317

Chapter 7: Plane-Wave Propagation

Lesson #43
Chapter Section: 7-1
Topics: Time-harmonic fields
Highlights:

Phasors
Complex permittivity
Wave equations

Special Illustrations:

318

Lesson #44
Chapter Section: 7-2
Topics: Waves in lossless media
Highlights:

Uniform plane waves

Intrinsic impedance
Wave properties

Special Illustrations:

Example 7-1
CD-ROM Modules 7.3 and 7.4

319

Lesson #45 and 46

Chapter Section: 7-3
Topics: Wave polarization
Highlights:

Definition of polarization
Linear, circular, elliptical

Special Illustrations:

CD-ROM Demos 7.1-7.5

Liquid Crystal Display

Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

LCDs are used in digital clocks, cellular phones, desktop
and laptop computers, and some televisions and other
electronic systems. They offer a decided advantage over
other display technologies, such as cathode ray tubes, in
that they are much lighter and thinner and consume a lot
less power to operate. LCD technology relies on special
electrical and optical properties of a class of materials
known as liquid crystals, first discovered in the 1880s by
botanist Friedrich Reinitzer.
Physical Principle
Liquid crystals are neither a pure solid nor a pure liquid,
but rather a hybrid of both. One particular variety of
interest is the twisted nematic liquid crystal whose
molecules have a natural tendency to assume a twisted
spiral structure when the material is sandwiched between
finely grooved glass substrates with orthogonal
orientations (A). Note that the molecules in contact with
the grooved surfaces align themselves in parallel along
the grooves. The molecular spiral causes the crystal to
behave like a wave polarizer; unpolarized light incident upon the entrance substrate follows the
orientation of the spiral, emerging through the exit substrate with its polarization (direction of
electric field) parallel to the grooves direction.

320

Lesson #47
Chapter Section: 7-4
Topics: Waves in lossy media
Highlights:

Attenuation and skin depth

Low loss medium
Good conductor

Special Illustrations:

CD-ROM Demos 7.6-7.8

321

Lesson #48
Chapter Section: 7-5
Topics: Current flow in conductors
Highlights:

Skin depth dependence on frequency

Surface impedance

Special Illustrations:

322

Lesson #49
Chapter Section: 7-6
Topics: EM power density
Highlights:

Power density in a lossless medium

Power density in a lossy medium
Time-average power

Special Illustrations:

CD-ROM Module 7.5

CHAPTER 7

323

Chapter 7
Section 7-2: Propagation in Lossless Media
Problem 7.1 The magnetic eld of a wave propagating through a certain
nonmagnetic material is given by

z 30 cos 108 t

0 5y

(mA/m)

Find (a) the direction of wave propagation, (b) the phase velocity, (c) the wavelength
in the material, (d) the relative permittivity of the material, and (e) the electric eld
phasor.
Solution:
(a) Positive y-direction.
(b) 108 rad/s, k 0 5 rad/m.
108
05

108 m/s

(c)

up

2 k 2 0 5 12 6 m.
2
c 2
3 108
(d) r
2 25.
up
2 108
(e) From Eq. (7.39b),

10

j0 5y

z30e

251 33

()
3

(A/m)

and

120
15

120
r


 

Hence,

x7 54e

0 5y

x7 54 cos 108 t

j0 5y

(V/m)

(V/m)

Ee jt

10

Eyt

j0 5y

and

z30e

251 33
y

Problem 7.2 Write general expressions for the electric and magnetic elds of a
1-GHz sinusoidal plane wave traveling in the y-direction in a lossless nonmagnetic
medium with relative permittivity r 9. The electric eld is polarized along the
x-direction, its peak value is 6 V/m and its intensity is 4 V/m at t 0 and y 2 cm.

CHAPTER 7

324

0 4

0 84 rad

120 19

2 1 rad

4
6

cos

6 cos

which gives

0 4

10

Hence,

20

6 cos

4 V/m:

2 cm, E

20 rad/m

0 and y

109 rad/s

9,

2 2
2 f
2 109
r
r
9

0
c
3 108

x6 cos 2 109 t 20y 0 (V/m)

Eyt
At t

2 f

1, and r

1 GHz, r

Solution: For f

and
20y

120 19

(V/m)

109 t

x 6 cos 2

Eyt

Problem 7.3 The electric eld phasor of a uniform plane wave is given by

E y 10e j0 2z (V/m). If the phase velocity of the wave is 1 5 10 8 m/s and the relative
permeability of the medium is r 2 4, nd (a) the wavelength, (b) the frequency f
of the wave, (c) the relative permittivity of the medium, and (d) the magnetic eld
Hzt .

 

3
15

 

1
24

1 67

c
up

4 77 MHz

1
r

 

c
r r

up

106 Hz

(c) From

4 77

1 5 108
31 42

up

31 42 m

(b)

10

2
02

2
k

0 2 rad/m. Hence,

y10e j0 2z (V/m), we deduce that k

Solution:
(a) From E

CHAPTER 7

325

(d)

x 22 13e j0 2z

(mA/m)

9 54

2 f

with

Hzt

()

451 94

r
24
120
r
1 67
1
1

z E
z y10e j0 2z

x 22 13 cos t 0 2z (mA/m)
120

106 rad/s.

Problem 7.4 The electric eld of a plane wave propagating in a nonmagnetic

material is given by

z 4 cos

107 t

(V/m)

0 2,

107
0 2

108
107

3
5

c
up

Hence,

c
r

up

107 m/s

But

up

36

(b)

10 m

2
0 2

2
k

Determine (a) the wavelength, (b) r , and (c) H.

Solution:
(a) Since k

0 2x

0 2x

107t

y 3 sin

(c)
1

x y3 sin 107t 0 2x z4 cos 107 t 0 2x

3
4

z sin 107 t 0 2x y cos 107t 0 2x (A/m)

1
k

CHAPTER 7

326
with
20

62 83

120
6

()

0
r

Problem 7.5 A wave radiated by a source in air is incident upon a soil surface,
whereupon a part of the wave is transmitted into the soil medium. If the wavelength
of the wave is 60 cm in air and 20 cm in the soil medium, what is the soils relative
permittivity? Assume the soil to be a very low loss medium.
r ,
60
20

Solution: From

Problem 7.6 The electric eld of a plane wave propagating in a lossless,

nonmagnetic, dielectric material with r 2 56 is given by
kz

Determine:
(a) f , up , , k, and , and
(b) the magnetic eld H.

(V/m)

109 t

y 20 cos 6

Solution:
(a)

up
f
2

0
r

108
1 875 108 m/s
2 56
1 875 108
3 12 cm
6 109
2
201 4 rad/m
3 12 10 2
377
377
235 62
16
2 56
3

c
r

3 GHz

109 Hz

up

109 rad/s

2 f

CHAPTER 7

327

(b)
20
cos 6 109 t kz

20

cos 6 109 t 201 4 z

x
235 62

x 8 49 10 2 cos 6 109 t 201 4 z

(A/m)

Section 7-3: Wave Polarization

Problem 7.7 An RHC-polarized wave with a modulus of 2 (V/m) is traveling in free
space in the negative z-direction. Write down the expression for the waves electric
eld vector, given that the wavelength is 6 cm.
y

t=0
z

t=/2

Figure P7.7: Locus of E versus time.

z, let us try the following:

2 (V/m). Hence,

2
2

a 2

ya sin t

kz

a2

a2

kz

Modulus E

x a cos t

Solution: For an RHC wave traveling in

CHAPTER 7

328

Next, we need to check the sign of the y-component relative to that of the

x-component. We do this by examining the locus of E versus t at z 0: Since

the wave is traveling along z, when the thumb of the right hand is along z (into
the page), the other four ngers point in the direction shown (clockwise as seen from

above). Hence, we should reverse the sign of the y-component:

108

1010

(rad/s)

(rad/m)

104 72

(V/m)

For a wave characterized by the electric eld

kz

yay cos t

kz

xax cos t

Ezt

Problem 7.8

kc

2
10

and

kz

y 2 sin t

with

kz

x 2 cos t

identify the polarization state, determine the polarization angles , and sketch the
locus of E 0 t for each of the following cases:
(a) ax 3 V/m, ay 4 V/m, and 0,
(b) ax 3 V/m, ay 4 V/m, and 180 ,
(c) ax 3 V/m, ay 3 V/m, and 45 ,
(d) ax 3 V/m, ay 4 V/m, and
135 .

[Eq. (7.60)]

tan 20 cos [Eq. (7.59a)]

sin 20 sin [Eq. (7.59b)]

kz .
kz .
kz 45 .
kz 135 .

y4 cos t

y4 cos t

y3 cos t

y4 cos t

0
0
22 5
21 37




kz
kz
kz
kz

53 13
53 13
45
56 2

0
53 13
53 13
45
53 13

x3 cos t

x3 cos t

x3 cos t

x3 cos t

(a) E z t
(b) E z t
(c) E z t
(d) E z t

0
180
45
135

ay
4
4
3
4

ax
3
3
3
3

ay ax

Case
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

tan 2
sin 2

tan

Solution:

Polarization State
Linear
Linear
Left elliptical
Right elliptical

CHAPTER 7

329
y

y
4

4
3
2
1

3
2
1
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-3

1 2 3

-4

-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-3
-4

1 2

(a)

4
3
2
1

3
2
1
-2

-4

(b)

3 4

-1
-2
-3

-4

-2

-4

-1
-2
-3
-4

(c)

(d)

Figure P7.8: Plots of the locus of E 0 t .

Problem 7.9 The electric eld of a uniform plane wave propagating in free space

x jy 20e jz 6 (V/m). Specify the modulus and direction of the

is given by E
electric eld intensity at the z 0 plane at t 0, 5 and 10 ns.

CHAPTER 7

330
Solution:

(V/m)

z 6

 
25

107 Hz

45
90

at t
at t
at t

 

c
kc
6 3 108
2
2
7
2 f 5 10 rad/s

z 6

 

0,

Therefore, the wave is LHC polarized.

0 25
0 5

10 t

0
5 ns
10 ns

At z

(V/m)

y20 sin t

z 6

From

y20 cos t

20

Ey
Ex

z 6

2 1 2
Ey

z 6

jz 6 jt

tan

20e

x20 cos t
2
Ex

ye j

jz 6 jt

jy 20e

x20 cos t

Ee jt

Ezt

Problem 7.10 A linearly polarized plane wave of the form E xax e jkz can be
expressed as the sum of an RHC polarized wave with magnitude a R and an LHC
polarized wave with magnitude aL . Prove this statement by nding expressions for
aR and aL in terms of ax .

Solution:

jkz

jkz


aR

aL , 0

aL , or aL

aR

jy e

aL x

aL x

jy e

ax 2,

jy

jkz

By equating real and imaginary parts, ax

aR ax 2.

jy




aR x

EL

ER

aR x

ye j

jkz

ye

aL x

EL

xax

j 2

aR x

ER

LHC wave:

RHC wave:

jkz

xax e

CHAPTER 7

331

The electric eld of an elliptically polarized plane wave is given by

y 30 cos t

kz

60

kz

(V/m)

x 10 sin t

Ezt

Problem 7.11

Determine (a) the polarization angles and (b) the direction of rotation.

kz

(V/m)

jkz

y30 e

x10e j30

y30 cos t

30

kz

kz

y30 cos t

Phasor form:

60

x10 cos t

kz

x10 sin t

Ezt

Solution:
(a)

Since is dened as the phase of E y relative to that of Ex ,

or
or

8 73

0, the wave is right-hand elliptically polarized.

kz

j 2

kz

jkz

y 2 cos t

y 2e

kz

y 2 sin t

,
,
,
.

jkz

kz

kz
kz
kz
kz

x 2e

x 2 cos t

E1

x 2 cos t

E1

of each of the following pairs of

Problem 7.12 Compare the polarization states

plane waves:

(a) wave 1: E1 x2 cos t kz y2 sin t

wave 2: E2 x2 cos t kz y2 sin t

(b) wave 1: E1 x2 cos t kz y2 sin t

2 cos t kz y2 sin t

wave 2: E2 x
Solution:
(a)

73 5

0 40

sin 20 sin

0 65

tan 20 cos

71 56

 


(b) Since

30
10

tan 2
sin 2

tan

30

CHAPTER 7

332
tan

 

45

 

y 2e jkz e

j 2

x 2e jkz

E2

Hence, wave 1 is RHC.

Similarly,

ay
ax

tan

Wave 2 has the same magnitude and phases as wave 1 except that its direction is

along z instead of z. Hence, the locus of rotation of E will match the left hand
instead of the right hand. Thus, wave 2 is LHC.
(b)

y 2e jkz e j

x 2e jkz

kz

jkz j 2

E2

y 2e

y 2 sin t

Wave 1 is LHC.

jkz

x 2e

E1

kz

x 2 cos t

E1

Reversal of direction of propagation (relative to wave 1) makes wave 2 RHC.

Plot the locus of E 0 t for a plane wave with

x sin t

y 2 cos t

y 2 cos t

kz

0,

kz

z. At z

Wave direction is

x sin t

Solution:

Tip of E rotates in accordance with right hand (with thumb pointing along
Hence, wave state is RHE.

z).

Determine the polarization state from your plot.

kz

y 2 cos t

kz

x sin t

Ezt

Problem 7.13

CHAPTER 7

333
y
t=/2
2

x
t=0

Figure P7.13: Locus of E versus time.

Sections 7-4: Propagation in a Lossy Medium

Problem 7.14 For each of the following combination of parameters, determine if
the material is a low-loss dielectric, a quasi-conductor, or a good conductor, and then
calculate , , , up , and c :
S/m at 10 GHz,

12, and
10

3, and

1, r

12

(c) wood with r

1, r

10

0 3 S/m at 100 MHz,

(b) animal tissue with r

5, and

1, r

(a) glass with r

S/m at 1 kHz.

Solution: Using equations given in Table 7-1:

Case (a)

Case (c)

3 6 10 13
low-loss dielectric
8 42 10 11 Np/m
468 3 rad/m
1.34 cm
1 34 108 m/s
168 5

4.5
quasi-conductor
9.75 Np/m
12.16 rad/m
51.69 cm
0 52 108 m/s
39 54 j31 72

600
good conductor
6 3 10 4 Np/m
6 3 10 4 rad/m
10 km
0 1 108 m/s
6 28 1 j

 
 

 




 

Type

up
c

Case (b)

CHAPTER 7

334

Problem 7.15 Dry soil is characterized by r 2 5, r 1, and 10 4 (S/m).

At each of the following frequencies, determine if dry soil may be considered a good
conductor, a quasi-conductor, or a low-loss dielectric, and then calculate , , , p ,
and c :
(a) 60 Hz,
(b) 1 kHz,
(c) 1 MHz,
(d) 1 GHz.

S/m.
1 MHz

720

0.72

107

3 49

10

180

18
j

204 28

1 54 1

c ()

up (m/s)

6 28 1

(m)

10

104

6 28

2 45

106

4 08

104

10

1 19

10

33.14
0.19

108

108

19

j65 89

238.27

10

1 13

1 54

10

(rad/m)

6 28

10

1 54

Low-loss dielectric

(Np/m)

Quasi-conductor

Good conductor

10

Good conductor

72

104

12

1 GHz

1 kHz

60 Hz

2 f r 0
Type of medium

10

1,

2 5, r

Solution: r

Problem 7.16 In a medium characterized by r 9, r 1, and 0 1 S/m,

determine the phase angle by which the magnetic eld leads the electric eld at
100 MHz.

0 1 36
108 10 9

j44 18

71 49

1 2

j2

1 2

0 r

84 04

125 67 1

120
1
r

1 2

31 72




 

 

Hence, quasi-conductor.

Solution: The phase angle by which the magnetic eld leads the electric eld is
where is the phase angle of c .

CHAPTER 7

335

31 72 . In other words, H lags

, or by

Therefore 31 72 .

Since H
1 c k E, H leads E by
E by 31 72 .

Problem 7.17 Generate a plot for the skin depth s versus frequency for seawater
for the range from 1 kHz to 10 GHz (use log-log scales). The constitutive parameters
of seawater are r 1, r 80 and 4 S/m.

 

See Fig. P7.17 for plot of s versus frequency.

72
80 f

80
108 2
4 36
2 f 10 9 80
3

1 2

109

80
c2

r
c2

0 r

0 0 r

2 f

1
2

Solution:

Skin depth vs. frequency for seawater

10

Skin depth (m)

10

10

10

10

10

10

10
10
Frequency (MHz)

10

10

10

Figure P7.17: Skin depth versus frequency for seawater.

CHAPTER 7

336

Problem 7.18 Ignoring reection at the air-soil boundary, if the amplitude of a

3-GHz incident wave is 10 V/m at the surface of a wet soil medium, at what depth will
it be down to 1 mV/m? Wet soil is characterized by r 1, r 9, and 5 10 4
S/m.

Solution:

0 032

(Np/m)

287 82 m

ln 10


 


 

0 032z

10 4 120
2
9
0 032z

10

 

10e

3 32

120
2
r

10

5 10 4 36
2 3 109 10 9

Hence, medium is a low-loss dielectric.

10e

 

E0 e

E z

Problem 7.19 The skin depth of a certain nonmagnetic conducting material is 3 m

at 5 GHz. Determine the phase velocity in the material.

10

109

9 42

2 f s

104

(m/s)

2 f

1 . Hence,

up

, and for any material s

Solution: For a good conductor,

Problem 7.20 Based on wave attenuation and reection measurements conducted

at 1 MHz, it was determined that the intrinsic impedance of a certain medium is
28 1 45 and the skin depth is 2 m. Determine (a) the conductivity of the
material, (b) the wavelength in the medium, and (c) the phase velocity.

Solution:
(a) Since the phase angle of c is 45 , the material is a good conductor. Hence,

19 87

28 1 cos 45

j28 1 sin 45

28 1 cos 45

28 1e j45

or

CHAPTER 7
0 5 Np/m,

12 57 m

1 26

0 5, it follows that

0 5.

107 m/s.

12 57

2
05

S/m

106

10

2 52

for a good conductor, and

(c) up

05
19 87

(b) Since
Therefore,

19 87

1 2

1 s

Since

337

Problem 7.21 The electric eld of a plane wave propagating in a nonmagnetic

medium is given by
109 t

40x

cos 2

30x

Obtain the corresponding expression for H.

(V/m)

z 25e

Solution: From the given expression for E,

(rad/s)

30 (Np/m)

40 (rad/m)

109

From (7.65a) and (7.65b),

c2 r

c2 r

2 0 0 r

Using the above values for , , and , we obtain the following:

r

16

1 2

157 9 e j36 85

()

5 47
16

 

377
16

1 2

r
r

0
r

5 47

r
1 2

CHAPTER 7

36 85

40x

(A/m)

40x

30x

j36 85

 

109 t

cos 2

y 0 16 e

30x

j40x

y 0 16 e

 

He jt

30x

z 25e

z 25e 30x e j40x

1
1

x
k E
c
157 9 e j36 85

338

Section 7-5: Current Flow in Conductors

Problem 7.22 In a nonmagnetic, lossy, dielectric medium, a 300-MHz plane wave
is characterized by the magnetic eld phasor
2y

j4 e
z

j9y

(A/m)

Obtain time-domain expressions for the electric and magnetic eld vectors.

 

c k

Solution:

To nd c , we need and . From the given expression for H,

10

0 91

 

which gives

108

10 9
36

10 9
36

1 95

10

 

Similarly, from (7.65b),

108

108 Hz. From (7.65a),

whose solution gives

81

300 MHz

9 (rad/m)

Also, we are given than f

2 (Np/m)

CHAPTER 7

339

0 91
1 95

1 2

9y

(A/m)

sin t

2y

(V/m)

12 6

j9y jt

z 4e

102 6

9y

9y

j9y j12 6

9y

2y

cos t

j4 e
z

cos t

cos t

j9y

2y

xe

He jt

2y

z 256 9 e

2y

103 e

x 1 03

2y

z 256 9 e

Ee jt

j9y j12 6

j 2

2y

2y

j4 e
z

256 9 e j12 6

x 4e

z 256 9 e

j0 21

x j4

256 9 e j12 6 y

377
0 93
1 95

1 2

Hence,

0
r

Problem 7.23 A rectangular copper block is 30 cm in height (along z). In response

to a wave incident upon the block from above, a current is induced in the block in the
positive x-direction. Determine the ratio of the a-c resistance of the block to its d-c
resistance at 1 kHz. The relevant properties of copper are given in Appendix B.

l
w

J
30 cm

Figure P7.23: Copper block of Problem 7.23.

CHAPTER 7

340
Solution:

107

58

1 2

 

 

10

103

143 55

03

03

03
s

Rac
Rdc

a-c resistance Rac

l
l
A 0 3 w
l
ws

d-c resistance Rdc

Problem 7.24 The inner and outer conductors of a coaxial cable have radii of
0.5 cm and 1 cm, respectively. The conductors are made of copper with r 1,
r 1 and 5 8 107 S/m, and the outer conductor is 0.5 mm thick. At 10 MHz:

 

(a) Are the conductors thick enough to be considered innitely thick so far as the
ow of current through them is concerned?
(b) Determine the surface resistance R s .
(c) Determine the a-c resistance per unit length of the cable.
Solution:
(a) From Eqs. (7.72) and (7.77b),
7

58

0 5 mm
0 021 mm

25

 

10

 

10

107

1 2

107

1 2

0 021 mm

0 039

(/m)

Hence,

d
s
Hence, conductor is plenty thick.
(b) From Eq. (7.92a),

10

21

 

107

82

 

1
58

 

1
s

Rs

1
10

1
10

10
2

82

1
b

 

1
a

Rs
2

(c) From Eq. (7.96),

CHAPTER 7

341

Section 7-6: EM Power Density

Problem 7.25 The magnetic eld of a plane wave traveling in air is given by

H x 50 sin 2 107 t ky (mA/m). Determine the average power density carried

by the wave.

Solution:

(W/m2 )

y0 48

Problem 7.26 A wave traveling in a nonmagnetic medium with r

characterized by an electric eld given by
107t

kx

z 2 cos

kx

107t

y 3 cos

(V/m)

9 is

10

120
50
2

(mV/m)

10

ky

0 50
2

107t

z0 50 sin 2

(mA/m)

Sav

0 y

ky

107t

x50 sin 2

Determine the direction of wave travel and the average power density carried by the
wave.
Solution:
120
9

40

0
r

()

The wave is traveling in the negative x-direction.

13
2 40

x0 05

22
2

32

(W/m2 )

Sav

Problem 7.27 The electric-eld phasor of a uniform plane wave traveling

downward in water is given by

where z is the downward direction and z

j0 2z

(V/m)

0 is the water surface. If

(a) obtain an expression for the average power density,

0 2z

x 5e

4 S/m,

(b) determine the attenuation rate, and

(c) determine the depth at which the power density has been reduced by 40 dB.

CHAPTER 7

342

cos 45

z125e

0 4z

25
e
0 0707

0 0707e j45

()

0 4z

(W/m2 )

j 0 05

cos

02
4

2z

E0 2
e
2 c

From Eq. (7.109),

Sav

0 2, the medium is a good conductor.

Solution:
(a) Since

(b) A
8 68z
8 68 0 2z
1 74z (dB).
(c) 40 dB is equivalent to 10 4 . Hence,
ln 10

0 4z

23 03 m.

0 4z

2z

or z

10

Problem 7.28 The amplitudes of an elliptically polarized plane wave traveling in a

lossless, nonmagnetic medium with r 4 are Hy0 3 (mA/m) and Hz0 4 (mA/m).
Determine the average power owing through an aperture in the y-z plane if its area
is 20 m2 .

Solution:

(mW/m2 )

 

Sav
P

0
120
60 188 5
r
4
2
188 5
2

x Hy0 Hx0
x
9 16 10 6 2 36
2
2
Sav A 2 36 10 3 20 47 13 (mW)

Problem 7.29 A wave traveling in a lossless, nonmagnetic medium has an electric

eld amplitude of 24.56 V/m and an average power density of 2.4 W/m 2 . Determine
the phase velocity of the wave.

E0 2
2Sav

E0 2
2

Sav

125 67

24 56 2
2 24

or

Solution:

CHAPTER 7

343

But

108 m/s

108
3

c
r

377
125 67

up

Hence,

377
r

0
r

Problem 7.30 At microwave frequencies, the power density considered safe for
human exposure is 1 (mW/cm2 ). A radar radiates a wave with an electric eld
3 000 R (V/m), where R is the
amplitude E that decays with distance as E R
distance in meters. What is the radius of the unsafe region?

Solution:

R2

34 64 m

10 W/m2

104

12

1 2

W/cm2

104
10

1
120

 

12

103
R

10

1 (mW/cm2 )

 

10

E R
20

Sav

Problem 7.31 Consider the imaginary rectangular box shown in Fig. 7-19 (P7.31).
(a) Determine the net power ux P t entering the box due to a plane wave in air
given by

E xE0 cos t ky (V/m)

(b) Determine the net time-average power entering the box.

Solution:
(a)

cos2 t

kb

2
E0
ac cos2 t
0

S t Ay

ky

2
E0
cos2 t
0

St Ay

 

Pt

St

x E0 cos t ky
E0

z cos t ky
0

CHAPTER 7

344
z

b
a

Figure P7.31: Imaginary rectangular box of Problems 7.31 and 7.32.

(b)

cos2 t

kb dt

cos2 t

P t dt
0

2
E0 ac
0

Pav

2 .

where T

1
T

Pav

Net average energy entering the box is zero, which is as expected since the box is in
a lossless medium (air).
Repeat Problem 7.31 for a wave traveling in a lossy medium in which

(A/m)

0 5 cm.

2 cm, and c

36 85

40y

36 85

109 t

40y cos 2

36 85

10 t

40y

109t

cos 2

cos 2

40y

20y

109t

cos 2

40y

 

y 64e

20y

x 100e

 

z 0 64 e

40y

1 cm, b

10 t

(V/m)

cos 2

40y
9

St

Solution:
(a)

20y

109 t

The box has dimensions A

z 0 64e

cos 2

20y

x 100e

Problem 7.32

CHAPTER 7

345

over a period T is equal to zero, regardless of the value

40b

cos 36 85

(W)

0 5 cm,
10

7 05

2 cm, and c

32ac 1

Pav

Pav

This is the average power absorbed by the lossy material in the box.
Given a wave with

1
T

we dt

1
2T

av

we

E 2 dt

calculate:
(a) the time-average electric energy density

kz

xE0 cos t

Problem 7.33

wm dt

1
2T

H 2 dt

av .

2
E0 cos2 t

kz dt

1
2T

av

1
T

we

wm

av

Solution:
(a)

av

wm

(b) the time-average magnetic energy density

and
(c) show that we

P t dt

cos 36 85

P t dt

36 85

80y

cos 36 85

36 85

109 t

109 t

1 cm, b

1
T

cos 36 85

The average of cos t

of . Hence,

cos 4

36 85

Pav

80y

40b

cos

32ac cos 4

64 40y
e
cos 4 109 t
2
S t Ay 0 S t Ay b

(b)

With a

Pt

cos

St

1
2

Using the identity cos cos

CHAPTER 7

346
,
2
E0 2
cos2 t kz dt
4 0
2
E0 2
cos2 t kz d t
4 0
2
E0
4

av

we

With T

(b)

H 2 dt

2
E0
cos2 t
2


2
E0

2
E0
4

2
E0
42

av

we

(c)

wm

kz dt

1
2T
1
2T
2
E0
42

kz

av

wm

E0
cos t

av

Problem 7.34 A 60-MHz plane wave traveling in the x-direction in dry soil
with relative permittivity r 4 has an electric eld polarized along the z-direction.
Assuming dry soil to be approximately lossless, and given that the magnetic eld has
a peak value of 10 (mA/m) and that its value was measured to be 7 (mA/m) at t 0
and x
0 75 m, develop complete expressions for the waves electric and magnetic
elds.

0 8

106 t

0 8x

60

x, we can write

z E0 cos 2

(rad/m)

Given that E points along z and wave travel is along

Ext

1,

6 107
3 108

4, r

107 Hz, r

60 MHz

Solution: For f

(V/m)

where E0 and 0 are unknown constants at this time. The intrinsic impedance of the
medium is
0
120

60 ()
r
2

CHAPTER 7

347

With E along z and k along

x, (7.39) gives

108 t

10

0 6

(V/m)

60

(A/m)

(mA/m)

10

10

Hence,

E0

E0

0 8x

E0
cos 1 2

Hxt

or

1
k

Also,

0 8x
0 8x

10 t

y 10 cos 1 2

Hxt

108 t

153 6

z 0 6 cos 1 2

153 6

10

(V/m)
(mA/m)

Ext




153 6 .

0 75

0 8

10 cos

10

which leads to 0
Hence,

0 75 m 0

Problem 7.35 At 2 GHz, the conductivity of meat is on the order of 1 (S/m). When
a material is placed inside a microwave oven and the eld is activated, the presence
of the electromagnetic elds in the conducting material causes energy dissipation in
the material in the form of heat.
(a) Develop an expression for the time-average power per mm 3 dissipated in a
material of conductivity if the peak electric eld in the material is E 0 .
4

(b) Evaluate the result for meat with E 0

104 (V/m).

Solution:
(a) Let us consider a small volume of the material in the shape of a box of length d
and cross sectional area A. Let us assume the microwave oven creates a wave
traveling along the z direction with E along y, as shown.

CHAPTER 7

348
z

E
d

Along y, the E eld will create a voltage difference across the length of the box V ,
where
V Ed

JA

EA

Conduction current through the cross sectional area A is

I
Hence, the instantaneous power is

E 2 Ad
E 2 V

IV

where V
Ad is the small volume under consideration. The power per mm 3 is
obtained by setting V
10 3 3 ,

(W/mm3 )

E0 cos t. The time average dissipated power is

10

(W/mm3 )

10

1 2
E
2 0

2
E0 cos2 t dt

1
T

Pav

10

As a time harmonic signal, E

E 2

P
10 9

CHAPTER 7

349

(b)
104 2

10

(W/mm3 )

08

1
2

Pav

Problem 7.36 A team of scientists is designing a radar as a probe for measuring the
depth of the ice layer over the antarctic land mass. In order to measure a detectable
echo due to the reection by the ice-rock boundary, the thickness of the ice sheet
should not exceed three skin depths. If r 3 and r
10 2 for ice and if the
maximum anticipated ice thickness in the area under exploration is 1.2 km, what
frequency range is useable with the radar?

Solution:
1 2 km

400 m

1200 m

3s

Hence,

10

(Np/m)

10

11

Np/m

41 6 MHz

 

11 ,

6f

10

f 10 2
3 108 3

6f

f r
c r

10

2 f r 0
0
2 r 0

Since increases with increasing frequency, the useable frequency range is

41 6 MHz

1, we can use (7.75a) for :

25

For

25

 

1
400

Since

1
s