Chng 6: Chuyn i A/D, D/A

163
CHNG 6: CHUYN I A/D, D/A
GII THIU CHUNG
Chng ny nu ln nguyn tc chung chuyn i tn hiu tng t (Analog) thnh
tn hiu s (Digital) A/D v chuyn i tn hiu s (Digital) thnh tn hiu tng t
(Analog) D/A. Nu mt s mch in thc hin cc qu trnh . Cc vn ca chng
gm:
- C s l lun: Khi nim chung v chuyn i A/D, D/A, cc tham s c bn, gii
bin i ca in p tn hiu tng t u vo, chnh xc ca qa trnh chuyn
i A/D, tc chuyn i.
- Cc bc chuyn i A/D: ly mu v gi mu, lng t ho, m ho.
- Cc phng php chuyn i A/D.
+ Chuyn i A/D theo phng php song song.
+ Chuyn i A/D theo phng php m n gin.
+ Chuyn i A/D theo phng php hai sn dc.
So snh cc phng php chuyn i A/D.
- Chuyn i A/D phi tuyn: c tnh ca chuyn i A/D phi tuyn, c tnh ca b
chuyn i D/A phi tuyn. c tnh ca b chuyn i A/D, D/A phi tuyn thc t.
- Cc phng php chuyn i D/A.
+ Cc bc chyun i D/A.
+ Chuyn i D/A bng phng php thang in tr.
+ Chuyn i D/A bng phng php mng in tr.
NI DUNG
6.1. C S L LUN
6.1.1. Khi nim chung
phi ghp gia ngun tn hiu tng t vi cc h thng x l s, ngi ta dng
cc mch chuyn i tng t - s (vit tt l A/D) nhm bin i tn hiu tng t sang
dng s hoc dng mch chuyn i s - tng t (D/A) trong trng hp cn thit bin i
tn hiu s sang dng tng t. Qu trnh bin i mt tn hiu tng t sang dng s c
minh ho bi c tuyn truyn t trn hnh 6-1.




U
D

111
110
101
100
011
010
001
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 (U ) U
Q

U
Q
Chng 6: Chuyn i A/D, D/A

164









Tn hiu tng t U
A
c chuyn thnh mt tn hiu c dng bc thang u. Vi c
tuyn truyn t nh vy, mt phm vi gi tr ca U
A
c biu din mt gi tr i din s
thch hp. Cc gi tr i din s l cc gi tr ri rc. Cch biu din ph bin nht l dng
m nh phn (h c s 2) biu din tn hiu s.
Tng qut, gi tn hiu tng t l S
A
(U
A
), tn hiu s l S
D
(U
D
) th S
D
c biu
din di dng ca nh phn l:
0
0
2 n
2 n
1 n
1 n D
2 . b ... 2 . b 2 . b S + + + =

(6-1)
Trong cc h s b
k
= 0 hoc 1 (vi k = 0 n k = n-1) v c gi l bit.
b
n-1
c gi l bit c ngha ln nht (MSB) tng ng vi ct ng u bn tri ca
dy m s. Mun bin i gi tr ca MSB ng vi s bin i ca tn hiu ca gii lm vic.
b
0
gi l bit c ngha nh nht (LSB) ng vi ct ng u bn phi ca dy m s.
Mi bin i ca tn hiu l mt mc lng t (mt nc ca hnh bc thang).
Vi mt mch bin i c N bit tc l c N s hng trong t m nh phn th mt nc
trn hnh bc thang chim mt gi tr.

1 2
U
U Q
N
max A
LSB

= = (6-2)
trong
max A
U l gi tr cc i cho php tng ng ca in p tng t u vo A/D.
Gi tr
LSB
U hay Q gi l mc lng t.
Do tn hiu s l tn hiu ri rc nn trong qu trnh chuyn i A/D xut hin mt sai
s gi l sai s lng t ho, c xc nh nh sau:
Q .
2
1
U
Q
= (6-3)
Khi chuyn i A/D phi thc hin ly mu tn hiu tng t. m bo khi phc
li tn hiu mt cch trung thc tn s ly mu phi tho mn iu kin sau:
B . 2 f . 2 f
max t M
(6-4)
trong f
tmax
l tn s cc i ca tn hiu.
B l gii tn s ca tn hiu.
Chng 6: Chuyn i A/D, D/A

165
Theo nh l ly mu, nu iu kin (6-4) tho mn th khng c s trung lp gia
ph c bn v cc thnh phn ph khc sinh ra do qu trnh ly mu.
6.1.2. Cc tham s c bn
6.1.2.1. Gii bin i ca in p tn hiu tng t u vo
L khong in p m b chuyn i A/D thc hin c.
Khong in p c th ly tr s t 0 n gi tr dng hoc m no hoc cng
c th l in p hai cc tnh t -U
Am
n +U
Am

6.1.2.2. chnh xc ca b chuyn i A/D.
Tham s u tin c trng cho chnh xc ca b A/D l phn bit. Ta bit rng
u ra ca b A/D l cc gi tr s sp xp theo quy lut ca mt loi m no . S cc s hng
ca m s u ra tng ng vi di bin i ca in p vo, cho bit mc chnh xc ca php
bin i. V d: 1 b A/D c s bit u ra N=12 c th phn bit c 2
12
= 4096 mc trong gii
bin i in p ca n.
phn bit ca b A/D c k
hiu l Q v c xc nh
theo biu thc (6-2). Q chnh
l gi tr ca mt mc lng
t ho hoc cn gi l 1 LSB.
Trong thc t thng
dng s bit N c trng
cho chnh xc, lc
phi hiu ngm rng gii
bin in p vo coi nh
khng i.
Thng thng cc b
A/D c s bit t 3 n 12.
C nhng b A/D t
chnh xc 14 n 16 bit.
ng c tuyn
truyn t l tng ca b
A/D l 1 ng bc thang u v c dc trung bnh bng 1. ng c tuyn thc c sai s
lch khng, sai s khuych i ca mo phi tuyn v sai s n iu, biu din trn hnh 6-2.
Cn ch rng b A/D lm vic l tng vn tn ti sai s. l sai s lng t ho,
c xc nh theo biu thc (6-2). V vy sai s lng t cn gi l sai s l tng hoc
sai s h thng ca b A/D.
6.1.2.3. Tc chuyn i:
Tc chuyn i cho bit kt qu chuyn i trong mt giy c gi l tn s
chuyn i f
C
. Cng c th dng tham s thi gian chuyn i T
C
c trng cho tc
Hnh 6-2: c tuyn truyn t l tng v thc
ca mch chuyn i A/D
U
D

111
110
101
100
011
010
001
Thc

Mo phi tuyn

Sai s khuch i
Sai s n iu
Sai s lch khng
1/2 LSB
L tng
U
A
Chng 6: Chuyn i A/D, D/A

166
chuyn i. T
C
l thi gian cn thit cho mt kt qu chuyn i. Ch rng
C
C
T
1
f .
Thng
C
C
T
1
f < . Khi b chuyn A/D c tc cao th chnh xc gim hoc ngc li,
ngha l tc chuyn i v chnh xc mu thun vi nhau. Tu theo yu cu s dng
m dung ho gia cc yu cu mt cch hp l.
6.1.3. Nguyn tc lm vic ca A/D
Nguyn l lm vic ca b A/D c minh ho trn s khi hnh 6-3.
Trc ht tn hiu tng t U
A
c a n mt mch ly mu, mch ny c 2
nhim v (xem th thi gian hnh 6-4)







- Ly mu tn hiu tng t ti nhng thi im khc nhau v cch u nhau (ri rc
ho tn hiu v mt thi gian).
- Gi cho bin in p ti cc thi im ly mu khng i trong qu trnh chuyn
i tip theo.















Mch ly
mu
A/D

Lng t
ho

M
ho
U
A
U
M
U
D
Hnh 6-3: S khi minh ho nguyn tc lm vic ca
b A/D

U
A
U
M
U
Mt0
t

t
t
0
t
1
t
2
t
3
t
4
t
5
t
6
t
7
t
8
Hnh 6-4: th thi gian ca in p vo v in p ra mch ly mu
Chng 6: Chuyn i A/D, D/A

167


Tn hiu ra mch ly mu c a n mch lng t ho lm trn vi chnh
xc
2
Q
. Mch lng t ho c nhim v ri rc tn hiu tng t v mt bin . Nh qu
trnh lng t ho mt tn hiu tng t bt k c biu din bi mt s nguyn ln mc
lng t, ngha l:
Z
Di
= Phn nguyn
Q
X
Q
X
Q
X
Ai Ai Ai

= (6-5)
Trong : X
Ai
: l tn hiu tng t thi im i
Z
Di
: tn hiu s thi im i
Q: Mc lng t
X
i
: S d trong php lng t ho
Trong php chia theo biu thc (6-5) ch ly phn nguyn ca kt qu, phn d cn
li (khng chia ht cho Q) chnh l sai s lng t ho. Nh vy, qu trnh lng t ho
thc cht l qu trnh lm trn s. Lng t ho thc hin theo nguyn tc so snh. Tn hiu
cn chuyn i c so snh vi mt lot cc n v chun Q.
Sau mch lng t ho l mch m ho. Trong mch m ho, kt qu lng t ho
c sp xp li theo mt quy lut nht nh ph thuc vo loi m yu cu trn u ra ca
b chuyn i.
Trong nhiu loi mch A/D qu trnh lng t ho v m ho xy ra ng thi, khng
th tch ri hai qu trnh .
Php lng t ho v php m ho c gi chung l mch chuyn i A/D
6.2. CC PHNG PHP CHUYN I A/D
6.2.1. Phn loi
C nhiu phng php chuyn i A/D, ngi ta phn ra bn phng php bin i sau:
- Bin i song song.
Trong phng php chuyn i song song, tn hiu c so snh cng mt lc vi
nhiu gi tr chun. Do tt c cc bit c xc nh ng thi v a n u ra.
- Bin i ni tip theo m m:
y qu trnh so snh c thc hin ln lt tng bc theo quy lut ca m m.
Kt qu chuyn i c xc nh bng cch m s lng gi tr chun c th cha c
trong gi tr tn hiu tng t cn chuyn i.
- Bin i ni tip theo m nh phn
Qu trnh so snh c thc hin ln lt tng bc theo quy lut m nh phn. Cc
n v chun dng so snh ly cc gi tr gim dn theo quy lut m nh phn, do cc
bit c xc nh ln lt t bit c ngha ln nht (MSB) n bit c ngha nh nht (LSB)
Chng 6: Chuyn i A/D, D/A

168
- Bin i song song - ni tip kt hp
Trong phng php ny, qua mi bc so snh c th xc nh c ti thiu l 2 bit
ng thi.
Sau y chng ta s nghin cu mt s phng php chuyn i in hnh.
6.2.2. Chuyn i A/D theo phng php song song
S ca phng php ny nh hnh 6-5. Tn hiu tng t ly mu U
M
c
ng thi a n cc b so snh S
1
S
m
.
in p chun U
ch
c a n u vo th 2 ca b so snh qua thang in tr R.
Do cc in p chun t vo cc b so snh ln cn khc nhau mt lng khng i v
gim dn t S
1
n S
m
. u ra cc b so snh c in p vo ln hn in p chun ly trn
thang in tr, c mc logic "1", cc u ra cn li c mc logic "0". Tt c cc u ra c
ni n mch "V", mt u mch "V" ni ti mch to xung nhp. Ch khi c xung nhp
a ti u vo "V" th cc xung u ra b so snh mi a ra mch nh FF (Flip-Flop).
Nh vy c sau 1 thi gian bng 1 chu k xung nhp li c 1 tn hiu c bin i v a
n u ra. Xung nhp bo m cho qu trnh so snh kt thc mi a tn hiu vo b nh.
B m ho c nhim v bin i tn hiu vo di dng m m thnh m nh phn.

















Mch ny c u im l tc bin i nhanh, v qu trnh so snh thc hin song
song. Nhng nhc im l kt cu mch phc tp vi s linh kin qu ln. Vi b chuyn
i N bit, phn bit c 2
N
mc lng t ho, phi dng ( 1 2
N
) b so snh. V vy
phng php ny ch dng trong cc b A/D yu cu s bt nh v tc chuyn i cao.
Ngy nay ngi ta ch to cc b A/D song song 7 bits vi f
C
= 15MHz
_
S1
+
FF
FF
FF
FF

M
ho
_
S2
+
_
S4
+
_
Sm
+
Nhp
+U
ch
U
M
R

R

R

2
R

U
D
Hnh 6-5: S nguyn l b chuyn i A/D theo phng
php song song
Chng 6: Chuyn i A/D, D/A

169
6.2.3. Chuyn i A/D theo phng php m n gin.
Hnh 6-6 biu din s khi v nguyn tc lm vic ca mch. Hnh 6-7 l th
thi gian in p ra ca cc khi hnh 6-6.









in p vo U
A
c so snh vi in p chun dng rng ca U
C
nh b so snh
SS1. Khi U
A
>U
C
th SS1=1, khi U
A
<U
C
th SS1=0.
B so snh SS2 so snh in p rng ca vi mc 0V (t). U
SS1
v U
SS2
c a
n mt mch "V". Xung ra U
G
c rng t l vi ln ca in p vo tng t U
A
,
vi gi thit xung chun dng rng ca c dc khng i.
Mch "V" th 2 ch cho ra cc xung nhp khi tn ti U
G
, ngha l trong khong thi
gian 0 < U
C
< U
A
. Mch m u ra s m s xung nhp . ng nhin, s xung ny t
l vi ln ca U
A
.
B to xung rng ca l mt b tch phn ta nghin cu chng 4. S nguyn
l trn hnh 6-8.















U
U
A
U
C
t

t

t

t

t
M
U
SS2
U
SS1
U
G
0

0

0

Hnh 6-7: th thi
gian in p ra cc khi
ca hnh 6-6
To in p
rng ca
To nhp
SS
SS
+
_

+
_

U
A
U
SS
U
SS
U
C
U
G
U
D
Hnh 6-6: S nguyn tc ca A/D lm vic theo phng
php m n gin
m,
M ha

R
U
ch
C

U
C
_
+

Hnh 6-8: S nguyn l mch to xung rng ca
Chng 6: Chuyn i A/D, D/A

170




Dng in p chun mt chiu U
ch
np cho t C thng qua in tr R, ta c in
p ra:
t
RC
U
dt U
RC
U
ch
t
ch C
.
1
0
= =


Gi s ti t = t
m
th U
C
= U
A
, ta c:

M
ch
A
t
RC
U
U = , do
RC .
U
U
t
ch
A
M
=
S xung nhp m c trong thi gian t
M
gi l Z
Z = f
n
.t
M
, vi f
n
l tn s xung nhp, hay:
RC .
U
U
. f Z
ch
A
n
= (6-6)
Theo (6-6) ta thy rng Z t l vi U
A
nh mong mun, nhng Z cn ph thuc vo
R, C v f
n
. Nu nhng tham s ny khng n nh th kt qu m c sai s. Ngoi ra, trong
phng php ny yu cu f
n
phi ln t c chnh xc cn thit.
6.2.4. Chuyn i A/ D theo phng php tch phn hai sn dc
Mch in hnh 6-9 minh ho nguyn tc lm vic ca b A/D theo phng php
tch phn hai sn dc. Khi mch logic iu khin cho kho K v tr 1 th U
A
np in cho
t C thng qua in tr R. Trn u ra mch tch phn A
1
c in p:
t U
RC
dt U
RC
U
A
t
A C
.
1 1
'
0
= =

(6-7)









Hnh 6-9: S nguyn l ca b A/D lm vic theo phng php tch
phn hai sn dc
C
R
U
A
U
_
+
_
+

m
Mch
logic
m
Z
0
Nhp

"v"

U
D
U
ch
K

1

2

A
A
S
Chng 6: Chuyn i A/D, D/A

171




Gi thit thi gian np cho t l t
1
, ta c in p h trn t sau thi gian t
1
l

1
. '
1
t
RC
U
U
A
Ct
= (6-8)
U'
Ct1
t l vi U
A
Tu theo U
A
ln hay b m in p U'
C
(t) c dc khc nhau nh
trn hnh 6-10. Trong thi gian t
1
, b m Z
0
cng m cc xung nhp. Ht thi gian t
1
kho
K c mch logic iu khin sang v tr 2, ng thi tn hiu t mch logic cng c a
n mch "V" lm cho mch "V" thng i vi xung nhp. Ti thi im ny mch m
u ra bt u m, ng thi mch m Z
0
c mch logic iu khin v v tr ngh.







Khi kho K v tr 2, in p U
ch
bt u np cho t C theo chiu ngc li, phng
trnh np l:
t
RC
U
U
ch
C
.
' '
= (6-9)
Sau mt khong thi gian t
2
th:

2
' '
.
2
t
RC
U
U
ch
Ct
= (6-10)
Gi thit sau thi gian t
2
th | U | | U |
'
C
' '
C
= , ngha l in p trn t C bng 0. Theo (6-
8) v (6-10) ta c:

2 1
t
RC
U
t
RC
U
ch A
=
hay:
1 2
t
U
U
t
ch
A
= (6-11)
Mt khc, c th xc nh c s xung a n mch m Z
0
trong khong thi gian
t
1
l:
Z
0
= f
n
.t
1
(6-12)
Trong : f
n
l tn s dy xung nhp. T (6-12) suy ra:
U
C
t

0

t
1
t'
2
t
2
U'
C1

U'
C1
U
A
Hnh 6-10: th thi gian in p ra
trn mch tch phn
Chng 6: Chuyn i A/D, D/A

172

n
0
1
f
Z
t = (6-13)
Thay (6-13) vo (6-11) xc nh c:

n
0
ch
A
2
f
Z
.
U
U
t = (6-14)
Do s xung nhp m c nh mch m u ra trong khong thi gian t
2
l:

0
ch
A
n 2
Z .
U
U
f . t Z = = (6-15)
Sau thi gian t
2
mch m ra b ngt, v U
C
= 0 v mch logic ng cng "V". Qu
trnh c lp li trong chu k chuyn i tip theo.
Theo (6-15) ta thy s xung m c u ra t l vi in p tng t U
A
cn
chuyn i. y kt qu m khng ph thuc vo cc thng s RC ca mch v cng
khng ph thuc vo tn s xung nhp f
n
, nh trong phng php m n gin. Nh vy
kt qu chuyn i kh chnh xc v khng cn chn tn s xung nhp f
n
cao. Tuy nhin tn
s xung nhp phi c n nh cao sao cho tr s ca n trong khong thi gian t
1
v t
2

nh nhau php gin c trong biu thc (6-15) khng gy sai s.
Trong phng php m n gin v phng php tch phn hai sn dc, ta lm
cho in p U
A
t l vi thi gian t
1
v t
2
ri m s xung nhp xut hin trong khong thi
gian . V vy cc phng php ny cn c tn gi chung l phng php gin tip thng
qua thng s thi gian.
6.2.5. Chuyn i A/ D, D/A phi tuyn
Ta bit rng sai s tuyt i ca b chuyn i A/D khng i, cn sai s tng i
ca n tng khi bin tn hiu vo gim. Trng hp mun cho sai s tng i khng
i trong ton gii bin i ca in p vo th ng c tnh truyn t ca b bin i
phi c dng loga (hnh 6-11a), sao cho t s tn hiu trn tp m thay i trong gii bin
i ca in p vo. Nh ting ni nh khng b tp m ln t v cng l mt cch
lm cho qu trnh lng t ho thch ng vi c tnh ca tai ngi. l c tnh ln t
c tp m khi tn hiu vo ln. Ngoi ra, lng t ho phi tuyn cn cho php tng dung
lng ca knh thoi do gim c s bit vi cng cht lng thng tin nh nhau khi lng
t ho tuyn tnh.







U
D

U
A

0
U
D

U
A

0
a) b)
Hnh 6-11: c tnh bin i phi tuyn
a) ca b bin i A/D; b) ca b bin i D/A
Chng 6: Chuyn i A/D, D/A

173
c li tn hiu trung thc nh ban u, b bin i ngc D/A theo phng php
ny c cu to sao cho ng c tnh bin i ngc ca n c dng hm s m (hnh 6-
11b). c trng bin i A/D thng dng hm s:

) 1 ln(
) 1 ln(

+
+
=
x
y (6-16)
trong :
max Amax
;
D
D A
U
U
y
U
U
x = =
Theo (6-16) y = 0 khi x = 0 v y = 1 khi x = 1.
dc y' ti x = 0:

) 1 ln(
| '
0

+
=
= x
y
Hnh 6-12 biu din hm s ny vi = 100. So snh vi ng c tnh
y = x th ng cong (6-13) c dc gp i ti gc to . Do vi tn hiu b, ng
c tnh c bc "thang" bin i dy hn. Tng ng t s tn hiu trn tp m tnh c l
6dB. Nu ng c tnh c dc ti gc to y'' = 21,7 th t s S/N = 26,7 dB
Thc t rt kh tng h s , v ng c tnh cng cong th vic thc hin hai
ng cong bin i A/D v D/A c dng nh nhau, bin i ngc nhau v c dc ph
hp rt phc tp. Trong thc t n gin ta chia ng c tnh truyn t thnh 2 on
c dc khc nhau: vi tn hiu b (
A
1
x < ) dng hm s
A ln 1
A
y
x
1
+
= v vi tn hiu
ln dng hm s:
A ln 1
A ln 1
y
X
2
+
+
= .












Theo nguyn tc , ngi ta thc hin ng t tnh gm 13 sc mng: 6 sec mng
ng vi x > 0; 6 sc mng ng vi x < 0 v sc mng th 13 i qua gc to c |y| = 2,8
(hnh 6-13). Cc sc mng k nhau c dc hn km nhau hai ln.
1,0
0,9
0,8
0,7
0,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0 x
y
Hnh 6-12: ng cong
) 1 ln(
) x 1 ln(
y
+
+
= vi =100.

) 1 ln(
) x . 1 ln(
y
+
+
=
Chng 6: Chuyn i A/D, D/A

174











Bng cch c th ch to mt b chuyn i A/D- 4 bit, trong 1 bit dng ch th
cc tnh ca in p vo, v 3 bit biu din mt tn hiu c gii bin i in p vo ln
gp 256 ln sc mng nh nht, ngha l so vi lng t ho tuyn tnh th s bit gim i
mt na.
truyn tn hiu ting ni thng dng m 8 bt. Bng cch chia mi sec mng
trn thnh 16 phn nh s thu c m 8 bt mong mun.
6.3. CC PHNG PHP CHUYN I D/A
Chuyn i s-tng t (D/A) l qu trnh tm li tn hiu tng t t N s hng (N
bt) bit ca tn hiu s, vi chnh xc l mt mc lng t t 1 LSB.
Chuyn i D/A khng phi l php nghch o ca chuyn i A/D, v khng th
thc hin php nghch o ca qu trnh lng t ha.
ly li tn hiu tng t t tn hiu s, dng s nguyn tc trn hnh 6-14.
Theo s ny th qu trnh
chuyn i s- tng t l qu trnh
tm li tn hiu tng t ly mu
c. Tn hiu u ra l tn hiu ri
rc theo thi gian nh trn hnh 6-15.
Tn hiu ny c a qua mt b
lc thng thp l tng. u ra b
lc c tn hiu U
A
bin i lin tc
theo thi gian, l tn hiu ni quy
ca U
M
.
Sau y ta s xt mt s phng php chuyn i D/A c bn.




U
A
D/A LTT
U
D
U
Hnh 6-14: S khi nguyn tc bin i
tm li tn hiu tng t t tn hiu s
0

U
M
U
A
t

Hnh 6-15: th thi gian ca tn hiu sau mch chuyn
i D/A
0 2 4 8 16 32 64
S mc
S

c

m

n
g

8
7
6
5
4
3
2
Hnh 6-13: c tnh truyn t ca b
chuyn i D/A phi tuyn dng trong thc t
Chng 6: Chuyn i A/D, D/A

175



6.3.1. Chuyn i D/A bng phng php thang in tr
S 6-16 minh ha nguyn l lm vic ca b chuyn i D/A theo phng php
thang in tr. u vo b khuych i thut ton l mt thang in tr. M tr s ca
chng phn b theo m nh phn, cc in tr ln cn nhau hn km nhau 2 ln. Tn hiu
iu khin l tn hiu s cn chuyn i. Bt c ngha nh nht (LSB) c a n iu
khin kha ni vi in tr ln nht R, bit c ngha ln hn tip c a n iu
khin kha ni vi in tr nh hn R/2... v MSB iu khin kha ni vi in tr nh
nht (
2
1 - N
R
). Nu mt bt c gi tr "O" th kha tng ng ni t v nu mt bt c gi tr
"1" th kha K tng ng ni vi ngun in p chun U
ch
to nn mt dng in t l
nghch vi tr s in tr ca nhnh , ngha l I
o
c gi tr b nht, I
N-1
c gi tr ln nht.
Dng sinh ra trong cc nhnh in tr c a n u vo b khuych i, u ra b
khuych i thut ton c in p:

=
1 N
0 n
n ht M
I R U (6-17)
thc hin chuyn mch K trong s 6-16 c th dng s 6-17. y l mt
mch khuych i vi sai lm vic trng thi bo ha. Khi tn hiu iu khin c gi tr "O"
th I
o
qua









T
1
xung t, khi tn hiu iu khin c gi tr "1" th I
o
c dn qua T
2
n u vo
b khuych i thut ton.
Chuyn i D/A theo phng php ny yu cu tr s ca cc in tr phi rt chnh
xc. V d in tr nh nht
1 - N
2
R
phi chnh xc n mc sai s dng in qua khng
vt qu 1 LSB, vi N=16 th sai s ny khong 0,5%.

2
1
I
1 I
N-1
2
N-1
=
2
0
R
ht
U
M
_

+

I
0

1 N
2
R

2
R

R
K
U
ch
Tn hiu iu khin s
Hnh 6-16: S nguyn l b chuyn i
D/A theo phng php thang in tr
Tn hiu iu khin
T
1
T
2
I
0
R
U
M
+

_

R
ht
Hnh 6-17: Minh ha nguyn tc lm vic ca

Chng 6: Chuyn i A/D, D/A

176








6.3.2. Chuyn i D/A bng phng php mng in tr
S nguyn l b chuyn i D/A theo phng php ny nh hnh 6-18. y
cc ngun dng c to ra bi ngun in p chun U
ch
. Dng in ca chng bng nhau
v bng I
o
. Tn hiu cn chuyn i c a n chuyn mch K. Khi mt bt no ca
tn hiu iu khin l "0" th I
o
tng ng

vi bt b ngn mch qua kha xung t.
Ngc li, nu tn hiu iu khin l "1" th I
o
ng vi bt c dn ti u vo b
khuych i qua mng in tr.











Trong s ny mng in tr lm nhim v phn dng. V in tr nhnh ngang
bng mt na in tr nhnh dc, nn dng i qua mi khu in tr th gim i mt na.
Dng in ng vi LSB i qua N-1 khu in tr, dng in ng vi bit c ngha ln hn i
qua N-2 khu.....v dng ng vi MSB c a trc tip n u b khuych i. Kt qu
l cc dng in ca vo b khuych i c tr s tng ng vi bit m n i din.
Chng c tr s gim dn t MSB n LSB theo m nh phn. in tr nhnh ngang cui
cng c gi tr s l 2R bng in tr nhnh dc m bo s phn dng cho
2
I
i
0
2 N
=

khu cui cng cng ging nh cc khu trc.
Trong s ny s in tr phi dng kh ln. Nu phi chuyn i N bit th s in
tr phi dng l 2(N-1), trong khi theo phng php thang in tr ch phi dng N in tr
m thi.
I
0
. . .
_
+
U
M
R
ht
i
N-1
i
N-2
i
1
i
0
R

R

2R

2R
2R

2R

I
0
I
0 I
0
K
Tn hiu
iu khin
Hnh 6-18: S nguyn l b chuyn i D/A
theo phng php mng in tr
Chng 6: Chuyn i A/D, D/A

177

TM TT
Kt thc chng ngi hc cn hiu v nm c cc vn :
- Tn hiu trong h thng thng tin s l tn hiu s. T tn hiu tng t (Analog)
mun chuyn i thnh tn hiu s (Digital) phi dng b chuyn i tng t- s vit tt l
A/D. Ngc li khi c tn hiu s mun chun thnh tn hiu tng t phi dng b chuyn
i s- tng t vit tt l D/A.
- Chuyn i A/D. Nguyn tc chuyn i A/D c m t trn c tuyn truyn t
hnh 6-1. y U
A
l tn hiu tng t, U
D
l tn hiu s. Ta thy tn hiu s l tn hiu r
rc, mt phm vi gi tr ca U
A
c biu din bng mt i din s thch hp di dng s
nh phn. Vi U
Amax
l in p tng t cc i u vo, th mmt nc ca hnh thang (cn
gi l mc lng t Q) bng:
Q = U
Amax
/(2
N
1).
Do tn hiu s l tn hiu ri rc nn trong qu trnh chuyn i A/D xut hin sai s
lng t U
Q
= Q/2.
Trc khi chuyn i A/D phi ly mu tn hiu tng t. qu trnh khi phc li
tn hiu tng t trung thc, tn s ly mu phi tho mn iu kin f
M
2F
max
, trong
F
max
l tn s gii hn trn ca gii tn hiu vo.
- Cc tham s c bn ca b chuyn i A/D:
+ Gii bin i in p ca tn hiu tng t u vo.
+ chnh xc ca b chuyn i A/D: c nh gi bng s bt N ca t m, khi
xem gii bin ca in p tn hiu vo khng i. Trong chuyn i A/D lun tn ti sai
s c gi l sai s lng t. Ngoi ra c th c cc sai s khc nh sai s n iu, sai s
lch khng, sai s khuch i.
+ Tc chuyn i: trong chuyn i A/D tc chuyn i v chnh xc mu
thun nhau.
+ Cc bc chuyn i A/D: c ba bc: ly mu tn hiu tng t v gi mu, lng
t ho, m ho.
- Cc phng php chuyn i A/D.
+ Chuyn i A/D theo phng php song song: phng php ny c u im l tc
chuyn i nhanh nhng phi dng nhiu b so snh. Vi mch chuyn i cho tn hiu
s N bt cn c 2
N
1 b so snh.
+ Chuyn i A/D theo phng php m n gin: phng php ny mch n gin
hn, ch cn hai b so snh. Tuy vy mun c chnh xc cao cn linh kin RC trong
mch to in p rng ca c sai s nh, tn s xung nhp (f
n
) phi ln.
+ Chuyn i A/D theo phng php tch phn hai sn dc c u im hn c.
chnh xc ca qu trnh chuyn i cao, n khng ph thuc sai s ca linh kin trong
mch cng nh yu cu v tn s xung nhp.
Chng 6: Chuyn i A/D, D/A

178
+ Chuyn i A/D, D/A phi tuyn c u im l lm tng t s tn hiu trn tp m
(S/N) khi tn hiu vo nh. Ngoi ra lng t ho phi tuyn cn cho php tng dung lng
ca knh thoi do gim c s bt ca t m vi cng cht lng thng tin nh nhau so
vi khi lng t ho tuyn tnh.
+ Chuyn i D/A l qu trnh tm li tn hiu tng t U
A
t tn hiu s U
D
. B
chuyn i D/A cho ta tn ta li tn hiu tng t ly mu U
M
. l tn hiu ri rc theo
thi gian. Tn hiu ny qua mch lc thng thp l tng cho tn hiu U
A
bin i lin tc
theo thi gian, l tn hiu ni suy ca U
M
.
- Cc phng php chuyn i D/A.
+ Chuyn i D/A dng thang in tr: mch gm mt thang in tr c s in tr
bng s bt ca t m. Tr s cc in tr lin k cch nhau hai ln R, R/2,...,R/2
N-1
. Cc bt
tng ng ca tn hiu s U
D
iu khin chuyn mch, ni in p U
ch
vi in tr tng
ng nu bt nhn gi tr 1 v ni t nu bt nhn gi tr 0. Dng tng qua R
ht
, cho in p
u ra l mt xung c bin tng ng vi t m m nhim tc ng u vo. Mch ny
c nhiu loi in tr bng s bt N, d gy sai s do tr s cc in tr khc nhau qu
nhiu.
+ Chuyn i D/A dng mng in tr. Mng ch dng hai loi in tr R v 2R nn
nh hng ca sai s linh kin t hn. Do cch u ca mng in tr nn dng in t tri
qua phi, c qua mt nt mch phi chia i gi tr. Dng tng gy st p trn R
ht
cho in
p ra l xung c bin tng ng tn hiu s tc ng u vo.
Ch : cc phng php chuyn i A/D, D/A ti liu ny u xt qu trnh
chuyn i tuyn tnh c mc lng t Q u. Hin nay vi mch chuyn i A/D, D/A dng
rt ph bin, c chia theo cc h. Cc vi mch chuyn i A/D k hiu ADC 0801 -
0805, t tn hiu tng t cho ra tn hiu s 8 bit. Cc vi mch chuyn i D/A k hiu
DAC 0806 - 0808, l b chuyn i ngc, t tn hiu s 8 bt cho ra tn hiu tng t.
CU HI V BI TP
6.1. chnh xc ca b chuyn i A/D ph thuc vo tham s no? ti sao?
6.2. Nu cc bc chuyn i A/D?
6.3. S v nguyn l hot ng ca b chuyn i A/D theo phng php song song?
6.4. Trong s chuyn i A/D theo phng php song song mc lng t Q th hin
u? Tm biu thc xc nh gi tr ?
6.5. S v nguyn l chuyn i ca b chuyn i A/D theo phng php m n
gin?
6.6. Trong s chuyn i A/D theo png phng php m n gin mc lng t Q
th hin u? Tm biu thc xc inh gi tr ?
6.7. So snh u im b chuyn i A/D theo phng php tch phn hai sn i vi
phng php m n gin?
6.8. Th no l chuyn i A/D phi tuyn? ngha thc t ca n?
6.9. Nu cc bc chuyn i D/A?
Chng 6: Chuyn i A/D, D/A

179
6.10. S v nguyn l b chuyn i D/A theo phng php thang in tr?
6.11. S v nguyn l b chuyn i D/A theo phng php mng in tr?
6.12. So snh b chuyn i D/A dng phng php thang in tr vi phng php dng
mng in tr?
6.13. Mt tn hiu tng t c gii tn s 300 Hz n 3700 Hz. Hy xc nh tn s ly mu
chuyn i A/D trong trng hp ?
Nu tn s ly mu f
M
= 8000Hz th chu k ly mu T
M
l bao nhiu?
6.14. Mt b chuyn i A/D c U
a max
= 5v. Hy xc nh mc lng t Q v sai s lng
t ca n trong cc trng hp: s bt t m N = 3, s bt t m N = 6, nhn xt?
6.15. Nu yu cu tn s ly mu trong chuyn i A/D khi tn hiu vo c gii tn F
min

F
max
?
a. f
M
2F
min
.
b. f
M
2F
max
.
c. f
M
< 2F
max
.
6.16. chnh xc trong chuyn i A/D ph thuc vo tham s no khi U
a max
khng i?
a. ln tn s ly mu f
M
.
b. rng gii tn tn hiu vo.
c. S bt N ca t m.
6.17. chnh xc trong chuyn i A/D dng phng php m n gin ph thuc vo
thng s no (R, C v f
n
) ca mch?
a. Ch ph thuc f
n
.
b. Ph thuc R, C.
c. Ph thuc R, C v f
n
.
6.18. chnh xc trong chuyn i A/D dng phng php m n gin ph thuc vo
thng s no (R, C v f
n
) ca mch?
a. Ph thuc f
n
, R v C.
b. Ph thuc R, C.
c. Khng ph thuc.
6.19. S in tr dng trong thang in tr ca mch chuyn i D/A l bao nhiu khi s bt
ca t m l N?
a. 2N.
b. N.
c. 2(N 1).
6.20. S in tr dng trong mng in tr ca mch chuyn i D/A l bao nhiu khi s bt
ca t m l N?
a. N.
Chng 6: Chuyn i A/D, D/A

180
b. 2N - 1.
c. 2(N 1).