DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATIONS OF REACTIVE POWDER CONCRETE

Dr (Prof) M V Seshagiri Rao

1
, Dr S Lavanya Prabha
2
, Dr M Neelamegam
3
, V Srinivasa Reddy
1
1
Dear!men! of "ivil #ngineering, $N%&' "ollege of #ngineering, 'yderabad,
#mail( rao)vs)med*ri+yahoo,-om
2
Dear!men! of "ivil #ngineering, #as.ari #ngineering "ollege, "hennai,
3
/ormerly Dire-!or 0r,S-ien!is!, S#R", "hennai,
Abstract: 'is!ori-ally, -on-re!e and -emen!1based -omosi!e ma!erials have been
in-orora!ed in!o s!r*-!*res as -omression1only sys!ems, Rea-!ive Po.der "on-re!e (RP")
!rans-ends !his !radi!ional limi!a!ion and brings a ne. aroa-h !o res!ressed -on-re!e design
be-a*se i! -an be *sed !o resis! all b*! dire-! rimary !ensile s!resses, %his elimina!es !he need
for shear and o!her a*2iliary reinfor-ing s!eel in re-as! members, .hi-h res*l!s in -os!
red*-!ion for !he i!ems !hemselves b*!, more imor!an!, for !he labor !hey *s*ally genera!e,
Rea-!ive Po.der "on-re!e is a high s!reng!h d*-!ile -omosi!e ma!erial form*la!ed from a
se-ial -ombina!ion of -ons!i!*en! ma!erials s*-h as Por!land -emen!, sili-a f*me, 3*ar!4
o.der, fine sili-a, high1range .a!er red*-er, very lo. .a!er -emen! ra!io and s!eel fibres,
%he resear-h reor!ed in !his aer, develomen! of Rea-!ive o.der -on-re!e(RP"), an
*l!ra1high1erforman-e -on-re!e, &l!ra 'igh Performan-e "on-re!e (&'P"), !hro*gh mi-ro
s!r*-!*ral enhan-emen! !e-hni3*es is resen!ed along .i!h s*i!abili!y s*i!able eval*a!ion
s!*dies for refabri-a!ed s!r*-!*res ese-ially angle se-!ions, %he o!imi4a!ion of gran*lar
a-5ing of !he ingredien!s li5e sili-a f*me, 3*ar!4 o.der, and s!andard sand .i!h -emen!
.as an imor!an! fa-!or for ge!!ing enhan-ed me-hani-al and d*rabili!y roer!ies of RP",
6*ar!4 sand is *sed ins!ead of ordinary aggrega!e .hi-h in-reases !he -omressive s!reng!h,
7! .as fo*nd !ha! !he sele-!ion of ingredien!s and -*ring regime lays a ma8or role in !he
enhan-ed erforman-e of &'P", 9 mi2 roor!ion has been develoed by o!imi4ing !he
vol*me of ingredien!s and .i!h aroria!e -*ring regime !o rod*-e *l!ra high s!reng!h
-on-re!e of 1:3MPa -*red a! :;
o
", %he dominan! role of !he -*ring regime on !he
erforman-e of rea-!ive o.der -on-re!e .as highligh!ed in !his resen! s!*dy, %his aer
revie.s !he available li!era!*re on RP", and also resen!s !he res*l! of labora!ory
inves!iga!ion -omaring RP"<&'P" .i!h 'P", Se-ifi- benefi!s and o!en!ial s!r*-!*ral
ali-a!ions of RP"<&'P" have also been dis-*ssed,
Keywords: Rea-!ive Po.der "on-re!e, RP", &l!ra 'igh Performan-e "on-re!e, D*-!al,
6*ar!4, Sili-a /*me
1 INTROD!CTION
Rea-!ive o.der -on-re!e (RP") is a develoing -omosi!e ma!erial !ha! .ill allo.
!he -on-re!e ind*s!ry !o o!imi4e ma!erial *se, genera!e e-onomi-al benefi!s, and b*ild
s!r*-!*res !ha! are s!rong, d*rable and sensi!ive !o environmen!, 9 -omarison of !he
hysi-al, me-hani-al, and d*rabili!y roer!ies of RP" and high erforman-e -on-re!e,
('P") sho.s !ha! roer!ies of RP" ossesses be!!er s!reng!h (bo!h -omressive and
fle2*ral) and lo.er ermeabili!y -omared !o 'P", Rea-!ive Po.der "on-re!e (RP")
(Ri-hard and "heyre4y (1::=)) is an &l!ra 'igh Performan-e "on-re!e (De Larrard and
Sedran (1::>)) develoed in mid 1::;?s by @o*yg*esA labora!ory in /ran-e and !he .orld?s
firs! RP" s!r*-!*re, !he Sherbroo5e @ridge in "anada, .as -ons!r*-!ed in $*ly 1::B, %he
resear-h -arried o*! in differen! -o*n!ries sho.s !ha! RP" .i!h a -omressive s!reng!h * !o
2;; MPa -an be develoed *sing s!eel fibres and -an be imroved f*r!her * !o C;; MPa
1
*sing s!eel elle!s (Ri-hard and "heyre4y (1::=)), %he fle2*ral s!reng!h of RP" elemen!s are
is of !he order of C; MPa and !hese elemen!s -an be *sed for s!r*-!*ral ali-a!ions ins!ead of
s!eel, %he ma!erial e2hibi!s high d*-!ili!y .i!h !yi-al val*es for energy absor!ion
aroa-hing !hose reserved for me!als, %he advan-e me-hani-al and hysi-al roer!ies of
RP" are ob!ained by o!imi4ing a-5ing densi!y of -on-re!e mi2!*re .i!h re-ise grada!ion
of all mi2 ar!i-les, and by *sing highly refined sili-a f*me !o imrove !he mi-ros!r*-!*re of
hydra!ed -emen! as!es !hro*gh !he o44olani- rea-!ion (Ri-hard, 1::=, 0raybeal, 2;;2)D1E,
"# REACTIVE POWDER CONCRETE $RPC%
Rea-!ive Po.der "on-re!e (RP") is a ne. family of high s!reng!h -emen! based
-omosi!es !ha! a-hieves high levels of -omressive s!reng!h from a se-ial -ombina!ion of
-ons!i!*en! ma!erials, %he -omosi!ion of rea-!ive o.der -on-re!e in-l*des -emen!
(ordinary Por!land -emen!), fine sand, sili-a f*me, 3*ar!4 o.der, and high !ensile s!eel
fibres, Rea-!ive o.der -on-re!e has enhan-ed me-hani-al and d*rabili!y roer!ies d*e !o
mi-ros!r*-!*ral engineering aroa-h in-l*ding elimina!ion of !he -oarse aggrega!es,
red*-!ion of !he .a!er1!o1-emen!i!io*s ma!erial, lo.ering of !he "aFGSiF
2
ra!io by
in!rod*-ing !he rea-!ive sili-a -omonen!s, and in-orora!ion of s!eel fibre reinfor-emen!,
%he absen-e of -oarse aggrega!e, -on!rib*!ing for red*-!ion in !he he!erogenei!y be!.een !he
-emen! ma!ri2 and !he aggrega!e, is !he 5ey1ase-! for !he a-5ed mi-ros!r*-!*re and !he
erforman-e of !he RP" d*e !o, leading !ha! led !o higher densi!y, grea!er s!reng!h and lo.
ermeabili!y,
7n a !yi-al RP" mi2 roor!ioning, in order !o enhan-e !he homogenei!y and
o!imi4e !he densi!y of -on-re!e gran*lar mi2!*re(HH), !he -oarse aggrega!es of *sed in
-onven!ional -on-re!e are !o!ally elimina!ed s*-h !ha! ne-essi!a!ing !o s*bs!an!ially in-rease
!he amo*n!s 3*an!i!ies of fine aggrega!e, Frdinary Por!land -emen! and sili-a f*me, need !o
be s*bs!an!ially in-reased, Ia!er -emen! ra!io *sed in RP" ranges from ;,1= !o ;,2=, %his
-on-re!e has a very high -omressive s!reng!h e2-eeding 2;; MPa .hi-h -an be imroved
f*r!her * !o C;;MPa by in!rod*-ing s!eel elle!s, %o rod*-e a very high -omressive
s!reng!h of RP", ali-a!ions of ress*re before and d*ring se!!ing and hea!1!rea!ing
!rea!men! af!er se!!ing are normally re3*ired, %he reinfor-ing effe-! of s!eel fibres is
ese-ially -ri!i-al !o !he me-hani-al roer!ies of RP" *nder !ension,
%his ne. family of -on-re!e has imroved d*-!ile behavior .i!h a fle2*ral s!reng!h of
2=MPa !o >;MPa, %hese high erforman-es are d*e !o !he imroved mi-ros!r*-!*re
roer!ies and highly dis-on!in*o*s ore s!r*-!*re, 9lso, !he !o*ghness inde2 of !his -on-re!e
is high .hen -omared .i!h !o !ha! of !he ordinary -onfined -on-re!e (is i! -onven!ional
-on-re!eHH), %here is almos! no -arbona!ion and -hloride ion ene!ra!ion and near 4ero
s*lha!e a!!a-5, Moreover !he resis!an-e !o abrasion is near !o ro-5, %here is also no
shrin5age or -ree, .hi-h ma5es !he ma!erial very s*i!able for ali-a!ion in res!ressed and
refabri-a!ed s!r*-!*res, %he high s!reng!h and easiness !o rod*-e *sing -*s!omary ind*s!rial
!ool by -as!ing in8e-!ion, and e2!r*sion ma5es i! s*i!able for refabri-a!ed s!r*-!*ral
ali-a!ions,
"hara-!eri4a!ion of ma!erials *sed in RP" has rogressed !o s*-h an e2!en! !ha! !he
*se of RP" in f*ll s-ale s!r*-!*res is dis!in-!ly visible in near f*!*re, Many resear-hers
aro*nd !he .orld have develoed RP"s !ha! -o*ld be -lassified, as &l!ra 'igh Performan-e
"on-re!e (&'P"), %his !e-hnology of rod*-ing RP" is -overed in one of many a!en!s in
!he range of &'P" 5no.n as JD*-!alK, Ii!h rese-! !o !he me-hani-al behavior, &'P" .i!h
2
fibres sho.s d*-!ile behavior *nder -omression as .ell as in !ension, deending on !he !ye
and 3*an!i!y of fibres -on!ained in !he mi2, @y in!rod*-ing fine s!eel fibres, !hey -an e2hibi!
remar5able s!reng!hs and energy absor!ions, Very fe. s!*dies are done on !he role of fibre
addi!ion on !he -omressive and fle2*ral s!reng!hs of RP", so more inves!iga!ions are needed
!o *nders!and and se! o!im*m limi!s on !he fibre -on!en!, %he s!*dy is aimed a! iden!ifying
and o!imi4ing !he salien! arame!ers !ha! infl*en-ed .o*ld infl*en-e !he mi2 roor!ions of
!he Rea-!ive Po.der "on-re!e and i!s -*ring me!hods,
9lso, s!*dy of vario*s me-hani-al roer!ies of RP" is -arried o*! !o find !he
feasibili!y of *sing RP" as s!r*-!*ral -omonen!s s*-h as angle se-!ions, D*e !o advan!age of
!he s*er ma!erial roer!ies, RP" has been alied !o many real -ons!r*-!ions .here !he
s*bs!an!ial .eigh! savings of s!r*-!*re -an be are-ia!ed and .here i!s dis!ing*ished fea!*res
of ma!erial roer!y -an be f*lly *!ili4ed (9deline L "heyre4y 1::C, #!inne e! al, 2;;1,
Reben!ros! L "avill 2;;M)DCE, @e-a*se !he leas! -os!ly -omonen!s of -onven!ional -on-re!e
have been rela-ed by more e2ensive ingredien!s, in-l*ding !he s!eel fiber, and !he re3*ired
addi!ion of s!eel fiber in order .hi-h is *sed !o in-rease !he !ensile s!reng!h, !he -os! of RP"
is es!ima!ed !o be = !o 1; !imes higher !han !ha! of !radi!ional 'igh1Performan-e "on-re!e, 9s
a res*l!, a -os!1effe-!ive ali-a!ion of RP" is *sed for -on-re!e reair and re!rofi! (Lee e! al,
2;;B)DME, %he fine sand *sed in RP" be-omes e3*ivalen! !o !he -o*rse -oarse aggrega!e of
-onven!ional -on-re!e, !he Por!land -emen! fills !a5es !he role of !he fine aggrega!e and !he
sili-a f*me !ha! of !he -emen!, in !he -on!e2! of sa!ial o--*a!ion, b*! -er!ainly no! in !erms
of -emen!i!io*s -hara-!eris!i-s, %he mineral -omonen! o!imi4a!ion alone res*l!s in a
s*bs!an!ial in-rease in -os! over and above !ha! of -onven!ional -on-re!e
"1 PROPERTIES OF RPC
1, "omressive S!reng!h( 'igher -omressive s!reng!h !han 'igh Performan-e -on-re!e,
Ma2im*m -omressive s!reng!h of RP" is aro2ima!ely 2;;MPa,
2, %ensile S!reng!h( 2; !o =; MPa, !.i-e as s!rong as normal -on-re!e
3, /le2*ral S!reng!h( RP" ossesses high fle2*ral s!reng!h (nearly1;; MPa) !han in
-omarison !o 'P", @y in!rod*-ing s!eel fibres, RP" -an a-hieve high fle2*ral
s!reng!h,
>, Resis!an-e !o "hloride 7on Pene!ra!ion( 'ea! -*red RP" sho. high resis!an-e !han
normal -*red RP",
=, 'omogenei!y( 7mroved by elimina!ing all -oarse aggrega!es, %he ma2im*m ar!i-le
si4e of !he dry RP" -omonen!s is less !han M;; Nm, Dry -omonen!s for *se in
RP" are less !han M;; Nm,
M, 'igh "oma-!ness( D*e !o ali-a!ion of ress*re before and d*ring -on-re!e se!!ing
eriod,
B, Dense Mi-ros!r*-!*re( Mi-ros!r*-!*re of !he -emen! hydra!e -an be -hanged by
alying hea! !rea!men! d*ring -*ring,
C, 'igh Degree of D*-!ili!y( Ma!erial d*-!ili!y -an be imroved !hro*gh !he addi!ion of
shor! s!eel fibres,
:, 'igh Oo*ng?s Mod*l*s( 9bo*! =; !o B= 0Pa
1;, 9lmos! no Shrin5age or "ree, Ligh! .eigh! and Long Life
11, Po!en!ial rela-emen! !o S!eel,
"" &ENEFITS OF RPC
3
1, 7! has !he o!en!ial !o s!r*-!*rally -ome!e .i!h s!eel, 9ll s!eel elemen!s in a s!r*-!*re
-an be rela-ed by RP" elemen!s for i!s s*erior me-hani-al and d*rabili!y
-hara-!eris!i-s
2, S*erior s!reng!h -ombined .i!h higher shear -aa-i!y res*l! in signifi-an! dead load
red*-!ion,
3, Ii!h i!s d*-!ile !ension fail*re me-hanism, RP" -an be *sed !o resis! all b*! dire-!
rimary !ensile s!resses, %his elimina!es !he need for s*lemen!al shear and o!her
a*2iliary reinfor-ing s!eel,
>, RP" rovides imroved seismi- erforman-e by red*-ing iner!ia loads .i!h ligh!er
members, allo.ing larger defle-!ions .i!h red*-ed -ross se-!ions, and roviding
higher energy absor!ion,
=, Lo. Lnon1in!er-onne-!ed orosi!y diminishes mass !ransfer, ma5ing ene!ra!ion of
li3*id<gas non1e2is!en!,
M, RP" has *l!ra dense mi-ro s!r*-!*re, giving advan!ageo*s .a!er roofing Ld*rabili!y
-hara-!eris!i-s
B, No rebar needed,
C, 7! has immense o!en!ial in -ons!r*-!ion d*e !o i!s s*erior, me-hani-al Ld*rabili!y
roer!ies,
:, RP" sho*ld be *sed in areas .here s*bs!an!ial .eigh! savings -an be reali4ed and
.here some of !he remar5able -hara-!eris!i-s of !he ma!erial -an be f*lly *!ili4ed,
"' RPC APPLICATIONS
1, "on!ainmen! of N*-lear Ias!e( &sed for isola!ion and -on!ainmen! of n*-lear .as!es,
as already in vog*e in several ro8e-!s of #*roe, 7! has been *sed for blo-5ing L
s!abili4a!ion of -on!ainmen! .as!e, RP" has also been *sed for isola!ion and
-on!ainmen! of n*-lear .as!e of several ro8e-!s in #*roe,
2, %he firs! bridge ro8e-! *sing RP" .as a edes!rian bridge in Sherbroo5e, 6*ebe-, "anada, -ons!r*-!ed in
1::B, %he bridge .as man*fa-!*red -as! in a re-as! oera!ion in si2 segmen!s ea-h 33 fee! (1; m) long, !ransor!ed
!o !he si!e, and os!1!ensioned !oge!her, %he bridge is a 31D sa-e !r*ss .i!h a -lear san of 1:C f! (M; m) and a !o
de-5 1,2= in, (3; mm) !hi-5, 9 edes!rian bridge in Seo*l, Porea, has a -lear san of 3:; f! (12; m) and a s!r*-!*ral
de!h of 3,M f! (1,1 m) *sing a modified do*ble b*lb1!ee .i!h a de-5 !hi-5ness of 1,2= in, (3; mm), Several o!her
RP" bridge ro8e-!s are resen!ly *nder develomen! in Nor!h 9meri-a, #*roe, 9*s!ralia, and 9sia,
3, Por!*gal has *sed RP" for sea.all an-hors,
>, 9*s!railia has *sed RP" in a vehi-*lar bridge,
=, /ran-e has *sed RP" in b*ilding o.er lan!s,
M, 6inghai1%ibe! Rail.ay @ridge is -ons!r*-!ed .i!h RP",
B, Sha.nessy Ligh! Rail %ransi! S!a!ion is -ons!r*-!ed .i!h RP",
C, @asi-ally, s!r*-!*res needing ligh! and !hin -omonen!s li5e roofs for s!adi*ms, long
bridge sans, and any!hing !ha! needs e2!ra safe!y or se-*ri!y s*-h as blas! resis!an!
s!r*-!*res, RP" is a bes! sol*!ion,

Sherbroo5e bridge, 6*ebe-, "anada
>

6inghai1%ibe! Rail.ay Sha.nessy Ligh! Rail %ransi! S!a!ion
in 7o.a (2;;>) &,S,
"omarison of beam -ross se-!ions of e3*al momen! -aa-i!y
'# E(PERIMENTAL PRO)RAMME
%his aer resen!s !he s*i!abili!y eval*a!ion s!*dies on Rea-!ive Po.der "on-re!e for
refabri-a!ed s!r*-!*res ese-ially angle se-!ions, %he resen! s!*dy in-l*des !hree
e2erimen!al hases,
1, %he firs! e2erimen!al hase in-l*des Design of RP" mi2es and de!ermining of
-omressive, !ensile and fle2*ral behavior of RP",
2, %he se-ond hase in-l*des !es!ing of RP" angle se-!ions in -omression and fle2*re,
Many of !he !es!s in !his hase .ere -arried o*! a--ording !o 9S%M s!andard !es!
ro-ed*res,
3, %he !hird hase is !es!ing of bol!ed la!e se-!ion for de!ermining !he edge dis!an-e !o
be *sed in !he bol!ed -onne-!ion,
=
'1 MATERIALS !SED
%he ma!erials *sed in !he resen! inves!iga!ion are lis!ed belo.(
1, Frdinary Por!land -emen! of =3 grade -onfirming !o 7S( 122M: .as *sed for !he s!*dy,
2, %he sili-a f*me *sed in !his s!*dy had a @laine?s fineness of 2;m
2
<gm, %he sili-a
f*me -on!ained :>Q sili-on dio2ide .hile !he 3*ar!4 o.der -on!ained mos!ly sili-on
dio2ide, (2=Q by .eigh!)
3, 6*ar!4 o.der
>, S!andard #nnore Sand -onforming !o 7S( 3C3 ( 1:B;
=, %he ma2im*m and nominal si4e of aggrega!es *sed for RP" is 2,3Mmm rese-!ively,
%he ma!erial having !he larges! ar!i-le si4e in RP" is sand,
M, @ased on si4e of aggrega!es, !.o leng!hs of mi-ro s!eel fibres .ere *sed Mmm, and
13mm mi-ro1s!eel fibres (for RP") and diame!er ;,1Mmm having !ensile s!reng!h of
2;;;MPa,(%able 2) (2,=11;Q by vol*me for !o*ghening)
B, #ven!*ally !he .or5abili!y .as -on!rolled a-hieved *sing ade3*a!e 3*an!i!ies of !hird
genera!ion oly1-arbo2yli- based s*erlas!i-i4ers (Polya-ryli- es!er !ye),
C, "*red in s!eam ba!h for >C hrs + :;R" af!er ini!ial se! and la-ed *nder ress*re a!
!he molding s!age,

%he hysi-al roer!ies of !he ma!erials are sho.n in %able 1,
"" RPC MI( PROPORTIONS
%he s!andard mi2 roor!ion and 3*an!i!y of ma!erials er -*bi- me!re of rea-!ive o.der
-on-re!e mi2 form*la!ion as sho.n in %able 3 and >, develoed a! "S7R1S#R" "hennai, .as
ado!ed, 9 'obar! Plane!ary mi2er ma-hine (1; 5g -aa-i!y) .as *sed !o mi2 !he RP", 7n
-ase of RP" mi2!*res .i!h fibres, af!er all !he o.der ingredien!s .ere mi2ed !horo*ghly
.i!h .a!er along .i!h s*er las!i-i4er (SP) and .hen flo.able -onsis!en-y .as a-hieved,
!he fibres .ere added !o !he mi2ing bo.l slo.ly, "are .as !a5en !o ens*re random
dis!rib*!ion of fibres,
Tab*e 1: P+ys,ca* Pro-ert,es o. t+e Mater,a*s
Sl,
No
Ma!erials &sed Symbol Proer!ies
1, "emen! "
FP"( =3 0radeS S0 T 3,1=S S" T 2CQS
7S% T 11; minS /S% T 2M; minS "S T =C MPa a! 2C days
2, Sili-a /*me S/ S0 T 2,2=S Q Passing !hro*gh >=Nm sieve in IS9T:2 Q
3, 6*ar!4 Po.der 6 S0 T 2,=:S Q Passing !hro*gh >=Nm sieve in IS9TB= Q
>, #nnore Sand S0 T 2,M3
=, S*er Plas!i-i4er SP Polya-ryli- es!er based
M
Mi-ro1s!eel
fibres
S%/ LTM and 13 mm .i!h DT;,1Mmm
FP" G Frdinary Por!land -emen!, S0 G Se-ifi- 0ravi!y, "S G "*be S!reng!h, PSR G Par!i-le
si4e range, S" G S!andard "onsis!en-y, IS9 G Ie! sieve analysis of aggrega!es, L G Leng!h,
D G Diame!er, 7S% L /S%1 7ni!ial and /inal se!!ing !imes,
Tab*e ": Pro-ert,es o. stee* .,bres
M
%ye of fibres
Dimension of fibre S!reng!h
L(mm) D(mm) MPa
"arbon S!raigh! Mi-ro1S!eel /ibres
M
;,1M 2;;;
13
Tab*e ': Sta/dard M,0 Pro-ort,o/s .or React,1e Powder Co/crete
Mi2
Proor!ions
S/ " 6 /9 .<- SP S%/
;,2= 1 ;,> 1,1 ;,22 3 ;,2 (2Q by vol,)
6*an!i!y of Ma!erials < m
3
of -on-re!e
S/ " 6 Sand .<- SP S%/
5g 5g 5g 5g li! li! 5g
1:> BBB 311 C== 1B1 2: 1M;
S/ G Sili-a /*me, " G "emen! 6 G 6*ar!4, /9 G /ine 9ggrega!e, I G Ia!er, SP G S*er
Plas!i-i4er , S%/1 S!eel /ibre
Tab*e 2: M,0t3re -ro-ort,o/s
",9,L /,9,, -oarse and /ine aggrega!e, I G Ia!er, SP G S*erlas!i-i4ers (3*an!i!y of SP is
reresen!ed in er-en!age by .eigh! of -emen!i!io*s ma!erial), S/ G S!eel fibres (3*an!i!y of
S/ is reresen!ed in er-en!age by vol*me of !he !o!al mi2!*re
'' C!RIN) RE)IME
%he -*ring ro!o-ol ado!ed is indi-a!ed in /ig, 1(a) and is !he o*!-ome of a s!*dy of
differen! -ombina!ions of normal .a!er -*ring, ho! .a!er -*ring and high !emera!*re -*ring,
9f!er 1; days of differen! regimes of -*ring, !he se-imens .ere -*red in .a!er *n!il !he
!es!ing,
9%"19mbien! !emera!*re, NI"1Normal .a!er -*ring, RF'1 Ra!e of hea!ing, 'I"1'o!
Ia!er "*ring, '9"1'o! 9ir "*ring, RF"1Ra!e of -*ring -ooling, DF%1Da!e of %es!ing
Mi2 7D /ibre Leng!h
Mi2 roor!ions of RP"
" S 6 /9 I SP Q S/ Q
RP" ) 1 ;,2= ;,> 1,1 ;,1B 1,= )
RP" 11Q Mmm 1 ;,2= ;,> 1,1 ;,1B 1,2 1
RP" 12Q Mmm 1 ;,2= ;,> 1,1 ;,1B 2,2= 2
RP" 1 3Q Mmm 1 ;,2= ;,> 1,1 ;,2; 2,= 3
RP" 1 1Q 13mm 1 ;,2= ;,> 1,1 ;,1B 1,2 1
RP" 12Q 13mm 1 ;,2= ;,> 1,1 ;,1B 2,2= 2
RP" 1 3Q 13mm 1 ;,2= ;,> 1,1 ;,2; 2,= 3
RP" 1 1QU1Q MmmU13mm 1 ;,2= ;,> 1,1 ;,1B 2,2= 2
RP" 1 1QU2Q MmmU13mm 1 ;,2= ;,> 1,1 ;,2; 2,= 3
B

F,4 1$a%: C3r,/4 Re4,5e .or RPC
,% Nor5a* water c3r,/4 ,,% 6ot water c3r,/4 7 8#
#
C ,,,% 6ot a,r c3r,/4 7"##
#
C
F,4 1$b%: E93,-5e/ts !sed For D,..ere/t C3r,/4 Re4,5es
2# PREPERATION OF TEST SPECIMENS
21 Pre-arat,o/ o. Co5-ress,o/ S-ec,5e/s
%he RP" -ylinders of 1;;mm diame!er and 2;;mm heigh! .ere -as! .i!h vario*s fibre
-on!en! and -ombina!ions as sho.n in %able =, 9ll !he se-imens .ere s*b8e-!ed !o !he
-*ring regimes as se-ified and reared for !he !es!, %his e2erimen! .as -arried o*!, !o
observe !he imrovemen! in -omressive behavior of !he RP" on addi!ion of differen!
vol*mes of Mmm and 13mm fibres, S!ress1s!rain behavio*r for se-imens .i!h differen! fibre
-on!en! is s!*died, %he addi!ion of fibres -a*sed a -onsiderable -on!rib*!ion !o d*-!ili!y,
"omressive s!reng!hs of RP" se-imens .i!h vario*s fibre -on!en! are sho.n in %able =,
2" Pre-arat,o/ o. Te/s,o/ S-ec,5e/
%he mos! -ommonly *sed se-imen geome!ri-s for !es!ing of &'P" (&l!ra 'igh Performan-e
"on-re!e) behavior *nder !ension .ere so1-alled d*mb1bell risms, %he shae of s*-h risms
avoids fail*re in !he area of bond in!rod*-!ion in !he se-imen, .hi-h o!her.ise o--*rs d*e !o
an *navoidable m*l!i1a2ial s!ress s!a!e and<or an abr*! -hange in s!iffness in !he !ransi!ory
region from loading la!es !o se-imen, %he -ross se-!ion in !he -ons!an! .id!h or!ion is
2;;mm, %he overall heigh! of !he se-imen .as 3=;mm and bo!h end edge is 1=;mm,
Se-ial s!eel mo*lds .ere designed and fabri-a!ed for !he reara!ion of dire-! !ension !es!
se-imens,
;
=;
1;;
1=;
2;;
2=;
3;;
; 1 2 3 > = M B C : 1;
"*ring Period (days%
%e
me
ra!*
re
("
V
)
ATC NWC
RO6: 2: +rs
RO6: 1 +r
6WC
6AC
ROC: 1 +r
NWC t,** DOT
C

F,4 ": Te/s,o/ S-ec,5e/ w,t+ E/d )r,-s F,4 ': &ea5 S-ec,5e/ Sc+e5at,c D,a4ra5

2' Pre-arat,o/ o. F*e03re a/d s+ear S-ec,5e/
RP" beams of si4e B; 2 B; 2 3=; mm .i!h differen! leng!hs of fibres Dl<d (mm), M<;,1M,
13<;,1ME single or in -ombina!ion and differen! vol*me fra-!ions .ere reared and !es!ed,
Se-imens reared .ere beams of re-!ang*lar -ross se-!ion .i!h a no!-h a! !he mid1leng!h !o
a de!h of 1<M !imes !he beam de!h, %he loading san (S) .as 3;; mm (;,3D), %he no!-h
de!h .id!h .as =mm,
22 Pre-arat,o/ o. test s-ec,5e/ .or &o*ted P*ates
9 RP" form*la!ion develoed a! !he S#R" (S!r*-!*ral #ngineering Resear-h "en!re),
"hennai based on e2!ensive inves!iga!ions is *sed for rod*-!ion of RP" la!e elemen!s and
!he behavio*r of bol!ed la!es .as inves!iga!ed *nder dire-! !ensile loading .hi-h is !he mos!
-ri!i-al -ondi!ion for a bol!ed -onne-!ion, RP" anels .ere -as! in .ooden mo*lds of -lear
dimensions of 3=; 2 3=; mm and !hi-5ness 1=mm, 9f!er 2> ho*rs of !he se-ified -*ring
regimes, " -*red se-imens .ere -*! !o !he re3*ired dimensions *sing -on-re!e -*!!ing
ma-hine, 'oles .ere drilled *sing -on-re!e drilling ma-hine a! 1,=d, 2,=d and 3,=d from !he
edge of la!es (d1 diame!er of !he bol! hole),
2; Pre-arat,o/ o. RPC A/4*e S-ec,5e/a
/or -as!ing !he RP" angles .i!h !he differen! vol*mes of fibre -on!en!, a se-ial devi-e .as
designed and fabri-a!ed, &sing !he se-ial mo*ld angle se-!ions of C;mm 2 C;mm 2 1;mm
angle se-!ions .ere -as! for 1m leng!h, %hen !he angle se-!ions .ere -*! !o differen! heigh!s
or leng!hs !o -ond*-! !he fle2*re and -omression !es!s, Ii!h !his mo*ld one -an -as! angle
se-!ions of !hi-5ness =mm, Mmm, Cmm, 1;mm, 12mm, 1>mm, 1Mmm and 2;mm,

:
F,4 2: A/4*e cast,/4 5o3*d .or RPC
;# TEST RES!LTS AND DISC!SSIONS
Tab*e ;: Co5-ar,so/ o. co5-ress,1e stre/4t+s .or 1ar,o3s dosa4es o. RPC
Sl,No Mi2 %ye /ibre -on!en! "omressive S!reng!h (MPa)
1 "" ; >:,>
2 'P" ; MC,;
3 RP" ; 1;=,;
> RP" 1Q Mmm 122,B
= RP" 2Q Mmm 1>=,C
M RP" 3Q Mmm 1M1,C
B RP" 1Q13mm 13M,:
C RP" 2Q 13mm 1B1,3
: RP" 2QMmmU1Q13mm 1=M,1
1; RP" 2Q 13mmU1Q Mmm 1=M,3
Tab*e <: Te/s,*e Pro-ert,es o. Var,o3s RPC S-ec,5e/s
Tab*e =: S+ear Pro-ert,es o. RPC
Sl,No,
/ibre -on!en!
Q "orresonding Shear S!ress(MPa)
Mmm 13mm
R; ; ; 13,33
RS2 2 ; 2B,1C
RD21 2 1 >M,=B
RD32 3 2 C3,33
RS2L ; 2 =3,;:
RS3L ; 3 C;,>3
Sl,No, S, 7d
S!ress a! /irs! "ra-5
(MPa)
Pea5 %ensile
s!ress(MPa)
S!ress a!
/ail*re (MPa)
1 RP";Q fibre 3,:C >,1C >,1C
2 1QMmm =,1: B,12 3,>=
3 1Q13mm =,C= B,1= 3,==
> 2Q Mmm M,=3 C,;: 3,:C
= 2Q13mm M,C3 :,B2 >,==
M 1Q13mmU1QMmm M,B; :,BC >,M2
B 3Q Mmm B,;; :,C= 3,:=
C 2Q13mmU1QMmm 1;,;B 12,>> M,1M
1;
Tab*e :: Co5-ress,1e Stress o. 1ar,o3s Str3ct3ra* co5-o/e/ts
Sl,
No,
Se-!ions
%ye
Vol*me of
/ibre(Q) 'eigh!
(mm)
Larges!
Dimension
(mm)
&l!ima!e
"omressive
S!ress
(MPa)
Mmm 13mm
1
Re-!ang*lar
Se-!ion
1Q 1=; B; 1>;,C;
2Q 1=; B; 1>>,B>
2 7 Se-!ion 1Q 1:3 1;; 1;=,1B
3 2Q 1:= 1;; 12:,32
> 3Q 1:= 1;; 1>1,3;
= "hannel Se-!ion 1Q 2;; 1;; :2,B:
M 9ngle Se-!ion 1Q 2;; C; 1;3,33
B 2Q 2;; C; 12>,M3
C 3Q 2;; C; 1>M,MB
: 1Q 2;; C; 1>3,3
1; 2Q 2;; C; 1=3,33
11 1Q 1Q 2;; C; 12M,2B
12 1Q 2Q 2;; C; 1=M,MB
%he average !arge! -omressive s!reng!h of RP" .as 1B1,3 MPa .i!h 2Q 13mm long
fibres, .hi-h are very -lose !o !he aimed, !arge! s!reng!h, 9s seen from !he %able =, !he RP"
mi2es sho.ed 112,M !o 2>M,CQ higher -omressive s!reng!h -omared !o Normal "on-re!e,
%he -omressive s!reng!h generally in-reased .i!h in-rease in fibre -on!en! in -ase of RP"
mi2es .i!h Mmm fibres and 13 mm fibres, %he highes! -omressive s!reng!h of 1B1,3 MPa
.as re-orded for 2Q 13 mm fibres, 'o.ever, .hen fibre -ombina!ions of Mmm and 13 mm
fibre .ere *sed, !here .as a red*-!ion in -omressive s!reng!h -omared !o highes!
-omressive s!reng!h ob!ained for single si4e fibres, %his -o*ld be a!!rib*!ed !o !he red*-ed
.or5abili!y and lo.er -oma-!ion densi!y a-hieved, %herefore 3Q of Mmm and 2Q of 13 mm
seem !o be !he o!im*m fibre -on!en!s as observed from !he res*l!s ob!ained in !he resen!
s!*dy,
%he !ensile roer!ies of !he differen! mi2es vi4,, !he !ensile s!reng!h a! firs! visible
-ra-5 and -orresonding s!rain and ea5 s!ress and -orresonding s!rain and !he fail*re s!ress
and s!rain are indi-a!ed in %able M B, 9! abo*! B;1:;Q s!ress level deending on !he !ye and
vol*me fra-!ion of fibre, !he firs! vis*al -ra-5 aeared, %his led !o bri!!le fail*re for lain
RP", b*! for fibred RP" !he s!ress in-reases * !o 1;13;Q deending on !he fibre !ye and
vol*me fra-!ion, and !his is a!!rib*!ed !o !he high fibre,
%he shear s!ress for vario*s fibre dosages are !ab*la!ed in %able B C, %he ma2im*m
shear s!ress is a-hieved for mi2ed fibre ra!io (3Q MmmU2Q 13mm) C3,33 C MPa, 'o.ever,
!here is a signifi-an! in-rease in shear s!ress for 2Q 13mm fibres (=B,: =3,;: MPa), #ven
3Q13mm fibres reor!ed a ma2im*m of CM,> C;,>3MPa, 7! sho.s !he shear s!ress is in-reased
.i!h in-rease in fibre -on!en!, 9lso !he minim*m shear s!ress is for !he RP" beam .i!ho*!
any fibre (CMPa), %he res*l!s -onfirm !ha! !he addi!ion of 2Q 13mm fibre dosage is o!im*m
for RP" -on-re!e,
11
%he !o*ghness -hara-!eris!i-s of !hese -on-re!es .ere -al-*la!ed by firs! lo!!ing !he
fle2*ral s!reng!h vers*s defle-!ion lo! and !hen -al-*la!ing !he area *nder !he lo!, %he
energy absor!ion -hara-!eris!i- .as -ond*-!ed for RP" -on-re!es by firs! lo!!ing !he s!ress1
s!rain -*rve in -omression and !hen de!ermining !he area *nder !he s!ress1s!rain lo!,
%he enhan-ed me-hani-al roer!ies of RP" led !o !he inves!iga!ion of vario*s
s!r*-!*ral shaes *nder -omression as s!r*-!*ral -omonen!s of a b*ilding frame or a sa-e
!r*ss, Sin-e angle se-!ions .ere more of!en *sed for !r*sses more e2!ensive s!*dy .as -arried
o*! on angle se-!ions among !he vario*s shaes !a5en for !es!ing, Vario*s shaes s*-h as
re-!ang*lar se-!ions, 7 se-!ions, -hannel se-!ions and 9ngle se-!ions .ere -as! and s*b8e-!ed
!o a2ial -omression, %able C : gives !he *l!ima!e -omressive s!reng!hs of vario*s
-omression se-imens, 9mongs! !he se-imens !es!ed !he re-!ang*lar -ross1se-!ion gives
higher -omressive s!reng!h !han !he o!her s!r*-!*ral shaes of 2QMmm vol*me of fibre,
2Q 13mm leng!h fibre rod*-ed !he highes! s!ress -arrying -aa-i!y -omared .i!h
rese-! o!her series, %he s!ress -arrying -aa-i!y is also grea!er for -ombina!ion of fibres
1QMmm U 2Q13mm, 9lso s!ress -arrying -aa-i!y is high for lo.er slenderness ra!io (l<d)
ra!ios -omared .i!h higher slenderness ra!ios, 7! is also observed among all !he angles !es!ed
.i!h vario*s ase-! ra!io, one .i!h 2Q 13mm fibre vol*me gives a higher s!reng!h, Ihen
-omared .i!h l<d ra!io of B,=, !he angles .i!h lo.er l<d ra!ios have a s*erior erforman-e,
%his may be d*e !o !he si4e effe-! and fibre dis!rib*!ion, 7n addi!ion, i! is observed !ha! .i!h
slenderness ra!io of 2,= and vol*me of fibre 2Q 13mm long !he angle se-!ions have highes!
-omressive s!ress,
Ii!h !he addi!ion of fibre by vol*me, !he er-en!age in-rease in -omressive
s!reng!hs also in-reases, 7! is observed !ha! 1,>2 !imes in-rease in -omressive s!reng!h for !he
in-rease in fibre -on!en! by 1Q !o 3Q in Mmm for a slenderness ra!io of 2,=, 'igher in-remen!
-an be reasoned be-a*se of !he *sage of mi-ro1s!eel fibres,
%he fail*re a!!ern sho.s !ha! !he fail*re is d*e !o !he rin-ial !ension by forma!ion
of diagonal -ra-5 ra!her !han d*e !o -omression, 9lso i! is observed from !he fail*re a!!ern
!ha! !he fail*re o--*rs d*e !o shear ra!her !han b*-5ling,
%he follo.ing observa!ions are made on !he !earing resis!an-e of RP" bol!ed la!es,
a) %he -ommonly re-ommended edge dis!an-e for s!eel la!e -onne-!ions is 1,=d, %his
differen-e is mainly d*e !o limi!ed !earing s!reng!h of RP"s,
b) 7n general an edge dis!an-e of abo*! 3,= !imes !he diame!er of bol! hole (3d) seems !o
be !he referred val*e, 9ss*ming a >= disersion of s!ress from hole edge, a
minim*m edge dis!an-e of 2,=d is re3*ired !o reven! rema!*re fail*re,
-) %he onse! of -ra-5 is delayed .hen !he fibre -on!en! is in-reased d*e !o !he in-rease in
n*mber of fibres resis!ing !he oening of in-iien! mi-ro -ra-5s, 'o.ever, !he
in-rease is no! eviden! a! very high vol*me fra-!ions of fibres as !he roblems of
.or5abili!y and balling -an lead !o higher sa-ing and non favorable orien!a!ion
besides higher orosi!y d*e !o diffi-*l!ies in -oma-!ion,
d) %here is an in-rease of 3;Q in *l!ima!e load -arrying -aa-i!y for !he same vol*me of
fibre be!.een Mmm fibre and 13mm fibre, 'o.ever !he vol*me of fibre -anno! be
in-reased more !han 3Q for Mmm fibres and more !han 2Q for 13mm fibres be-a*se
of .or5abili!y roblems, %he leng!h of fibre *sed also signifi-an!ly infl*en-es !he
load -arrying -aa-i!y of la!es, %he ma2im*m !ensile s!ress of !he la!e is 3;Q more
12
for 13mm fibre !han !he Mmm fibre, %he load -arrying -aa-i!y in-reases by 21Q !o
3;Q .i!h !he in-rease in leng!h of fibre,
<# CONCL!SIONS
%he follo.ing -on-l*sions are made from !he e2erimen!s -ond*-!ed !o de!ermine !he
me-hani-al roer!ies of RP" mi2
1, RP" .i!h -omressive s!reng!h of more !han 1:; MPa -an be rod*-ed,
2, %he s*erior erforman-es of RP" is d*e !o !he sele-!ion of aroria!e mi2!*re
roor!ions, .<- ra!io, *se of hea! -*ring -y-les, e!-,, .hi-h refined !he mi-ro1
s!r*-!*re and densified !he -emen!i!io*s as!e, !hereby in-reasing !he in!erfa-ial bond
be!.een !he aggrega!e and as!e hase,
3, 9 fibre dosage of 2Q 13mm .as fo*nd !o be !he o!im*m fibre -on!en! !o a-hieve !he
ma2im*m enhan-emen! in ma!erial roer!ies,
>, %he inves!iga!ion on !he effe-! of addi!ion of mi-ro1s!eel fibre in RP" mi2!*res
s*gges!ed !ha! as !he fibre dosage in-reased, !he *l!ima!e -omressive and fle2*ral
s!reng!h in-reases s*bs!an!ially .i!h a signifi-an! benefi!s in fle2*ral s!reng!h,
=, %ho*gh 3Q fibre addi!ion .ill in-rease !he roer!ies of RP", d*e !o !he .or5abili!y
roblems, 2Q of fibre dosage is -onsidered o!im*m for fle2*re, ima-! and
!o*ghness and -oma-!ion,
M, %he highes! -omressive s!reng!h of 1B1,3 MPa .as re-orded for 2Q 13 mm fibres,
'o.ever, .hen fibre -ombina!ions of Mmm and 13 mm fibre .ere *sed, !here .as a
red*-!ion in -omressive s!reng!h -omared !o !ha! for single si4e fibres d*e !o !he
red*-ed .or5abili!y and lo.er -oma-!ion densi!y a-hieved,
B, %he elas!i- mod*l*s of RP" mi2es is fo*nd !o be >>,> !o CB,> Q higher !han !ha! of
-on!rol -on-re!e,
C, %he -ra-5 a!!ern sho.s forma!ion of ver!i-al -ra-5s for lo.er er-en!age of small
fibre reinfor-emen! and diagonal -ra-5s for higher er-e!ages,of fibre reinfor-emen!
:, %he minim*m shear s!ress is CMPa for RP" beam .i!ho*! fibre, 9lso .i!h !he
in-rease in fibre ra!io !he shear s!ress in-reases and for 2Q13mm !he shear s!ress .as
=B,: =3,;:MPa
10. %he ea5 !ensile s!ress ranged from >,1C MPa for lain RP" !o 12,>> MPa for for
mi2ed fibre ra!ios of 3Q (1QMmmU2Q13mm) .here as for 2Q 13mm fibre !he
ma2im*m !ensile s!ress is :,>2 :,B2 MPa,
11, %he average -omressive s!reng!h of RP" angle se-!ions of 1M>MPa (fig no!
available) is a-hieved for 2Q 13mm fibres for an ase-! ra!io of 2,=,
12, %he me-hani-al roer!ies of differen! angle se-!ions .i!h varied dosages of fibre
vol*mes and differen! ase-! ra!io reveals !ha! s!r*-!*ral -omonen!s made of RP"
-an be *sed ins!ead of s!eel,
13, %es! on !he me-hani-al roer!ies are reor!ed .i!h rese-! !o -omression and
fle2*ral s!reng!hs, /or !he -omressive s!reng!h val*es of abo*! 1MMMPa are a!!ained
and for !he fle2*ral s!reng!h val*es aro*nd >>MPa for angle se-!ions, @o!h !he !es!s
sho. dis!in-! si4e effe-!,
1>, %he load -arrying -aabili!y and energy absor!ion are fo*nd !o be higher .hi-h
signifies !he s*erior behavior of RP" angle se-!ions on ar .i!h !he s!eel se-!ions,
1=, Ma2im*m -omressive s!reng!h also in-reases .i!h in-rease in vol*me and leng!h of
fibre (1>MMPa for an slenderness ra!io (l<d) of B,= !o 1MMMPa for an slenderness ra!io
of 2,=),
13
1M, %he d*-!ili!y in-reases .i!h !he in-rease in leng!h of !he fibre sho.ing !he enhan-ed
s!i!-hing a-!ion by !he longer fibre be!.een !he ma!erials of RP",
1B, %he res*l!s indi-a!e !ha! for bol!ed RP" members an edge dis!an-e of no! less !han
3,=d .here d is !he diame!er of bol! hole, .i!h a minim*m of 2Q of 13mm fibres .ill
be s*i!able for s!r*-!*ral assemblages,
1C, RP" is a viable s*bs!i!*!e for normal -on-re!e and 'P" in s!r*-!*ral -omonen!s,
Fnly dra.ba-5 is RP" has no s!andard -odal rovisions available,
=# ACKNOWLED)EMENTS
%his Resear-h .or5 is -arried o*! a! "S7R1S#R" "hennai and is d*ly a-5no.ledged,
:# REFERENCES
1, @en8amin 9,0rabeal,(2;;=), J"hara-!ersi4a!ion of !he @ehavior of &l!ra1'igh
Performan-e "on-re!e1K, Ph,D, !hesis, &niversi!y of Maryland
2, "hin G %s*ng Li*, $ong G Shin '*ang,(2;;B) Dear!men! of "ivil #ngineering,
Na!ional "heng P*ng &niversi!y, %ainan, %ai.an,, J'ighly /lo.able Rea-!ive
Po.der Mor!ar as a Reair Ma!erialK, "ons!r*-!ion and @*ilding Ma!erials, Mar-h
2;;B,, PP ( 1 G C,
3, ".ir4en,9,,, (2;;B) 'elsin5i &niversi!y of %e-hnology, /inland, %he effe-! of !he
hea! G !rea!men! regime on !he roer!ies of rea-!ive o.der -on-re!e,, 9dvan-es in
"emen! Resear-h, 2;;B, 1:,, No,1 $an*ary, PP ( 2= G 33,
>, Da!!a!reya, $,P,, 'arish, P, V, , and Neelamegam,M,,(2;;B) J &se of Par!i-le Pa-5ing
%heory for !he Develomen! of Rea-!ive Po.der "on-re!eK, %he 7ndian "on-re!e
$o*rnal , Se!ember 2;;B, 311>=
=, Dili,9,S,, Man* San!hanam,(2;;=) Dear!men! of -ivil engineering, 77% "hennai,
J7nves!iga!ions on Rea-!ive Po.der "on-re!e, 9 Develoing &l!ra 'igh1S!reng!h
%e-hnologyK, -on-re!e !e-hnology, May12;;=, PP no, 22 G 2B,
M, 0illiland, S, P, WRea-!ive o.der -on-re!e (RP"), a ne. ma!erial for res!ressed
-on-re!e bridge girders,W @*ilding an 7n!erna!ional "omm*ni!y of S!r*-!*ral
#ngineers S!r*-!*res "ongress 1 Pro-eedings, v 1 1::M, 9S"#, Ne. Oor5, NO, &S9,
12=1132,
B, Lee,N,P, and "hisholm,D,',(2;;=), JRea-!ive Po.der "on-re!eK @R9NX S!*dy
reor! SR 1>M $*dgeford,Ne. Xealand,
C, Masami &4a.a,Oo*hihide Shimoyama and Shigeo Poshi5a.a,(2;;=), J/resh and
S!reng!h Proer!ies of Ne. "emen!i!io*s "omosi!e Ma!erial &sing Rea-!ive
Po.derK, Reor! of !he Resear-h 7ns!i!*!e of 7nd*s!rial %e-hnology,Nihon
&niversi!y,No,B=,7SSN ;3CM11MBC,
:, FANeil, #, /, and Do.d, I, M, WRea-!ive o.der -on-re!e (RP"), a ne. ma!erial for
!he -ons!r*-!ion ind*s!ry,W N"M#" Session( Pra-!i!ioners 0*ide !o Ma!erials for
"on-re!e and Masonry S!r*-!*res,
1;, Ri-hard, P,, and "heyre4y, M,',, WRea-!ive Po.der "on-re!es .i!h 'igh D*-!ili!y
and 2;;1C;; MPa "omressive S!reng!hW, ACI, SP11>>(2>), San/ran-is-o, "9, (
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