Nghim K D

Nghim tng qut ca phng trnh vi phn y

= f(x, y) k hiu l h hm
y = y(x, C) (C l hng s). C th hiu nm na nh sau:
(x
0
, y
0
) c gi l nghim k d ca y

= f(x, y) nu
C nhiu hn mt C
0
tha y
0
= y(x
0
, C
0
)
Khng tn ti C
0
tha y
0
= y(x
0
, C
0
)
Lu : Nu tn ti duy nht C
0
tha y
0
= y(x
0
, C
0
) th (x
0
, y
0
) c gi l
nghim ring ca y

= f(x, y)
Th d 1: Xt phng trnh vi phn y

= y
2/3
(x R)
Gii:
y = 0: nghim tng qut ca phng trnh cho l y =
(x + C)
3
27
trong
C l hng s ty
y = 0: l nghim ca phng trnh cho vi x R, tuy nhin (x
0

R, y
0
= 0) khng phi l nghim ring v 0 =
(x
0
+ C)
3
27
suy ra C
0
= x
0
.
Vy C
0
tn ti nhng khng duy nht. Vy y = 0 l nghim k d.
Th d 2: Xt phng trnh vi phn y

= xy(y + 2) (x R)
Gii:
y(y+2) = 0: nghim tng qut ca phng trnh cho l |
y
y + 2
| = Ce
x
2
trong C > 0
1
y = 0 v y = 2: l 2 nghim ca phng trnh cho vi x R.
C 2 nghim ny khng phi l nghim ring v khng tn ti C tha
|
y
y + 2
| = Ce
x
2
(nh rng C > 0). Vy y = 0 v y = 2 l 2 nghim k
d.
Th d 3: Xt phng trnh vi phn tanydx xlnxdy = 0 (x > 0)
Gii:
tanyx lnx = 0: nghim tng qut ca phng trnh cho l x = e
Csiny
trong C = 0
tany = 0( siny = 0): l nghim ca phng trnh cho vi x R.
Nghim ny khng phi l nghim ring v, th d, gi s x
0
= 1 th c
v s C tha 1 = e
C0
. Vy y = k (k Z) l nhng nghim k d.
lnx = 0: l nghim ca phng trnh cho. Nghim ny cng nm
trong h nghim x = e
Csiny
ng vi C = 0. Do vy y l nghim ring.
Tm li nghim tng qut ca phng trnh l x = e
Csiny
vi C l hng s
ty .
Lu quan trng: Nu sau khi c xong 3 th d ny cc em nhn ra c
nghim k d th cc em dng. Nu khng, i vi nhng trng hp ring nh
vy cc em c l "nghim ca phng trnh".
Bi tp chng 1 (xem trang 3)
2
x=1
BI TP CHNG I
1. Gii cc phng trnh vi phn tch bin
(a) tanydx xlnxdy = 0;
(b) (cos x)y
0
= y;
(c)
4+y
2
p
x
2
+4x+13
=
3y+2
x+1
y
0
;
(d) y
0
= a cos y + b; (b > a > 0),
(e) y
0
y
2
3y + 4 = 0;
(f) y
0
= cos(ay + bx);
(g) y
0
=
1
2x+y
;
(h) y
0
(x + y) = 1;
(i) y
0
=
p
2x + y 3;
(j) y
0
=
xy1
xy2
;
(k) y
0
= sin(y x 1);
(l) x
2
(y
3
+ 5)dx + (x
3
+ 5)y
2
dy = 0; tha y(0) = 1;
(m) (1 + e
2x
)y
2
dy = e
x
dx; tha y(0) = 0;
(n) xydx + (1 + y
2
)
p
1 + x
2
dy = 0; tha y(
p
8) = 1;
(o) y
0
=
3x+3y1
2(x+y)
; tha y(0) = 2;
(p) y
0
tgx = y; tha y(

2
) = 1:
2. Gii cc phng trnh vi phn ng cp cp 1
(a) xy
0
= xsin
y
x
+ y;
(b) xy
0
= xtg
y
x
y;
(c) x
2
y
0
+ y
2
+ xy + x
2
= 0;
(d) (x + 2y)dx xdy = 0;
(e) (x
2
xy)dy + y
2
dx = 0;
(f) xydy y
2
dx = (x + y)
2
e
y=x
dx;
(g) (x
2
+ xy)y
0
= x
p
x
2
y
2
+ xy + y
2
;
(h) xy
=
= y ln
y
x
; tha y(1) = 1;
(i) (
p
xy x)dy + ydx = 0; tha y(1) = 1;
(j) (y +
p
x
2
+ y
2
)dx xdy = 0; tha y(1) = 0:
3. Gii cc phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp 1 sau
(a) y
0
+ ay = e
bx
; (a + b 6= 0),
(b) y
0
2xy = 1 2x
2
;
(c) y
0
=
1
x
(2y + xe
x
2e
x
);
75
Chng 3. S lc v phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp cao v h phng trnh vi phn76
(d) x(1 + x
2
)y
0
+ y = arctgx:
4. Tm nghim ring ca cc phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp 1 sau
(a) y
0
+ y cos x = sinxcos x; tha y(0) = 0;
(b) y
0
p
1 x
2
+ y = arcsinx; tha y(0) = 0;
(c) y
0
+
n
x
y =
a
x
n
; tha y(1) = 0;
(d) y
0
= 2y + e
x
x; tha y(0) =
1
4
;
(e) y
0
=
y
2y ln y+yx
; tha y(1) = 1:
5. Gii cc phng trnh vi phn Bernoulli sau
(a) y
0
+
xy
1x
2
= x
p
y;
(b) xy
0
y(2y lnx 1) = 0;
(c) y
0
+
y
x
= x
2
y
4
;
(d) y
0
2ytgx + y
2
sin
2
x = 0;
(e) y
0
= y(y
3
cos x + tgx);
(f) x
2
y
2
y
0
+ xy
3
= 1:
6. Tm nghim ring ca cc phng trnh vi phn Bernoulli sau
(a) y
0
+
3x
2
y
x
3
+1
= y
2
(x
3
+ 1) sinx; tha y(0) = 1;
(b) 3dy + (1 + 3y
3
)y sinxdx = 0; tha y(

2
) = 1;
(c) (y
2
+ 2y + x
2
)y
0
+ 2x = 0; tha y(1) = 0;
(d) ydx + (x
1
2
x
3
y)dy = 0; tha y(
1
2
) = 1:
7. Gii cc phng trnh vi phn dng y
00
= f(x) sau
(a) y
00
= x
2
+ xe
x
+ 1;
(b) y
00
= 2 sinxcos
2
x sin
2
x;
(c) y
00
= xe
x
; tha, y(0) = 1; y
0
(0) = 1:
8. Gii cc phng trnh vi phn dng y
00
= f(x; y
0
)
(a) xy
00
= y
0
ln

y
0
x

;
(b) y
00

y
0
x1
= x(x 1); tha y(2) = 1; y
0
(2) = 1;
(c) y
00
=
y
0
x
+ x;
(d) (y
00
)
2
= y
0
:
9. Gii cc phng trnh vi phn dng y
00
= f(y; y
0
)
(a) yy
00
(y
0
)
2
= 0; tha y(0) = 1; y
0
(0) = 2;
(b) 1 + (y
0
)
2
= yy
00
;
(c) yy
00
(y
0
)
2
= y
2
lny;
(d) y
00
cos y + (y
0
)
2
siny y
0
= 0; tha y(1) =

6
; y
0
(1) = 2;
(e) yy
00
= y
0
(y
0
+ 1):
10. Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp 2 c h s hng. Gii cc phng trnh vi phn thun nht
sau
Chng 3. S lc v phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp cao v h phng trnh vi phn77
(a) y
00
5y
0
+ 6y = 0;
(b) y
00
4y
0
+ 4y = 0;
(c) y
00
+ 4y = 0;
(d) y
00
2y
0
y = 0;
(e) y
00
+ y = 0;
(f) 4y
00
20y
0
+ 25y = 0:
11. Gii cc phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh khng thun nht sau
(a) y
00
4y
0
= 12x
2
6x 4;
(b) y
00
4y
0
+ 3y = e
5x
; tha y(0) = 3; y
0
(0) = 9;
(c) y
00
9y
0
+ 20y = x
2
e
4x
;
(d) y
00
y = 2 sinx 4 cos x;
(e) y
00
4y = e
x
[(4x + 4) cos x (2x + 6) sinx];
(f) y
00
+ y = cos x + cos 2x;
(g) y
00
3y
0
= e
3x
18x;
(h) y
00
y = xcos
2
x;
(i) y
00
+ 4y = sin2x + 1; tha y(0) =
1
4
, y
0
(0) = 0;
(j) y
00
+ 6y
0
+ 9y = xe
x
; ( l hng s),
(k) y
00
(m + 1)y
0
+ my = e
x
x 1; (m l hng s),
(l) y
00
2y
0
+ 2y = e
x
sinx;
(m) y
00
3y
0
+ 2y = 3x + 5 sin2x: