Mc lc

Trang
M u ............................................ 6
PHn I ............................................ 8
Tng quan l thuyt ............................... 8
Chng I ............................................ 8
Gii thiu chung v nguyn liu - phng php iu
ch hydro t kh t nhin ......................... 8
I.1. Gii thiu chung v kh t nhin v kh ng
hnh ........................................... 8
I.2. Tinh ch kh nguyn liu .................... 10
I.3. Cc phng php iu ch hydro t kh tnhin . 10
I.3.1. Phng php nhit phn ............................ 10
I.3.2. Phng php reforming hi nc ........................ 11
I.3.2.1. Phn ng chuyn ho kh cacbua hydro trong hi nc ......... 12
I.3.2.2. Phn ng chuyn ho reforming th cp ................ 13
I.3.3. Phng php oxy ho khng hon ton ................... 14
Chng II .......................................... 15
Tng hp amoniac ................................. 15
II.1. Tnh cht l hc ca NH
3
.................... 15
II.2 .Tnh cht ho hc .......................... 17
II.3. Nhng c s ho l ca qu trnh tng hp
amoniac ....................................... 19
II.3.1. C ch ca phn ng tng hp amoniac .................. 19
II.3.3 . Xc tc cho qu trnh ............................. 21
II.4.Vn cn bng lng hi trong h .......... 23
II.5. ng dng ca amoniac ...................... 24
Chng III .......................................... 24
Cng ngh tng hp amoniac ....................... 24
III.1. iu kin cng ngh ........................ 24
III.2. Mt s s tng hp in hnh ........ 26
III.3. Cc dy chuyn cng ngh sn xut amoniac 28
III.3.1. Cng ngh p sut cao ca hng Kellogg ................. 28
III.3.2. Cng ngh p sut trung bnh ca hng Krupp Uhde .......... 29
III.3.3. Cng ngh tng hp amoniac p sut thp ............... 31
III.3.3.1. Cng ngh ca hng Haldor Topsoe ( an Mch ) .......... 31
III.3.3.2. Cng ngh ca hng Linde AG ..................... 33
III.3.3.3. Cng ngh ca hng Kellogg Brown & Root, Inc ............ 34
III.4. Phng n ci tin tit kim nng lng cc
nh my sn xut amoniac ...................... 36
Chng IV ......................................... 39
La chn v gii thiu cng ngh ................. 39
IV.1. La chn cng ngh ....................... 39
IV.2. GIi thiu cng ngh ....................... 40
IV.2.1. Nguyn l hot ng ca dy chuyn ................... 40
IV.2.2. Cc qu trnh trong dy chuyn ....................... 41
IV.2.2.1. Qu trnh tch lu hunh trong nguyn liu ............... 41
IV.2.2.2. Qu trnh chuyn ho kh t nhin bng reforming hi nc ..... 42
IV.2.2.3. Qu trnh chuyn ho CO ......................... 44
IV.2.2.4. Qu trnh tch CO
2
........................ 44
V.2.2.5. Qu trnh metan ho ............................ 45
IV.2.3. Thit b phn ng chnh ........................... 45
Phn II .......................................... 47
Tnh ton cng ngh .............................. 47
Chng V ........................................... 47
Tnh cn bng vt cht .......................... 47
V.1. Tnh cn bng vt cht cho thit b chuyn ho
kh t nhin.................................... 47
V.1.1 Cc s liu ban u .............................. 47
V.1.2. Lng kh vo .................................. 48
V.1.3. Lng kh ra ................................... 49
V.2. Cn bng vt cht cho thit b chuyn ho CO
............................................... 56
V.2.1. Chuyn ho CO nhit cao ....................... 56
V.2.2. Chuyn ho CO nhit thp ...................... 57
V.3. Cn bng vt cht cho thit b tng hp
amoniac ....................................... 58
Chng VI ........................................... 62
Tnh cn bng nhit lng ......................... 62
Vi.1. Cn bng nhit lng cho thit b chuyn ha
kh t nhin ................................... 62
VI.3. Cn bng nhit lng cho thit b tng hp
amoniac ....................................... 68
Chng VII ........................................... 71
Tnh c kh ...................................... 71
VII.1. Tnh thit b sn xut kh tng hp ......... 71
VII.1.1. Tnh thit b reforming s cp ........................ 71
VII.1.2. Tnh thit b reforming th cp. ....................... 72
VII.2. Tnh thit b tng hp amoniac ............. 75
VII.2.1. Th tch ca hai lp xc tc ......................... 75
VII.2.2. ng knh ca thit b ............................ 77
VII.2.3. Chiu cao tng lp xc tc ......................... 77
VII.2.4. Thit b trao i nhit trong thp ...................... 78
VII.2.5. Chiu cao ton thp ............................. 78
VII.3. Chn cc thit b ph ...................... 79
VII.3.1. Chn my nn ................................ 79
VII.3.2. Chn qut ................................... 79
VII.3.3. Chn thit b trao i nhit ......................... 80
VII.3.4. Chn thng cha amoniac lng. ...................... 80
Phn iii ......................................... 80
Thit k xy dng ................................ 80
III.1. Chn a im xy dng ..................... 80
III.1.1. Cc yu cu chung .............................. 80
III.1.2. Cc yu cu v k thut xy dng ..................... 81
III.1.3. Cc yu cu v mi trng v sinh cng nghip .............. 81
III.1.4. Chn a im xy dng nh my ..................... 82
III.2. Yu cu khi thit k tng mt bng nh my ................ 82
iii.3. Gii php thit k xy dng tng quan mt
bng phn xng ................................ 84
III.3.1. Nguyn tc thit k tng mt bng phn xng .............. 84
III.3.2. Cc hng mc cng trnh ........................... 87
III.3.3. Mt bng nh my .............................. 89
III.3.3.1. ngha, tc dng .............................. 90
III.3.3.2. B tr cc thnh phn trong xy dng l thin v bn l thin .... 91
Phn IV .......................................... 92
Tnh ton kinh t ................................ 92
IV.1. Mc ch v nhim v ca tnh ton kinh t . 92
IV.2. Cc loi chi ph ............................ 92
IV.2.1. Chi ph cho mua my mc thit b ..................... 92
IV.2.2. Chi ph cho vn hnh dy chuyn ..................... 93
IV.2.3. Chi ph cho cng nhn sn xut trc tip ................. 94
IV.2.4. Chi ph khu hao ti sn c nh ...................... 95
IV.2.5. Mc khu hao cho mt n v sn phm ................. 96
IV.2.6. Mc khu hao cho nguyn liu ....................... 96
IV.2.7. Chi ph tin lng cho mt n v sn phm ................ 96
IV.2.8. Chi ph cho nhin liu v nng lng .................... 96
IV.2.9. Chi ph cho phn xng ............................ 96
IV.2.10. Chi ph cho qun l doanh nghip ..................... 97
IV.2.11. Chi ph bn hng .............................. 97
IV.3. Xc nh kt qu ca phng n k thut .... 98
IV.3.1. Doanh thu do phng n k thut em li ................. 98
IV.3.2. Li nhun .................................... 98
IV.3.3. Thi gian hon vn. .............................. 99
Phn V .......................................... 100
an ton v v sinh lao ng ..................... 100
V.1. an ton lao ng .......................... 100
V.1.1.Mc ch v ngha ............................. 100
VI.1.2. Cc bin php an ton lao ng ..................... 100
VI.2. Cng tc v sinh lao ng ................. 102
Kt lun ........................................ 104
TI LIU THAM KHO .............................. 105





M u
Amoniac(NH
3
) c ngha rt ln trong cng nghip. Vo nm 1909
Fritz Haber [20] pht minh ra phn ng tng hp amoniac qui m phng
th nghim. Nm 1913 c Carl Bosch [2] a vo qui m pilot vi sn lng
30 tn/ngy v dn pht trin ti ngy nay .
Tng hp amoniac tr thnh mt ngun nguyn liu quan trng cho
phn m, c bit l sau 1945, nu khng ni l ngun nguyn liu ch yu
[2]. Ngoi ra, amoniac cn l nguyn liu cho cng nghip quc phng, cng
nghip dn dng v cng nghip tng hp hu c khc.
Nguyn liu cho qu trnh tng hp amoniac dng nguyn liu chnh
l kh nit v hydro. Ngun gc nit duy nht v v tn l khng kh. Ngun
hydro cng ngy cng a dng t than, sang du, sang kh, ... ti 1990 t
trng kh trong c cu nguyn liu ln n 78,7%; du naphta 5%; du
nng 3,4%; than v c : 10,9%; cc ngun khc:1,6%. Cng vi s pht trin
ca cng nghip khai thc, ch bin kh t nhin v du m ngi ta
chuyn sang s dng cc loi nguyn liu ny[2] v u t t, tiu hao nng l-
ng thp.
Nhng s liu [1] sau y chng minh cho xu th , tuy ch c gi tr
tham kho :
Kh t nhin Naphta Du nng Than
u t c bn 1,00 1,18 1,50 2,00
Tiu hao nng lng 1,00 1,05 1,11 1,45

Vi li th ngun nguyn liu kh t nhin di do, nn vic pht trin
cng ngh sn xut NH
3
t kh t nhin nc ta l hng i ng n, nhm
tn dng c ngun nguyn liu sn c.
Cng ngh tng hp amoniac c a vo s dng trong quy m cng
nghip mi c khong mt th k. Nhng do nhu cu ln v c cu nguyn
liu, v dy chuyn v thit b, v h thng iu chnh iu khin qu trnh
sn xut, ... u c nhng thay i to ln [2]. Cc cng ngh amoniac
hin nay gm c: cng ngh p sut thp, cng ngh p sut trung bnh, cng
ngh p sut cao. Song cng ngh p sut thp c u im l vn u t v gi
thnh sn phm thp nn hu ht cc nh my sn xut amoniac trn th gii
u s dng loi cng ngh ny [1]. Ngoi ra, vic nng cao cng sut nh
my cng gip gim gi thnh sn xut [20]. tho mn nhu cu s dng
NH
3
ngy cng tng, cc nhf sn xut hng ti mc tiu tit kim nng lng
v nng cao hiu qu s dng thit b [20].
Phn bn c sn xut t amoniac dp ng nhu cu nui sng khong
40% dn s th gii v l ngun cung cp 40 60% nit trong c th con
ngi[20]. Nc ta l mt nc nng nghip, nn hng nm chng ta phi nhp
khu mt lng ln phn m bn cho cy trng. Do , vic nghin cu
thit k phn xng sn xut amoniac tng hp phn m v cc ngnh
cng nghip ho hc khc l rt cn thit nhm p ng nhu cu s dng
trong nc, gim thiu chi ph nhp khu t nc ngoi.
Vi n thit k phn xng sn xut NH
3
t kh t nhin nng sut
500.000 tn/nm ny em hy vng s b sung thm kin thc gp phn
nh b vo cng cuc xy dng t nc ngy cng giu mnh.









PHn I
Tng quan l thuyt
Chng I
Gii thiu chung v nguyn liu - phng php
iu ch hydro t kh t nhin
I.1. Gii thiu chung v kh t nhin v kh ng hnh
Kh t nhin l kh cha trong cc m kh ring bit, cn kh ng
hnh l kh nm ln trong du m c hnh thnh cng vi du m [3].
Nhng cu t c bn ca kh t nhin v kh ng hnh l metan, etan,
propan, butan (normal v izo). Thnh phn ca nhng cu t c bn trong kh
thay i trong mt phm vi kh rng ty theo m du khai thc [1]. Trong
kh t nhin cha ch yu CH
4
cc kh nng C
3
C
4
rt t, cn trong kh
ng hnh hm lng cc kh C
3
C
4
cao hn (bng I.1) [3] .

Bng I.1. Thnh phn kh ng hnh v kh t nhin

Kh ng hnh Kh t nhin
% th tch % khi lng % th tch % khi lng
Metan 51,06 35,7 92,34 89,4
Etan 18,52 24,3 1,92 3,5
Propan 11,53 22,2 0,58 1,4
Butan 4,37 11,1 0,30 1,1
Pentan 2,14 6,7 1,05 4,6
Phihydrocacbon 12,38 6,7 3,85 4,6

Ngoi ra trong thnh phn kh t nhin v kh ng hnh cn c H
2
O,
H
2
S cng cc hp cht cha lu hunh, CO
2
, N
2
v Heli . Ngi ta cn phn
loi kh theo hm lng hydrocacbon t propan tr ln. Kh giu propan butan
v cc hydrocacbon nng (trn 150g/m
3
) c gi l kh bo (hay kh du).
Cn kh cha t hydrocacbon nng (t propan tr ln, di mc 50g/m
3
) gi l
kh kh (hay kh gy), c s dng lm nhin liu cho cng nghip v i
sng, lm nguyn liu cho cng ngh tng hp hu c, nguyn liu cho sn
xut phn m, etanol, ... . Tr lng kh c th pht hin c tnh vo khong
1300 t m
3
kh [1] .
Kh t nhin v kh ng hnh l ngun chnh cung cp cc cc
nguyn liu quan trng cho cng nghip ho hc v ho du, v d: etan. Ti
M ch bin 40% etylen phc v cho sn xut nha tng hp, oxit etylen ,

Kh t nhin v kh ng hnh ca Vit Nam cha t H
2
S [1]. Chng
ta khai thc khai thc v vn chuyn khong 1,58 t m
3
kh ng
hnh. V vi tr lng khong 200 t m
3
kh t nhin, nc ta c xp vo 40
nc khai thc kh t nhin th gii [14] .
I.2. Tinh ch kh nguyn liu
Kh sau khi khai thc ngoi cc cu t chnh l cc hydrocacbon
parafin, cn c cha cc tp cht nh : bi, hi nc, kh tr, CO
2
, H
2
S v cc
hp cht cha S, ... . Trc khi a vo ch bin kh cn phi qua cng on
chun b kh. Ti tin hnh loi b cc tp cht bng cc qu trnh tch
bi, tch hi nc v tch cc axit [1].
I.3. Cc phng php iu ch hydro t kh tnhin
Hin nay c ba phng php [2] iu ch hydro t ngun nguyn liu
cha metan (CH
4
) :
- Phng php nhit phn thc hin phn ng:
CH
4
C + 2H
2
(1)
- Phng php reforming hi nc, cc oxit khc:
CH
4
+ H
2
O CO + 3H
2
(2)
CH
4
+ CO
2
2CO + 2H
2
(3)
- Phng php oxy ho khng hon ton:
2CH
4
+ O
2
2CO + 4H
2
(4)
I.3.1. Phng php nhit phn
y l phn ng thu nhit rt ln
CH
4
C + 2H
2
, AH
298
= 82,4 (kJ/mol)
Hng s cn bng ca phn ng c xc nh:
lgK
p
= lg
3 , 11 T 10 . 1 , 13 T 00177 , 0 T lg 58 , 5
T
3140
P
P
2 6
4
CH
2
2
H
+ =


Bng I.1. Nng cn bng theo nhit
Nhit ,
0
C 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
K
p
0,328 3,96 36,6 93,6 186
CH
4
*
% 56,8 33,5 17 2,59 4,55 2,59 1,62 1,04 0,3
H
2
*
% 43,2 66,5 82,7 97,41 95,45 97,41 98,88 98,96 99,7

C th thy iu ch hydro tinh khit cho tng hp NH
3
cn khng
ch nhit khong 1100 1300
0
C. gii quyt t nhit cao nh vy,
trong mt phn ng thu nhit ln thng trong cng nghip dng phn ng c
tnh chu k. Trong giai on u, khong 1 n 2 pht thng khng kh t
chy metan - nng nhit ln 1200 1600
0
C; giai on 2 ko di chng 5
6 pht thc hin phn ng nhit phn. Cui giai on khi nhit h xung
900 950
0
C, mt chu k mi li bt u.
Tuy vy, nng kh sn phm ch t 70 80%H
2
; 10% CH
4
; 5%
CO; 0,5% CO
2
v mt s etylen, naphtalen, benzen , ... . Theo vi s pht
trin ca cng ngh xc tc, ngy cng t c s sn xut s dng phng n
ny, chuyn sang phng php reforming CH
4
trong hi nc vi s c mt ca
xc tc.
I.3.2. Phng php reforming hi nc
Di tc dng ca xc tc cc cacbua hydro phn ng vi khng kh,
hoc oxy, hoc hi nc chuyn ho thnh hydro v cc hp cht ca oxit
cacbon khc.

S tng qut qu trnh reforming hi nc cho tng hp NH
3























I.3.2.1. Phn ng chuyn ho kh cacbua hydro trong hi nc
Phn ng c bn nh sau:
CH
4
+ H
2
O CO + 3H
2
, AH = 206,3 (kJ/mol) (1)
CH
4
+ 2H
2
O CO
2
+ 4H
2
, AH = 165,3 (kJ/mol) (2)
CO + H
2
O CO
2
+ H
2
, AH = -41,2 (kJ/mol) (3)
CO
2
+ CH
4
2CO + 2H
2
, AH = 247,3 (kJ/mol) (4)
Cc loi cacbua hydro cao cng tin hnh phn ng tng t. C th
vit phn ng tng qut nh sau:
C
n
H
2n+2
+ nH
2
O nCO + (2n+1)H
2
(5)
Song song vi cn 1 lot cc phn ng ph:
2CO CO
2
+ C , AH = -72,4 (kJ/mol) (6)
CO + H
2
C + H
2
O , AH = -122,6 (kJ/mol) (7)
CH
4
C + 2H
2
, AH = 82,4 (kJ/mol) (8)
Ba phn ng chuyn ho (1), (2), (4) l phn ng thu nhit, hiu ng
nhit kh ln. C th ni tng hp hiu ng nhit l qu trnh thu nhit, phn
ng chuyn ho cn b sung lng nhit rt ln.
* Vn tc phn ng reforming s cp
Nu khng c xc tc, ngay 1300
0
C tc phn ng rt chm, hng
s tc phn ng:
K = 2,3. 10
9
. e
-65000/RT
(pht
-1
)
So vi phn ng xc tc , 700 800
0
C
K = 7,8. 10
9
. e
-22700/RT
(pht
-1
)
V vy trong cng nghip ch yu dng xc tc, y mnh c chn
lc phn ng (1). Nhiu hp cht ca cc nguyn t Co, Pd, Pt, Rh, Ir, .... c
tc dng xc tc i vi phn ng, song vi Ni: hot tnh va cao nhit
khng ln lm, r, d tm kim v gia cng, cho nn hu ht cc c s sn
xut u dng xc tc Ni. Cc ph gia thng dng l cc oxit kim loi c kh
nng n nh, khng b kh nhit cao nh Al
2
O
3
, MgO, Cr
2
O
3
,

...
I.3.2.2. Phn ng chuyn ho reforming th cp
reforming s cp, phn ng din ra di p sut thng ( 0,3 0,35
Mpa ), hay p sut cao (1,0 3,5 MPa), thng nhit khong 650 870
0
C.
Do phn ng thu nhit nn thng sau giai on 1 hm lng CH
4
xung chng
2 4%, nhng nm gn y c khuynh hng nng hm lng ny ln cao hn
na nhm tng hiu sut thit b v gi tr kinh t trong cng ngh.
Sau tip tc hon thin chuyn ho cng on 2 nhm h hm lng
CH
4
xung v ng thi cng b sung mt lng Nit nht nh nhm t t
l H
2
: N
2
= 3 : 1 .
Cc phn ng:
H
2
+ 1/2 O
2
H
2
O
CO + 1/2O
2
CO
2

CH
4
+ 1/2 O
2
CO + 2H
2

Ngoi ra cn c nhng phn ng ph.
CH
4
+ H
2
O CO + 3H
2

CH
4
+ CO
2
2CO + 2H
2

CO + H
2
O CO
2
+ H
2

Trong ch yu l phn ng gia H
2
v O
2
v tc phn ng ny
gp 10
3
n 10
4
ln cc phn ng khc.
Xc tc on 2 c bn tng t on 1, song c im phn ng on
2 l nhit cao. Thng xuyn min nhit 1000 1250
0
C thm ch khi
lm vic n nh c th ln ti 1400 1450
0
C. V vy yu cu cao i vi
kh nng chu nhit ca xc tc.
I.3.3. Phng php oxy ho khng hon ton
Phng php ny da trn cc phn ng sau:
- Trc ht thc hin phn ng chy ca metan:
CH
4
+ 2O
2
CO
2
+ H
2
O (1)
y l phn ng chy, to nhit
- Bc hai sn phm CO
2
, H
2
O ca phn ng chy phn ng vi CH
4
d
sau phn ng bc mt.
CH
4
+ H
2
O CO + 3H
2
(2)
CH
4
+ CO
2
2CO + 2H
2
(3)
Phn ng (1) din ra cc nhanh; phn ng (2) , (3) rt chm. V vy
vi hiu sut chuyn ho tuy di cn bng, song cn nng cao nhit phn
ng.
Trng hp khng dng xc tc nhit phn ng trong khong 1400
1500
0
C ni trn ngy cng b thu hp phm vi s dng.
Chng II
Tng hp amoniac
II.1. Tnh cht l hc ca NH
3

Amoniac l mt cht kh khng mu, mi khai v xc, nh hn khng
kh. N c nhit nng chy l -77,75
0
C v nhit si l -33,35
0
C. L
phn t c cc, amoniac tan rt d trong nc, mt lt nc 0
0
C ho tan 1200
lt kh NH
3
, 20
0
C l 700 lt NH
3
.[5]
Do c cc tnh ln, nhng phn t amoniac c kh nng kt hp vi
nhau nh lin kt hydro cho nn nhit nng chy, nhit si v nhit
ho hi ca n ( 22,82 kJ/mol ) qu cao so vi nhng hp cht tng t.[5]
Amoniac lng c hng s in mi[5] tng i ln nn l mt dung
mi ion ho tt i vi nhiu cht. Cng nh nc, amoniac lng t phn ly
theo qu trnh :
2NH
3
NH
4
+
+ NH
2

Hng s in ly rt b , tch s ion ca amoniac lng -50
0
C
33
2
NH
4
NH C
0
50
10 . 2 C . C K

+

= =

Tng t vi nc, nhng cht no khi tan trong amoniac lng m lm
tng nng NH
4
+
l axit v lm tng nng NH
2
l baz
Amoniac lng c kh nng ho tan cc kim loi kim v kim th to
nn dung dch c mu lam thm.
nht [15] dung dch amoniac -20

150
0
C v p sut 0,098 MPa
c th c xc nh theo cng thc:
2 11 8 6
v 10 . 8 , 2 v . 10 . 75 , 2 10 . 83 , 9

+ + = q

Mt s hng s vt l [15] quan trng ca amoniac th hin trong
bng II.1 .


Bng II.1 . Mt s hng s vt l quan trng ca NH
3

Tn Hng s
Phn t lng 17,0312
Th tch phn t 0
0
C, 101,3KPa 22,08 ( l/mol )
Hng s kh R 0,48818 (kPa .m
3
/kg.h)
T trng ca lng 0
0
C v 101,3 KPa 0,6386 ( g/cm
3
)
T trng ca kh 0
0
C v 101,3 KPa 0,7714 ( g/l )
T trng ca lng -33,43
0
C v 101,3KPa 0,682 (g/cm
3
)

T trng ca kh -33,43
0
C v 101,3KPa 0,888 ( g/l )
p sut ti hn
11,28 ( MPa )
Nhit ti hn 132,4 (
0
C )
T trng ti hn 0,235 ( g/cm
3
)
Th tch ti hn 4,225 ( cm
3
/g )
nn ti hn 0,242
dn in ti hn 0,522 ( kJ/K.h.m )
nht ti hn 23,90.10
-3
( mPa.s )
Nhit nng chy -77,71 (
0
C )
Nhit nng chy ( 101,3KPa) 332,3 ( kJ/kg )
p sut hi
6,077 ( kPa )
im si ( 101,3KPa) -33,43 (
0
C )
Nhit ho hi ( 101,3KPa) 1370 ( kJ/kg )
Entanpi tiu chun ca kh ( 25
0
C) -45,72 ( kJ/mol )
Entropi tiu chun ca kh ( 25
0
C) 192,731 ( J/molK )
II.2 .Tnh cht ho hc
V mt ho hc[5] amoniac l cht kh hot ng. Vi cp electron t
do nit, amoniac c kh nng kt hp d dng vi nhiu cht.
Khi tan trong nc, amoniac kt hp vi ion H
+
ca nc to thnh ion
NH
4
+
v dung dch tr nn c tnh baz.
NH
3
+ H
+
= NH
4
+

H
2
O H
+
+ OH
v phn ng tng qut c th vit l:
NH
3 (dd)
+ H
2
O NH
4
+
+ OH
Hng s phn ly ca NH
3
trong dung dch 25
0
C l:
K =
5
NH
OH NH
10 . 8 , 1
C
C . C
) dd ( 3
4
=
+

Nh vy dung dch NH
3
trong nc l mt baz yu
Kh NH
3
d dng kt hp vi HCl to nn mui NH
4
Cl dng khi
trng.
NH
3
+ HCl = NH
4
Cl
Kh amoniac c th chy khi t trong oxi cho ngn la mu vng to
nn kh nit v nc.
4NH
3
+ 3O
2
= 3N
2
+ H
2
O
Khi c platin hay hp kim platin - rodi lm cht xc tc 800
0
C
900
0
C, kh amoniac b oxy khng kh oxy ho thnh nit oxit.
4NH
3
+ 5O
2
= 4NO + 6H
2
O
Trong trng hp ny ngi ta thi nhanh hn hp kh i qua cht xc
tc . Nu cho hn hp i chm qua si aming cha mui platin, phn ng
xy ra khc:
2NH
3
+ 2O
2
= NH
4
NO
3
+ H
2
O
Clo v brm oxi ho mnh lit amoniac trng thi kh v trng thi
dung dch.
2NH
3
+ 3Cl
2
= N
2
+ 6HCl
Flo tc dng vi kh NH
3
to thnh kh nit triflorua
4NH
3
+ 3F
2
= NF
3
+ 3NH
4
F
i vi cc cht oxi ho khc, amoniac bn iu kin thng. Khi
un nng n kh c oxit ca 1 s kim loi.
3CuO + 2NH
3
= N
2
+ 3H
2
O + 3Cu
nhit cao nhng nguyn t hydro trong phn t amoniac c th
c ln lt th bng cc kim loi hot ng to thnh amiua (cha nhm
NH
2
), imiua (cha nhm NH
2-
) v nitrua (cha ion N
3-
)
2Na + 2NH
3
= 2NaNH
2
+ H
2

800 900
0
C nhm tng tc vi kh amoniac to thnh nhm nitrua
v hydro:
2Al + 2NH
3
= 2AlN + 3H
2

II.3. Nhng c s ho l ca qu trnh tng hp
amoniac
Phn ng tng hp NH
3
trong cng nghip l mt phn ng thuc loi
phn ng kh rn. H khng ng nht, tin hnh trn xc tc vi thnh phn
c bn l st t v mt s ph gia nh Al
2
O
3
, K
2
O, CaO, ... [2] .
II.3.1. C ch ca phn ng tng hp amoniac
C ch [12] ca phn ng tng hp NH
3
trn xc tc st xy ra nh sau:
N
2
+ 2Fe 2N - Fe (1)
H
2
+ 2Fe 2H - Fe (2)
H-Fe + N-Fe NH - Fe + Fe (3)
NH-Fe + H-Fe NH
2
-Fe + Fe (4)
NH
2
-Fe + H-Fe NH
3
+ 2Fe (5)
II.3.2. C s nhit ng ca phn ng
Phng trnh phn ng c bn ca qu trnh tng hp amoniac[1]:
N
2
+ 3H
2
2NH
3
+ 91,44 (kJ/mol)
y l phn ng thun nghch, to nhit. Hng s cn bng c biu
din bng biu thc:
K
p
=
3
2
H
2
N
2
3
NH
P . P
P

trong :
2
H
2
N
3
NH
P , P , P
l p sut ring phn ca cc cu t NH
3
, N
2
, H
2
.
Hng s cn bng c th tnh theo phng trnh Van't Hoff:

2
RT
H
dT
) Kp (ln d A
=

Phng php ny cho chnh xc khng cao v kh xc nh c cc
gi tr nhit dung ng p ca cc cu t p sut cao v nh lut Dalton v
p sut ring phn c sai s ln khi p dng i vi kh thc.
S dng phng php tnh theo fugat cho kt qu ph hp hn:
K
f
=
2 / 3 *
2
H
2 / 1 *
2
N
*
3
NH
2 / 3
2
H
2 / 1
2
N
3
NH
2 / 3 *
2
H
2 / 1 *
2
N
*
3
NH
P . P
P
.
. f . f
f

=

trong :
*
i
f
: fugat ca cu t i lc cn bng
*
i
P
: p sut ring phn ca cu t i lc cn bng

i
: h s fugat ca cu t i, c tnh theo cng thc
i
=
*
i
f
/
*
i
P

H s fugat
i
ca cu t i ph thuc vo nhit rt gn T
r
= T/ T
c
v
p sut rt gn P
r
= P / P
c

Nu t: K

=
2 / 3
2
H
2 / 1
2
N
3
NH
.

v K
p
=
2 / 3 *
2
H
2 / 1 *
2
N
*
3
NH
P . P
P

Ta c K
f
= K

. K
p
, vi K
p
c tnh theo phng trnh thc nghim.
I T 10 . 8564 , 1 T T lg 4943 , 2
T
18 , 2074
K lg
2 7
p
+ | + + =


trong : T l nhit trung bnh ca qu trnh phn ng , K
| l h s ph thuc vo p sut , 300at : | = 1,256.10
-4

I l hng s tch phn , I =-2,206
Xc nh c K
p
cho php xc nh c nng amoniac lc cn bng
theo cng thc sau:
0 10 Y .
P
K 308
Y 200 Y
4
a
p
a
2
a
= +

trong :
Y
a
: nng amoniac lc cn bng , % th tch
P : p sut trung bnh trong thp , at
K
p
: hng s cn bng ca phn ng
Hiu ng nhit ca phn ng ph thuc vo nhit v p sut c th
xc nh theo cng thc :
Q = 9157 +
3 6 2 4
3
5
T 10 . 69 , 16 T 10 . 52 , 2 35 , 5 P .
T
10 . 459
T
6 , 840
545 , 0 + +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +

trong :
Q l hiu ng nhit , KJ/mol
T l nhit , K
P l p sut , at
II.3.3 . Xc tc cho qu trnh
Phn ng tin hnh vi mt tc rt nh, k c nhit cao. V
vy buc phi s dng xc tc.
Hin s dng xc tc gc Fe
2
O
4
[1] thng c cc ph gia oxit ca cc
nguyn t Al, K, Ca, Mg, ... v mt s tp cht theo vo trong qu trnh ch
to nh Si, Ti, S, P, Cl, ... khi tng hm lng Al
2
O
3
bn nhit v bn c
ca xc tc tng. Tuy nhin lng Al
2
O
3
nhiu gy kh khn cho qu trnh ti
sinh xc tc v cn tr s nh hp th NH
3
trn b mt xc tc. Ngoi Al
2
O
3
,
cn c mt s oxit khc cng c tc dng n nh cu trc ca xc tc, mc
n nh cu trc ca chng c sp xp theo th t sau:
Al
2
O
3
> TiO
2
> Cr
2
O
3
>MgO > MnO = CaO > SiO
2
> BeO
Cc oxit kim loi kim c tc dng lm tng cng trao i in t hot
ho qu trnh trung gian, do tng hot tnh xc tc lm vic p sut cao,
ng thi to iu kin nh hp ph NH
3
tt hn v tng kh nng chu ng
c vi H
2
S [1] .
Ngoi ra, cc oxit t him nh Sm
2
O
3
, HoO
3
, Fr
2
O
3
[1] cng gp phn
tng hot tnh xc tc. Trong qu trnh hot ho cc oxit ny b kh thnh
kim loi v to hp kim vi st. Cng vi nhng pht kin trong ch to, hot
tnh xc tc[2] tng r rt, nhit v p sut lm vic u gim, to iu
kin lm bin i cng ngh nh h p sut tng hp xung ph bin mc
10 15 MPa nhit lm vic c th gim xung 360
0
C, thm ch 350
0
C,
mang li nhng gi tr kinh t cao.
Bng II.2. Mt s c im ca cc loi xc tc [2]

Thnh phn iu kin lm vic
K
2
O Al
2
O
3
CaO MgO SiO
2
CoO
2
CoO
p sut,
MPa
Nhit ,
0
C

C-73-3-02 0,6 2,4 1,4 5 4,915 375475
C-73-3-01 0,50,8 23 0,71,2 <0,4 9,898 400590

35-4 0,8 2,5 2,0 0,3 0,4 14,758,8 350550
35-8 1 3,2 2,5 0,4 0,5 9,858,8 350550
BASF
c
S6-10 0,54 2,9 2,8 0,32 0,35 9,858,8 380530
Topsoe KM-1 0,66 2,85 3,27 0,28 0,78 9,898 380550
Lin X CA-1 0,71 34 <0,7 <0,7 9,829,4 400550
Calasa C.16.3.5 0,82 2,53,5 22,5 0,10,4 0,20,6 0,52,5 9,829,4 350500
Trung
Quc
A110-1 0,60,8 2,22,6 1,41,8 s0,4 30 370550

V mt thnh phn v cc thng s ni trn, u l dng ban u, trc
khi a vo s dng ta chuyn st t dng oxit sang dng o-Fe, dng xc tc
hot tnh.
V mt ho hc thc hin phn ng vi mt iu kin khng ch
nghim ngt, gia dng kh H
2
hoc N
2
+3H
2

Fe
3
O
4

(rn)
+ 4H
2(kh)
3Fe
(rn)
+ 4H
2
O
(hi)
V mt nh tnh , c th lu : qu trnh hon nguyn l qu trnh thu
nhit , phn ng hai chiu tng nhit c li cho phn ng - tng tc
sinh thnh o-Fe; song ngc li H
2
O vi hm lng ln c th chuyn o-Fe tr
thnh Fe
3
O
4
. V vy ta cn iu chnh t l H
2
O / H
2
thch hp, qua tc lu
lng dng kh.
1 Cc loi xc tc khc lm tng hiu qu tng hp amoniac
Nhiu nm gn y, s dng ruthemin nh mt loi xc tc mi nht.
u th ca xc tc ruthemin ch hot tnh cao nn lng xc tc dng t, p
sut lm vic thp, nhit cao, bn v tui th t yu cu, nht l khi
tm c cht mang tt nh cht mang graphit (hng Kellogg); gm (hng
Topsoe) [2] .
Mt h xc tc mi [21] gm Ba c hot ho bng Ru trn cht mang
MgO c th lm tng hiu qu tng hp so vi nhng loi xc tc hin ang
c s dng trong cng nghip sn xut amoniac. Xc tc Ba-Ru/MgO ch
i hi p sut bng mt na p sut cn c khi s dng xc tc Fe thng th-
ng, xc tc ny c n nh cao v c xem l loi xc tc tng hp
amoniac th h mi .
II.4.Vn cn bng lng hi trong h
Sn phm sau phn ng l mt hn hp kh H
2
, N
2
, kh tr v NH
3
. Do
c im vn tc ca phn ng, nng trong kh sn phm u thp,
khong 1620%. Cn da vo lm lnh tch NH
3
ngng t di dng lng.
Phn nit, hydro cha phn ng quay tun hon tr li thp tng hp [2].
Nng NH
3
trng thi cn bng
3
NH
x
(tnh theo % th tch) thay
i theo nhit v p sut. Tnh theo cng thc ca A.Mikhel :
t 273
1288 , 1168
P 2 , 10
56799 , 6
3591 , 2 lg
3
NH
x
+
= + =

trong : P l p sut , MPa.
t l nhit ,
0
C
II.5. ng dng ca amoniac
Amoniac c dng[16] lm nhin liu tn la, cng nghip ho hc,
cng nghip thc phm , gia cng kim loi.
c dng tng hp hu c polime, si, dc liu, thuc nhum. Dng
lm cht lm lnh.
Amoniac c dng lm cht bo v mi trng tch SO
2
v NO
x
, dng
lm thuc n.
iu ch cc mui amoni, CaCN
2
, NaNO
3
, nitil kim loi, amit kim
loi, nit kim loi.
Dng tng hp phn bn.
Chng III
Cng ngh tng hp amoniac

Ngy nay cc nguyn l tng hp NH
3
ca Haber v Bosch [21] t N
2

v H
2
trn xc tc st vn khng thay i. nng cao hiu qu kinh t v
cng sut ca nh my, cng ngh sn xut NH
3
khng ngng c hon
thin .
III.1. iu kin cng ngh
Hin nay, da vo p sut [1] ca dy chuyn thng chia lm 3 loi:
- Qu trnh tng hp p sut thp 1015 MPa
- Qu trnh tng hp p sut trung bnh 2550 MPa
- Qu trnh tng hp p sut cao 60100 MPa
Tu loi xc tc khc nhau, qu trnh tng hp c th khc nhau .
Song c 1 s c im chung [2] :
- V nhit : phn ng tng hp l phn ng trong h khng ng
nht, kh rn, hai chiu v to nhit .
- V gi tr min nhit lm vic: tu loi xc tc s dng. m
bo nhit lm vic quanh min ti u, s dng loi thit b truyn nhit ni
b hoc trung gian. Phn thit b truyn nhit trung gian hoc dng hnh thc
gin tip, hoc trc tip bng cch truyn nhit t cht ti nhit lnh qua
thnh ng ca thit b truyn nhit hoc b xung kh nguyn liu lnh (120
150
0
C ) vo gia 2 on ca phn ng xc tc .
Do thit b truyn nhit ni b c nhc im l tit din cha xc tc
qu nh so vi tit din l ng xc tc nn lng xc tc b hn ch; nng
sut thit b qu thp; khng hp vi dy chuyn c sn lng ln. Hin hu
ht chuyn thnh thit b truyn nhit trung gian .
- V thnh phn kh nguyn liu: qu trnh tng hp NH
3
dng kh a
vo thp bao gm hai phn: kh nguyn liu t cng on ch to kh nguyn
liu sang vi t l H
2
/N
2
khong 3/1 ; 0,5% kh tr (CH
4
, Ar) v kh sn
phm ca qu trnh tng hp sau khi tch phn ln NH
3
. Gi chung l kh
tun hon. nh hng n tc phn ng ch yu c hai loi kh: mt l hn
hp H
2
v N
2
v mt l kh tr .
Vi H
2
v N
2
ng nhin nng cng cao cng c li cho phn ng
k c tng tc phn ng v chuyn dch cn bng .
Vi kh tr, do dng kh i tun hon nn nng kh tr tng dn
trong dng tun hon. Hm lng kh tr tng, tng t gim p sut reieng
phn cu t khc, do vy tc phn ng, cn bng phn ng b gim tng
ng vi mc gim do p sut tng hp h thp gy nn .
Hin nay thng gi hm lng kh tr trong kh tun hon chng
812% (tng CH
4
v Ar). Nh vy dng kh nguyn liu c thnh phn :
812% kh tr, 3% NH
3
cn li l hn hp H
2
/N
2
vi t l 3/1 .
- V p sut : p sut lm chuyn dch cn bng, lm tng tc phn
ng thun cng nh gim tc phn ng nghch, to iu kin d dng cho
phn tch NH
3
sn phm khi dng kh tun hon; cng sn xut ca thit
b ln, hiu ng nhit ln, ... . Hn ch duy nht ca p sut l u t cho thit
b trong dy chuyn, mc kh khn i vi yu cu thit b. V vy tu
tnh hnh kinh t k thut ca t nc chn p sut lm vic .
Hin nay, xut pht t kh nng ch to xc tc hot tnh cao, c kh
nng lm vic nhit thp, thm na kh nng ch to v s dng loi
my nn tuc bin lm vic p sut cao v vn c hiu sut cao, y mnh
xu th tng hp p sut thp .
III.2. Mt s s tng hp in hnh
1. Nu kh mi hon ton khng c cc cht gy ng c xc tc nh n-
c, CO
2
, c th trc tip a vo thit b chuyn ho (hnh III.1a). Sau khi kh
ra khi thit b tng hp, NH
3
c ngng t bng cch lm lnh v kh tun
hon c a vo my nn tun hon. S ny i din cho s sp xp thch
hp nht theo quan im nng lng cc tiu. Kt qu l NH
3
thp nht u
vo v cao nht cho ngng t[1] .
u im : Thit b n gin .
Nhc im : Hiu sut chuyn ho ton b qu trnh thp.














Hnh III.1 . Cc s tng hp amoniac
1. Thit b chuyn ho NH
3
c b phn trao i nhit ; 2. Thu hi NH
3
bng
lm lnh v ngng t ; 3. Thu hi NH
3
bng ngng t nhit mi trng ;
4. My nn kh tng hp ; 5. My nn kh tun hon.

2. Khi kh nguyn liu mi cha nhiu nc hoc CO
2
th cn phi hp
th hon ton nh ngng t NH
3
. iu ny yu cu giai on ngng t c t
mt phn hoc ton b gia u a kh mi vo v thit b chuyn ho. S
sp xp ny c bt li l nng NH
3
gim xung do ho tan vo kh mi.
Ngoi ra nhit ngng t tng ng nng NH
3
cn bng u vo cao
hn thit b chuyn ho. Hnh III.1b l s n gin nht. S ny c bt
li l NH
3
sn xut ra pha kh phi c nn cng kh tun hon trong my
nn tun hon[1] .
u im: Hiu qu qu trnh lm lnh cao hn nn kh nng thu hi
amoniac ln hn .
Nhc im: Nng lng cn thit cho lm lnh qu ln .
3. Trong s hnh III.1c thng s dng my nn loi 4 k vi s b
tr nh vy, thc hin nn tun hon ngay sau khi ngng t v tch NH
3
. C th
s dng nc hoc khng kh lm lnh kh tun hon ngay trc khi trn vi
kh mi, v th gim c tiu hao nng lng cho lm lnh[1] .
u im: Tiu hao nng lng thp .
Nhc im: Thit b phc tp .
4. Chia lm lnh thnh 2 bc cho ngng t NH
3
s c li ki kh tun
hon c nn cng vi kh mi. Qu trnh ny c s dng c bit l vi p
sut tng hp ln hn 25 MPa. p sut ny phn ln NH
3
to thnh c th
c ho lng nh lm lnh bng nc hoc khng kh nh s hnh III.1d . S
(d) so vi (b) th thu hi nhit trit hn[1] .
III.3. Cc dy chuyn cng ngh sn xut amoniac
III.3.1. Cng ngh p sut cao ca hng Kellogg
S cng ngh c m t trn hnh III.2. Nguyn l lm vic[6] nh
sau :
Kh t nhin v hi nc c dn vo thit b reforming hi nc. Ti
y kh t nhin v hi nc phn ng vi nhau to thnh H
2
, CO v CO
2
. V
phn ng hp th mt lng nhit rt ln, thc hin phn ng, phi t
nng ng xc tc ln nhit rt cao bng nhit lng bn ngoi. Dn kh ny
ti ng xc tc ca thit b reforming th cp . Sau kh tng hp c a i
qua thit b chuyn ho CO chuyn ha CO v H
2
O thnh H
2
v CO
2
trn
1 loi xc tc khc. CO
2
c hp th ti sinh thit b cha cht hp th
lng. xc tc khi ng c, ngi ta x l vt CO trong ng metan ho .
Kh tng hp lm sch c nn vo thp tng hp. V phn ng xy
ra p sut cao v nhit cao nn phi nn kh tng hp t p sut va phi
( 3740 atm) ln p sut cao (195320 atm), nng nhit ln 450
0
C, sau
dn n thp tng hp p sut cao xc tc st. Kh nng ra khi thp phn
ng c lm lnh ngng t NH
3
. Kh cha chuyn ha c nn tr li thp
tng hp .



Hnh III.2 . S cng ngh ca hng Kellogg
1.My nn ; 2.Thit b tch S ; 3.Reforming s cp ; 4.Thit b un si ph tr ;
5.Trao i nhit ; 6.ng khi ; 7.Reforming th cp ; 8.Thit b trao i nhit ;
9.Ni hi ; 10.chuyn ho CO nhit cao ; 11.chuyn ho CO nhit thp ;
12.thp metan ho ; 13.Thp hp th CO
2
; 14.Thp tch ; 15.Thit b thu hi
CO
2
; 16.Thp tng hp amoniac ; 17.Thit b tch amoniac ; 18.Thng cha
amoniac ; 19.Thit b thu hi amoniac .
III.3.2. Cng ngh p sut trung bnh ca hng Krupp Uhde
Cng ngh Krupp Uhde[17] l cng ngh sn xut amoniac t kh t
nhin, kh ho lng hay naphta. Nu sa i cc thit b u cui mt cch
thch hp th cng c th s dng cc nguyn liu hydrocacbon khc nh:
than, du, cc loi b hoc kh metanol sch . Trong thi gian t nm 1990
n nm 2000 c 40 nh my p dng cng ngh ny c a vo vn
hnh vi cng sut t 500 n 1800 tn/ngy.
Theo quy trnh cng ngh Krupp Uhde, tng hp amoniac c thc
hin trong thit b p sut trung bnh. Nhng phng php ny c ti u ho
gim tiu th nng lng v tng n nh vn hnh. S cng ngh c
m t trn hnh III.3 .

6
1
2
3
4
5

Hnh III.3 . Cng ngh tng hp amoniac ca hng Krupp Uhde
1.Reforming s cp ; 2.Reforming th cp ; 3.Chuyn ho CO nhit thp ;
4.Chuyn ho CO nhit cao ; 5.Thp tng hp amoniac ; 6.Thp tch S .

Kh t nhin c tch lu hunh, phi trn vi hi nc v c chuyn
ho thnh kh tng hp nh xc tc niken p sut khong 40 bar v nhit
800850
0
C. Thit b reforming s cp ca Krupp Uhde l thit b t
phn trn, c cc ng c lm bng thp hp kim v h thng ng x lnh
nng n nh vn hnh .
Trong thit b reforming th cp, khng kh c a vo cng kh tng
hp qua h thng vi phun t bit, cho php phi trn hon ho hn hp
khng kh v kh tng hp. Cng on to hi nc v un qu nhit tip theo
m bo s dng ti a nhit nng ca quy trnh t hiu qu nng lng
ti u .
Kh CO c chuyn ho thnh CO
2
trong thit b chuyn ha nhit
cao v nhit thp. Kh CO
2
c loi b thit b ra kh, CO
2
d c
chuyn ha thnh metan. Chu trnh tng hp amoniac s dng hai thit b
chuyn ha amoniac vi ba tng xc tc .
Amoniac lng ngng t v c tch ra khi chu trnh tng hp, sau
c lm lnh tip xung di nhit ngng t v a vo b cha .
III.3.3. Cng ngh tng hp amoniac p sut thp
III.3.3.1. Cng ngh ca hng Haldor Topsoe ( an Mch )
Cng ngh Haldor Topsoe[17], [15], [1] l cng ngh sn xut
amoniac c mc tiu hao nng lng thp, i t cc loi nguyn liu
hyrocacbon khc nhau, t kh t nhin n naphta nng. S cng ngh -
c m t trn hnh III.4.
Dng kh nguyn liu c nn qua thp tch lu hunh, sau c phi
trn vi hi nc v c chuyn ha thnh kh tng hp trong thit b
reforming hi nc. Thit b reforming bao gm mt thit b reforming s b
(y l thit b tu chn, nhng t bit c ch khi s dng nguyn liu
hydrocacbon cao, naphta), mt thit b reforming ng t v mt thit b
reforming th cp. Sau cng on reforming, kh tng hp s qua qu trnh
chuyn ho nhit cao v nhit thp , qu trnh tch CO
2
v metan ho.
Kh tng hp c nn ti p sut khong 140 220 kg/cm
2
, sau -
c chuyn ha thnh amoniac trong chu trnh tng hp nh cc thit b tng
hp vi thit k dng chy xuyn tm. Cc thit b ny c th l thit b hai
tng m xc tc S 200 , thit b ba tng m xc tc S-300, hoc thit b
S-250 ( vi thit b chuyn ha S-200, tip theo l ni hi hay thit b un
qu nhit hi nc v thit b chuyn ha mt tng m xc tc S -50 ). Sn
phm amoniac c ngng t v tch bng cch lm lnh . Tt c cc cht xc
tc x dng trong phn ng xc tc ca qu trnh u do Topsoe cung cp.



Hnh III.4. S cng ngh tng hp amoniac ca hng Haldor Topsoe
1.Thit b hydro ho ; 2.Thit b tch lu hunh ; 3.Reforming s cp ; 4.Reforming
th cp ; 5.Chuyn ho CO nhit thp ; 6.Chuyn ho CO nhit cao ;
7.Thp tng hp amoniac S - 200 ; 8.Thit b phn ly ; 9.My nn ; 10.Thit b
trao i nhit ; 11
*
.Reforming s b ; 12
*
.Thit b chuyn ho S 50; 13. Thp
metan ho . ( * cc thit b khng bt buc ) .
III.3.3.2. Cng ngh ca hng Linde AG
Theo Linde AG m t th qu trnh ny sn xut amoniac t
hydrocacbon thp. Qu trnh ny n gin .S cng ngh c m t trn
hnh III.5 [17].
Nguyn liu sau khi c un nng th c tch lu hunh thit b (1).
Hi nc c to ra t phn ngng trong qu trnh chuyn ho ng nhit
thit b (5), cho vo vi t l 2,7. Nguyn liu vo thit b reforming tip tc
un nng thit b (2); thit b (3) nhit l 850
0
C .
Kh tng hp c a vo thit b trao i nhit (4), nhit lc ny
xung cn 250
0
C. CO c chuyn ho trong thit b (5). Sau khi kh c a
i v c ht thit b (7). Phn nng c ly nhm d kim sot din bin
s gim p v lm sch tng bc . Nit c to ra t qu trnh ho lng
khng kh thit b (11). Nit sau khi c nn th trn vi hydro to kh tng
hp tng hp amoniac. Kh tng hp c nn trc khi vo thit b tng
hp amoniac di mt p sut nht nh my nn (8). Cn phn kh cha
chuyn ho c tun hon tr li .



Hnh III.5 : S cng ngh tng hp amoniac ca hng Linde AG .
1. Thit b tch lu hunh ; 2.B phn un nng ; 3.Thit b reforming ; 4.Thit b
trao i nhit ; 5.Thit b chuyn ha CO ; 6. Thit b lm lnh ; 7.Thit b ht kh ;
8.My nn ; 9.Thit b tng hp amoniac ; 10.Thit b phn ly ; 11.Thit b ho
lng khng kh; 12.Thit b ngng t ; 13.Thit b chuyn ho CO
2
; 14.ng khi .

Amoniac tun hon l baz ca qu trnh Casale (qu trnh s dng st
oxit lm xc tc xc tin s tng hp amoniac t nit v hydro) c
chuyn ho trong thit b trao i nhit. Sn phm amoniac c lm lnh
xung -35
0
C thit b (13) ri cho vo thng cha .
III.3.3.3. Cng ngh ca hng Kellogg Brown & Root, Inc
Cng ngh ny sn xut amoniac t ngun nguyn liu l hydrocacbon
v khng kh. S m t trn hnh III.6 . im ni bt ca cng ngh ny l
s dng qu trnh reforming s cp v th cp vi khng kh d, kh tng hp
c tinh ch nhit thp. Tng hp amoniac trong thit b chuyn ho
nm ngang[17] .











Hnh III.6:Cng ngh tng hp amoniac ca hng Kellogg Brown & Root ,
Inc
1. Reforming s cp ; 2. Reforming th cp ; 3. Tuc bin ; 4. Thit b trao i
nhit ; 5. Chuyn ha CO nhit cao ; 6. Chuyn ha CO nhit thp ; 7.
Thit b chuyn ho CO
2
; 8. Thit b metan ho ; 9.Thit b phn ly ; 10. Thit b
sy kh ; 11. Thit b lm lnh kh ; 12. My nn ; 13. Thp tng hp NH
3
; 14.
Thit b phn ly ;15. Thit b tch nc

Tch lu hunh trong nguyn liu bng phn ng vi hi nc thit b
reforming s cp, nhit l 700
0
C. Hn hp t thit b reforming s cp
tip tc phn ng vi khng kh d trong thit b reforming th cp, nhit
l 900
0
C. Tuc bin (3) tch phn nguyn liu khng c ch ti thit b
reforming s cp v s dng un nng khng kh t .
thit b reforming th cp, kh tng hp c lm lnh to ra p sut
hi cao trong thit b (4). Kh tng hp tip tc c chuyn ho CO thnh
CO
2
trn xc tc thit b chuyn ho nhit cao (5) v chuyn ho nhit
thp (6). Tip theo CO
2
, CO d chng c chuyn ho metan trong thit b
(8). Kh tng hp c tch nc trong thit b (9) trc khi c sy kh thit
b (10)
Kh tng hp sau khi c lm sch th c nn thit b (12), trn vi
hi tun hon li v a sang thp tng hp amoniac (13) loi nm ngang. Ti
thp tng hp amoniac hn hp c lm lnh bi tc nhn lm lnh l NH
3
.
Sn phm NH
3
em phn ly thit b (14) phn khng phn ng vi kh tng
hp . Phn khng phn ng ny c tun hon li my nn kh tng hp ban
u .
III.4. Phng n ci tin tit kim nng lng cc nh
my sn xut amoniac
Cc nh my amoniac, k c cc nh my hin i u c nhu cu cao
v nng lng, khong 30 GJ/tn sn phm NH
3
[21], v vy mun bo m
hiu qu kinh t cn s dng nng lng tht hiu qu. Mi cng on trong
qu trnh sn xut u phi c xem xt k lng nh gi kh nng tit
kim nng lng.
Cc phng n ci tin tit kim nng lng[21] cc nh my NH
3

bao gm:
- Ci tin ch t thit b reforming s cp bng cch tng
nhit ca hn hp kh nguyn liu; hoc b sung thm thit b reforming
s b. Ngoi ra cng c th gim t l hi nc cacbon trong hn hp kh
nguyn liu, nh gim lng kh i qua cc ng xc tc.
- Tng nhit gia nhit s b i vi kh cng ngh, nh gim
nhu cu gia nhit hn hp kh qua reforming s cp. Ngoi ra, do kh
cng ngh c gia nhit s b nhit cao hn nn nhit kh u ra ca
thit b reforming th cp s cao hn, gip gim s tht thot metan t thit
b ny.
- Sn xut hi nc cao p p sut v nhit cao hn. nhiu
nh my NH
3
hi nc cao p (100 bar) c sn xut trong thit b reforming
th cp, sau c tng p nh un nng qu nhit n 475
0
C. cc nh
my NH
3
hin i nht hin nay, p sut hi nc c th t n 125 bar, v
nhit qu nhit n 520
0
C. Nu p dng p sut v nhit qu nhit ao
hn th t mi tn hi nc cao p c th thu c thm 35% nng lng, nh
gim tiu hao nhin liu chung.
- Ci tin h thng tch CO
2
, h thng tch CO
2
c th c hin i
ho t hiu qu s dng nng lng cao hn. Nu p dng quy trnh
aMDEA (cng ngh mi nht ca cng ty BASF), ngi ta c th s dng
thm phn nhit d ca cc dng nhit thp gia nhit s b nc np ni
hi. h thng tch CO
2
ca quy trnh aMDEA, ni hi ca thit b gii hp
c th hot ng vi t nhit nng hn nhiu. Sau khi qua ni hi , cc
dng vn cn nhit nng gia nhit s b nc np thit b loi khng
kh. Vic ci to nh my NH
3
theo h thng aMEDA cn to c hi gim t
l hi nc/cacbon trong hn hp np vo thit b reforming s cp, ng thi
gim nhu cu nhit nng ca ni hi thit b gii hp bng CO
2
.
- Ci tin qu trnh tinh ch kh:
a s cc nh my NH
3
nng metan trong kh tng hp mi ch
thng cao hn 23 ln nng agon. Cn phi lin tc loi b cc tp cht
metan v agon tch t trong dng kh ca chu trnh tng hp bng cch tng
ti a nhit kh u ra ca thit b reforming th cp, c th gim t l l-
ng kh tun hon (so vi dng kh mi ch) t 10% xung cn 5% , nh
s gim 5% nng lng cho my nn tun hon.
- Gim mc tt p:
hin tng tt p, thng gp cc nh my reforming bng hi nc, c
th trnh c ti mc ti thiu bng cch gim t l hi nc/cacbon , hoc
bng cch vn hnh vi t l p sut u - cui cao hn. C hai phng php
ny gip tng p sut u ht ca my nn kh tng hp, nh gim tiu
hao nng lng.
- Ci tin cng on nn kh tng hp:
Cng on nn kh tng hp l mt trong nhng cng on tiu hao
nng lng nht nh my sn xut NH
3
. Tuy hiu qu ca cc my nn v
tuabin truyn ng c nng cao ng k trong nhng nm qua, nhng vn
cn nhiu im cn ci tin. V d nu lm lnh kh mi tinh cht ngay u
ht ca my nn, hoc gim p sut vn hnh ca chu trnh tng hp th c
th gim mc tiu hao nng lng ca my nn. Cc nh my kiu mi (s
dng xc tc magetit) vn hnh 160180bar, nh gim c 10% nng l-
ng nn kh tng hp.
- B xung tng xc tc th ba:
Ngoi ra, c th gim nhu cu nng lng bng cch b sung thm mt
tng xc tc th 3 cho chu trnh tng hp NH
3
. Tng xc tc ny c th c
lp trong v chu p ca thit b chuyn ho, hoc lp t bn ngoi. Vi
tng xc tc th 3, nng NH
3
khi ra khi thit b chuyn ho s tng t l
mol t 16% ln 20%, nh gim c lu lng kh tun hon, gim p sut
vn hnh v s tt p tit kim c nhiu nng lng dng cho my nn kh
tng hp, ng thi gim nhu cu nng lng cho lm lnh do lng NH
3
ngng
t nhiu hn trong thit b lm lnh.
- Ci tin cc h thng truyn ng :
V mt truyn ng cho cc h thng nn, xu hng hin nay l gim
cng sut ca cc h thng sinh v tiu th hi nc, nhm gim s thit b
truyn ng bng tuabin hi, v hiu sut s dng nng lng ca cc tuabin
ny khng cao. Cc thit b c truyn ng bng ng c in thng c
hiu qu kinh t hn.
Nu s dng cc h thng truyn ng bng tuabin kh, kh x ca cc
tuabin ny c s dng lm kh cp cho vi l ca thit b reforming s cp.
Kh x ca tuabin kh cha 15% O
2
, v vy to ra dng kh ng khi ln hm
thit b reforming s cp. thu hi nhit nng t dng kh ng khi ny,
ngi ta dng n un qu nhit hi nc cao p, sn xut hi nc cao p v
gia nhit nc np ni hi.
Chng IV
La chn v gii thiu cng ngh
IV.1. La chn cng ngh
Cng ngh tng hp amoniac hin nay gm c: cng ngh p sut
thp, cng ngh p sut trung bnh, cng ngh p sut cao .
Cng ngh p sut cao th ch to thit b kh khn, tn nng lng,
thi gian s dng xc tc thp. Cng ngh p sut trung bnh s dng t nng
lng hn, phng php ny s dng rng ri vo thp k 70 th k trc. Song
vi nhng u im: cng ngh n gin, gi thnh khng cao, li tn dng
nhit trit nn gi thnh sn phm khng ln. Cho nn cng ngh p sut
thp c s dng nhiu hn .
V vy , n ny em chn cng ngh p sut thp ca hng Haldol
Topsoe. Cng ngh ny c mc tiu hao nng lng thp v c s dng rng
ri cc nc trn th gi .
IV.2. GIi thiu cng ngh
IV.2.1. Nguyn l hot ng ca dy chuyn
Qu trnh tng hp amoniac t kh t nhin c thc hin p sut
thp. Cng ngh c thc hin bao gm hai giai on :
Giai on 1 : Chuyn ho kh t nhin thnh kh tng hp bng qu
trinh t hp.
Giai on 2 : Chuyn ho kh tng hp thnh amoniac
Dng kh nguyn liu c nn qua thp hyro ha(1) v thp tch lu
hunh (2) ti y cc hp cht lu hunh hu c c chuyn ho thnh H
2
S
bng xc tc hydro ha. Sau H
2
S c hp th bng oxit km. Hn hp kh
sau khi tch S c un nng ln khong 535
0
C. Sau hn hp hi n-
c/kh t nhin c dn vo cc ng thng ng cha xc tc ca thit b
reforming s cp(3). Hydrocacbon trong kh nguyn liu vo thit b
reforming s cp c chuyn ho thnh hydro v cacbon oxit. Trong khong
khng gian trng pha trn ca reforming th cp(4) khng kh trn mt
phn vo dng kh cng ngh, y ch yu xy ra phn ng chy, kt qu
l nhit tng ln. T khong khng gian ny, kh cng ngh i qua lp
xc tc pha di, m phn ng reforming xy ra hon ton. Nhit hn
hp kh ra khi reforming th cp vo khong 958
0
C.
Kh tng hp tip tc c chuyn ho CO thnh CO
2
gm hai bc
chuyn ho : chuyn ho nhit cao thp(5), chuyn ho nhit thp
thp(6). Chuyn ha CO c thc hin qua hai bc m bo lng d CO
thp v hnh thnh sn phm ph t. Kh sau khi chuyn ho CO c tip tc
tch CO
2
, h thng tch CO
2
c da trn qu trnh MDEA hot ha hai cp
(cng ngh ca BASF) h thng bao gm mt thp hp th CO
2
(10), mt
thp gii hp(7) v mt thit b tch(9). Tip theo dng hn hp kh tip tc
qua cng on metan ha d tch trit CO
2
.
Kh tng hp c tinh ch t cng on metan ha c nn n p
sut khong 132barg trc khi n i vo thp tng hp amoniac. Thp tng
hp lm vic p sut 136 at nhit 300
0
C, ti y kh tng hp c
chuyn ho thnh NH
3
. Sn phm thu c gm NH
3
v cc kh khc qua thit
b lm lnh h nhit xung cn -5
0
C v a ti thit b phn ly NH
3
,
amoniac lng c tch ra v a vo b cha.
IV.2.2. Cc qu trnh trong dy chuyn
IV.2.2.1. Qu trnh tch lu hunh trong nguyn liu
- Qu trnh hydro ho
Tch lu hunh trc y s dng xc tc l Co-Mo cho phn ng hydro
ho.
(CH)
4
S + 4H
2
C
4
H
10
+ H
2
S
COS + H
2
CO + H
2
S
T cc phn ng trn ta thy phn ng hydro ho cc hp cht cha S,
th xc tc lm no cc hydrocacbon. Kh hydro tham gia hydro ha c
tun hon t cng on sau .
CO v CO
2
cn phi loi b khi kh hydro ho. Nu c mt CO, CO
2

th xy ra phn ng :
CO
2
+ H
2
CO + H
2
O
CO
2
+ H
2
S COS + H
2
O
S c mt ca CO, CO
2
v H
2
O lm nh hng n qu trnh tch S. V
nu cha hm lng CO ln c th xy ra phn ng:
2CO C + CO
2

Phn ng ny xy ra th C s lng ng trn b mt xc tc, lm gim
hot tnh xc tc .
Nng ln nht c th cho php cc tp cht trong kh nguyn liu
n thit b hydro ho l : H
2
O : 34% (% th tch) ; CO:5% (% th tch) ;
CO
2
: 5% (% th tch)
Tu thuc vo nng ca H
2
m xc tc ca qu trnh hydro ho c
th lm vic nhit t 330
0
C 360
0
C
- Qu trnh kh H
2
S
Qu trnh kh H
2
S dng xc tc HTZ-3. Xc tc HTZ-3 l loi xc
tc ZnO c kch thc 4mm , lm vic nhit 400
0
C, cha hm lng >
99% ZnO.
ZnO phn ng vi H
2
S v COS theo phn ng :
ZnO + H
2
S ZnS + H
2
O
ZnO + COS ZnS + CO
2

IV.2.2.2. Qu trnh chuyn ho kh t nhin bng reforming hi nc
Qu trnh reforming hi nc ca cc hydrocacbon xy ra theo cc
phn ng sau :
C
n
H
m
+ H
2
O C
n-1
H
m-2
+ CO + 2H
2
(1)
CH
4
+ H
2
O CO + 3H
2
(2)
CO + H
2
O CO
2
+ H
2
(3)
Phn ng (1) xy ra vi cc hydrocacbon cao hn, phn ln xy ra
theo phn ng (2). Phn ng bt u 500
0
C cho cc hydrocacbon cao v
600
0
C cho metan.
Ch yu nhit ca phn ng trong reforming s cp, v reforming th
cp c cung cp theo 2 hng khc nhau. Reforming s cp th nhit c
cung cp gin tip bi qu trnh t chy . Cn reforming th cp , nhit c
ly t s chy ca kh tng hp t qu trnh reforming s cp vi khng kh.
Reforming th cp nhm to hn hp nit - hydro theo t H
2
/N
2
l 3/1 .
thit b reforming s cp, cc ng xc tc dc sp xp thnh hng v
c t bng cc bt t. Kh t nhin c trn vi hi nc v un nng s
b nhit 535
0
C . Hn hp kh t nhin v hi nc sau i vo cc ng
t trn xung , trong ng cha y xc tc. Qu trnh reforming s cp
xy ra p sut P = 35 bar, t
0
= 535
0
C vi xc tc Ni .










Hnh IV.1
(a) cu to bn trong thit b reforming s cp(tng t).
(b) bt t.
(c) thit b reforming th cp.
thit b reforming th cp: qu trnh chuyn ho kh t nhin
reforming s cp cha hon ton, vy khi c a ti reforming th cp hn
hp kh ny c trn vi khng kh xy ra phn ng chy, kt qu nhit
reforming th cp tng ln. Kh cng ngh i qua lp xc tc pha di m
phn ng reforming xy ra hon ton, lm ngui hn hp kh. p sut ca
qu trnh khong 31,5 bar, nhit 958
0
C, xc tc Ni chuyn ht
hydrocacbon thnh CO, CO
2
. Vi nng khong 13,26% mol CO; 7,52%
CO
2
.
IV.2.2.3. Qu trnh chuyn ho CO
Qu trnh chuyn ho CO c thc hin qua hai bc: chuyn ho nhit
thp v chuyn ho nhit cao nhm m bo chuyn ho ht CO thnh
CO
2
.
CO + H
2
O CO
2
+ H
2

- Chuyn ho nhit cao : qu trnh thc hin p sut khong 31
bar, nhit 360
0
C, xc tc oxit crm v oxit st .
- Chuyn ho nhit thp: chuyn ho tip CO thnh CO
2
gim
nhit xung t = 190
0
C , P = 30 bar. Chuyn ho nhit thp c hai lp
xc tc nhau : lp u tin l xc tc crm LSK c tc dng nh lp bo v
chng clo, phn ln l lp xc tc ca cc oxit ZnO, Cr
2
O
3
hay Al
2
O
3
v n
c hot tnh cao hn. CO
2
sau khi ra khi thit b chuyn ho CO c hm l-
ng khong 18,2% mol .
IV.2.2.4. Qu trnh tch CO
2

Hp th CO
2
bng MDEA (cng ngh ca BASF), CO
2
ho tan trong
40% MDEA ng vai tr nh mt cht hot ha qu trnh hp ph, cha 5%
cht chng to bt, cht ny gip tng tc truyn khi ca CO
2
t pha kh
sang pha lng. Phn cn li l dung dch nc. Qu trnh lm vic t = 72
0
C ,
P = 28 bar .
Cc phn ng xy ra nh sau :
R
3
N + H
2
O + CO
2
R
3
NH
+
+ HCO
3
-

2R
2
NH + CO
2
R
2
NH
2
+
+ R
2
N-COO
-

Sau qu trnh tch th CO
2
c hm lng < 500 ppm
V.2.2.5. Qu trnh metan ho
Hm lng hn hp ( CO + CO
2
) trong kh s lm gim hot tnh xc
tc trong qu trnh tng hp amoniac. Do vy ta phi chuyn ho ht CO ,
CO
2
thnh metan. Phn ng xy ra nh sau :
CO + 3H
2
CH
4
+ H
2
O
CO
2
+ 4H
2
CH
4
+ 2H
2
O
Thnh phn CO + CO
2
trong hn hp kh sau chuyn ho metan nh
hn 10 ppm , N
2
, H
2
v xp x 1,3% mol ca kh tr (Ar , CH
4
)
IV.2.3. Thit b phn ng chnh
Thp tng hp l thit b quan trng nht trong ton b h thng tng
hp NH
3
. Cu to thp cn vng chc, m bo lm vic lu di, khng nguy
him . Kim loi dng ch to thp cn c yu cu bn cao, nu khng
H
2
v NH
3
cha trong hn hp kh nhit cao s c tc dng vi kim loi
lm gim phm cht ca n, c bit vi thp khng cacbon ha [1] .
Thp c t thng ng, phn trn v phn di thp c ni vi nhau
bi ghi thp v mt bch. S [16] thp tng hp ca hng Topsoe c m
t trn hnh IV.2











Hnh IV.2 : Thp tng hp amoniac ca Topsoe S 200 .
Hn hp kh nguyn liu nit v hydro c trn vi t l 1:3 i theo -
ng ng (A) t pha di ln ca thit b tng hp xen vo gia thn thit b v
d xc tc, iu ny gip lm lnh v p sut v nhit thit k ca d c
gim i. Trn nh thp tng hp, hn hp kh i vo ng v trao i nhit
thit b (2), ni m kh i vo c gia nhit n nhit phn ng ca lp
xc tc th nht bi qu trnh trao i nhit vi kh ri khi lp xc tc th
nht.
Kh ri khi lp xuca tc th nht c lm lnh nh i qua phn v
ca b trao i nhit gia cc lp xc tc trc khi chng c dn n lp xc
tc th hai. Sau khi qua lp xc tc th hai, amoniac thu c, c dn theo -
ng ng (C) ra ngoi ho lng NH
3
.
Trong trng hp nhit lp xc tc tng qu cao ta m ng ng (B)
a hn hp kh nit v hydro ngui t di thng qua ng trung tm v i
vo lp xc tc .
Thi gian s dng xc tc trong thp tu thuc vo sch ca kh,
thng l 2 nm. tng cng thi gian s dng ca xc tc c th dng
thm lp xc tc tng cng vic lc sch kh khi cc tp cht CO, CO
2
,
O
2
. Trong thp xc tc b xung ny c th dng loi xc tc Ni-Cr nhit
300 350
0
C , ti s xy ra cc phn ng :
CO + 3H
2
CH
4
+ H
2
O
CO
2
+ 4H
2
O CH
4
+ 2H
2
O
O
2
+ 2H
2
2H
2
O
Hi nc hnh thnh s tch ra thp ngng t bng nc .






Phn II
Tnh ton cng ngh
Chng V
Tnh cn bng vt cht
V.1. Tnh cn bng vt cht cho thit b chuyn ho
kh t nhin
V.1.1 Cc s liu ban u
- Gi s chn nng sut thit b l 7000m
3
kh / h
- Thnh phn kh t nhin:
Cu t % th tch chuyn ho %
CH
4
98 98,5
N
2
2
Tng 100
- Thnh phn oxy k thut[18]:
Cu t % th tch
O
2
20,99
CO
2
0,03
N
2
78,04
Ar 0,94

- Nhit hn hp hi v kh t nhin vo thit b chuyn ho l:
535
0
C.
- Nhit oxy k thut 550
0
C
- Nhit hn hp kh ra khi qu trnh chuyn ho 958
0
C
- p sut hn hp kh ra khi qu trnh chuyn ho 30 bar
- T l oxi: metan l 0,1: 1
- T l hi: kh t nhin l 3: 1
V.1.2. Lng kh vo
1 Lng kh t nhin vo
Th tch ring phn ca cc cu t c tnh theo cng thc:
V
i
= C
i
. V
ktn
, m
3
/h
trong : V
i
: lng cu t i trong kh t nhin, m
3
/h
C
i
: phn th tch ca cu t i trong kh t nhin, %
V
ktn
: nng sut h thng thit b, m
3
/h
Thay s vo ta c:
) h / m ( 6860
100
7000 . 98
V . C V
3
ktn CH CH
4 4
= = =

) h / m ( 140
100
7000 . 2
V . C V
3
ktn N N
2 2
= = =

2 Lng oxy k thut

) h / m ( , V . C V
3
kt O O
2 2
=

Mt khc : do t l oxy: metan = 0,1 : 1 nn

) h / m ( 686 6860 . 1 , 0 V . 1 , 0 V
3
CH O
4 2
= = =

Do :
V
kt
=
) h / m ( 2229 , 3268
99 , 20
100 . 686
3
=


) h / m ( 5212 , 2550
100
229 , 3268 . 04 , 78
V . C V
3
kt N N
2 2
= = =


) h / m ( 98 , 0
100
2229 , 3268 . 03 , 0
V . C V
3
kt CO CO
2 2
= = =

V
Ar
= C
Ar
. V
kt
=
) h / m ( 7213 , 30
100
2229 , 3268 . 94 , 0
3
=

3 Lng hi nc a vo
21000 7000 . 3 V . 3 V . C V
ktn ktn O
2
H O
2
H
= = = =
(m
3
/h)
V.1.3. Lng kh ra
4 Lng kh ra c tnh theo cng thc
V'
i
= V
ktn
( 1- K
iktn
) , m
3
/h
trong : V'
i
: lng cu t i i ra , m
3
/ h
K
i
: chuyn ho ca cu t i
Ta c:
) h / m ( 9 , 102 ) 985 , 0 1 ( 6860 ) K 1 ( V ' V
3
CH CH CH
4 4 4
= = =


) h / m ( 5212 , 2690 5212 , 2550 140 V V ' V
3
kt N ktn N N
2 2 2
= + = + =

Kh tng hp i ra sau qu trnh chuyn ho gm c H
2
, CO, CO
2
, H
2
O
c th tch ln lt l
O
2
H
2
CO CO
2
H
' V , ' V , ' V , ' V
.
Gi x, y, z, t ln lt l th tch ca
O H H CO 2 CO
2 2
' V , ' V , ' V , ' V
.
Ta c:
* Cn bng cacbon :
CO
2
CO
4
CH
2
CO
4
CH
' V ' V ' V V V + + = +


4
CH
2
CO
4
CH
2
CO CO
' V V V ' V ' V + = +


08 , 6758 y x = +

* Cn bng oxy :
( )
98 , 11186 ) t y ( 5 , 0 x
V 5 , 0 V V ' V ' V 5 , 0 ' V
' V 5 , 0 ' V ' V 5 , 0 V 5 , 0 V V
O
2
H kt
2
O kt
2
CO O
2
H CO
2
CO
O
2
H
2
CO CO O
2
H kt
2
O kt
2
CO
= + +
+ + = + +
+ + = + +

* Cn bng hydro :
2
H O
2
H
4
CH O
2
H
4
CH
' V ' V ' V 2 V V 2 + + = +


4
CH O
2
H
4
CH
2
H O
2
H
' V 2 V V 2 ' V ' V + = +


2 , 34514 t z = +

* Th tch kh sinh ra c quan h vi nhau c biu din bi cng thc
hng s cn bng pha ca phn ng sau:
CO + H
2
O CO
2
+ H
2

Suy ra : K
P
=
O
2
H CO
2
H
2
CO
P . P
P . P

i vi kh bt k : P
i
=
V
V . P
i

trong : P
i
(V
i
) l p sut (th tch) ring phn ca h
P (V) l p sut (th tch) ca h
Thay cc P
i
vo K
P
ta c:
K
P
=
O
2
H CO
2
H
2
CO
O
2
H
CO
2
H
2
CO
' V . ' V
' V . ' V
V
' V
. P .
V
' V
. P
V
' V
. P .
V
' V
. P
=

O
2
H CO P
2
H
2
CO
' V . ' V . K ' V . ' V =

Thay x. z = K
P
. y. t
xc nh K
P
ta p dng cng thc:
lgK
P
=
3 , 2 T . 10 . 4617 , 7 T . 10 . 5426 , 2 T 10 . 1588 , 5
T
24 , 2203
3 11 2 7 5
+ +


T = 958 + 273 = 1213
0
K , ta c : lg K
P
= - 0,2006 K
P
=
0,63008
Suy ra : x.z = 0,63008. y. t
Vy ta c h phng trnh sau:

=
= +
= + +
= +
t . y . 63008 , 0 z . x
2 , 34514 t z
98 , 11186 ) t y ( 5 , 0 x
08 , 6758 y x

Gii h phng trnh trn ta c:

= =
= =
= =
= =
) h / m ( 2168 , 13644 ' V t
) h / m ( 9832 , 20869 ' V z
) h / m ( 4168 , 4786 ' V y
) h / m ( 6632 , 1971 ' V x
3
O
2
H
3
2
H
3
CO
3
2
CO


* Cn bng vt cht theo khi lng
Ta c :
4 , 22
V
=
kg/m
3

trong : M - Khi lng phn t ca kh , kg/kmol
- Khi lng ring ca kh , kg/m
3

22,4- Th tch ca mt mol kh l tng

Bng V.3. Khi lng phn t v khi lng ring ca kh [1]
Cu t M (kg/m
3
)
CH
4
16,043 0,7162
O
2
32,00 1,4286
H
2
O 18,015 0,8042
N
2
28,016 1,2506
CO
2
44,01 1,9647
CO 28,014 1,2505
Ar 39,948 1,7834
H
2
2,0158 0,0899

+ Lng kh vo
) h / kg ( 132 , 4913 7162 , 0 . 6860 . V G
4
CH
4
CH
4
CH
= = =

) h / kg ( 084 , 175 2506 , 1 . 140 . V G
2
N ktn
2
N ktn
2
N
= = =

) h / kg ( 6818 , 3189 2506 , 1 . 5212 , 2550 G
) h / kg ( 0196 , 980 4286 , 1 . 686 G
) h / kg ( 2 , 16888 8042 , 0 . 21000 G
kt
2
N
2
O
O
2
H
= =
= =
= =

) h / kg ( 7884 , 54 7834 , 1 . 7213 , 30 G
) h / kg ( 9254 , 1 9647 , 1 . 98 , 0 G
Ar
kt
2
CO
= =
= =

+ Lng kh ra
) h / kg ( 4142 , 5985 2505 , 1 . 4168 , 4786 ' G
) h / kg ( 7267 , 3873 9647 , 1 . 6632 , 1971 ' G
) h / kg ( 7884 , 54 ' G
) h / kg ( 7658 , 3364 2506 , 1 . 5212 , 2690 ' G
) h / kg ( 6969 , 73 7162 , 0 . 9 , 102 . ' V ' G
CO
2
CO
Ar
2
N
4
CH
4
CH
4
CH
= =
= =
=
= =
= = =

) h / kg ( 6792 , 10972 8042 , 0 . 2168 , 13644 ' G
) h / kg ( 2115 , 1876 0899 , 0 . 9832 , 20869 ' G
O H
H
2
2
= =
= =



Bng V.4. Cn bng vt cht ca qu trnh sn xut kh tng hp
Lng vo Lng ra
Cu t G (kg/h) Cu t G (kg/h)
CH
4
4913,132 CH
4
73,6969
N
2
175,084 Ar 54,7884
H
2
O 16888,2 N
2
3364,7658
O
2kt
980,0196 CO
2
3873,7267
N
2kt
3189,6818 CO 5985,4142
CO
2kt
1,9254 H
2
1876,2115
Ar 54,7884 H
2
O 10972,6792
Tng 26202,8312 Tng 26201,2827

5 Chuyn v iu kin thc t tnh ton
PV = zRT
M =
V
M
, suy ra :
zRT
MV
=

trong : M : khi lng phn t ca kh
P : p sut , MPa
T : nhit ,
0
K
R : hng s kh, R = 0,00831
H s hiu chnh z c xc nh theo cng thc[1]:
z = 0,99 +
17 , 25 T 11 , 49 T 481 , 26
0681 , 0 P
r
2
r
r
+


Vi: T
r
=
c
T
T
, P
r
=
c
P
P

T
c
: nhit ti hn, K
P
c
: p sut ti hn, MPa
T: nhit ca hn hp kh nguyn liu
P : p sut phn ng, P = 3MPa

Bng V.3 . Mt s thng s tnh ton


808
0
K, 3 MPa 1231
0
K, 3 MPa
T
r
P
r
z T
r
P
r
z
CH
4
16,043 190,55 4,61 4,24 0,65 0,992 7,226 6,46 0,65 0,989 4,757
N
2
28,016 126,26 3,40 6,39 0,882 0,989 12,657 9,749 0,882 0,9896 8,302
H
2
O 18,015 647,14 22,06 1,25 0,136 0,977 8,239 1,902 0,136 0,988 5,347
O
2
32,000 154,59 5,04 5,23 0,595 0,989 14,456 7,963 0,595 0,9895 9,484
CO
2
44,010 304,20 7,38 2,66 0,407 0,986 19,943 4,047 0,407 0,989 13,05
CO 28,0104 132,91 3,49 6,08 0,859 0,989 12,654 9,262 0,859 0,9896 8,3008
Ar 39,948 150,87 4,89 5,36 0,613 0,989 18,047 8,159 0,613 0,9894 11,84
H
2
2,0158 32,97 1,30 24,51 2,308 0,9898 0,909 37,337 2,308 0,9899 0,597

Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c:
Khi lng iu kin chun = khi lng iu kin thc.
G
t
= V
t
. (kg/h) V
t
=

t
G
(m
3
/h)
Bng V.6. Cn bng vt cht ca qu trnh sn xut kh iu kin thc
Lng vo Lng ra
Cu t V(m
3
/h) G (kg/h) Cu t V(m
3
/h) G (kg/h)
CH
4
679,9242 4913,132 CH
4
15,4923 73,6969
N
2
13,8329 175,084 Ar 3,0387 54,7884
H
2
O 2049,7876 16888,2 N
2
405,2958 3364,7658
O
2kt
67,7933 980,0196 CO
2
296,8373 3873,7267
N
2kt
252,0093 3189,6818 CO 721,0647 5985,4142
CO
2kt
0,0965 1,9254 H
2
3142,7328 1876,2115
Ar 3,0387 54,7884 H
2
O 2052,1188 10972,6792
Tng 3066,4825 26202,8312 Tng 6636,5804 26201,2827




Bng V.7 . Cn bng vt cht lng kh thc t trong qu trnh sn xut kh
tng hp
Lng vo Lng ra
Cu t V(m
3
/h) G (kg/h) Cu t V(m
3
/h) G (kg/h)
CH
4
67390,7216 486965,3545 CH
4
1535,5973 7304,8367
N
2
1371,0556 17353,4506 Ar 40172,9205 333515,5861
H
2
O 203164,6975 1673873,943 N
2
300,9 5430,3556
O
2
6719,3306 97134,6427 CO
2
29422,5127 383963,7905
N
2kt
24977,9025 316145,3116 CO 71468,375 593244,6876
CO
2
9,569 190,8361 H
2
311492,1531 185960,8154
Ar 300,9 5430,3556 H
2
O 203406,015 1087611,962
Tng 303934,177
5
2597093,16
4
Tng 657798,473
6
2597032,03
4

Lng kh t nhin thc t vo l:
V
ktn
=
) h / m ( 0425 , 68766
98
100 . 7216 , 67390
C
V
3
4
CH
4
CH
= =

* So snh vi:
Nh my sn xut phn m Ph M, nng sut phn xng sn xut
amoniac[18] l 422 nghn tn NH
3
/nm th dng 450 triu m
3
kh nm.
Nh vy, vi nng sut 500 nghn tn NH
3
/ nm th cn dng 533,175
triu m
3
kh nm tc l 66646,875m
3
/h
Vy kt qu lng kh t nhin thc t tnh c trn l c th chp
nhn c.
V.2. Cn bng vt cht cho thit b chuyn ho CO
V.2.1. Chuyn ho CO nhit cao
Phn ng chnh trong giai on ny l:
CO + H
2
O CO
2
+ H
2
(1)
Hiu sut qu trnh chuyn ho l 85%
Lng CO chuyn ho tnh theo kg/h
) h / kg ( 9845 , 504257
100
85 . 6876 , 593244
=

Lng CO d : 593244,6876 - 504257,9845 = 88986,7031 (kg/h)
S mol CO cn dng :
2137 , 18009
28
9845 , 504257
=
(Kmol/h)
Theo (1) s mol CO
2
= s mol H
2
= s mol H
2
O = s mol CO =
= 18009,2137 (kmol/h)
Lng nc d :1087611,962 - 18009,2137.18 = 763450,4895 (kg/h)
Lng CO
2
to thnh:
383963,7905 + 18009,2137. 44 = 1176373,568 (kg/h)
Lng H
2
to thnh:
185960,8154 + 18009,2137. 2 = 221983,6175 (kg/h)
Bng V.8. Cn bng vt cht cho thit b chuyn ho CO nhit cao
Lng vo Lng ra
Cu t kg/h Cu t kg/h
CH
4
7304,8367 CH
4
7304,8367
N
2
333515,5861 N
2
333515,5861
Ar 5430,3556 Ar 5430,3556
CO
2
383963,7905 CO
2
1176373,568
CO

593244,6876 CO

88968,7031
H
2
185960,8154 H
2
221983,6175
H
2
O 1087611,962 H
2
O 763450,4895
Tng 2597032,034 Tng 2597027,157

V.2.2. Chuyn ho CO nhit thp
Phn ng chnh ca qu trnh:
CO + H
2
O CO
2
+ H
2
(2)
Hiu sut ca qu trnh chuyn ho 95%
Lng CO tham gia qu trnh chuyn ho:
) h / kg ( 2679 , 84520
100
95 . 7031 , 88968
=

Lng CO d : 88968,7031 - 84520,2679 = 4448,4352 (kg/h)
S mol CO cn dng :
) h / Kmol ( 5809 , 3018
28
2679 , 84520
=

Theo (2) s mol H
2
O = S mol CO
2
= S mol H
2
= s mol CO =
= 3018,5809
(kmol/h)
Lng H
2
O cn dng : 3018,5809 . 18 = 54334,4562 (kg/h)
Lng H
2
O d : 763450,4895 - 54334,4562 = 709116,0333 (kg/h)
Lng CO
2
to ra:1176373,568 + 3018,5809 . 44 = 1309189,821 (kg/h)
Lng H
2
to ra : 221983,6175 + 3018,5809. 2 = 228020,7793 (kg/h)
Bng V.9. Cn bng vt cht cho thit b chuyn ho CO nhit thp
Lng vo Lng ra
Cu t Kg/h Cu t kg/h
CH
4
7304,8367 CH
4
7304,8367
N
2
333515,5861 N
2
333515,5861
Ar 5430,3556 Ar 5430,3556
CO
2
1176373,568 CO
2
1309189,821
CO

88968,7031 CO

4448,4352
H
2
221983,6175 H
2
228020,7793
H
2
O 763450,4895 H
2
O 709116,0333
Tng 2597027,157 Tng 2597025,847

V.3. Cn bng vt cht cho thit b tng hp
amoniac
* Cc s liu ban u[19]:
Nng sut yu cu : 50000 tn/nm
Nhit phn ng : 348
0
C
p sut : 135 bar

Bng V.10. Nng hn hp kh vo thp
Cu t
% mol
Lng vo Lng ra
H
2
65,93 55,43
N
2
21,97 18,47
Ar 2,13 66
CH
4
5,87 2,4
NH
3
4,1 17,1

Chn thi gian lm vic trong 1 nm l 8000 h
Vy nng sut lm vic ca nh my tnh theo kg/h l:
62500
8000
1000 . 50000
=
(kg/h)
Phn ng chnh ca qu trnh tng hp:
N
2
+ 3H
2
2NH
3
(1)
Nng phn mol [12] ca cc cu t c xc nh theo cng thc:

1 x ;
n
n
x
i
i
j
j
= =

trong : x
j
l nng phn mol ca cu t j .
n
j
l s mol ca cu t j .

i
n
l tng s mol ca cu t i.
18 Cn bng vt liu khi ra khi thp tng hp .
Gi n
1
l s mol ca cc cu t vo thp.
n
2
l s mol ca cc cu t ra khi thp .
T quan h:
v
n A
= A
, vi
A
l hng s t trng cho bc tin
hnh phn ng. Ta c:
Ar 1 Ar 2
CH 1 CH 2
N 1 N 2
H 1 H 2
NH 1 NH 2
n n
n n
n n
3 n n
2 n n
4 4
2 2
2 2
3 3
=
=
A =
A =
A + =

A = 2 n n
1 2

Do phn ng khng bn vng v th tch[12](c s thay i s mol
trong pha kh), nn phi thit lp quan h cn bng c s tham gia ca i l-
ng ph thuc vo th tch(i lng intensiv).
T phng trnh cn bng vt liu[12] ta nhn c quan h bao gm
phn mol vo v ra khi thp v bc phn ng.


+
=
2 1
2 x
x
3
3
NH 1
NH 2
, vi:
1
n
A
=

Ta c
056 , 0
171 , 0 . 2 2
041 , 0 171 , 0
x 2 2
x x
3
3 3
NH 2
NH 1 NH 2
=
+

=
+

=

M
A =
1
n
, nn
) 2 1 ( n n
1 2
=

Suy ra:

=
2 1
n
n
2
1

S mol ca NH
3
:
) kmol / kg ( 4706 , 3676
17
62500
=

Do :
828 , 21499
171 , 0
4706 , 3676
n
2
= =

Vy n
1
= 24211,51802
3 Lng cc cht vo thp:
Ta c: G
i
= n
1
. x
i
. M
i
(kg/h)
trong : G
i
: lng cu t th i (kg/h)
x
i
: nng phn mol ca cu t th i
M
i
: khi lng mol ca cu t th i (kg/kmol)
+ Lng H
2
:
) h / kg ( 6234 , 70714 2 . 6593 , 0 . 5632 , 53628 G
2
H
= =

+ Lng N
2
:
) h / kg ( 4694 , 329901 28 . 2197 , 0 . 5632 , 53628 G
2
N
= =

+ Lng Ar :
) h / kg ( 5359 , 45691 40 . 0213 , 0 . 5632 , 53628 G
Ar
= =

+ Lng CH
4
:
) h / kg ( 9466 , 50367 16 . 0587 , 0 . 5632 , 53628 G
4
CH
= =

+ Lng NH
3
:
) h / kg ( 1086 , 37379 17 . 041 , 0 . 5632 , 53628 G
3
NH
= =

3 Lng cc cu t ra:
Ta c: G
i
= n
2
. x
i
. M
i
(kg/h)
trong : G
i
: lng cu t th i (kg/h)
x
i
: nng phn mol ca cu t th i
M
i
: khi lng mol ca cu t th i (kg/kmol)
+ Lng H
2
:
) h / kg ( 7093 , 24075 2 . 5543 , 0 . 828 , 21499 ' G
2
H
= =

+ Lng N
2
:
) h / kg ( 5105 , 111188 28 . 18 , 0 . 828 , 21499 ' G
2
N
= =

+ Lng NH
3
:
) h / kg ( 62500 17 . 171 , 0 . 828 , 21499 ' G
3
NH
= =

+ Lng CH
4
:
) h / kg ( 8184 , 22703 16 . 66 , 0 . 828 , 21499 G
4
CH
'
= =

+ Lng Ar:
) h / kg ( 8348 , 20639 40 . 024 , 0 . 828 , 21499 GAr
'
= =


Bng V.11: Cn bng vt cht ca thp tng hp amoniac.
Lng vo Lng ra
Cu t kg/h Cu t kg/h
H
2
31925,30766 H
2
24075,7093
N
2
148939,5743 N
2
111188,5105
Ar 20628,21335 Ar 20639,8348
CH
4
22739,45772 CH
4
22703,8184
NH
3
16875,42806 NH
3
62500
Tng 241107,9811 Tng 241107,873

Chng VI
Tnh cn bng nhit lng
Vi.1. Cn bng nhit lng cho thit b chuyn ha
kh t nhin
Phng trnh cn bng nhit lng[9]:
Q
ktn
+
m Sp pu kt O
2
H
Q Q Q Q Q + = + +
(1)
trong : Q
ktn
l nhit lng do kh t nhin mang vo, (kJ/h)
O
2
H
Q
l nhit lng do hi nc mang vo (kJ/h)
kt
Q
l nhit lng do oxy k thut mang vo (kJ/h)
pu
Q
l nhit lng do qu trnh phn ng sinh ra (kJ/h)
Sp
Q
l nhit lng do sn phm mang ra (kJ/h)
Q
m
l nhit mt mt ra mi trng xung quanh , kJ/h
Q
m
= 0,05. (
pu kt O
2
H ktn
Q Q Q Q + + +
) , kJ/h
Bng VI.1. H s ca phng trnh nhit dung ring cc cht tham gia phn ng, C
p
=
a + bT + cT
2
[7]
Tn cht Phng trnh C
p
= a+bT+ cT
2
(Cal/mol.)
a b.10
3
c.10
6
H
2
O 2732000 7,2 2,7
CO 2902500 6,3424 1,8363
CO
2
2982500 10,55 2,16
H
2
3001500 6,9469 -0,1999 0,4808
N
2
2732500 6,66 1,02
O
2
2732000 7,52 0,81
CH
4
2911500 3,422 17,845 -4,165
NH
3
2911000 6,189 7,887 -0,728

* Lng nhit do kh t nhin mang vo
Q
ktn
= G
i
. C
pi
. T (2)
vi : G
i
: lng cu t i trong kh t nhin (kmol/h)
C
Pi
: nhit dung ring ca cu t i trong kh t nhin,(kg/kmol )
T: nhit ca kh t nhin mang vo, K
T = 535 + 273 = 808
0
K
- Chuyn lng kh t nhin sang kmol/h:
+ Lng CH
4
:
) h / kmol ( 3347 , 30435
16
3545 , 486965
=

+ Lng N
2
:
) h / kmol ( 766 , 619
28
4506 , 17353
=

-Nhit dung ring :
2 6 3
4
CH
p
808 . 10 . 165 , 4 808 . 10 . 845 , 17 422 , 3 C

+ =
=15,1216(Cal/mol.
)
= 15,1216 . 4,1868 = 63,311 (kJ/kmol.)
808 . 10 . 02 , 1 66 , 6 C
3
2
N
p

+ =
=7,4842 (Cal/mol ) =
31,3347(kJ/kmol)
Thay s vo (2) ta c : Q
ktn
= 1572619819 (kJ/h)
* Lng hi nc mang vo
T . C . G Q
O
2
H
p O
2
H O
2
H
=
(kJ/h)
Vi :
O
2
H
G
- lng hi nc mang vo , kmol/h
) h / kmol ( 9968 , 92992
18
943 , 1673873
G
O H
2
= =

Kmol / KJ ( 2786 , 39 808 . 10 . 7 , 2 2 , 7 C
3 O
2
H
p
= + =

)
Vy :
) h / kJ ( 2951351399 808 . 2789 , 39 . 9968 , 92992 Q
O H
2
= =

* Lng nhit do oxy k thut mang vo
Q
kt
= G
kt
.
T . C
k t
p
, kJ/h
Vi : T = 550 + 273 = 823
0
K
- Lng oxy k thut tnh theo Kmol/h
+ Lng O
2
:
) h / kmol ( 4576 , 3035
32
6427 , 97134
=

+ Lng N
2
:
) h / kmol ( 9039 , 11290
28
3116 , 316145
=

+ Lng CO
2
:
) h / kmol ( 3372 , 4
44
8361 , 190
=

+ Lng Ar

:
) h / kmol ( 7589 , 135
40
3556 , 5430
=

- Nhit dung ring:
1866 , 8 823 . 10 . 81 , 0 52 , 7 C
3
2
O
p
= + =

(cal/mol.)
=34,2758(KJ/Kmol. )
3277 , 12 823 . 10 . 16 , 2 55 , 10 C
3
2
CO
p
= + =

(cal/mol.)
= 51,6135 (kJ/mol)
3987 , 31 823 . 10 . 02 , 1 66 , 6 C
3
2
N
p
= + =

(kJ/mol.)
Vy : Q
kt
= 377581124,9 (kJ/h)
* Nhit do qu trnh phn ng sinh ra
Bng VI.2. Nhit to thnh ca nguyn liu v sn phm [7]
Nguyn liu Sn phm
Cu t Q
s
(kJ/kmol) Cu t Q
s
(kJ/kmol)
CH
4
74850 CH
4
74850
N
2
0 N
2
0
O
2
0 CO
2
393510
N
2kt
0 H
2
0
CO
2
393510 CO

110500
H
2
O 241840 H
2
O 241840

- Lng sn phm ra tnh theo kmol/h
+ Lng CH
4
:
) h / kmol ( 5523 , 456
16
8367 , 7304
=

+ Lng N
2
:
) h / kmol ( 2709 , 11911
28
5861 , 333515
=

+ Lng CO
2
:
) h / kmol ( 4498 , 8728
44
7905 , 383963
=

+ Lng CO

:
) h / kmol ( 3103 , 21187
28
6876 , 593244
=

+ Lng H
2
:
) h / kmol ( 4077 , 92980
2
8154 , 185960
=

+ Lng H
2
O:
( ) h / kmol 8868 , 60422
18
962 , 1087611
=

- Nhit to thnh ca nguyn liu 298
0
K l:
Q
nl
= 74850. 30435,3347 + 393510.4,3372 + 241840 . 92992,9968 =
= 24769217880 (kJ/h)
- Nhit to thnh ca sn phm:
Q
sp
= 74850. 456,5523 + 39510. 8726,4498+ 110500 . 21187,3103 +
+ 241840. 60422,8868 = 20421986930 (kJ/h)
- Nhit to thnh ca phn ng 298
0
K l:
Q
298
= Q
sp
- Q
nl
= - 4347230948 (kJ/h)
Vi nhit phn ng l 958
0
C (1231
0
K) ta c:
Q
T
= Q
298
+
( )
}


T
298
tg
p
sp
p
nC nC
(kJ/h)
trong :

sp
p
nC
- tng nhit dung phn t cc cht to thnh

tg
p
nC
- tng nhit dung phn t cc cht tham gia phn ng
n- s mol cc phn t
Sau khi bin i tch phn ta c th a phng trnh v dng:
Q
T
= Q
298
+ n
1
(T - 298) + n
2
(T
2
-298
2
) + n
3
(T
3
- 298
3
) , (kJ/h)
Vi : n
1
= na ; n
2
=
2
1
nb ; n
3
=
3
1
nc
a, b, c h s ca phng trnh C
p
= a + bT + cT
2

Do :
+) n
1
= na =
= [(30435,3347.3,422+ 619,766.6,66 + 7,52.3035,4576 +10,55. 4,3372
+6,66. 11290,9039 + 7,2 . 92992,9968)-(3,422.456,5523 + 6,66 .
11911,2709 +10,55 . 8726,4498 + 6,9469. 92980,4077 +
6,3424.21187,3103 +
+ 60422,8868 . 7,2 ) ] . 4,1868 = -2145347,533

+)n
2
= 0,5. nb =
= 0,5. 10
-3
[(30435,3347.17,845 + 619,766.1,02 +3035,4576.0,81 +
4,3372.2,16+11290,9039.1,02+ 2,7.92992,9968)-(456,5523.17,845 +
+1,02.11911,2709 + 8726,4498.2,16 - 0,1999.92980,4077 +
+1,8363.21187,3103 + 2,7.60422,8868)]. 4,1868 = 1227,171
+)n
3
=
3
1
nc =
3
1
10
-6
[(-30435,3347.4,165)- (-456,5523.4,165 +
+ 0,4808.92980,4077)] . 4,1868 = - 0,2366
Thay cc gi tr vo ta c:
Q
pu
= Q
1231
= -4347230948- 2145347,533(1231-298) +
+ 1227,171 (1231
2
- 298
2
) - 0,2366 (1231
3
- 298
3
)
= -5033305392 (KJ/h) | Q
pu
| = 5033305392 (kJ/h)
* Lng nhit do sn phm phn ng mang ra:
Q
sp
= G
i
.
T . C
i
p
, kJ/h
Vi T = 958 + 273 = 1231
0
K
Ta c:
2 6 3
4
CH
p
1231 . 10 . 165 , 4 1231 . 10 . 845 , 17 422 , 3 C

+ =
kJ ( 8746 , 79 =
/kmol)
1411 , 33 1231 . 10 . 02 , 1 66 , 6 C
3
2
N
p
= + =

(kJ/kmol )
3033 , 55 1231 . 10 . 16 , 2 55 , 10 C
3 CO
p
2
= + =

(kJ/kmol )
0186 , 36 1231 . 10 . 8363 , 1 3424 , 6 C
3
CO
p
= + =

(kJ/kmol )
2 6 3
2
H
p
1231 . 10 . 4808 , 0 1231 . 10 . 1999 , 0 9469 , 6 C

+ =
= 31,1054 (kJ/kmol )
0606 , 44 1231 . 10 . 7 , 2 2 , 7 C
3 O
2
H
p
= + =

(kJ/kmol )
Thay s vo ta c:
Q
sp
= 9438117648 (kJ/h)
* Nhit lng mt mt ra mi trng xung quanh:
Q
m
= 0,05 (Q
ktn
+ Q
kt
+
O
2
H
Q
+ Q
pu
) = 496742886,8 (kJ/h)


Bng VI.3. Cn bng nhit lng qu trnh chuyn ho kh t nhin
Nhit lng vo Lng nhit ra
Nhit lng kJ/h Nhit lng kJ/h
Q
ktn
1572619819 Q
sp
9438117648
O
2
H
Q

2951351399 Q
m
496742886,8
Q
kt
377581124,9
Q
pu
5033305392
Tng 9934857735 Tng 9934860535
VI.3. Cn bng nhit lng cho thit b tng hp
amoniac
Phng trnh cn bng nhit lng:
Q
vo
+ Q
pu
= Q
ra
+ Q
m
, (kJ/h)
trong : Q
vo
: nhit lng hn hp kh vo thp , kJ/h
Q
pu
: nhit lng do phn ng sinh ra, kJ/h
Q
ra
: nhit lng do sn phm mang ra, kJ/h
Q
m
: nhit mt mt ra mi trng xunh quanh, kJ/h
Q
m
= 5% (Q
vo
+ Q
pu
), kJ/h
1 Nhit lng hn hp kh vo thp
Q
vo
= G
i
. C
pi
. T , kJ/h
Vi T = 254 + 273 = 527
0
K
+ Lng cu t vo tnh theo kmol/h
Lng H
2
:
) h / kmol ( 6538 , 15962
2
30766 , 31925
=

Lng N
2
:
) h / kmol ( 2705 , 5319
28
5743 , 148939
=

Lng CH
4
:
) h / kmol ( 2161 , 1421
16
45772 , 22739
=

Lng NH
3
:
) h / kmol ( 647 , 992
17
16875
=

+ Nhit dung ring ca cc cu t:

2 6 3 H
p
527 . 10 . 4808 , 0 527 . 10 . 1999 , 0 9469 , 6 C
2

+ =

= 29,2033 (kJ/kmol )
1347 , 30 527 . 10 . 02 , 1 66 , 6 C
3
2
N
p
= + =

(kJ/kmol )
2 6 3 CH
p
527 . 10 . 165 , 4 527 . 10 . 845 , 17 422 , 3 C
4

+ =

kJ ( 8582 , 48 =
/kmol)
9538 , 43 527 . 10 . 887 , 7 189 , 6 C
3
3
NH
p
= + =

(kJ/kmol )
Thay s vo tnh ton ta c: Q
vo
= 389729915,6 (kJ/h)
2 Nhit lng do phn ng sinh ra
Phn ng chnh ca qu trnh: N
2
+ 3H
2
2NH
3

Ta c: AH
pu
= AH
sp
- AH
tg

Bng VI.6. Cc thng s nhit lng cho cc cht tham gia phn ng
Tn cht
AH
298
, kJ/h
298
p
C
kJ/kmol.
N
2
0 29,1401
H
2
0 28,84705
NH
3
46190 35,6715
+ Vi N
2
:
2
N
p
C
= 30,1347 (kJ/kmol )
A
2
N
p
C
= 30,1347 29,1401 = 0,9946 (kJ/kmol )
A
2
N
527
H
= 0+ 0,9946 (527 - 298) = 227,7634 (kJ/kmol)
+ Vi H
2
: A
2
H
p
C
= 29,2033 28,84705 = 0,3562 (kJ/kmol )
A
2
H
H
= 0 + 0,3562 (527 - 298) = 81,5698 (kJ/kmol)
+ Vi NH
3
:
3
NH
p
C
= 43,9538 (kJ/kmol )
A
3
NH
p
C
= 43,95 35,6715 = 8,2785 (kJ/kmol )
A
3
NH
527
H
=49190+ 8,2785 (527 - 298) = 48085,7766 (kJ/kmol)
Vy AH
pu
= 2.48085,7766 - 81,56.3 - 227,76 = 95699,1096 (kJ/kmol)
Q
pu
=
pu
3
NH
H . G A
= 2198,77. 95699,1096 = 210420331,2 (kJ/h)
3 Nhit lng do sn phm mang ra: Q
ra
= G
i

T C
i
p

Vi T = 441 + 273 = 714
0
K
+ Lng sn phm ra tnh theo kmol/h
Lng H
2
:
) h / kmol ( 8547 , 12037
2
7093 , 24075
=

Lng N
2
:
) h / kmol ( 0182 , 3971
28
5105 , 111188
=

Lng CH
4
:
) h / kmol ( 9887 , 1418
16
8184 , 22703
=

Lng NH
3
:
) h / kmol ( 4706 , 3676
17
62500
=

+ Nhit dung ring ca cc cu t:
2 6 3
2
H
p
714 . 10 . 4808 , 0 714 . 10 . 1999 , 0 9469 , 6 C

+ =

=29,5139(kJ/kmol)
9333 , 30 714 . 10 . 02 , 1 66 , 6 C
3
2
N
p
= + =

(kJ/kmol )
2 6 3
4
CH
p
714 . 10 . 165 , 4 714 . 10 . 845 , 17 422 , 3 C

+ =


kJ ( 7828 , 58 =
/kmol.)
2 6 3
3
NH
p
714 . 10 . 728 , 0 714 . 10 . 887 , 7 189 , 6 C

+ =

= 47,9355 (KJ/Kmol )
Thay s vo tnh ton ta c: Q
ra
= 570142721,6 (kJ/h)
4 Nhit mt mt ra mi trng (5%)
Q
m
= 0,05 (Q
vo
+ Q
pu
) = 30007512,34 (kJ/h)
Bng VI.7: Cn bng nhit lng cho thp tng hp amoniac.
Lng nhit vo Lng nhit ra
Nhit lng kJ/h Nhit lng kJ/h
Q
vo
389729915,6 Q
ra
570142721,6
Q
pu
210420331,2 Q
m
30007512,34
Tng 600150246,8 Tng 600150233,9

Chng VII
Tnh c kh
VII.1. Tnh thit b sn xut kh tng hp
VII.1.1. Tnh thit b reforming s cp
* Knh thc thit b.
Chn cch b tr ng thnh hai hng .
ng knh ng phn ng (75 150mm), chn d = 150mm
Chiu cao ng ( 6 15m), chn h = 15m
Qu trnh reforming s cp chuyn ho khong 25% kh t nhin,
chn tng s ng trong thit b 200 ng [9-48].
Chn vt liu lm l thp X18H10T.
Chiu di thn thit b c tinh theo cng thc:
L = t(n - 1) + 2t , m
vi: n l tng s ng ca 1 hng.
t l bc ng, t = (1,2 1,5)d [9]. Chn t = 1,5d = 1,5 . 150
= 225 (mm) = 0,225(mm)
Vy: L = 0,225(100 - 1) +2.0,225 = 22,725 (m)
Chn chiu rng thit b l 3m.
* Chn y v np thit b:
Chn y v np c kch thc: S = 10 (mm)
* Khi lng xc tc.
Tng lng kh vo thit b reforming hi nc l:
V = 271926,4747 (m
3
/h)
Lng kh thc t chuyn ho:
V
ch
= 0,25 . 271926,4747 = 67981,6187 (m
3
/h)
Lng kh chuyn ho trong 1 ng:
V
ng
=
9 , 339
200
6187 , 67981
=
(m
3
/h)
Xc tc c khi lng ring [9-193] l: = 450 (kg/m
3
)
Khi lng xc tc : m
xt
=
kg ,
4
). 3 , 0 H ( d .
2
t

Vi: H: chiu cao ng phn ng
Vy : m
xt
=
) kg ( 3 , 49
4
450 ). 3 , 0 10 ( 15 , 0 . 14 , 3
2
=

VII.1.2. Tnh thit b reforming th cp.
Thi gian lu ca cc tc nhn trong thit b rt ngn (b hn 10s), chn
t
lu
= 5s
Tng lng kh vo thit b:
V = 303934,1775 (m
3
/h)
Th tch khng gian trng ca l:
V
trng
= V
vo
. t
lu
=
1308 , 422
3600
5 . 1775 , 303934
=
(m
3
)
Lng kh chuyn ho trong l l:
V
ch
= 303934,1775. 0,985 = 299375,1648 (m
3
/h)
H s t l gia lu lng kh nguyn liu trn cht mang:
) kgh / m ( 3545 , 6
3 , 49
2793 , 313
m
V
3
x t
o n g
= = = c

Lng xc tc dng cho qu trnh ny:
m
xt
=
) kg ( 7549 , 47829
3545 , 6
1775 , 303934 V
= =
c

Th tch xc tc : V
xt
=
) m ( 2883 , 106
450
7549 , 47829 m
3 xt
= =

Tng th tch ca l : V
l
= 528,4191 (m
3
)
Chn chiu cao ca ng xc tc: H = 10m
ng knh ca l : D =
) m ( 864 , 2
H .
V . 4
lo
=
t

Quy chun: D = 2,8 (m)
* Tnh chiu dy thn thit b.
Chiu dy ca thn thit b lm vic chu p sut trong D
t
c xc nh
theo cng thc [9-360]
S =
| |
C
P 2
P . D
t
t t
+
o
, m
vi: P
t
: p sut trong ca thit b, N/m
2

P
t
= 31,5 bar = 3,15.10
6
N/m
2

: h s bn ca mi hn . Do hn gip mi bng h quang in nn
chn = 0,95
C : i lng b xung n mn, bo mn v dung sai v chiu
dy, m . C = C
1
+ C
2
+ C
3
, m [9-362]
y: - C
1
l i lng b xung n mn xut pht t iu kin n mn
vt liu ca mi trng, thi gian lm vic ca thit b. V vy vt liu lm
thit b l thp khng g X18H10T chn C
1
= 1(mm) = 10
-3
(m)
- C
2
l i lng b xung bo mn nguyn liu khng cha cc ht rn,
lp xc tc tnh nn ta chn C
2
= 0
C
3
: i lng b xung n mn dung sai m do chiu dy, ph thuc vo
chiu dy tm thp. C
3
= 0,8 (mm)
Vy C = 1 + 0 + 0,8 = 1,8 (mm)
ng sut cho php ca thp X18H10T theo gii hn bn c xc nh
theo cng thc [9-356]
[o
h
] =
q
o
.
n
k
k
(N/m
2
) , [o
c
] =
q
o
.
n
c
c
(N/m
2
)
q = 1 l h s iu chnh
n
k
, n
c
l h s an ton theo gii hn bn v gii hn chy
n
k
= 2,6 ; n
c
= 1,5
[o
k
] =
6
6
10 . 5385 , 211 1 .
6 , 2
10 . 550
=
, N/m
2

[o
c
] =
6
6
10 . 6667 , 146 1 .
5 , 1
10 . 220
=
, N/m
2

m bo bn ta ly gi tr b hn trong hai kt qu trn tnh
ton, tc l : [o
c
] = 146,6667.10
6
(N/m
2
)
V :
| |
50 95 , 0 .
10 . 15 , 3
10 . 6667 , 146
P
6
6
< =
o

Nn ta khng th b qua i lng P mu s trong cng thc tnh S.
Nh vy ta c:
S =
) m ( 0324 , 0 10 . 8 , 1
10 . 15 , 3 95 , 0 . 10 . 6667 , 146 . 2
10 . 15 , 3 . 8 , 2
3
6 6
6
= +

S = 0,0324 (m). Chn S = 35 (mm)
Kim tra ng sut ca thnh theo p sut th : P
0
= P
th
+ P
1

P
th
: p sut thu lc, N/m
2

P
th
= 1,5P = 1,5.3,15.10
6
= 4,73.10
6
(N/m
2
)
P
1
= g. . H = 9,81 . 1000.10 = 0,0981.10
6
(N/m
2
)
P
0
= 4,8281.10
6
N/m
2

Kim tra ng sut thn thit b theo p sut th, tnh ton theo cng
thc sau:
o =
| |
) m / N ( 10 . 33 , 183
2 , 1
10 . 220
2 , 1 ). C S ( 2
P . ) C S ( D
2 6
6
c 0 t
= =
o
s

+

o =
| |
3119 , 140
95 , 0 ). 10 . 8 , 1 10 . 35 ( 2
10 . 8281 , 4 ). 10 . 8 , 1 10 . 35 ( 8 , 2
3 3
6 3 3
=

+


(N/m
2
)
o <
2 , 1
c
o

Vy S = 35 (mm) l thch hp
VII.2. Tnh thit b tng hp amoniac
VII.2.1. Th tch ca hai lp xc tc
Nng NH
3
vo thp l 4,1%, nng NH
3
ra khi thp l
17,3%[19]
Nng sut ring[2] ca thp:
g = 0,77.V.a. o , kg/m
3
.h
vi : V l tc khng gian (h
-1
). Chn tc khng gian l 50000m
3
/m
3
h
a =
0
0 1
y 100
y y
+

vi: y
0
l nng NH
3
vo, %
y
1
l nng NH
3
ra, %
o l gim th tch hn hp kh, c tnh:
o =
1
0
y 100
y 100
+
+

Vy th tch lp xc tc l: V
xt
=
g
G
, m
3

Vi : G l lng NH
3
to thnh qua qu trnh, kg/h
* Lp xc tc th nht: Nng NH
3
vo: 4,1%
Nng NH
3
ra: 12%
Ta c : a =
076 , 0
1 , 4 100
1 , 4 12
=
+

o =
929 , 0
12 400
1 , 4 100
=
+
+


Do : g = 0,77.50000.0,076.0,929 = 2716,625 (kg/m
3
.h)
Lng NH
3
to thnh qua lp xc tc th nht:
v = 7,9%. 534058,8824 = 42190,65171 (m
3
/h)
Tnh theo kg/h l : G = v. (kg/h)
Vi = 0,76 kg/m
3

Suy ra: G = 32076,1964 (kg/h)
Th tch ca lp xc tc th nht l: V
xt
= 11,7943 (m
3
)
* Lp xc tc th hai: Nng NH
3
vo: 12 %
Nng NH
3
ra: 17,3 %
Ta c: a =
0473 , 0
12 100
12 3 , 17
=
+

o =
9573 , 0
17 100
12 100
=
+
+

Do : g = 0,77.50000.0,0473.0,9573 = 1743,2274 (kg/m
3
.h)
Lng NH
3
to thnh qua lp xc tc th nht:
v = 0,053. 534058,8824 = 28305,1208 (m
3
/h)
Tnh theo kg/h l : G = 215511,8918(kg/h)
Th tch ca lp xc tc th nht l : V
xt
= 12,34 (m
3
)
VII.2.2. ng knh ca thit b
* Cc kch thc ca thit b ta chn theo tiu chun sau:
- ng knh trong ca thp: 2200mm
- ng knh ngoi ca d xc tc: 2000mm
- ng knh trong ca d xc tc: 1950mmm
- ng knh ca ng trung tm: 300x2mm
VII.2.3. Chiu cao tng lp xc tc
Chiu cao ca lp xc tc c xc nh:
H
xt
=
m ,
S
V
x t
x t

trong : V
xt
- th tch lp xc tc, m
3

S
xt
- tit din ca lp xc tc, m
2

S
xt
=
) r R (
2 2
t

Vi: R- bn knh trong d xc tc, m
R = 0,975(m)
r - bn knh ngoi ca ng trung tm, m
r = 0,150 (m)
Vy:
+ Chiu cao lp xc tc th nht:
H
xt1
=
) m ( 06 , 4
) 15 , 0 975 , 0 ( 14 , 3
7943 , 11
S
V
2 2
xt
1 xt
=

=

+ Chiu cao lp xc tc th hai:
H
xt2
=
) m ( 25 , 4
) 15 , 0 975 , 0 ( 14 , 3
34 , 12
S
V
2 2
xt
2 xt
=

=

VII.2.4. Thit b trao i nhit trong thp
Chn thit b trao i nhit dng ng chm
Chn ng truyn nhit ca thit b l 40x2 (mm)
Chiu cao ng H = 3(m)
ng knh ca thit b truyn nhit: D = 1400 (mm)
Bc ng c xc nh : t = 1,5d = 1,5 . 40 = 60 (mm)
Mt khc : D = t(b-1) + 4d b =
81 t
t
d 4 D
= +

S ng cnh ngoi cng ca hnh lc gic : b = 2a - 1 a = 41 (ng)
VII.2.5. Chiu cao ton thp
Chiu cao ton thp c xc nh:
H = H
xt1
+ H
xt2
+ h
1
+ h
2
+ h
3
(m)
trong : H
xt1
- chiu cao lp xc tc th nht , m
H
xt2
- chiu cao lp xc tc th hai , m
h
1
- khong trng trn nh thp, m
chn h
1
= 1000 (mm) = 1(m)
h
2
- khong cch gia 2 lp xc tc, m
chn h
2
= 1(m)
h
3
- khong trng bn di lp xc tc th 2, m
chn h
3
= 1,5m
Vy chiu cao ton thp:
H = 11,81 (m) = 12 (m)
VII.3. Chn cc thit b ph
VII.3.1. Chn my nn
Trong cng nghip ho cht da vo nguyn tc lm vic ca my nn
c th chia ra: my nn pittng, my nn loi quay trn, my nn tuc bin
(loi ly tm), my nn loi phun tia[8]. Trong phm vi n ny em chn
my nn dng nn kh nguyn liu cho tng hp amoniac l my nn
tucbin.
So vi cc loi my nn khc th loi my nn tucbin c u im:
- Quay nhanh (c th ni trc tip vi ng c in).
- Thit b n gin. Cung cp u.
- Lm vic vi nng sut ln 500 4000 m
3
/h.
- So vi my nn pittong do khng c suppap nn t b h hng.
Tuy nhin my nn tucbin cng c nhc im: nng sut di
6000m
3
/h n c hiu sut thp hn my nn pittong. Mt khc, c s dao
ng mnh ca p sut khi thay i nng sut v hiu sut cng gim mnh.
ng c truyn ng vi cng sut 16544 KW. S vng quay 6000
vg/ph. Nng sut ca phn xng 62500 kg/h tng ng 82236, 84m
3
/h.
Do s lng my nn cn dng: n =
2
40000
84 , 82236
=
(my)
VII.3.2. Chn qut
Chn qut ht kh thi thit b reforming s cp l loi qut ly
tm, nng sut qut l 180Nm
3
/h, cng sut ng c in 354 KW [8].
VII.3.3. Chn thit b trao i nhit
Chn thit b trao i nhit dng ng chm ng knh 1m, H = 2m.
VII.3.4. Chn thng cha amoniac lng.
Thng cha amoniac ta chn loi thng hnh tr trn nm ngang, ng
knh D = 2m, L = 6m, chiu dy S = 300mm.

Phn iii
Thit k xy dng
III.1. Chn a im xy dng
III.1.1. Cc yu cu chung
6 V qui hoch
a im xy dng phi ph hp vi quy hoch vng, lnh th, quy
hoch cm kinh t cng nghip c cc cp c thm quyn ph duyt.
To iu kin pht huy ti a cng sut ca nh my v kh nng hp tc sn
xut ca nh my vi cc nh my khc.
7 V iu kin t chc sn xut
a im la chn xy dng phi m bo gn cc ngun cung cp
nguyn liu cho sn xut v gn ni tiu th sn phm ca nh my, gn cc
ngun cung cp nng lng nh in, nc, than,. Nh vy s hn ch ti a
cc chi ph cho vn chuyn, h gi thnh sn phm .
8 V iu kin xy lp v vn hnh nh my
a im xy dng phi m bo s hot ng lin tc ca nh my.
Do a im xy dng c la chn cn ch ti cc yu t sau:
Kh nng cung cp vt liu, vt t xy dng gim chi ph gi thnh
u t xy dng c bn ca nh my, hn ch ti a lng vn chuyn vt t xy
dng t ni xa n.
Kh nng cung ng cng nhn trong qu trnh xy dng nh my
cng nh vn hnh nh my sau ny. Do vy qu trnh thit k cn phi ch
xc nh s cng nhn cc a phng ln cn trong qu trnh th ho.
III.1.2. Cc yu cu v k thut xy dng
9 V a hnh
Khu t phi cao ro, trnh ngp lt trong ma ma l, c mc nc
ngm thp to iu kin tt cho vic thot nc thi v nc ma d dng.
Khu t phi tng i bng phng v c dc t nhin tt nht l
i=0,5

1% hn ch ti a do kinh ph san lp mt bng.

10 V a cht
Khu t la chn khng nm trn cc vng c m khong sn hoc
a cht khng n nh, nh c hin tng ng t, xi mn hay hin tng ct
chy,
Cng khu t xy dng tt nht l 1,5

2,5 kg/cm
2
. Nn xy dng
trn nn t st, t ong, t i, gim ti a chi ph gia c nn
mng ca cc hng mc cng trnh c ti trng bn thn v ti trng ng
ln.
III.1.3. Cc yu cu v mi trng v sinh cng nghip
Khi a im xy dng nh my c la chn cn xt n quan h mt
thit gia khu dn c th v khu cng nghip. Bi v trong qu trnh sn
xut ca nh my thi ra cc cht c hi nh: kh c, nc bn, khi bi,
ting n,hoc cc yu t bt li khc nh: hin tng chy n, nhim mi
trng,
a im xy dng nh my phi m bo cc yu cu quy phm, quy
nh v bo v mi trng v sinh cng nghip, ch khong cch bo v,
tuyt i khng c xy dng cc cng trnh cng cng hoc cng vin, phi
trng cy xanh hn ch tc hi ca khu cng nghip gy nn.
V tr xy dng thng phi nm cui hng gi ch o, ngun nc thi
ca nh my c x l phi h lu v cch bn dng nc ca dn c ti thiu
l 500m .
III.1.4. Chn a im xy dng nh my
Cn c vo cc yu cu trn ta chn a im xy dng nh my ti
khu cng nghip Ph M tnh B Ra - Vng Tu .
III.2. Yu cu khi thit k tng mt bng nh my
Gii php thit k tng mt bng nh my phi p ng c mc cao
nht ca dy chuyn cng ngh sao cho chiu di dy chuyn sn xut ngn
nht, khng trng lp ln xn, hn ch ti a s giao nhau. Bo m mi lin
h mt thit gia cc hng mc cng trnh vi h thng giao thng cc mng
li cung cp k thut khc bn trong v bn ngoi nh my.
Trn khu t xy dng nh my phi c phn thnh cc khu vc chc
nng theo c im ca sn xut, yu cu v sinh, c im s c, khi lng
phng tin vn chuyn, mt cng nhn,to iu kin tt cho vic qun
l vn hnh ca cc khu vc chc nng.
Din tch khu t xy dng c tnh ton tho mn mi yu cu i
hi ca dy chuyn cng ngh trn c s b tr hp l cc hng mc cng
trnh, tng cng vn dng cc kh nng hp khi nng tng s dng ti a
cc din tch khng xy dng trng cy xanh, t chc mi trng cng
nghip v nh hng pht trin m rng nh my trong tng lai.
T chc h thng giao thng vn chuyn hp l, ph hp vi dy
chuyn cng ngh, c tnh hng ho p ng mi yu cu sn xut v qun
l, lung ngi, lung hng phi ngn nht khng trng lp hoc ct nhau.
Ngoi ra cn phi ch khai thc ph hp vi mng li giao thng quc gia
cng nh ca cc cm nh my ln cn.
Phi tho mn cc yu cu v v sinh cng nghip, hn ch ti a cc
s c sn xut, m bo yu cu v sinh mi trng bng cc gii php phn
khu chc nng, b tr hng nh hp l theo hng gi ch o ca khu t.
Khong cch ca cc hng mc cng trnh phi tun theo quy phm thit k,
to mi iu kin cho vic thng thong t nhin, hn ch bc x nhit ca
mt tri truyn vo nh.
Khai thc trit cc c im a hnh t nhin, c im kh hu
a phng nhm gim n mc c th chi ph san nn, x l nn t, tiu
thu, x l cc cng trnh ngm khi b tr cc hng mc cng trnh.
Phi m bo tt mi quan h hp tc mt thit vi cc nh my ln
cn trong khu cng nghip vi vic s dng chung cc cng trnh m bo
k thut, x l cht thi, chng nhim mi trng cng nh cc cng trnh
hnh chnh phc v cng cng,nhm mang li hiu qu kinh t, hn ch
vn u t xy dng nh my v tit kim din tch xy dng.
Phn chia thi k xy dng hp l, to iu kin thi cng nhanh, sm
a nh my vo sn xut, nhanh chng hon vn u t xy dng.
Bo m cc yu cu thm m ca tng cng trnh tng th nh my.
Ho nhp, ng gp cnh quan xung quanh to thnh khung cnh kin trc
cng nghip th.
iii.3. Gii php thit k xy dng tng quan mt bng
phn xng
III.3.1. Nguyn tc thit k tng mt bng phn xng
11 Vng trc phn xng
Ni b tr cc nh hnh chnh qun l, phc v sinh hot, cng ra vo,
gara t, xe p,... i vi cc phn xng c quy m nh hoc mc hp
khi ln, vng trc nh my hu nh c dnh din tch cho bi xe (xe t,
xe gn my, xe p), cng bo v, bng tin v cy xanh cnh quan. Din tch
vng ny tu theo c im sn xut, quy m ca phn xng c din tch t
4% 20% din tch ton phn xng.
12 Vng sn xut
Ni b tr phn xng v dy chuyn sn xut chnh ca phn xng, nh
cc xng sn xut chnh, sn xut ph tr ... Tu theo c im sn xut v
quy m ca phn xng m din tch vng ny chim t 22% 52% din
tch ca ton phn xng.
y l vng quan trng nht ca nh my nn khi b tr cn phi lu
mt s im sau y:
- Khu t c u tin v iu kin a hnh, a cht cng nh v hng.
Cc nh sn xut chnh, ph, ph tr sn xut c nhiu cng nhn nn b tr
gn pha cng hoc gn pha trc giao thng chnh ca phn xng v c bit
u tin v hng.
- Cc nh xng trong qu trnh sn xut gy ra cc tc ng xu nh
ting n ln, lng bi, nhit thi ra nhiu hoc d c s c (d chy, d n
hoc r r cc ho cht c hi) nn t cui hng gi v tun th cht ch
vn an ton v sinh cng nghip.
13 Vng cc cng trnh ph
Ni t cc nh v cng trnh cung cp nng lng bao gm cc cng
trnh cung cp in, hi, nc, x l nc thi v cc cng trnh bo qun k
thut khc.
Cn lu mt s im sau y:
- Hn ch ti a chiu di ca h thng cung cp k thut bng cch
b tr hp l gia ni cung cp v ni tiu th nng lng (khai thc ti a h
thng cung cp trn khng v ngm di mt t).
- Tn dng cc khu khng li v hng hoc giao thng b tr cc
cng trnh ph.
- Cc cng trnh c nhiu bi hoc cht thi bt li u phi ch b
tr cui hng gi ch o.
14 Vng kho tng v phc v giao thng
Trn , b tr cc h thng kho tng, bn bi, cc cu bc d hng
ho, sn ga nh my ... Tu theo c im sn xut v quy m ca nh xng
vng ny thng chim t 23% 37% din tch phn xng. Khi b tr vng
ny ngi thit k cn lu mt s im sau:
- Cho php b tr cc cng trnh trn vng t khng u tin v hng.
Nhng phi ph hp vi cc ni tp kt nguyn liu v sn phm ca nh my
d dng thun tin nhp, xut hng ca nh my .
- Tuy nhin, trong nhiu trng hp, do t im v yu cu ca dy
chuyn cng ngh h thng kho tng c th b tr gn lin trc tip vi b
phn sn xut. V vy, ngi thit k c th b tr mt phn h thng kho tng
nm ngay trong khu vc sn xut

















III.3.2. Cc hng mc cng trnh
Bng III.1. Cc hng mc cng trnh ca phn xng
STT Tn cc hng mc cng trnh S lng Kch thc(m
2
) Din tch(m
2
)
1 Nh hnh chnh(2 tng ) 1 12x30 360
2 Phng bo v 4 3x3 9x4
3 Gara t 1 9x30 270
4 Nh xe p,xe my 1 12x24 288
5 Phng y t 1 10x32 320
6 Cng tin 1 18x18 324
7 Phng th nghim 1 12x18 216
8 Xng c kh 1 40x50 2000
9 Kho ho cht 1 12x18 216
10 Nh v sinh 1 9x30 270
11 Trm bin p 1 9x12 108
12 Nh iu khin trung tm 1 18x24 432
13 Khu vc b cha amoniac 1 24x24 576
14 Khu vc tng hp NH
3
1 20x30 600
15 Khu vc reforming 1 20x68 1360
16 Tch lu hunh 1 18x18 324
17 Chuyn ho CO 1 18x18 324
18 Metan ho 1 16x16 256
19 Chuyn ho CO
2
1 20x30 600
20 Trm cu ho 1 20x37 740
21 Nh sn xut ph tr 1 12x24 288
22 B cha nc 1 20x20 400
23 B nguyn liu 1 24x24 576
24 Khu vc ng khi 1 6x6 36
25 Khu t d tr 1 40x100 4000
Tng din tch 15190
Tng s cng nhn ca phn xng khong 83 ngi, phn xng hot
ng lin tc 24/24 gi, chia 3 ca sn xut .
Din tch ton nh my thng c chn t 3 n 4 ln din tch chim
t ca cng trnh . Nn din tch mt bng phn xng l :
F = 15190 .3,5 = 53165 (m
2
).
Theo bng III.1 th A = 15190 m
2
. Din tch bi l thin : B = 2500 m
2

.
Din tch chim t ca ng st , ng b , h , rnh thot nc :
C = 20000 m
2
.
H s xy dng:
% 30 100
53165
2500 15190
K
xd
=
+
=

H s s dng :
% 70 100
53165
20000 2500 15190
K
sd
=
+ +
=

III.3.3. Mt bng nh my
Phn xng sn xut NH
3
c t im l cc qu trnh sn xut c tin
hnh hu ht trong cc thit b kn, kch thc thit b c nhiu loi rt cao v
to, vn chuyn phn ln bng ng ng, cc qu trnh sn xut c t ng
ho, vic iu khin sn xut c tin hnh trong phng iu khin trung
tm.
V vy phn xng amoniac ta tn dng b tr thit b ra ngoi tri
khng cn bao che tc xy dng l thin (XDLT) v ch lm mi che , mi
bt khng c tng bao che tc xy dng bn l thin (XDBLT).
III.3.3.1. ngha, tc dng
Hnh thc XDLT-BLT em li nhiu ngha to ln v mt tin b
khoa hc k thut cng nh v mt kinh t trong xy dng v s dng sau :
- Gim ti trng tc dng ln cng trnh . Do vy, gim c khi lng
xy dng cc mt t 2040%, tit kim vt liu xy dng.
- Gim thi gian thit k, thi gian chun b v thi cng cng trnh,
sm a cng trnh vo s dng.
- Tit kim din tch trn mt bng khi b tr LT-BLT t 1050% nn
tit kim t xy dng nh my.
- Gim in chiu sng, gim thit b thng gi nhn to, gim c
nguy c chy n .
Do cc ngha to ln trn rt ra c cc hiu qu kinh t sau :
1 Gim tng s vn u t xy dng t 520% so vi xy dng
kn.
2 Gim gi thnh xy dng t 850%, do gim gi thnh sn
phm t 818%.
Ngoi ra XDLT-BLT n mang li ci p hin i, uy nghi, hng v,
ci p ca s tin b vi tro lu khoa hc pht trin. V vy vic nghin cu
thit k trong iu kin kh hu Vit Nam s mang li hiu qu v cng to
ln.
III.3.3.2. B tr cc thnh phn trong xy dng l thin v bn l thin
15 Trn mt bng l thin
- t cc thit b : C kch thc ln, nng n, cng knh. Cc thit b
khc theo s ngang ca qu trnh sn xut . Thit b thp t trn b
mng, b tr vng t tt. Thit b sinh c hi b tr cui hng gi. Thit b
c nguy c chy n c khong cch an ton. B tr thit b thp t song
song khung sn to lin h tt to thm m .
- Gia hai hng thit b c mt bng tu sa, lp rp, thay th c
khong cch: B = 0,70,75H
max
(H
max
chiu cao ln nht ca thit b).
16 Trn khung sn l thin-bn l thin
- Trn khung sn l thin t cc thit b nh, nh, chiu cao khng
ln theo s ng ca qu trnh sn xut. Trn khung sn bn l thin t
cc thit b pht sinh nhit, c hi chy n, c con ngi coi, hoc cc thit
b ma nng lm nh hng. Khung c L=4,56m ; B=6m ; H=3,67,2m
- Khi c cht lng d chy trn khung phi c khe chng chy :
+ Di <90m, H<12m, khe >5m .
+ Di>90m, H>12m, khe >12m .











Phn IV
Tnh ton kinh t
IV.1. Mc ch v nhim v ca tnh ton kinh t
Tnh ton kinh t l phn rt quan trng, cho thy c tng gi tr ca
mt d n, t nhn thy c nhng u im, nhc im cng nh c cu
hot ng ca mt d n. Mt phng n tt m bo v trnh sn xut,
cht lng, sn phm ng thi em li hiu qu kinh t cho nh sn xut.
Cui cng iu quan trng nht ca tnh ton kinh t l xc nh xem th d
n c kh thi hay khng.
C ba nhim v chnh:
- Xc nh chi ph cho phng n sn xut
- Xc nh gi bn sn phm
- Xc nh hiu qu kinh t phng n k thut a li nh gi c
tnh kh thi v mt kinh t ca phng n k thut.
IV.2. Cc loi chi ph
IV.2.1. Chi ph cho mua my mc thit b
Chi ph my mc thit b c tnh cho c chi ph vn chuyn lp t
trn gi l: 5.10
6
USD. M 1USD = 15920VN(s liu[21] tham kho ngy
28/04/2006). Vy chi ph my mc thit b l:
5.10
6
.15920 = 79600.10
6
(ng)
Chi ph cho vn chuyn v chuyn giao cng ngh l:
5% . 79600.10
6
= 3980. 10
6
(ng)
Vy tng chi ph cho mua my mc thit b l:
79600 . 10
6
+ 3980 . 10
6
= 83580 . 10
6
(ng)
IV.2.2. Chi ph cho vn hnh dy chuyn
1 Chi ph cho nguyn liu
Lng kh t nhin tiu hao trong 1 gi l: 68766,0425 (m
3
/h)
Do lng kh t nhin dng lm nguyn liu trong 1 nm l:
550128340 (m
3
/nm)
Gi thnh[23] 1m
3
kh t nhin l 0,24USD. Chi ph cho 1m
3
t nhin
l: 0,24.15920=3820,9(ng/1m
3
kh)
Vy chi ph cho nguyn liu l:
3820,9. 550128340 = 2101930,361.10
6
(ng)
2 Chi ph cho nng lng
- in dng chy my cng nghip c xc nh theo cng thc:
W = K
1
. K
2
. n
i
T
i
(kW)
trong :
W - in nng dng chy my cng nghip trong 1 nm (kW)
n
i
- cng sut ng c th i
T
i
- thi gian chy my cng ngh (gi)
K
1
- h s ph ti thng ly bng 0,75
K
2
- h s tn tht ly bng 1,05
T - thi gian s dng, T = 8000 (h)
in nng dng chy my cng nghip c ghi trong bng IV.1

Bng IV.1 Nhu cu in nng cho phn xng
Tn thit b
Cng sut
(kW)
S lng (ci) Tng cng
sut
in nng
(kW)
My nn 2 5 10 63000
Bm tun hon 0,4 15 6 37800
Bm sn phm 0,5 10 5 31500
Tng 132300

- in dng thp sng cho c 2 ca l:
W = n
i
T
i
P , (kW)
trong :
n
i
- s bng n loi i (ci)
P - cng sut bng n loi i (kW)
T
i
- thi gian s dng trong 1 nm, T = 5360 (gi)
Bng IV.2. Nhu cu v in thp sng
Tn nh
Loi bng
(W)
S lng
(ci)
Thi gian
(gi)
Nhu cu trong nm
(kW)
Khu nh sn xut 220 100 5360 117920
Cc nh cn li 220 120 5360 141504
Tng 259424

Vy lng in tiu th cho ton phn xng l:
259424 + 132300 = 391724 (kW)
Gi 1 KWh l 2000 ng.
Do : 391724 x 2000 = 783,448.10
6
(ng)
IV.2.3. Chi ph cho cng nhn sn xut trc tip
Bng IV.3. Chi ph cho cng nhn sn xut trc tip
Nhn vin S lng
Mc lng
ng/thng
Thnh tin
ng/thng
Gim c 1 5.5.50.000 5.5.50.000
Ph gim c 2 5.500.000 11.000.000
K s ho hc 9 4.500.000 40.500.000
K s in, in t 9 4.500.000 40.500.000
Th in 6 3.500.000 21.000.000
Th c kh 6 3.500.000 21.000.000
Cng nhn 9 3.000.000 27.000.000
Bo v 5 2.600.000 13.000.000
V sinh 3 2.600.000 7.800.000
Hnh chnh 6 3.500.000 21.000.000
Th k 2 3.500.000 7.000.000
Tng 215350000

Tng lng chi tr cho cng nhn ca phn xng trong 1 nm l:
215350000 x 12 = 2584,2.10
6
ng/nm
Trch lng ly 10% chi tr cho bo him x hi:
10% x 2584,2.10
6
= 258,42.10
6
(ng/nm)
Tng lng phi tr cho cng nhn l:
(2584,2 + 258,42).10
6
= 2842,62.10
6
ng/nm
IV.2.4. Chi ph khu hao ti sn c nh
Gi s thi gian khu hao l 10 nm.
Mc khu hao ti sn c nh.
M
KH
=
n
SV P

trong : P - Gi tr ban u ca ti sn c nh
SV - Gi tr cn li ca ti sn c nh
n - Thi hn tnh khu hao
P = 83580 .10
6
(ng)
SV = 10% . P = 8358.10
6
ng
n = 10 nm.
Vy: M
KH
=
6
6 6
10 . 2 , 7522
10
10 . 8358 10 . 83580
=

(ng)
IV.2.5. Mc khu hao cho mt n v sn phm
Khi lng sn phm bn ra trong 1 nm l 500000 tn/nm
Z
1
=
6
6
10 . 015 , 0
500000
10 . 2 , 7522
=
(ng/tn sn phm)
IV.2.6. Mc khu hao cho nguyn liu
Z
2
=
6
6
10 . 2039 , 4
500000
10 . 361 , 2101930
=
(ng/tn sn phm)
IV.2.7. Chi ph tin lng cho mt n v sn phm
Z
3
=
6
6
10 . 005685 , 0
500000
10 . 62 , 2842
=
(ng/tn sn phm)
IV.2.8. Chi ph cho nhin liu v nng lng
Z
4
=
6
6
10 . 001567 , 0
500000
10 . 448 , 783
=
(ng/tn sn phm)
IV.2.9. Chi ph cho phn xng
Thng chn chi ph cho phn xng l 5% gi thnh phn xng
Tng gi thnh phn xng
Z
px
= Z
1
+ Z
2
+ Z
3
+ Z
4
+ Z
5
+ Z
C

vi: Z
5
= 0,05.Z
px
(ng/tn sn phm)
Z
C
: chi ph chung thuc phn xng nh: chiu sng, lm mt, chn Z
C
=
12% chi ph lng.
Do :
Z
C
= 0,12 . 2842,62.10
6
= 341,1144.10
6
(ng/nm)
Vy chi ph chung cho 1 tn sn phm l:
Z'
C
=
6
6
10 . 00068 , 0
500000
10 . 1144 , 341
=
(ng/tn sn phm)
Suy ra:
Z
px
= (0,01515 + 4,2039 + 0,005685 + 0,001567 +
+ 0,00068).10
6
+ 0,05Z
PX

Z
PX
= 4,45.10
6
(ng/tn sn phm)
Nh vy:
Z
5
= 0,2247.10
6
(ng/tn sn phm)
IV.2.10. Chi ph cho qun l doanh nghip
Chn chi ph qun l doanh nghip l 10% gi thnh ton b phn x-
ng:
Z
6
= 0,1. Z
PX
= 0,1.4,45.10
6
= 0,445.10
6
(ng/tn sn phm)
Chi ph cho cng xng:
Z
CX
= Z
PX
+ Z
6
= 4,895.10
6
(ng/tn sn phm)
IV.2.11. Chi ph bn hng
Chn chi ph bn hng bng 1% gi thnh ton b phn xng
Z
7
= 0,01 Z
TB

Gi thnh ton b phn xng:
Z
TB
= Z
CX
+ Z
7
= 0,01.Z
TB
+ Z
CX

Z
TB
= 4,94 .10
6
(ng/tn sn phm)
Vy Z
7
= 0,0494.10
6
(ng/tn sn phm)
IV.3. Xc nh kt qu ca phng n k thut
IV.3.1. Doanh thu do phng n k thut em li
DT = GB. SP
trong :
DT - doanh thu, ng
SP - s lng sn phm, tn
GB - gi bn sn phm, ng/tn sn phm
GB = Z
TB
+ T + L
M

vi:
T - thu VAT, ly T = 10% . GB
L
M
- li nh mc, ly L
M
= 5% GB
Vy: GB = 4,94.10
6
+ 0,1GB + 0,05 GB
Suy ra : GB = 5,812.10
6
(ng/tn sn phm)
Gi amoniac: 6,2.10
6
(ng/tn sn phm)
Doanh thu khi bn amoniac:
6,2.10
6
.500000 = 3100000.10
6
(ng/nm)
IV.3.2. Li nhun
LN = DT - chi ph = DT - (SP. gi thnh + thu)
=3100000.10
6
- (500000.5,812. 10
6
+ 0,1 .5,812.10
6
)
= 19399,415.10
6
(ng/nm)
IV.3.3. Thi gian hon vn.
Thi gian hon vn =
KH
M LN
CP
+

=
23 , 6
10 . 2 , 7522 10 . 415 , 19399
10 . 903 , 1256567
6 6
6
=
+
(nm)
Ly thi gian hon vn 6 nm 2 thng.


















Phn V
an ton v v sinh lao ng
V.1. an ton lao ng
V.1.1.Mc ch v ngha
17 Mc ch
Ngnh cng nghip ha du ni chung rt c hi, v vy trong qu
trnh sn xut c nhiu yu t gy nh hng n sc kho con ngi v mi
trng xung quanh. V vy an ton lao ng gm nhng mc ch sau :
Bo m an ton cho ngi lao ng .
Bo v sc kho cho ngi lao ng .
Bi dng hi phc kp thi v duy tr sc kho ngi lao ng .
18 ngha
Gp phn tch cc vo vic cng c v hon thin quan h sn xut
XHCN, mi ngi lao ng u c iu kin pht huy tt quyn lm ch ca
mnh .
Ngi lao ng c mi trng lm vic tt, sn xut t hiu qu cao,
hn ch ngn nga gy tai nn, my mc c m bo hin i, h thng
phng chy cha chy lun lun trng thi hot ng .
Gim thiu c hi cho mi trng, trnh nhng tai nn ri ro cho ngi
lao ng cng nh cho ngi dn nhng vng ln cn, trnh nhng v chy
n gy thit hi ln cho ngi v x hi .
VI.1.2. Cc bin php an ton lao ng
3 An ton khi s dng my mc thit b
Ngi vn hnh phi nm r c cc yu cu k thut, nguyn l lm
vic ca thit b.
C cu iu khin phi ph hp vi tm vc ngi s dng, tm tay,
chiu di chn, phm vi nhn,
C c cu che chn v c cu bo v nhm cch ly cng nhn ra khi
vng nguy him m bo an ton trong sn xut.
C c cu phng nga nhm phng s c ca thit b c lin
quan n iu kin an ton ca cng nhn, ca ton phn xng.
C h thng n tn hiu an ton.
Kim tra an ton ca my mc trc khi s dng.
m bo h thng chiu sng v thng gi t nhin trong qa trnh
lm vic.
4 An ton in
An ton in l mt trong nhng vn quan trng ca cng tc an
ton. Nu thiu hiu bit v in, khng tun theo nhng quy tc v k thut
s gy ra tai nn ng tic... nht l in rt kh pht hin bng gic quan m
ch c th bit khi tip xc vi phn t mang in. Chnh v l an ton
in lun c t ln hng u trong cc phn xng.
Mt s yu cu c bn v thit b in:
+ Dy dn in trong nh my phi c bc bng v cao su hay c th
lng vo ng kim loi trnh b dp, nh tia la in.
+ trm in phi c r le t ngt khi gp s c v in.
+ Cu dao phi lp rp sao cho d iu khin, c th ng ngt nhiu
v tr trong phn xng.
19 An ton trong phng chng chy n
Cc cng nhn vin trong phn xng phi c hc y cc ni quy
an ton v phng chng chy n, cng nh cc bin php cha chy khi c s
c xy ra. Ngoi vic bi dng, nng cao hiu bit nhn thc cho cng nhn
th phn xng phi c trang b y cc thit b nh bnh cha chy ti ch,
phng cu ha, cc thit b chng tnh in, chng st, gin lm mt vo
ma h..., qun o bo h lao ng.
ng v ng i qua khi qui hoch mt bng x nghip phi to cho xe
cha chy n c bt k ngi nh no v c hai pha.
5 Mt s bin php an ton v c hi
Phn xng phi c h thng thng gi, chiu sng t nhin m bo
trong qa trnh lm vic tt.
Cc h thng b cha, ng ng dn m bo kn, khng b r r, bay
hi.
Dng mt n phng c khi thao tc trong b cha, c qun o v
dng c bo h y .
Hn ch ti a s tip xc ca con ngi khi tip xc vi ha cht c
hi. Phn xng c t ng ha cao.
V sinh c th sau khi ri ni lm vic. C cc ch bi dng cho
cng nhn c y , thng xuyn.
VI.2. Cng tc v sinh lao ng
6 V sinh i vi mt bng nh my
Mt bng ca nh my phi m bo iu kin thi cc cht c thun
li nh vy th mt bng phi cao mi tiu nc d dng v trnh hin tng
ngm nc t ngoi vo.
Mt bng phi ch n hng gi v hng mt tri.
Cc b phn sn xut c bi, kh c, c ting n cn b tr cui hng
gi.
B tr hng nh my theo hng mt tri sao cho chng nng tt nhng
iu kin chiu sng t nhin l tt nht.
Khi xy dng nh my kiu ch U hay ch E th khong cch gia cc
nhnh nh s bng 1/2 tng chiu cao nhng khng c di 15 m , B>15 m.
7 H thng thng gi
Trong qu trnh vn hnh my mc, c cc qu trnh gia nhit pht nhit, c
cc hi kh c hi do cn c cc bin php thng gi cho tng cng trnh
.
Gii php thit k kin trc tng hiu qu thng gi t nhin cho
phn xng sn xut nh :
+ Chn hnh thc mi ph hp .
+ Thit k nh hai tng c cnh ca mi trn .
+ Cc ng ng dn nhit cho i ngoi phn xng sn xut .
8 H thng che ma , che nng cho phn xng sn xut
Kch thc ca hp l, chn cc hnh thc, che ma che nng thch hp
va che ma, che nng va ly c nh sng, thng gi tt .
9 H thng v sinh c nhn
Phn xng phi c khu v sinh ring, phi c phng thay qun o ,tm
ra,



















Kt lun






















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[21]- http://www.vinachem.com.vn/viewSBP.asp
[22]- http://www.topsoe.com
[23]- http://www.blmberg.com/markets/commodities/energyprices.html