10

165

166

10
1023
1023

pV = nRT .
T
V

1s 2s 2p

167

{a, b, c}

P
abc, acb, bac, bca, cab, cba ,
P =6

N
N
   ... 
1 2 3 ... N
N
(N 1)

168

N
(N 2)

10
PN = N (N 1) (N 2) . . . 1
N

N
PN = N!

P3 = 3! = 3.2.1 = 6

{a, b, c}

ab, ac, ba, bc, ca, cb .

N
AM
N
N

M <N
   ... 
1 2 3 ... M
N

M + 1)

(N 1)

(N

AM
N = N (N 1) (N 2) . . . (N M + 1) .

169

AM
= N (N 1) . . . (N M + 1)
N
=

(N M)(N M 1) . . . 1
(N M)(N M 1) . . . 1

N!
.
(N M)!

A23 =

6
6
3!
=
= =6
(3 2)!
1!
1

{a, b, c}

ab
ba

ab, ac, bc .
ba ca

cb
ac ca

ab ba
bc cb
6
3!
=
= 3.
1! 2!
1.2
N

CNM =

170

CNM

M M <N
AM
N!
N
=
.
M!
(N M)! M!

10
c = b

{a, b, b}
b
c
abc acb bac bca cab cba
abb 
abb bab bba 
bab 
bba

3!

{a, b, c}

2 = 2! = P2

P3 =

{a, b, b, . . . , b , c}
  

P =

PN
.
R!

{ a, a, . . . , a , b, b, . . . , b , c}
     
P =

PN
.
R! S!

171

p r o b a i l d e
1 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 1

P =

13!
= 389.188.800 .
2! 2! 2! 2!

CNM

CNM

N!
=
=
(N M)! M!

(x + a) =


N 

N
M =0

1 6
6

172

N
M


=

N
M

AM
N

xM aN M .

N
N M


.

1, 2, 3, 4, 5

10

16
P =

1
6

6
Ptotal =

1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + + + =1
6 6 6 6 6 6
100%

B
AB =

A B
A

B
P (A B) = P (A) + P (B)

AB =

{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}

1/6

173

1, 1
2, 1
3, 1
4, 1
5, 1
6, 1

1, 2
2, 2
3, 2
4, 2
5, 2
6, 2

1, 3
2, 3
3, 3
4, 3
5, 3
6, 3

1, 4
2, 4
3, 4
4, 4
5, 4
6, 4

P =

1
.
36

1, 5
2, 5
3, 5
4, 5
5, 5
6, 5

1, 6
2, 6
3, 6
4, 6
5, 6
6, 6

36

P = P (1) P (3) =

00

59

00

60

P1 =

59

11
1
=
.
66
36

1
.
60

60

55

60 59 58 57 56 55 = 36.045.970.000 .

174

6!
Ptotal =

10

6!
1
=
.
36.045.970.000
50.063.860

100%

A
E = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
E
A
2, 4, 6
PA =

1
11
= .
22
4

B
4, 5
PB =

11
1
= .
22
4

P = PA + PB =
A

1 1
1
+ = .
4 4
2

4, 4 ; 4, 6 ; 6, 4; ; 6, 6 .

175

A B
P (A B) = P (A) + P (B) P (A B)
1 1
4
7
=
+
=
.
4 4 36
18

0, 2, 4, 6, 8
PB = 1/2

A
PA = 1/2

PB = 5/9
P =

15
5
=
.
29
18

P (B|A)

A
A

P (A, B) = P (A) P (B|A)

P (B|A) =

176

P (A, B)
.
P (A)

10

g
g

0, 5

g = (10, 1 0, 5) m/s2
0, 5 m/s2

{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
x [a, b]
X
x1 x2
p2

xn

p1

pn
p1 + p 2 + . . . + p n =

n


pi = 1 .

i=1

P (x)
n


P (x) =

pi (x xi )

i=1

F (x)

F (x) =

P (x ) dx =

n


pi H(x xi ) ,

i=1

177

H(x xi )
H

P (x)

F (x) =

F (x)
x

P (x ) dx .
X

(, +)
x
[a, b] R
X

x  =

(x )n P (x ) dx

n = 1
X

x =

x =
=

x

n


x P (x ) dx .

n


pi (x xi ) dx

i=1

pi xi

i=1

pi

x =

6

1
i=1

178

i=

21
= 3, 5 .
6

10

xi
n=2

x  =

(x )2 P (x ) dx .

x2 


(x
x)2 =

(x
x)2 P (x ) dx =
x2 
x2
xi

x
x =

x2 
x2 .

eikx 
+

ikx

e  =
eikx P (x ) dx

P (x)

Y
P (x, y)

x =

y =

y  P (x , y ) dx dy  .

(x
x)  =

(y
y)2 =

x P (x , y ) dx dy 

(x
x)2 P (x , y ) dx dy 
(y 
y)2 P (x , y  ) dxdy 

179


x =
x2 
x2 ,

(x, y) =

y =

y 2
y2 .

(x
x) (y
y) 
.
x y
X

6
5/6

1/6

(p + q) =

N


N!
pM q N M
M!
(N

M)!
M =1

N = 3 p = 1/6 q = 5/6

  M  (3M )
3 
3 
1 5
1
5
N
1 =
=
+
M
6 6
6
6
M =1
 3
 2  
   2  3
1
1
5
5
1
5
= 1.
+ 3.
+
+ 3.
6
6
6
6
6
6

180

10

 2  
1
5
P = 3.
.
6
6
(1/6)3

N
0
1
q p+q = 1

p
0 M

(N M)

P (M) =

N
M


pM q N M =

N!
pM q N M .
M! (N M)!
N = 30

p1 = 0, 05 p2 = 0, 25 p3 = 0, 50
p
P (M)
M
M
N

N

N

M =
M
pM q N M .
M
M =1





P (M )

(p + q) =


N 

N
M =1

pM q N M

p, q
N 


N
M pM 1 q N M
M
M =1

N 
1  N
M pM q N M
=
M
p

N(p + q)N 1 =

M =1

M
p

181

0.35

0.3

0.25

0.2
P(M)
0.15

0.1

0.05

0
0

10

15

20

N = 30

0, 2

0, 5

P (M)
p
0, 05

p+q =1

M = N p .

M 2  = Np + N(N 1)p2

M 2 =
M 2 
M2 = Np(1 p) .
M
p

182

10
N(t)
N(t) = N0 e t
N0

N(t)
N =0

Pn (t) =

(t)n t
e ,
n!

P (n) =

n
e
n!
n = 0, 1, 2, . . .

e =


xn
n=0

n!

183

x =

n=0

= e


nn
n
e = e
n!
n!
n=1



n1
n

=
= e
(n 1)!
n!
n=1
n=0
  
e

2 =
x2 
x2 = ( + 1) 2 = .

1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
P(M)

0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0

0, 5

184

0.5

1.5

N = 30

2
M

2.5

P (M)

3.5

0, 1

10

p0

Np = =

N! 2N

N
e

N
N ,

N!
N N +1/2

(N M)!
eN
 M
N

e
 M
N
=
e
 M
N

e

eN M
(N M)N M +1/2

N M
N
N M
N M

M
1+
N M
eM = N M


x K
= ex .
1+
K
K
lim

N
=
x q = 1 p


N
M

Np =

N!
pM (1 p)N M
M! (N M)!
 M 
N M

NM
1

M! N
N


N
M
M

1
e
M!
N
M!

pM q N M =

P (M)

185

z=

x = Np x =

x
x
x

x2 
x2

1
2
P (M) P (z) = ez /2
2

x
P (x) =

2
1
(xx)
e 2x 2 .
2x

N 1023
n

x  =

xn
2
2
e(xx) /2x dx
2x

3
x

186

10

0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25

P(x)

0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
-6

-4

-2

10

x = 2

x = 1

x = 3

P (x)

x = 4

P (x)

x
P (x)

x
N
x

x1 x2

y=

N

xi
x
i=1

xN

N
N

y
P (x)

187


P (y)

N 2 ( y22 /N)
x
e
.
2x
x

188

y = x / N

10

189