

. ( 1, 3).

.

1. 1 = 4 2, 1 = 9 2, 1 = 4 2
2. ) , ) , )
1
2 2
4
3. , =
=
= 0,16
5
25
2

( )

/
( )
Cabri geometry , .
85 - .

077-098

27-12-06

19:39

97

97

1. ) (2) (3) (1)
(1) 2 3 .

)
1

.......

.......

.......

......

......

......

)
, ....... ......
, ...... ......
2. 1, , ,..
.
.
)
. ;
) N
. ; ;
:

1
0

1
2
3
4
...

1
2
3
4
...

+1

+1

1
4
9
16
...
2
( + 1)2

1 0=1
4 1=3
9 4=5
16 9 = 7
...
( + 1)2 2 = 2 + 1

077-098

27-12-06

19:39

98

98

- 1

,


- .

:
,
.
- .
' .
- , ,
.


.
1/50 ,
, , , ...
1/50
.
1/50 .
.
:

099-108

27-12-06

19:42

99

99

2 -
2.1. 0

180(2 )

(4, 3)
,
xx .
.
.

:

.

.

0

180 .
0, 90 180.

.
,
0

180 ,
, x xx.
90 , .

x OM
.

1.

12
5
12
,
,
13 13
5

2. > 0, < 0, < 0

3. 3, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 1
4.

099-108

27-12-06

19:42

100

100

 - 2

2.2. (1 )

:

.
0 180,
, , .

()
.

120,135, 150 ( 1).
.
2 5
(
).

.

1.
2. ) x = 60 x = 120, ) x = 160, ) x = 150
3. 1, 5, 6

/
( )
www.e-yliko.gr
.

( ).

099-108

27-12-06

19:42

101

101

2.3. (4 )

(.. (1, 2) (2, 3) ...)
,

2 + 2 =1 = . ,
, .

:
.
,
.
.

,
.
, ,

( 2).

.( 3
5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10). , .
2 + 2 =1
2 , =
1
2 ,
=
1
1

1 0

1.

1.
2. , 2 + 2 = 02 + 02 = 0 ()
3. ) 0, ) 1 1
4.

(. 243 )

) (

+1 2

+
+2
+2

= 1, 2 2 3 = 0, = 3 = 1. = 3,

> 0 > 0. = 1, = 180.

099-108

27-12-06

19:42

102

102

 - 2

2.3

(4 )
1
. .
1.
1, 2, 4.
2
3.
1, 2, 3, 4.
5, 6, 7.

3
2.
3, 8, 9, 10.
4
.
.
( 14)
11, 12, 13.
1.

2.2 2.3

( 45 min)

1
) () ()

i. 20 = 160
ii. 130 = 50
iii. 100 = 80
(4 M)
iv. 70 = 110
) 120, 150 135.
(3 M)
2
,
4
= 5 .

(7 M)

1 +
1 =

(6 M)

099-108

27-12-06

19:42

103

103

2.4. (4 )

,
2 m = 100

2 m. ,
= 50


45 = 30 = 200,
.

:

.

, ,
,
o .

, ,
, , ( 1, 2, 4 ).
, ,
( 3, 4).

.:
: .
: (
5).
:
) O
F1, F2, ( 4).
) F1, F2
F
F1, F2 F. ( 7)
.
, .

1.

x
y

80 = 30 = 70

20 = 110 = 50

2. )

70 = 30 = 80

3.

099-108

27-12-06

19:42

104

104

 - 2

4. x2 = 2 + y22y75,

y2 = x2 + 2 2x60, 2 = x2 + y2 2xy45

10
12
5. ) ,
x = 60 ,

) , x2 = 42 + 52 2
4
550

x
10
) , 62 = 42 + 52 2
4
5 x ) ,
50 = 70 .

2.1 2.2

( 45 min)

1
) () ()

i)

ii)

iii) 2 = 2 + 2 + 2
iv) 2 = 2 + 2 - 2

(4 )

)
=

(4 )
2

= 45 = 30. N
= 6cm.
(6 )
3

5

3 . = 120
.

5
120

(6 )

099-108

27-12-06

19:42

105

105

:
:
1. E , .
1.
2. .

3.
.
2. .

3. 2 +2 = 1
.
4. .

5. ...
4. E
6. ...

.

5.
x, OM = = 1.
7.

.
.
8. 30 150.
6.
.
7.

.
8. ...... .

: 1. , 2. , 3. , 4. , 5. ,
6. , 7. , 8.
: 1. , 2. , 3. , 4. , 5. ,
6. , 7. , 8.

099-108

27-12-06

106

19:42

106

 - 2

:
,
,

.

.

.

:
, , ,
, ,
, , , (
).

,
...

.


, ,
.
,
.
(2 .)
. ,
,
( ) .
,
.
,
.
eath ,
,
.


, = = 2
2, 1/2 ( 2), ,
1/2 ( 2) ( = + = ).
(90 ) [ (180 2)] ( Th. eath , , 316)

099-108

27-12-06

19:42

107

107

(1 . )
.


.

.


.

(108-160 .)
() ,
, 150.. ,
,
.
,
.

2R 2 .

,
,
.
, .
(sine, sinus )
.
.
1150 . ,
sinus. . .
15 Regiomontanns
(1436-1475) Rheticus (1514-1575).

.
, , , , ...

H.Ives : , , 1998.
homas L. eath : , , ..., 2001.

099-108

27-12-06

19:42

108

,

. ,
.
,

7 1129 15/21 1946 ( 1946, 108, )

,
(copyright), ,
.