.... ...

-

3 2013-14
17 2014
: . , .

1
0 L , T0
. t = 0
( x, 0) = f ( x)
(). ( x, t )
(...)
( x, t )
=

A sin ( k x ) cos ( t + ) .
n =1

) kn n .
n .
) An
f ( x) (1).
) ,
t ,

( x,=
t ) f ( x) ( t ) g ( x)
2

g ( x) .
L

1 n = m
L
n x m x
sin
sin
dx = nm (1) , nm =
2
L L
0 n m

( x, t )

n =1

n0
n x
An sin
( n t + n ) , n
cos=
L
L

( x, t )
=
=
t

An sin ( kn x )( n ) sin (nt + n ) , t = 0 =

0, t ,

n =1

An sin ( kn x ) n sin n =0 sin n =0 n =0, n

n =1

, ( x, t ) =

n =1

n x
An sin
cos nt
L

)
t = 0 :
L

An L
n x
m x
n x m x

f ( x) =
An sin
f
x
dx
A
( x, 0) =
(
)
sin
sin

=
n

sin
dx =
2
n 1
L
L
L L
n 1=

n x
sin
,
L

n x m x
sin
sin
dx = nm ,
L L

n = m :
L

An =

2
L

n x
f ( x) sin
dx
L

=
( x, t )

2
2
n x
n x n ( t )
=
An sin
An sin

cos (n t )
1

L
L
2

1=
n 1

1
2
2
n x
n x
An sin
Ann2 sin
f ( x) ( t ) g ( x) ,
=
( t )
=
2
L
L
n 1=
n 1

1
g ( x) =
2

n =1

n x
Ann2 sin

1 :

( x ,=
t ) ( x, 0) + t

2
( x, t )
1
2 ( x, t )
+ ( t )
+ ...
t
2
t 2 t =0
t =0

2
1
1
2 ( x, t )
2
f ( x) + ( t )
= f ( x) + ( t )
2
2
t
2
t =0

2 1
= f ( x) ( t )
2

n =1

n =1

n x
2
An sin
( n cos n t ) t =0 =
L

n x
Ann2 sin

1
, g ( x) =
2

n =1

n x
Ann2 sin

2 :

( x, t ) ( x, 0) + ( x, t )

(1)

(1)

1
2

( x, t ) 0 ( x) t + ( x) ( x, t )
=

(2)

, 0 ( x) ( x) . ,
F ( x)
F ( x)
2 ( x)m
2
=
, ( x) =

=
2 ( x) (3)
( x) =
m
m
( x)m
(2) (3), 0 ( x) = 0 , :
(1)
1
2
2 1
( x, t ) =0. t n2 n ( x) ( t ) ( x, t ) f ( x) ( t )
2
2

g ( x) =

1
2

n =1

n x
Ann2 sin

n =1

n x
Ann2 sin

 2
1 Z1 2
.
1 .
) Tp = 1 R 2 R
.
) 20 % ,
2 , Z 2 , Z1 .
) ,
2
1.

)
, :
i = A cos (t k1 z ) , r = B cos (t + k1 z ) , t = cos (t k2 z )
B 2
1
1
1
2 2
2 2
2 2
, Pt = Pi Pr = Z1 A Z1 B = Z1 A 1 = Pi (1 R 2 )
2
2
2
A
,=
Pt Pi (1 R 2 ) TP =

Pt
= 1 R2
Pi

)
1 R 2 =
0.2 R 2 =
1 0.2 =
0.8 R =
0.8944
Z Z 2 1 Z 2 / Z1 1 x
Z
1 R
, R = 1
=
=
(1 + x) R =1 x x = 2 =
Z1 + Z 2 1 + Z1 + Z 2 1 + x
Z1 1 + R
R = 0.8944 : x1 =

Z 2 1 0.8944
=
= 0.056 Z 2 = 0.0056Z1
Z1 1 + 0.8944

Z
1 + 0.8944
R =
0.8944 : x1 =2 =
=
17.94 Z 2 =
17.94 Z1
Z1 1 0.8944

)
1 : T =1 + R =1 +

Z2
0 T 2 ).
Z1

2 :
=
T

Z2
=
Z1

Z1 Z 2
2 Z1
2
=
=
=1.894 (
Z1 + Z 2 Z1 + Z 2 1 + Z 2 / Z1

T 2
T 1

2
= 0.106 ( ).
1 + Z 2 / Z1

2
Z
2= 2
1
1 Z1

 () :

2
=

=
( 0.056
)
2

2
0.00314 3 103
=
1

=
(17.94
)
2

321.84 322

Pt Z 2 A2 =
A2 , 1
. 2
0.2 Pi .
P=
P=
t
t

 3
(..) a ,
- . x y , z (
)
k x k y
k x = m / a k y = / a , m, = 1, 2, ... ()
- . -

=
2

(c

/ n 2 )( k x2 + k y2 + k z2 ) , c n = 1.52

.
) p
z .
) a laser
( = 800 nm).
) p g p g = c 2 / n 2 .
) ..;

)
n 2 2
c2

, k 2 = k x2 + k y2 + k z2 =

2
k=
z

n 2 2
c2 2
c 2 m 2 2 2 2 c 2 2 2 2
2
2
2
2

>

>
+
=
k
k

k
k
0
( x y ) n2 a 2 + a 2 = n2 a 2 ( m + )
x
y
c2
n2

, :
p
=

c 2 2 c 2
c
1 +=
1
m 2 + 2 p=
,min
n
n
n

)
a > p=

2 2

800 nm
m 2 + 2=
m 2 + 2 amin=
1 + 1=
=
= 372 nm
n
2n
2n
n 2 1.52 2

)
c

=
=
k z c 2 2 n 2 p2
p
n
k x k y :

=
p

c2
d c 2
c2
= 2 g p = 2
2 d = 2 2k z dk z
n
dk z k z n
n
)
g p , ,
m= = 1 .

 4


( 0, a ) .
E > V0
.
)

.
) , E=
V0 +
n

2 2
2

n 2 , n = 1, 2, 3 ...,

2ma
k2 a = n , k2 .

) x = 0 x = a
, ()
x = 0 ,
.

)
, Schrdinger:

I Aeik1x + Be ik1x : x = 0 .
=

II Ceik2 x + De ik2 x : x = a .
=
ik3 x
, k3 k1 : .
III Fe
=
=

n
2m
2m
2 2 2
k2 a = n
k2 =
E V0 ) =
V +
n V0 =
2 ( n
2 0
2

2ma
a
)
:
( ) :
x = 0 : A + B = C + D
x = a : Ce

ik2 a

+ De

ik2 a

(1)
=
Feik3a k2 a = n ,

C ( 1) + D ( 1=
D ) Feik3a
) Feik3a ( 1) ( C + =
n

(2)

 ( ):
x =0

x = 0 : ik1 ( Aeik1x Be ik1x )= ik2 ( Ceik2 x De ik2 x ) k1 ( A B )= k2 ( C D )

x =0

2a
x = a : ik2 ( Ceik2 a De ik=
D ) k3 Feik3a
) ik3 Feik3a k2 ( 1) ( C =

(1) (2) : A + B =( 1) Feik3a

n

(4)

(5)
k1 = k3

(3) (4) : k1 ( A B ) =( 1) k3 Feik3a A B =( 1) Feik3a

n

(3)

(6)

2
(5), (6) B =
0 , R=

B
= 0 ,
A

T 2 =1 R 2 =1 0 =1 .
(

).