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Geometrik Jalan
Geometrik Jalan
G
D W 22 = - W D W 133
6 = 1$1
13
= ,
Ber"aarkan klai*ikai (e"an (aka "aera/ ini terna!k "aera/ Datar "engan
ke(iringan -=22 D le7i/ ke0il "ari 26 D.
Jurusan Teknik Sipil PNUP
62
Tugas Besar
Perencanaan Geometrik
Dan 7er"aarkan tan"ar ge,(etrik #alan kela II 9 %a"a (e"an "atar "i"a%atkan "ata<
"ata %eng!k!ran e7agai 7erik!t ?
)e0e%atan ren0ana G 83 k(@#a(
Le7ar "aera/ %eng!aaan G $3 (
Le7ar %erkeraan G 2 C $=33 (
Le7ar 7a/! #alan G 2=6 (
Lereng (elintang 7a/! G 8 D
Le7ar (elintang %erkeraan G $ D
Miring tik!ngan (ak. G 13 D
Jari #ari lengk!ng (in. G 213 (
Lan"ai (aki(!( G 8 D
Menent!kan #ari 5 #ari tik!ngan
Tik!ngan II
:2$='X1=2; C G
2 2
; ' = 3 8 = 2 : ; 1 = 22 8 = 28 : +
R G 21 = 1E
R :2E=1X8=-; G '=$E1 0(
R G
2 2
; ' = 2$ 1 = 2E : ; - = 8 2 = 1 : +
:2=8X2=8; C G -' = $'
:22=1X3='; :28=8X2=$; G 61E=' (
Tik!ngan I
Jurusan Teknik Sipil PNUP
6$
Tugas Besar
Perencanaan Geometrik
:8=8X-; C G
2 2
; 6 6 = 8 : ; 8 = 1 ' = $ : +
G 'E = 6
R G 2=$'$ 0(
R G
2 2
; ' = 8 8 = 8 : ; ' = $ - : +
:$X8=6; :8='X$='; G E8 = 12 3' = 3 +
C
G $=81 0(
:1=8X6; :$='X$=6; G $81 (
Menent!kan !"!t tik!ngan
Tik!ngan I :8='X$=';
:$X8=6;
Y
1
Y
2
J
1
:1=8X6; :$='X$=6;
Y
1
G Ar0 Tg
; $ ' = $ :
; 6 = $ 6 = 8 :
G 12='36
3
Y
2
G Ar0 Tg
; ' = $ ' = 8 :
; ' = $ 6 = $ :
G 1=E3E
3
J
1
G Y
1
N Y
2
G 12='36
3
N 1=E3E
3
G 1'=$1'
3
Jurusan Teknik Sipil PNUP
6'
Tugas Besar
Perencanaan Geometrik
Tik!ngan II
:2E=1X8=-;
:21=8X2=8;
Y
1
Y
2
:22=1X3=';
:28=8X2=$;
Y
1
G Ar0 Tg
; 8 = 21 8 = 28 :
; $ = 2 8 = 2 :
G $='$'
3
Y
2
G Ar0 Tg
; 8 = 28 1 = 2E :
; $ = 2 - = 8 :
G 83=$E8
3
J
1
G Y
1
N Y
2
G $='$'
3
N 83=$E8
3
G 8$=1$3
3
Jurusan Teknik Sipil PNUP
66
Tugas Besar
Perencanaan Geometrik
+.2 Per1!tungan dan 0enetuan t/0e t!kungan
+.2.1 Penentuan t/0e t!kungan
Ti"ak (e(en!/i
R0 B R (in.
Me(en!/i Ti"ak (e(en!/i
J0 B 3
,
L0 B 23 (
2L L0 B Me(en!/i
Jurusan Teknik Sipil PNUP
68
Penent!ann Data Per/it!ngan
:Z= +r7 [ R0;
Di0,7a "engan F 5 9
Di0,7a "engan S 5 9 < S
Di0,7a "engan S <S
Selesai
Tugas Besar
Perencanaan Geometrik
Bagan Pr-ses Penentuan #en!s T!kungan
+.2.2 Per1!tungan t!kungan
Tik!ngan I
1. Dengan F!ll 9ir0le :F 5 9;
R G $81 ( B -33 ( Ti"ak (e(en!/i
2. Dengan S%iral 9ir0le S%iral :S 5 9 5 S;
R G $81 (
+ G 83 k(@#a(
L (in. G '3 Ta7el 1.1 :inter%,lai;
e G 6=1- D
L G 3=322 C
c , R
!
$
< 2=-2- C
c
e , !
L G 3=322 C
' = 3 $81
; 83 :
$
,
< 2=-2- C
' = 3
361- = 3 83,
G 11=-81 ( B L (in
Ja"i "ig!nakan L ter7ear G '3 (
Y
G
R
/+ , 8'1 = 21
G
$81
'3 8'1 = 21 ,
G $=1-'
3
J0 G J 5 2Y
G 8'=$'
3
5 2:$=1-'
3
; G --=E88
3
A 3
3
:&);
L0 G 3=31-'6$ C \0 C R
Jurusan Teknik Sipil PNUP
6-
Tugas Besar
Perencanaan Geometrik
G 3=31-'6$ C --=E88] C $81
G 'E1=22- ( A 23 :&); ^^ Ja"i 2ang "ig!nakan tik!ngan S<9<S.
Tik!ngan II
1. Dengan F!ll 9ir0le :F 5 9;
R G 61E=' ( B -33 ( Ti"ak (e(en!/i
2. Dengan S%iral 9ir0le S%iral :S 5 9 5 S;
R G 61E=' (
+ G 83 k(@#a(
L (in. G '3
e G $=$6 D
L G 3=322 C
c , R
!
$
< 2=-2- C
c
e , !
L G 3=322 C
' = 3 ' = 61E
; 83 :
$
,
< 2=-2- C
' = 3
3$$6 = 3 83 ,
G 8='6 ( B L (in
Ja"i "ig!nakan L G '3 (
Y
G
R
/+ , 8'1 = 21
G
' = 61E
'3 8'1 = 21 ,
G 1=E''
3
J0 G J 5 2Y
G 8$=1$
3
5 2:1=E''
3
; G 6E=E'2
3
A 3
3
:&);
L0 G 3=31-'6$ C \0 C R
Jurusan Teknik Sipil PNUP
61
Tugas Besar
Perencanaan Geometrik
G 3=31-'6$ C 6E=E'2] C 61E='
G 818=81 ( A 23 :&); ^^^Ja"i 2ang "ig!nakan tik!ngan S<9<S.
Meng/it!ng Lengk!ng S%iral 9ir0le S%iral :S 5 9 5 S;
Tik!ngan I
Y G
3
$1' = 3
' = 61E 1' = $
E3 '6 = 8 E3
= =
, R
, /+
Y0 G J < 2Y
G 1'=$1' 5 2:3=$1';
G 1$=818
3
L0 G R
+
113
2
G ' = 61E 1' = $
113
; $1' = 3 : 2 $1' = 1'
, ,
G 183='$E ( A 23 ( :&);
L G L0 N 2L
G 183='$E N 2 C 8=' G 1-$=2$1 (
% G ; 1 :
8
2
+ %o+ R
R
/+
G ; 8- = 13 1 : 6 = -'
6 = -' 8
-6 = 2-
3
2
%o+ ,
,
G 3='$2 (
Jurusan Teknik Sipil PNUP
6E
Tugas Besar
Perencanaan Geometrik
Dari ta7el '.1 "i%er,le/ %M G 3=316-'$2 :inter%,lai;
% G %M C L G 3=316-'$2 C 2-=-6 G 3='$ (
k G L 5 + Sin , R
R
/+
2
$
'3
G 2-=-6 5
3
2
$
8- = 13 6 = -'
; 6 = -' : '3
; -6 = 2- :
Sin
G 1$=16E-
1$=18 (
E G :RN%; Se0 O J 5 R
G :-'=6 N 3='$2; Se0 :O.8'=$'; 5 -'=6
G 1'=32$ (
T G :RN%; Tan O J Nk
G :-'=6 N 3='$2; Tan :O.8'=$'; N 1$=36E-
G 83=EE2
81 (
Tik!ngan II
Y G
3
'1 = -
1 = E6 1' = $
E3 26 E3
= =
,
,
R
, /+
Y0 G J < 2Y
G 83=- 5 2:-='1;
G '6=-'
3
L0 G R
+
113
2
G 1 = E6 1' = $
113
; '1 = - : 2 - = 83
, ,
12=63 (
E G :RN%; Se0 O J 5 R
G :E6=1 N 3=1-'8; Se0 :O.83=-; 5 E6=1
G 18=2$ (
T G :RN%; Tan O J Nk
G :E6=1 N 3=1-'8; Tan :O.83=-; N 12='181
G 8E=3E1
8E=1 (
Data lengk!ng !nt!k lengk!ng S%iral 5 9ir0le 5 S%iral e7agai 7erik!t ?
Tik!ng
an
R :(;
A
:
3
;
L
:(;
e
:D;
&
:
3
;
&0
:
3
;
L0
:(;
L
:(;
P
:
3
;
k
:(;
E :(;
T
:(;
I -'=6
8'=$
'
2-=-
6
6=E1
6
13=8
-
'$=3
3
66=1
1 111=$1
3='$
2
1$=1
8
1'=3$
2 81=3
II E6=1 83=- 26=3 '=-E -='1 '6=- -8=' 128=' 3=1- 12=' 18=22 8E=1
Jurusan Teknik Sipil PNUP
81
Tugas Besar
Perencanaan Geometrik
3 3 3 ' ' ' 6 E -
+.+ Pele7aran T!kungan
Ru"us 9
Di(ana ?
B G Le7ar %erkeraan %a"a tik!ngan :(;
7P G Le7ar lintaan %a"a tik!ngan
n G J!(la/ #al!r la! linta
T" G Le7ar (elintang aki7at t,n#,lan "e%an
Q G Le7ar ta(7a/an aki7at kelainan "ala( (enge(!"i
9 G )e7e7aan a(%ing :3=1 (;
P G Jarak 7an (!ka "an 7an 7elakang :#arak antara Gan"ar; G 8=1 (
Jurusan Teknik Sipil PNUP
82
B G n :7P N 0; N :n 5 1; T" N Q
7P G 2=' N
( )
2 2
P R R
T" G
R A; P A:2 R
2
+ +
r
0
+
+r 3=136.
=
Tugas Besar
Perencanaan Geometrik
A G Jarak !#!ng (,7il "an 7an "e%an G 1=2 (
+r G )e0e%atan ren0ana
R G Jari<#ari tik!ngan
R!(! ?
Di(ana ?
B G Le7ar T,tal
L G Le7ar 7a"an #alan :kela II 9 G 2 C $=33 (;
a. T!kungan I
R
1
G $81 (
+r G 83 k(@#a(
7P G 2=' N
( )
2 2
P R R
( )
2 2
; 1 = 8 : ; $81 : $81 ' = 2 + =
G 2=$'1 (
T" G R A; P A:2 R
2
+ +
$81 2 = 1 1 = 8 . 2 : 2 = 1 ; $81 :
2
+ + =
G 3=322 (
$81
+r 3=136.
= 0
$81
83 136 = 3 ,
=
G 3=$$2 (
Jurusan Teknik Sipil PNUP
8$
S G B <
Tugas Besar
Perencanaan Geometrik
B G n :7P N 0; N :n 5 1; T" N Q
$$2 = 3 322 = 3 ; 1 2 : ; 1 = 3 $'1 = 2 : 2 + + + =
G 8=2E8 N 3=322 N 3=$$2
G 8=86 ( A 8=33 (
S G B < L
G 8=86 < 8
G 3=86 ( :Pena(7a/an le7ar tik!ngan;
7. T!kungan II
R
2
G 61E=' (
+r G 83 k(@#a(
7P G 2=' N
( )
2 2
P R R
( )
2 2
; 1 = 8 : ; ' = 61E : ' = 61E ' = 2 + =
G 2='$2 (
T" G R A; P A:2 R
2
+ +
' = 61E ; 2 = 1 1 = 8 . 2 : 2 = 1 ; ' = 61E :
2
+ + =
G 3=31' (
R
+
+r 3=136.
= 0
' = 61E
83 136 = 3 ,
=
G 3=26E (
B G n :7P N 0; N :n 5 1; T" N Q
26E = 3 31' = 3 ; 1 2 : ; 1 = 3 '$2 = 2 : 2 + + + =
G 8=-$- ( A 8 (
S G B < L
Jurusan Teknik Sipil PNUP
8'
Tugas Besar
Perencanaan Geometrik
G 8=-$- < 8
G 3=-$- ( :Pena(7a/an le7ar tik!ngan;
$.' Per1!tungan jarak 0andang
+...1 #arak 0andang 1ent! (d1)
Di(ana ?
D% G Jarak 2ang "ite(%!/ ken"araan "ari >akt! (eli/at 7en"a "i(ana
/ar! 7er/enti a(%ai (engin#ak re(
"% G 3=21- . +. tr
+ G )e0e%atan :k(@#a(;
Tr G Sakt! :$=- 5 '=$; "etik
Unt!k Jalan (en"aki :N; "an (en!r!n :<;
Di(ana ?
T( G ),e*iien ren0ana :k(@#a(;
G 3=33386 . +r N 3=1E
G 3=33386 83 N 3=1E
G 3=16$ (
Jurusan Teknik Sipil PNUP
86
"/ G "% N "r
L; 26':t(
+r
"r
+
=
Tugas Besar
Perencanaan Geometrik
L G )elan"aian 8 D
Untuk jalan datar
+r G 83 k(@#a(
"% G 3=21- . +. tr
G 3=21- . 83 .2=6
G '1=- (
"r G
; 38 = 3 16$ = 3 : 26'
83
2
+
G 88=6'1 (
"/ G "% N "r
G '1=- N 88=6'1
G 131=2'1 (
Untuk #alan "endak!
"% G '1=- (
"r G
; 38 = 3 16$ = 3 : 26'
83
2
+
G 88=6'1 (
"/ G "% N "r
G '1=- N 88=6'1
G 131=2'1 (
Untuk jalan "enurun
"% G '1=- (
"r G
; 38 = 3 16$ = 3 : 26'
83
2
G 162='33 (
"/ G "% N "r
G '1=- N 162='33
G 1E'=13 (
Jurusan Teknik Sipil PNUP
88
Tugas Besar
Perencanaan Geometrik
+...2 #arak 0andang "en/!a0 (d")
Ru"us 9
Di(ana ?
"
1
G Jarak 2ang "ite(%!/ ela(a ken"araan (en2ia%
3=2-1 t
1
:+( 5 ( 5 O a . t
1
;
"
2
G Jarak 2ang "ite(%!/ ,le/ ken"araan (en2ia% ela(a "i #al!r
kanan
G 3=2-1 . +( . t
2
"
$
G Jarak 7e7a antara ken"araan 2ang (en2ia% "engan ken"araan
2ang "atang.
G $3 < 133 (
"
'
G Jarak 2ang "ite(%!/ ,le/ ken"araan 2ang 7erla>anan ara/
G 2@$ "
2
+ G )e0e%atan ren0ana :k(@#a(;
tr G Sakt! :$=- 5 '=$; "etik
t
2
G Sakt! :E=$ 5 13='; "etik
( G Per7e"aan ke0e%atan :16 k(@#a(;
a G Per0e%atan rata<rata :2=28 5 2=$8;
+( G )e0e%atan (en2ia%
Diketa/!i
+r G 83 k(@#a(
( G 16 k(@#a(
a G 2=281 "etik
t
1
G $=81 "etik
Jurusan Teknik Sipil PNUP
8-
"( G "
1
N "
2
N "
$
N "
'
Tugas Besar
Perencanaan Geometrik
t
2
G E='' "etik
+( G +r N (
G 83 N 16
G -6 k(@#a(
"
1
G 3=2-1 t
1
:+( 5 ( 5 O a . t
1
;
G 3=21-. $=81 :-6 5 16 < O . 2=281 . $=81;
G 1=1'1 :83 5 '=1-$;
G 8'=31E (
"
2
G 3=2-1 . +( . t
2
G 3=21- . -6 . E='22
G 232=13E (
"
$
G $3 (
"
'
G $@' . "
2
G 2@$ . 232=13E
G 1$6=238 (
"( G "
1
N "
2
N "
$
N "
'
G 8'=31E N 232=13E N $3 N 1$6=238
G '$2=13' (
Jurusan Teknik Sipil PNUP
81
Tugas Besar
Perencanaan Geometrik
+.6 Per1!tungan al!ne"ent 5ert!kal
+.6.1 Per1!tungan al!ne"ent 5ert!kal 0at-k 1<
Diketa/!i %er7e"aan lan"ai al#a7ar ?
A G G
1
5 G
2
G
1
G 2=31 D
G
2
G 8=26 D
A G 2=31 D < 8=26 D
G < '=1- D
+ G $3 k(@#a(
Bent!k aline(ent a"ala/ 9e(7!ng
a. Ber"aarkan #arak %an"ang /enti :"/;
Elevai %a"a %at,k 13 :P+I; G 1-'=8 (
Stai!n %a"a %at,k 13 :P+I; G 3N263
Ber"aarkan ta7el lengk!ng vertikal 0ek!ng "i%er,le/ %an#ang lengk!ng vertikal
L+ G 23 (
Jurusan Teknik Sipil PNUP
8E
Tugas Besar
Perencanaan Geometrik
133
./! "
$! =
m
,
$! 13' = 3
133
23 1- = '
=
=
. G
/!
1 "
. 233
.
2
Unt!k _ G ` L+ . G
328 = 3
; 23 : 233
23
'
1
1- = '
2
=
,
Unt!k _ G O L+ . G
13' = 3
; 23 : 233
23
2
1
1- = '
2
=
,
Unt!k _ G a L+ . G
2$' = 3
; 23 : 233
23
'
$
1- = '
2
=
,
Unt!k _ G L+ . G
[ ]
'1- = 3
; 23 : 233
23 1- = '
2
=
_ ` L+ O L+ a L+ L+
. <3=328 <3=13' <3=2$' <3='1-
Stai!n PL+ G Stai!n P+I 5 O L+
G :3N263; 5 O 23
G 3N2'3
Elevai PL+ G Elevai P+I 5 :G
1
D . O L+;
G 1-'=8 5 :2=31 . O 23;
Jurusan Teknik Sipil PNUP
-3
Tugas Besar
Perencanaan Geometrik
G 16$=1 (
STA ` L+G Stai!n P+I 5 ` L+
G :3N263; 5 ` 23
G 3N2'6
Elevai ` L+G Elevai P+I N :G
1
D . ` L+; 5 .
G 1-'=8 N :2=31 . ` 23; 5 : < 3=328;
G 18'=228 (
STA P+I G 3N263
Elevai P+I G Elevai P+I N E+
G 1-'=8 N :<3=13';
G 1-'=-3' (
STA a L+ G Stai!n P+I 5 ` L+
G :3N263; 5 ` 23
G 3N283
Elevai a L+ G Elevai P+I N :G
2
D . ` L+; 5.
G 1-'=8 N :8=26 . ` 23; 5 : < 3=328;
G E36=1-8
STA PT+ G Stai!n P+I N O L+
G :3N263; N O 23
G 3N283
Elevai PT+ G Elevai P+I N :G
2
D . ` L+;
G 1-'=8 N :8=26 . ` 23;
G E$-=1
Jurusan Teknik Sipil PNUP
-1
Tugas Besar
Perencanaan Geometrik
16$=1 18'=228 1-'=-3' E36=1-8 E$-=133
3N2'3 3N2'6 3N263 3N266 3N283
7. Ber"aarkan #arak %an"ang (en2ia% :"(;
Elevai %a"a %at,k 13 :P+I; G 1-'=8 (
Stai!n %a"a %at,k 13 :P+I; G 3N263
Ber"aarkan ta7el lengk!ng vertikal 0ek!ng "i%er,le/ %an#ang lengk!ng vertikal
L+ G 16 (
133
./! "
$! =
m
,
$! 3-1 = 3
133
16 1- = '
=
=
. G
/!
1 "
. 233
.
2
Unt!k _ G ` L+ . G
323 = 3
; 16 : 233
16
'
1
1- = '
2
=
,
Unt!k _ G O L+ . G
3-1 = 3
; 16 : 233
16
2
1
1- = '
2
=
,
Unt!k _ G a L+ . G
1-8 = 3
; 16 : 233
16
'
$
1- = '
2
=
,
Jurusan Teknik Sipil PNUP
-2
Tugas Besar
Perencanaan Geometrik
Unt!k _ G L+ . G
[ ]
$1$ = 3
; 16 : 233
16 1- = '
2
=
_ ` L+ O L+ a L+ L+
. <3=323 <3=3-1 <3=1-8 <3=$1$
Stai!n PL+ G Stai!n P+I 5 O L+
G :3N263; 5 O 16
G 3N2'2=6
Elevai PL+ G Elevai P+I 5 :G
1
D . O L+;
G 1-'=8 5 :2=31 . O 16;
G 16E (
STA ` L+G Stai!n P+I 5 ` L+
G :3N263; 5 ` 23
G 3N2'8=26
Elevai ` L+G Elevai P+I N :G
1
D . ` L+; 5 .
G 1-'=8 N :2=31 . ` 16; 5 : < 3=323;
G 188=12 (
STA P+I G 3N263
Elevai P+I G Elevai P+I N E+
G 1-'=8 N :<3=3-1;
G 1-'=8-1 (
STA a L+ G Stai!n P+I 5 ` L+
G :3N263; 5 ` 16
G 3N26$=-6
Elevai a L+ G Elevai P+I N :G
2
D . ` L+; 5.
G 1-'=8 N :8=26 . ` 16; 5 : < 3=1-8;
G 1E3=21$ (
Jurusan Teknik Sipil PNUP
-$
Tugas Besar
Perencanaan Geometrik
STA PT+ G Stai!n P+I N O L+
G :3N263; N O 16
G 3N26-=6
Elevai PT+ G Elevai P+I N :G
2
D . ` L+;
G 1-'=8 N :8=26 . ` 16;
G E21='-6 (
16E 188=1 1-'=8-1 1E3=21$ E21='-6
3N2'2=6 3N2'8=26 3N263 3N26$=-6 3N26-=6
+.6.2 Per1!tungan al!ne"ent 5ert!kal 0at-k 1;
Diketa/!i %er7e"aan lan"ai al#a7ar ?
A G G
1
5 G
2
G
1
G 8=8- D
G
2
G 3 D
A G 2=31 D < 3 D
G 8=8- D
+ G $3 k(@#a(
Bent!k aline(ent a"ala/ 9ek!ng
a. Ber"aarkan #arak %an"ang /enti :"/;
Elevai %a"a %at,k 13 :P+I; G 186 (
Stai!n %a"a %at,k 13 :P+I; G 3N'33
Jurusan Teknik Sipil PNUP
-'
Tugas Besar
Perencanaan Geometrik
Ber"aarkan ta7el lengk!ng vertikal 0ek!ng "i%er,le/ %an#ang lengk!ng vertikal
L+ G 26 (
133
./! "
$! =
m
,
$! 231 = 3
133
26 8- = 8
= =
. G
/!
1 "
. 233
.
2
Unt!k _ G ` L+ . G
362 = 3
; 26 : 233
26
'
1
8- = 8
2
=
,
Unt!k _ G O L+ . G
231 = 3
; 26 : 233
26
2
1
8- = 8
2
=
,
Unt!k _ G a L+ . G
'8E = 3
; 26 : 233
26
'
$
8- = 8
2
=
,
Unt!k _ G L+ . G
[ ]
1$' = 3
; 26 : 233
26 8- = 8
2
=
_ ` L+ O L+ a L+ L+
. 3=362 3=231 3='8E 3=1$'
Stai!n PL+ G Stai!n P+I 5 O L+
G :3N'33; 5 O . 26
G 3N$1-=6
Jurusan Teknik Sipil PNUP
-6
Tugas Besar
Perencanaan Geometrik
Elevai PL+ G Elevai P+I 5 :G
1
D . O L+;
G 186 5 :8=8- . O 26;
G E'1==$-6 (
STA ` L+G Stai!n P+I 5 ` L+
G :3N'33; 5 ` 26
G 3N$E$=-6
Elevai ` L+G Elevai P+I N :G
1
D . ` L+; N .
G 186 N :8=8- . ` 26; N 3=362
G E38=-$E (
STA P+I G 3N'33
Elevai P+I G Elevai P+I N E+
G 186 N 3=238
G 186=238 (
STA a L+ G Stai!n P+I 5 ` L+
G :3N'33; 5 ` 26
G 3N'38=266
Elevai a L+ G Elevai P+I N :G
2
D . ` L+; N .
G 186 N :3 . ` 26; N 3=362
G 186=362
STA PT+ G Stai!n P+I N O L+
G :3N'33; N O 26
G 3N'12=6
Elevai PT+ G Elevai P+I N :G
2
D . ` L+;
G 186 N :3 . ` 26;
G 186 (
Jurusan Teknik Sipil PNUP
-8
Tugas Besar
Perencanaan Geometrik
E'1=$-6 E38=-$E 186=238 186=326 186
3N$1-=6 3N$E$=-6 3N'33 3N'38=26 3N'12=6
Jurusan Teknik Sipil PNUP
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