CCNA Semester4

Modul e 1
Sc al i ng I P Addr ess
Objectives
Scaling networks with NAT and PAT
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
Scaling networks with
NAT and PAT
Introducing NAT
NAT is designed to conserve IP addresses and enable
networks to use private IP addresses on internal
networks.
These private, internal addresses are translated to
routable, public addresses.
NAT terms
Inside local address The IP address assigned to a host on the inside network (not a
legitimate IP address-RFC 1918 private address).
Inside global address A legitimate IP address represents one or more inside local IP
addresses to the outside world.
Outside local address The IP address of an outside host as it is known to the hosts
on the inside network.
Outside global address The IP address assigned to a host on the outside network.
The owner of the host assigns this address.
Major NAT and PAT features
NAT translations can be used for a variety of
purposes and can be either dynamically or
statically assigned.
Dynamic NAT is designed to map a private IP
address to a public address.
Overloading, or Port Address Translation (PAT),
maps multiple private IP addresses to a single
public IP address.
Realistically, the number of ports that can be
assigned a single IP address is around 4000.
Major NAT and PAT features
NAT advantages
Eliminates reassigning each host a new IP
address when changing to a new ISP.
Conserves addresses through application port-
level multiplexing.
Protects network security.
Reduce address overlap occurrence.
NAT disadvantages
Translation introduces switching path delays
and processing overhead.
Loss of IP end-to-end traceability.
Certain application will not function with NAT
enabled.
Cisco IOS NAT
Configure static NAT
Static translation
Configure dynamic NAT
Configure dynamic NAT
Configure dynamic NAT
Dynamic NAT example
Configure PAT
Clear NAT table
Show NAT translation
Troubleshooting NAT and PAT configuration
Use the following steps to determine whether NAT is
operating as expected:
Based on the configuration, clearly define what NAT is supposed to
achieve.
Verify that correct translations exist in the translation table.
Verify the translation is occurring by using show and debug
commands.
Review in detail what is happening to the packet and verify that
routers have the correct routing information to move the packet along.
Debug IP NAT
Dynamic Host Configuration
Protocol
Introducing DHCP
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
works in a client/server mode.
DHCP enables DHCP clients on an IP network to
obtain their configurations from a DHCP server.
Less work is involved in managing an IP
network when DHCP is used.
The DHCP protocol is described in RFC 2131.
Easy IP
Cisco routers can use a Cisco IOS feature set,
Easy IP, to offer an optional, full-featured DHCP
server.
Easy IP leases configurations for 24 hours by
default.
The DHCP service is enabled by default on
versions of Cisco IOS that support it.
To disable DHCP service, use the no service dhcp
command.
BOOTP and DHCP
Both protocols are client/server based and use UDP
ports 67 and 68. Those ports are still known as BOOTP
ports.
The four basic IP parameters:
IP address
Gateway address
Subnet mask
DNS server address
DHCP Operation
DHCP Messages
If the client detects that
the address is already
in use on the local
segment it will send a
DHCPDECLINE
message and the
process starts again.
If the client received a DHCPNACK from the server after
sending the DHCPREQUEST, then it will restart the process
again.
If the client no longer needs the IP address, the client sends a
DHCPRELEASE message to the server.
CISCO IOS DHCP
Cisco IOS DHCP server always checks to make
sure that an address is not in use before the
server offers it to a client.
By default, router will issue 2 ICMP echo
requests, or will ping, to a pool address before
sending the DHCPOFFER to a client.
Configuring DHCP
Excluding IP
Key DHCP Server Commands
Verifying DHCP operation
To verify the operation of DHCP, the command show
ip dhcp binding can be used.
To verify that messages are being received or sent
by the router, use the command show ip dhcp server
statistics.
Troubleshooting DHCP
Network services
Remote clients will broadcast to locate servers
while routers, by default, will not forward client
broadcasts beyond their subnet.
IP helper-address
Remote clients will broadcast to locate servers while
routers, by default, will not forward client broadcasts
beyond their subnet.
When possible, administrators should use the ip helper-
address command to relay broadcast requests for these
key UDP services.
By default, the ip helper-address command forwards the
following eight UDP services:
Time
TACACS
DNS
BOOTP/DHCP Server
BOOTP/DHCP Client
TFTP
NetBIOS Name Service
NetBIOS datagram Service
DHCP Relay
Summary
NAT and PAT concepts and operation
NAT and PAT configuration and
troubleshooting
Comparison between DHCP and BOOTP
Cisco Router DHCP configuration
DHCP relay with ip helper-address
Lab Topology
Lab Requirements
1. NAT/PAT
Each Site use network address 10.x.0.0/16. Global
address is 172.20.x.0/28. Network connecting to Center
is 203.162.x.0/30.
Configuring a static NAT mapping and dynamic NAT
2. DHCP
Each Site use Router as a DHCP server to provide IP
addresses to department network.
CCNA4 Module1