Table 1.

Herto Crania: Howells Metrics

"Adult" = BOU-VP-16/1 "D" = Measured on one side and doubled
"Child" = BOU-VP-16/5 "L" = Measured on left side
"R" = Measured on right side
Measurement Abbr Adult Child
Glabella-occipital length GOL 219.5 2 176 2
Nasio-occipital length NOL 206 2 172 2
Basion-nasion length BNL 110 2
Basion-bregma height BBH 147.5 2
Maximum cranial breadth XCB 155 5 137 2
Maximum frontal breadth XFB 120 5 D 114 1
Bistephanic breadth STB 96.3 3 D
Bizygomatic breadth ZYB 142 5 D
Biauricular breadth AUB 138 2 D
Minimum cranial breadth WCB 84 2 D
Biasterionic breadth ASB 117 2 115 3
Basion-prosthion length BPL 111 3
Nasion-prosthion length NPH 79 3
Nasal height NLH 56 3
Orbit height, left OBH 34 1 29 1
Orbit breadth, left OBB 42 2 33 1
Bijugal breadth JUB 130 3 D 84 2 D
Nasal breadth NLB 29 2 D
Palate breadth external MAB 75.5 1.5
Mastoid height MDH 37 R 22 L
Bimaxillary breadth ZMB 100 2 D 65 3
Zygomaxillary subtense SSS 21 2 D
Bifrontal breadth FMB 130 2 D 82 2 D
Biorbital breadth EKB 126 4 D 84 3
Interorbital breadth DKB 31 D 21 1
Simotic chord (least nasal breadth) WNB 8 1 D 8.4
Simotic subtense SIS 1.5 2
Cheek height WMH 20 1 27.4
Supraorbital projection SOS 12 0.5
Glabella projection GLS 7.5 1 0
Foramen magnum length FOL 45.0
Nasion-bregma chord (frontal chord) FRC 124 3 104.8 1
Nasion-bregma subtense (frontal subtense) FRS 26 1 29 1
Nasion-subtense fraction FRF 59 49
Bregma-lambda chord (parietal chord) PAC 129 1 113.4 1
Bregma-lambda subtense (parietal subtense) PAS 23 20
Bregma-subtense fraction PAF 69 1 56
Lambda-opisthion chord (occipital chord) OCC 96
Lambda-opisthion subtense (occipital subtense)OCS 38
Lambda-subtense fraction OCF 45
Vertex radius VRR 130 4 109
Nasion radius NAR 100 4 90 3
Subspinale radius SSR 109 3
Prosthion radius PRR 122
Dacryon radius DKR 98 3 81 3
Zygoorbitale radius ZOR 85 3 73 3
Frontomalare radius FMR 86 2 70 3
Ectochonchion radius EKR 78 4 61 3
Zygomaxillary radius ZMR 81 3 57 4
Molar alveolus radius AVR 98 3
Notes on Measurements:
1. Measurement definitions are given in Howells (7).
2. The asterionic region in BOU-VP-16/1 is a complex intersection of sutures, and
asterion was placed on the occipital edge as per Howells (7).
3. The lambdoidal area of BOU-VP-16/1 is suturally complex. Lambda was placed at
the projected intersection of the main occipital sutures, as per Howells (7), which
in this specimen is at the inferior-most point of the convergence of the sagittal
and lambdoidal sutures.
4. In a number of cases, subtenses are not reported even though the individual measures
and osteometric points they use are reported (e.g., the nasio-frontal subtense). This is
generally because such measurements, being absolutely small, are effectively swamped
by the error range. In addition, some subtenses are distorted in the dimension of the
projection.
5. One "Howells metric," mastoid breadth (MDB), is not reported due to difficulties in
applying the definition given in Howells (7), though the mastoids are well-preserved
in both crania.
6. Distortion renders the EKB measurement of BOU-VP-16/1 (55 x 2 = 110) deceptively
smaller than it was. The estimate corrects for this based in inferior projection from FMB.
Of the two measures, FMB can be taken more precisely on the Herto specimen.
Table 2. Herto Crania: Other Cranial Metrics
"Adult" = BOU-VP-16/1 "D" = Measured on one side and doubled "E" = Estimated
"Child" = BOU-VP-16/5 "L" = Measured on left side "N" = Measured in vicinity of given osteometric point
"R" = Measured on right side "I" = Measured on fragment of indeterminate side
Measurement Abbr Adult Child BOU-VP-16/2 BOU-VP-16/4 BOU-VP-16/18 BOU-VP-16/43
Frontotemporale Breadth FTB 112 2 D 92 2 D
Biparietal Breadth BPB 145 5 D 137 2
Biporionic Breadth BRB 130 3 D 100 2
Glabella-Bregma Chord GBC 125 2 102 1
Glabella-Bregma Arc GBA 137 2 120 1
Parietal Arc PAA 140 3 123 1
Lambda-Inion Chord LIC 66.0
Inion-Opisthocranion Chord IOC 48.2
Inion-Opisthocranion Arc IOA 48
Lambda-Opisthocranion Arc LOA 127
Max-Min Frontal (ref. 27) MMF 110 3 D 92 2 D
Max Breadth of Supraorbital Tori Wings MBS 138 3 D 94 2 D
Bi-Mastoid Tip Breadth BTB 109 2 92 2
Cranial Capacity* CRC 1450 D R 1250
Max Bimastoid Breadth MBB 142 117
Interorbital Breadth at Nasion ION 36 3 D 25 1
Basal Breadth at Depth of TMJs BBT 108 2 84 4 D
Supraorbital Thickness at Midorbit STM 16 1
Squamosal Sutural Overlap (Max) SSO 24
Thickness at
Frontal Boss THF 8 1 9.5
Bregma THB 10 1 10
Opisthocranion THO 18
Asterion THA 11 L 12
Euryon THE 7 R 9.5 N L 9.5 N I 7 N L
Lambda THL 7 1 R 8
* Preliminary determinations using teff seed. Adult estimate more reliable due to
absence of much of the child's cranial base. Final determinations will require CT.
Table 3. Herto Crania: Dental Metrics
"Adult" = BOU-VP-16/1 "( )" = Estimate of current dimension
"Child" = BOU-VP-16/5 "[ ]" = Estimate of unworn dimension
"{ }" = Measurement before correction for matrix expansion
"W" = Too worn to measure
ADULT CHILD BOU-VP-16/6 BOU-VP-16/42
TOOTH Mesial-Distal Buccal-Lingual Mesial-Distal Buccal-Lingual Mesial-Distal Buccal-Lingual Mesial-Distal Buccal-Lingual
RUC 7 1 9 1
LUC 8 1 9 1 (7.3)
RUP3 7.2 [8.0] W
LUP3 7.7 W 7.5
RUP4 8.4 [8.1] W
LUP4 8.5 1 W 7.2 9.2 7.8 10.4
RUM1 11.5 [11.5 1] W 12.1 11.8
LUM1 11.2
RM2 11.1 [12.0] 12.8 {13.4}
LM2 10.6 [11.8] 12.8 {13.4}
RM3 8.6 11.9
LM3 8.6 11.9
LUDM1 6.4 [6.6] 9.2
LUDM2 9.1 [9.2]
LM4 root AP = 4 BC = 6