MULTIMEDIA

TECHNOLOGY
18
th
Aug 2005

Phn I_Gii thiu v Multimedia
Phn II_ Cc thnh phn d liu trong
Multimedia
Phn III_Nn d liu trong Multimedia
Phn IV_Truyn thng a phng tin
Phn V_ Xy dng v pht trin d n
Multimedia
Phn I
Gii thiu v MULTIMEDIA

22
nd
July 2005
I.1_MULTIMEDIA ??
Media
Text
Graphic Animation Image
Audio
Video
I.1_MULTIMEDIA ??
Multimedia l ng dng c kt hp
t hai hay nhiu phng tin nhm mc
ch to ra cc sn phm mt cch hiu
qu nht cng vi s h tr ca c m
thanh v hnh nh.
c trng ca cc sn phm Multimedia
l c pht trin v iu khin bi
my tnh
I.1_MULTIMEDIA ??
Cng ngh a phng tin?
To v ti to li cc thng tin dng PT.
Sn phm a phng tin?
Cc sn phm c pht trin di dng PT.
Truyn thng a phng tin?
Truyn ti sn phm PT di dng khc nhau.

I.2_Cc ng dng
Multimedia
Trnh chiu (Presentations)
Gio dc (Education)
o to (Training)
Tra cu (Reference)
Gii tr (Entertainment)
Thng mi (Business)
I.3_Tng tc trong
Multimedia
Tng tc l mt c trng tiu biu
ca Multimedia
L cha kho ca s hiu qu v thnh
cng.
Tng tc tr thnh cng ngh trnh
din v to Demo
I.4_Multimedia c s dng
nh th no?
Trnh chiu Multimedia
Nhng ng dng c lp
I.4_Multimedia c s dng
nh th no?
Trnh chiu Multimedia
Ngi trnh chiu iu khin tin trnh
Nhiu tng tc c to ra trong phn
trnh chiu
D dng pht trin v khng t
I.4_Multimedia c s dng
nh th no?
ng dng c lp
L nhng ng dng c lp dnh cho c nhn
C kh nng to siu lin kt
CD bch khoa ton th(c kh nng tng tc)
CD Catalog danh mc hng ho
CD dy hc
Cc chng trnh Demo
CD Game

Phn II
Cc thnh phn d liu
MULTIMEDIA

22
nd
July 2005
I_Vn bn trong
Multimedia
Phng ch
H phng ch
Lm vic vi vn bn
iu tit mt vn bn
I_Vn bn trong
Multimedia
I.1_Phng ch
Kiu ch :h cc c tnh ho thng bao gm
nhiu kch c, kiu dng
Font
I_Vn bn trong
Multimedia
I.2_H phng ch
Mt s h phng ch c th t biu th
nhng c im ca n nh c chn, khng
chn, v trang tr.
I_Vn bn trong
Multimedia
I.1_Lm vic vi vn bn
Phi ngn gn, xc tch
S dng Font ch thch hp




I_Vn bn trong
Multimedia
I.1_Lm vic vi vn bn
Vn bn phi d c







Ta ln 14 n 48 point
Ta nh 1/2 kch thc ta ln
Khi vn bn 10 n 12 point
Tiu 14 n 48 point
Tiu con 1/2 kch thc tiu chnh.
Cc on vn bn 10 n 12 point
I_Vn bn trong
Multimedia
I.1_Lm vic vi vn bn
La chn kiu ch, mu sc thch hp




C cc quy c v s ng nht







How easy is it to read this written information
How easy is it to read this written information
How easy is it to read this written information
How easy is it to read this written information
I_Vn bn trong
Multimedia
I.1_iu tit mt vn bn
Nhiu tiu , mc cn trnh by ???
S dng hnh nh hay tng t truyn
t
S dng cc k thut tng tc

I_Vn bn trong
Multimedia
I.1_iu tit mt vn bn
Cc k thut siu lin kt
Siu lin kt
Thng ip tc thi
Hp cun
Hp Options
I_Vn bn trong
Multimedia
I.1_iu tit mt vn bn
Hp cun



I_Vn bn trong
Multimedia
I.1_iu tit mt vn bn
Options




This is a Drop down box.
II_ ho trong
Multimedia
Gii thiu
Ti sao s dng ha
Cc dng ha
Cht lng ha
Cc nh dng file
Cc lai hnh ha
Lm vic vi ha
Yu cu phn cng


1. Ti sao s dng ha?
II_ ho trong
Multimedia
1. Ti sao s dng ha?
Giao din ho c hiu qu hn rt nhiu trong
truyn t thng tin so vi vn bn
Hnh nh cng c th truyn t thng tin nhanh
chng v chng c th ng vai tr l nhng siu
lin kt n cc dng thng tin khc
S hnh dung l rt quan trng trong qu trnh
truyn t thng tin, v cc hnh nh c th c
s dng lm tng tm quan trng, hng dn
s ch , minh ho cc khi nim, v cung cp
cho chng ta mt ci nhn tng quan v ni dung
II_ ho trong
Multimedia
2. Cc dng ha
ho vc t
ho bitmap
II_ ho trong
Multimedia
HA VC T
ho vector, miu t hnh nh nh mt
hnh dng hnh hc cu to bi cc ng,
cc hnh c bn.
Khi ta v mt ng thng th s c mt b thng
tin v kch thc, v tr, v hnh dng ca n c
vit ra.
Nu nh v nhiu hn mt ng thng th s c
thm thng tin chnh xc v s lin h gia cc
phn khc nhau.
HA VC T
Xoay v thu nh
Kh nng xoay v thay i kch thc mt hnh nh m
khng lm bin dng n l mt u im ni bt ca
ho vector.
Dung lng nh. Do hnh nh kiu ny c lu tr bi
tp hp cc thng tin nn dung lng ca cc tp tin c
th nh hn rt nhiu so vi nhng hnh nh kiu
bitmap
HA VC T
Rt kh xy dng c cc hnh nh phc tp v
nu nh cng phc tp bao nhiu th dung lng
ca tp tin cng ln v thi gian hin ln mn hnh
cng lu by nhiu.
ho vc t khng th hin cht lng hnh nh
trung thc .
HA VC T
Cc nh dng cho ho vector
.EPS (Encapsulated PostScript files).
.CDR (Corel Draw files).
.DXF (AutoCAD drawings).

HA BITMAP
ho bitmap cn gi l ho qut (raster
graphic). Mt bitmap miu t hnh nh nh mt tp
hp cc im nh gi l pixel .
ho bitmap ph thuc vo phn gii v to ra
nhng tp tin c dung lng ln. Thay i kch
thc ca hnh nh ch n gin l lm cho cc
pixel to ln hay nh i. V do xut hin nhng
vn v cht lng hnh nh bi chng trnh s
phi thm hoc bt cc pixel sao cho ng vi kch
c chn .
HA BITMAP
HA BITMAP
II. HA TRONG MULTIMEDIA
Vector Graphic vi Bitmap Graphic






Bitmap Vector
II. HA TRONG MULTIMEDIA
Vector Graphic hay Bitmap Graphic?
Cc Files di dng Vector ch ph hp khi
s m t yu cu kch thc chnh xc
Cc Files Bitmap s ph hp hn khi n c
s dng cho cc loi nh chp v chng yu
cu s thay i mu rt phc tp
II. HA TRONG MULTIMEDIA
3. Cht lng ha
su mu
phn gii
SU MU
3 BIT
6 BIT
SU MU
8 BIT
16 BIT
PHN GII
72 DPI
36 DPI
Ch mu trong nh Bitmap
Trong th gii thc, mt hnh nh c to bi
v s mu
nh Bitmap c to nn bi cc im
mu(pixel)
Cc mu th hin trong my tnh hin nay l t
hp ca 3 mu chnh Red-Green-Blue
Cc mu khc c to ra l do s t hp theo
phn trm ca ba mu c bn ny
Mi Pixel c m t bi 3 s cha mc ca
ba mu c bn


True Color
i tng nh nht trong vic lu tr cc s trn my
tnh l Byte.
Trong ho Bitmap, mi ch s mu cn 1 Byte
lu tr trn tng s 3 bytes ca mt Pixel.
Do mt byte gm 8 bit, nn 1 pixel cn 24 bits lu
tr cc thng tin mu ca chng.
Vi kiu ho bitmap, lng mu ln nht c th t
ti 2
24
hay 16,777,216 mu
Nhiu hnh v c xem nh cc hnh nh dng
mu thc hay gi l cc nh ho 24-bit.

Ch mu trong nh Bitmap
Ch mu trong nh Bitmap
Kch thc nh Bitmap trong ch
True Color
phn gii thp nht i vi ch hin th ca
Windows l 640x480.
Sau , trong phn gii ca nh bitmap ny
c nhn vi 3 bytes. Vy tng l 640x480x3=
900 kbytes.
nh di dng bitmap c s lng ln cc phn
t, khi cc phn t nh ny tng ln ng ngha vi
vic cht lng nh cng tng ln.

Ch mu trong nh Bitmap
su mu (Color Depth)
S mu = 2^
(Bit-depth)
Bit-depth l s cc bit hay cn gi l phn gii
mu sc


Bit depth Calcuation
Color resolution
1-bit 2^1 = 2
2 colors
2-bit 2^2 = 4
4 colors
3-bit 2^3 = 8
8 colors
4-bit 2^4 = 16
16 colors
8-bits 2^8 = 256
256 colors
16-bits 2^16 = 65536
65,536 colors
24-bits 2^24 = 16.7 million
16,777,215 colors
Ch mu trong nh Bitmap
8-bit and 24-bit photos









8 bits

24-bits
Ch mu trong nh Bitmap
Bng mu (Color Palettes)
Cc hnh nh cng tr nn trung thc nu nh n cc
nh dng m c th cho php chng ti to li vi rt
nhiu mu trong tng s 16,777,216 mu trong my
tnh. Tuy nhin kch thc File ny c th l rt ln, c
bit khi s dng cc nh dng theo kiu nn khng mt
mt d liu.
Trn thc t, t mt File nh t s lng mu cao nht
l 16 triu mu c th gim xung thnh File nh ch
cha s lng mu ln nht l 256.
Cc File ny s dng bng mu. Cc mu trong
bng mu ny c ly ra t cc mu nm trong 16
triu mu kia. Bt k mt hnh nh no cng ch s
dng khng qu 256 mu

Ch mu trong nh Bitmap
M phng ch mu

Blue (0,0,255)
Black (0,0,0)
Red (255,0,0)
White
(FF,FF,FF)
(255,255,255)
Green (0,255,0) 00,33,66,
99,CC,FF ???
Ch mu trong nh Bitmap
M phng ch mu

Ch mu trong nh Bitmap
M phng ch mu

Ch mu trong nh Bitmap
S phi mu (Dithering)






No Dithering Dithering
Ch mu trong nh Bitmap
S phi mu (Dithering)
256 mu khng th c th to ra mt hnh
nh c tnh trung thc cao.
Vic a ra cc mu gn ging vi mt mu no
c gi l s phi mu.
Thc cht ca s phi mu l s dng cc mu
ca cc im mu lin tc to ra c nhiu
mu hn






Ch mu trong nh Bitmap
Xc nh gi tr RGB
Decimal
Khong 0 n 255.
51-51-255 gi tr Red : 51, green : 51, blue : 255.
Hexa
Ch c 6 k t c s dng m t cho h mu
RGB
51-51-255 l 3333FF.
CC NH DNG FILE
41Kb 201Kb
CC NH DNG FILE
GIF vi JPEG
GIF JPEG
ng dng
Line Art, nh v,
text vi s lng
mu t
nh chp, nh v
vi lng mu ln
Tc hin th
Nhanh Chm
Li ch
To phim hot
hnh, lm trn nh
Cn thit cho cc
nh cn nn cao
Lng mu ti
a
256 mu
16.7 triu
CC NH DNG FILE
BMP 1,4Mb
(Windows Bitmap)
TIFF 1,28Mb
(Tagged Image File Format)
II. HA TRONG MULTIMEDIA
II.5. Cc lai hnh ha
nh chp
Tranh v
Hnh hot ho
Biu
th
NH CHP
nh chp l mt trong
nhng cng c cho ta
ci nhn trung thc nht.
Bng nh mu v thm
ch nh trng en l
nhng cng c thng tin
lin lc rt hiu qu.
Nhng bc nh y mu
sc c th gy n tng
trong bt k bi bo co
no nu nh chng
c dng nh nn ca
vn bn.
NH V
Thng khng trung thc bng nh nhng chng hm
cha tng tru tng n t hin thc.
th
Thng thng thng tin chng ta
chuyn giao l mt d liu s rt ln.
trnh by d liu ny di mt dng d c
ta s dng th, v l chc nng ca
th.
Hnh hot ho
y l mt loi hnh v m quy lut chnh
ca n l s cng iu, s phng i
Biu
Biu c th ho s tru tng. Mc du i khi
chng trng rt ging tht nhng thng th chng xa ri
s tht nhm mc ch cho chng ta thy c nhng
th hoc nhng s lin h m thc t ta khng thy
c.
II. HA TRONG MULTIMEDIA
II.5. Lm vic vi ho
La chn ng lai ha cho cng vic
La chn ng cng c ha cho cng vic
La chn su mu nh nht ph hp vi ng
dng ca bn
Cu hnh h thng c dng mt cch ng n.
Chn nh dng file nh ph hp vi cht lng v
thao tc
S dng ha vector hiu r h thng ca
bn

II. HA TRONG MULTIMEDIA
II.5. Yu cu phn cng
to ra mt ng dng multimedia bao gm nhng
hnh nh cn phi c nhiu phn cng h tr.
phn gii ca mn hnh
Cht lng mu sc (s lng mu sc)
Cc thit b nh: my qut, Photo-CD

III. HOT HNH TRONG MULTIMEDIA
Gii thiu
C bn v hot hnh
Cc dng hot hnh
Thc t o
III.1: C bn v hot hnh
Vng mc lu li c hnh nh trong mt khong
thi gian ngn
T hp cc hnh nh c thay i lin tip s to ra
o gic chuyn ng
Hot hnh c to ra do s bin i nhanh chng
ca mt chui cc khung hnh
Tc hin th trong hot hnh t 12-15 hnh/s

III. HOT HNH TRONG MULTIMEDIA
III.2_Cc dng hot hnh
Hot hnh 2D
Hot hnh 3D
Thc t o
III. HOT HNH TRONG MULTIMEDIA
Hot hnh 2D (hot hnh ng nt)
L s chuyn ng n gin ca nhng i
tng trn mn hnh
Phn mm to ra hot hnh 2D lm tng
tnh cht chuyn ng cho nh tnh
Da vo c 2 loi ho l Vector v Bitmap
C hai dng hot hnh 2D
III. HOT HNH TRONG MULTIMEDIA
Hot hnh 2D (hot hnh ng nt)

Hot hnh Cel
Hot hnh theo Path
III. HOT HNH TRONG MULTIMEDIA
Hot hnh Cel


III. HOT HNH TRONG MULTIMEDIA
Hot hnh theo Path
i tng di chuyn ng dn theo t trc


III. HOT HNH TRONG MULTIMEDIA
Hot hnh 3D
Hot hnh 2D lm nng cao tnh ni bt cho nhng
u ca ng dng multimedia.
Hat hnh 3D cn nhng kinh nghim ton din cho
cp khc.
Hot hnh 3D c hnh thnh t nhng ng dng
trong game v m phng ca ngnh xy dng.
Vic to hat hnh 3D c xem nh l phc tp hn
hat hnh 2D
Hai bc chnh to ra hot hnh 3D
Kt xut & to mu

III. HOT HNH TRONG MULTIMEDIA
To mu
Mt tin trnh to i tng v cnh 3D
Vng nhn c dng xc nh chnh xc
hnh dng ca i tng
Vic to mu 3D : nh hnh dng, c tnh
vt l ca i tng trong khng gian 3 chiu
III. HOT HNH TRONG MULTIMEDIA
Kt xut
To thuc tnh cho i tng nh mu sc, cht liu
b mt, cp trong sut.
Vic kt xut rt tn nhiu thi gian ph thuc vo
phc tp ca an hat hnh
Strata Pro 3D, Lightwave 3D, Specular
Infini D, v 3D Studio Max

III. HOT HNH TRONG MULTIMEDIA
Thc t o (Virtual reality)
Thc t o c dng m t cc ng dng
Thc t o to nn mt mi trng m phng
bao quanh ngi dng v th h tr nn l i
tng hc tp ca kinh nghim
III. HOT HNH TRONG MULTIMEDIA
1 - Gii thiu
2 - Chuyn i m thanh
3 - Lu tr d liu m thanh
4 - nh dng File
5 - Yu cu phn cng
III. M THANH TRONG MULTIMEDIA
2_CHUYN I M THANH
K THUT S
Tn s ly mu.
S Bit m ho (Kch thc ly mu).

2_CHUYN I M THANH
K THUT S
TN S LY MU (Sampling)
S lng mu c ly trong mt
n v thi gian.
S lng mu c ly cng nhiu
th cht lng m thanh cng tt.
Cc tn s ph bin:11.025KHz,
22.05Khz, v 44.1KHz

2_CHUYN I M THANH
K THUT S
S BIT M HO (Kch thc ly mu)
L s lng thng tin biu din cho mi mu.
Kch thc ly mu thng l:
8 bits 256 gi tr
16 bits 65.536 gi tr
Kch thc ly mu cng cao th cht lng
s tt hn.

2_CHUYN I M THANH
K THUT S
V d : 1 file ca 10s ng vi gi tr v tn
s th kch thc File s l
Tn s S bit Kch thc
44.1 Khz 16 1.76Mb
44.1 Khz 8 882Kb
22.05 Khz 16 882Kb
22.05 Khz 8 440Kb
11.025 Khz 8 229Kb
3_LU TR D LIU M THANH
Waveform Audio (Digital Audio)
MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface).



3_LU TR D LIU M THANH
Waveform Audio (Digital Audio)
L m thanh dng s, lu tr nh mt File d liu
trong my tnh, CD hay mng.
m thanh c thu cch u theo tng khong v
pht li mt tc thch hp.


3_LU TR D LIU M THANH
Cu trc File Wave



.Wave
Fmt chunk
Typedef struct waveformat_tag
{WORD wFormatTag;
WORD nChannels;
DWORD nSamplesPerSec;
DWORD nAvgBytesPerSec;
WORD nBlockAlign;
}WAVEFORMAT

Data chunk
Mu 8bit: data chunk c cc
ga tr1byte (0..255) ca cc
mu m thanh
Mu 16 bit: data chunk c
cc ga tr 2byte(-32768 ..
32767 ) ca cc mu m
thanh

3_LU TR D LIU M THANH
Cu trc File Wave
Fmt chunk
WORD wFormatTag: WAVE_FORMAT_PCM
Phn mm ang c File Wave v c kiu m ho d
liu l PCM(Pulse Code Modulation)
WORD nChannels : c hai gi tr
1- Mono 2-Stereo
DWORD nSamplesPerSec: tc ly mu
11025-----11.025 Khz
22050-----22.05KHz
44100-----44.1KHz
DWORD nAvgBytesPerSec: s Byte/s pht li mu
d liu sng m
WORD nBlockAlign: s Byte cha mt mu m thanh



3_LU TR D LIU M THANH
Cu trc File Wave



Kch thc Gi tr
4 bytes RIFF
4 bytes Kch thc FIle RIFF
4 bytes WAVE
4 bytes Fmt
4 bytes Kch thc ca FMT
2 bytes Dnh cho m ho d liu(PCM)
2 bytes S knh: 1-mono 2-Stereo
4 bytes S mu/1giy
4 bytes S Bytes/1giy
2 bytes S Bytes/1mu
2 bytes S Bits/1mu
4 bytes Data
4 bytes Kch thc data
3_LU TR D LIU M THANH
Cu trc File Wave
WAVEFORMAT
Typedef struc pcmwaveformat_tag
{
WAVEFORMAT wf;
WORD wBitsPerSample;
} PCMWAVEFORMAT;
// wBitsPerSample: s Bit cho mt mu d liu //




3_LU TR D LIU M THANH
MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface).
L giao thc cho php my tnh, cc loi nhc
c, keyboards hay cc thit b a phng tin
truyn thng vi nhau.
Bt u bng mt Event, lu tr vo thnh File
v truyn cho cc thit b khc.
Midi c dung lng nh v n ch cha m
Midi c t l nn cao, chim t RAM hn, i hi
khng gian trn a t hn, tc x l nhanh
hn.


3_LU TR D LIU M THANH
Thng ip MIDI.
1 byte trng thi (status byte).
Ti a 2 byte d liu.
Nu l Byte trng thi : bit cao = 1 (80FF)
Nu l Byte d liu : bit cao = 0 (007F)
3_LU TR D LIU M THANH
Thng ip MIDI.
Status byte.
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
channel data
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
3_LU TR D LIU M THANH
Cu trc mt tp tin MIDI
Tp tin MIDI c t chc theo nhm;
Mi nhm c bt u bng 4 k t (4 bytes).
4 bytes tip theo cho bit s Byte ca d liu
trong nhm.
C hai nhm d liu : Header v Track
Mt tp tin Midi lun bt u bng nhm d liu
Header, tip theo c th l 1 hay nhiu nhm
Track.


3_LU TR D LIU M THANH
Cu trc mt header
Bt u bng 4 k t nhn dng: MThd (4
bytes).
4 bytes cho bit chiu di d liu
S byte d liu lun lun l 6 bytes.
Do , tng s byte ca nhm header l 14.

3_LU TR D LIU M THANH
Cu trc Track
Bt u bng 4 k t MTrk
32 bit (4 byte) cho bit chiu di ca d
liu cha trong track .
D liu trong nhm gm nhiu track
event.
Mi track event bt u bng mt tr s
delta time.
Theo sau Delta time l mt event

3_LU TR D LIU M THANH
Delta Time
Tr s delta time cho bit khong thi gian
ngh gia 2 ln x l event (c th bng 0).
Delta time c lu tr vi kch c thay i,
c chiu di t 1 n 4 bytes.
Mi byte ca delta time ch s dng 7 bit thp
cha s liu.
Bit cao cn li c thit lp l:
0 : Nu delta time ch di mt byte
1 : Nu delta time di 2 byte
3_LU TR D LIU M THANH
Event
Event c th l cc thng ip MIDI (dng
iu khin trc tip synthesizer).
Meta-event :l cc ch th hay thng tin gi
n phn mm x l tp tin MIDI.


4_NH DNG FILE AUDIO
C rt nhiu nh dng cho m thanh,
vic nh dng da vo mt s cc c
s sau:
Tn s ly mu
Kch thc mu
S lng knh (Mono hay Stereo)
Nn khng tn hao
4_NH DNG FILE AUDIO
Cc nh dng ph bin cho m thanh
Wave (.WAV)
Sound (.SND)
Audio File Format (.AIF)
MIDI (.MID).
Hai nh dng ny dng ghi
ting ni v hiu ng m thanh
5-nh dng File
C rt nhiu nh dng cho m thanh,
vic nh dng da vo mt s cc c
s sau:
Tn s ly mu
su Bit(kch thc mu)
S lng knh (Mono hay Stereo)
Nn khng tn hao
Phn III. Nn d liu
trong Multimedia
Compression/Encoding
III.Nn d liu trong Multimedia
Ti sao phi nn d liu?
Cc File Multimedia c dung lng rt ln v
th c th lu tr hay truyn i th cn
thit phi lm gim dung lng cc File n
mc c th.
Cc File Text hay mt s File khc cng cn
c nn li p ng cho vic gi Mail
hay trong cc ng dng khc.
Bng thng mng

Cc nguyn tc c bn ca
nn d liu
Nn khng tn hao(Lossness)
Nn tn hao(Lossy)
Nn khng tn hao
D liu gc c th phc hi li hon
ton
T l nn thng thng c th t
c t 2:1 n 50:1
Gii thut nn in hnh : Huffman
Code, RLC, LZW, M s hc.
Nn File d liu, nn nh ho
(Graphic Image)

Nn tn hao
C s khc bit gia d liu gc v d liu
c phc hi li sau khi nn
C s dng cc c im tm sinh l ca
thnh gic v th gic ca con ngi trong
vic nghin cu cho cc gii thut nn.
T l nn t cao hn so vi cc gii thut
nn khng tn hao (t 100:1)
Cc gii thut nn in hnh: J PEG, MPEG
Nn MP3, Photograph Image, Video


Cc cng ngh nn
Coding Techniquies
Entropy Coding
(Lossless)
Source Coding
(Lossy)
Nn chui lp Nn tnh
Zero
Length
Code
Run
Length
Code
Huffman
Code
LZW
Code
Arithmetic
Code
BCT CCC&XCCC
DCT
M ho Huffman
(Huffman Code)
Nn Huffman l mt trong nhng phng
php nn ph bin. Vic m ho ny da trn
phng thc m ho theo di thay i ca
cc Bit cho tng k t.
Cng ngh nn ny c c l da trn c
s gn cc m ngn hn cho cc k t c tn
sut xut hin ln hn.
m bo cho kt qu gii m l duy nht
nu khng c m no l tin t ca m khc.

M ho Huffman
(Cont..)
Cc k t c lu di dng tn xut
xut hin ca chng
S lng cc Bit ca cc k t c m ho l
khc nhau. K t c tn xut xut hin ln nht
c m ho bng s bit ngn nht.
xc nh c bng m Huffman, chng ta
i xy dng cy nh phn.
Bng m Huffman s c truyn i di dng
d liu c nn.

M ho Huffman
(Cont..)
Cch thc xy dng cy nh phn
(Binary Tree)
Cc k t c m ho c gn l cc l ca
cy
Cc nt (Nodes) cha gi tr tn xut xut hin
ca cc k l cc cy con (subtree).
Bit 0 v 1 c gn trn cc nhnh ca cy, v
vy m c th c nhiu cch gii m cho cng
mt d liu m ho.
Cui cng thit lp ra bng m Huffman.

P(A)=0.16
P(B)=0.51
P(C)=0.09
P(D)=0.13
P(E)=0.11

P(C)=0.09 P(E)=0.11 P(A)=0.16 P(D)=0.13
P(CE)=0.20
P(AD)=0.29
P(ACDE)=0.49
P(B)=0.51
P(ABCDE)=1
1
0
1
0
1

0
1
0

Bng m ho Huffman

K t S Bit m ho
A 100
B 0
C 111
D 101
E 110

Gi l(s) l di t m gn cho k t s.
thc hin vic m ho bng cch a ra s
lng trung bnh bit/k t m ho, l
E[l] = l(a)P[a]+l(b)P[b]+l(c)P[c]+l(d)P[d]+l(e)P[e]
= 2. (.25)+2(.25)+2(.25)+3(.125)+3(.125)
= 2.25 bits/k t
Gii m Huffman(1)

1. c vo dng cc bit mt cch tun t v chuyn sang
cy m n khi mt nt l c tm thy.
2. Khi mt nt l c xc nh, a ra k t tng ng
c m ho.
3. Khi c vo bit k tip, bt u tr li vi gc ca cy
m.

Gii m Huffman(2)

Mt la chn na cho gii m Huffman l ta c th s dng
bng gii nn.To lp bng gii nn:
Nu t m di nht c chiu di L bit th bng s c 2
L
entries.
t c
i
l t m cho k t s
i
. Gi s c
i
c l
i
bits. Tip theo, ta to
lp 2
L-li
entries trong bng. Trong mi entry ny, l
i
bit u tin
c t bng c
i
, v cc bit cn li l nhng t hp c th c ca
L-l
i
bit.
Ti tt c cc a ch ca bng, ta a vo s
i
tng ng l k t
c m ho v ghi nhn c chiu di gc ca t m ny l
l
i
.
ZLC (Zero Length Code)
Nu trong mt thng ip xut hin cc
chui k t 0, c th thay th bi mt k
t a v tn sut xut hin.
Cn phi c mt m dnh ring biu
th rng khi no chui c thay th
xut hin.

ZLC (Zero Length Code)
(Cont..)
V d: Cho chui k t sau

89400000000000000000000000000000000
Code : F 0
Kt qu : 894F32

ZLC (Zero Length Code)
(Cont..)
i tng ca ZLC
m cm (Silence), khong dng hi
thoi trong trong nn m thanh
Bitmaps
Khong trng trong vn bn, chng
trnh ngun
Backgrounds ca nh(Image)

RLC (Run Length Code)
M lot di
L phng thc nn thng c p
dng trong nn nh
L mt thnh phn nn tng i nh,
c s dng trong cng ngh nn
JPEG.
RLC (Run Length Code)
(Cont..)
RLC (Run Length Code)
(Cont..)
Nguyn tc :
Thay th tt c cc k t lp trong vn bn bi
chnh k t v mt s nguyn ch tn xut
lp.
Lu :
T l nn cao khi tn xut lp ca cc k t ln
hn mt ngng no
RLC (Run Length Code)
(Cont..)
V d: cho chui k t sau
AAAABBBAABBBBBCCCCCCCCDABCBAABBBBC
CBBBBCCD.
Kt qu:
4A3B2A5B8C1D1A1B1C1B2A4B2C4B2C1D


RLC (Run Length Code)
(Cont..)
Nn theo di thay i(VLC):
B m ho s phn tch chui ny thnh cc
chui c di thay i gm s xut hin lin
tc ca cc k t v cc k t khc tip theo
sau.
Lu :
Nu nh cc t m c s dng m ho
cho mt chui di cng ngn th t l nn s
cng c nng cao.
RLC (Run Length Code)
(Cont..)
Nn theo di thay i(VLC):
Cch 1

RLC (Run Length Code)
(Cont..)
Nn theo di thay i(VLC):
Cch 2

RLC (Run Length Code)
(Cont..)
V d: s dng t m 4bit m ha cho chui sau

Run= 000001000010000100001= 137bits

25
57 36 15
Cch 1:
1111 1010 1111 1111 1111 1100 1111 1111 0110 1111 0000 = 44 bits

Cch 2
0 11001 0 0 0 11001 0 0 10100 11111 10000 = 31 bits


RLC (Run Length Code)
(Cont..)
Nn theo di thay i (VLC)
T l nn
T l nn = E[R] / m
E[l] : s lng Bit trung bnh m ho cc
ng chy
E[R] : s lng trung bnh ca cc
k t /1ng chy.
m : s Bit trong mt t m
Arithmatic Code
(M s hc)
Ti sao phi dng M s hc ?
M t chnh xc tn sut xut hin ca k t.
M t thng ip bi mt du chm ng
trong [0,1].
Du chm ng ngn nht c la chn.
Arithmatic Code
(Cont..)
Gii thut M s hc
1. Bt u vi k t u tin ca dng d liu vo, vi khong
gi tr hin thi ca chnh k t ny l [0,1].
2. c k t tip theo, chia khong gi tr hin thi theo tn
sut xut hin ca k t ny.
3. Nu chui d liu kt thc, chuyn sang bc 4. Ngc li
quay li bc 2
4. Ti khong gi tr kt thc, chn s du chm ng nh nht
(cn di) l gi tr m ho ca chui k t

Arithmatic Code
(Cont..)
Gii thut c thc hin cho bn tin c chiu
di bt k.
Low:=0.0 high:=1.0
While there are still input symbols do
Get an input symbol
Range :=high-low
Low :=low+range*low(symbol)
High :=low+range*high(symbol)
end of while
Output low

Arithmatic Code
(Cont..)
V d : M ho chui k t BILL GATES
Vi Bng k t = { A, B, E, G, I, L, S, T, ; , SP
}

K t Tn sut Khong gi tr
Space 1/10 0.0 0.1
A 1/10 0.10.2
B 1/10 0.20.3
E 1/10 0.30.4
G 1/10 0.40.5
I 1/10 0.50.6
L 2/10 0.60.8
S 1/10 0.80.9
T 1/10 0.91.0
Arithmatic Code
(Cont..)
Kt qu nh sau.
Symbol Low value High value
0.0 1.0
B 0.2 0.3
I 0.25 0.26
L 0.256 0.258
L 0.2572 0.2576
Space 0.25720 0.25724
G 0.257216 0.257220
A 0.2572164 0.2572168
T 0.25721676 0.25721680
E 0.257216772 0.257216776
S 0.2572167752 0.2572167756
Arithmatic Code
(Cont..)
Gii thut gii nn
1. Get encoded number
while
2. Find symbol whose range appropriate the encoded
number
3. Range=high(symbol )-low(symbol )
4. Encode(symbol)=[encoded-low(symbol)]/Range
Until no symbol
Arithmatic Code
(Cont..)
Gii nn cho chui k t BILL GATES
Encoded Output symbol Low High Range
0.2572167752 B 0.2 0.3 0.1
0.572167752 I 0.5 0.6 0.1
0.72167752 L 0.6 0.8 0.2
0.6083876 L 0.6 0.8 0.2
0.041938 SP 0.0 0.1 0.1
0.41938 G 0.4 0.5 0.1
0.1938 A 0.1 0.2 0.1
0.938 T 0.9 1.0 0.1
0.38 E 0.3 0.4 0.1
0.8 S 0.8 0.9 0.1
0 0 0 0
LZW (Lempel Ziv Welch)
Dictionary Based
Gii thut c xy dng da trn mt t
in lu cc mu c tn sut xut hin cao.
T in c cp nht theo ch ng v
khng c gi km theo lung d liu.
Gii thut c p dng cho cc loi File nh
phn

LZW (Dictionary Based)
(Cont..)
Phng php trong nn LZW
T in c xy dng song song vi qu
trnh c d liu vo.
di cho php ca t m : 12bits (4096).
0..255: m ho k t trong bng m ASCII.
256: m xo
257: m kt thc (EOI)
258..4096: m cho mu lp.

LZW (Dictionary Based)
(Cont..)
Gii thut Nn LZW
InitializeStringTable();
WriteCode(ClearCode);
S= the empty string;
for each character in string
{ K = GetNextCharacter();
if S + K is in the string table
{ S=S+K /* C*/ }
else
{ WriteCode(CodeFromString(S));
AddTableEntry(S+K );
S=K
}
}
WriteCode(CodeFromString(S));


LZW (Dictionary Based)
(Cont..)
V d : cho chui d liu sau
A B A C A B A
Vi bng m gc l : A - 65
B - 66
C - 67
LZW (Dictionary Based)
(Cont..)
Gii thut nn c thc hin nh sau
A B A C A B A
Qu trnh cp
nht t in
AB - 258
BA - 259
AC 260
CA 261
ABA - 262
A
B
A
B
65
A
B
65
A
66
65
C
A
66
65
C
65
66
65
A
C
65
66
65
A
67
65
66
65
B
A
67
65
66
65
A
B
A
67
65
66
65
65
258
67
65
66
65
LZW (Dictionary Based)
(Cont..)
Chui d liu u ra s l
65 66 65 67 258 66
Kt qu m ho
- u vo : 7x8 = 56 bits
- u ra : 5x8 + 1x9 = 49 bits
-T l nn : 56:49 = 1.14

LZW (Dictionary Based)
(Cont..)
Thc hin nn chui d liu sau
B B D C A D C A E A E E A F D F D C A D
Kt qu m ho

- u vo : = bits
- u ra : = bits
-T l nn : =

LZW (Dictionary Based)
(Cont..)
i tng ca LZW
Nn cc loi vn bn
Nn nh n mc xm
Nn nh a mc xm
Nn tn hao
Nn nh
Ti sao phi nn nh?
Nguyn tc nn nh
S tng quan gia cc Pixel
Cch biu din nh vi mc tng
quan nh nht gim d tha thng
tin ca nh

Nn nh
D tha trong min khng gian
Tng quan gia cc gi tr pixel ca nh,
iu ny c ngha rng cc pixel ln cn ca
nh c gi tr gn ging nhau (tr nhng pixel
gip ng bin nh).
D tha trong min tn s
Tng quan gia cc mt phng mu hoc
di ph khc nhau.

Nn nh
Nn nh khng mt mt thng tin
Nn nh c mt mt thng tin
Lng t ho v hng: PCM v DPCM
Lng t ho vector
M ho bin i: bin i cosin ri rc
(DCT), bin i Fourier nhanh (FFT)
Cc cng ngh nn nh tnh
BTC (Block Truncation Coding)
CCC(Color Cell Compression)
XCCC(Extend Color Cell Compression)

BTC
(BLOCK TRUNCATION CODING)
Gii thut dng trong cng ngh nn nh n
sc
Mi im nh u c biu din bi mt gi tr
mc xm nm trong khong t 0-255.
BTC l mt gii thut n gin dng cho nn cc
nh en trng vi t l Bit mc va phi.


BTC
(BLOCK TRUNCATION CODING)
Gii thut nn BTC
Chia nh ra thnh cc khi khng trng lp
( kch thc (4 x 4) hoc (8 x 8)).
Tnh gi tr mc xm trung bnh, theo cng thc



x(i,j) l gi tr mc xm ca im nh ti (i,j).

BTC
(BLOCK TRUNCATION CODING)
Gii thut nn BTC
Da vo mc xm trung bnh ca cc Pixel trong mi
khi xc nh gi tr mc xm cho im nh ti hn
hay sng hn. Gi tr mc xm ca mi im nh c
tnh theo cng thc sau





K l tng s cc im nh c gi tr mc xm ln hn m
BTC
(BLOCK TRUNCATION CODING)
Gii thut nn BTC
Da vo mc xm trung bnh ca cc Pixel trong mi
khi xc nh gi tr mc xm cho im nh ti hn
hay sng hn. Gi tr mc xm ca mi im nh c
tnh theo cng thc sau





K l tng s cc im nh c gi tr mc xm ln hn m
BTC
(BLOCK TRUNCATION CODING)
Gii thut nn BTC
Lp ma trn Bit nh phn M phn loi cc
im nh:
im nh c gi tr mc xm ln hn m th t l 1
im nh c gi tr mc xm nh hn m th t l 0.
Sau khi tnh ton c cc gi tr cn thit,
b m ho s a ra mt File bao gm cc
thnh phn (M, mu, ml) gi cho b gii m.
BTC
(BLOCK TRUNCATION CODING)
V d. cho khi sau vi cc gi tr mc xm l :





Thc hin vic nn khi nh trn vi gii thut
nn BTC

181 173 156 141
192 180 138 118
188 183 141 116
185 176 157 123
BTC
(BLOCK TRUNCATION CODING)

123 16 / ) 120 152 149 146 ( = + + + + = X
147 8 / ) 145 152 149 146 ( = + + + + = b
44 block
99 8 / ) 120 89 122 97 ( = + + + + = a
146 149 152 156
97 122 144 147
89 90 135 145
85 92 99 120
= X
1 1 1 1
0 0 1 1
0 0 1 1
0 0 0 0
b a , +
147 147 147 147
99 99 147 147
99 99 147 147
99 99 99 99
=
'
X
Bit pattern
2
16
16 8 8
=
+ +
= bpp
BTC
(BLOCK TRUNCATION CODING)
Gii thut nn phn t mu
(Color Cell Compression )
Gii thut ny s p dng mt cch ring
bit cho tng knh mu.
Cho mt t l nn tt hn.
S dng cc gi tr tham chiu n bng
mu
Gii thut nn phn t mu
(Color Cell Compression )
Gi tr trong mng Bit l sng tng ng ca cc Pixel.
Da vo s cm nhn mu sc ca mt xc nh mc
sng cho cc Pixel
Y = 0:3Pred + 0:59Pgreen + 0:11Pblue
Gi tr trung bnh ca mi khi c th c tnh ton da
vo cc gi tr sng ny (tng t vi gii thut BTC)
Gi Pred,i,j : l thnh phn mu ca Pixel Pi;j ,
Pgreen,i,j : thnh phn mu xanh l cy ca Pixel Pi;j ,
Pblue,i,j : thnh phn mu xanh ca Pixel Pi;j ,
Gii thut nn phn t mu
(Color Cell Compression )
Cng ngh DeltaCLUT
S dng lu tr cc mu c trng, c th:
Bng CLUT c 256 phn t
3 thnh phn mu c bn
Mi mu s dng 1byte lu tr
Gi tr mu ca cc Pixel sau khi c m ho
c xem nh mt ch mc trong CLUT, vi
kch thc l 1 Byte/1pixel
Gii thut nn phn t mu
(Color Cell Compression )
Gii thut
Chia nh ra thnh cc khi: phn t mu
Tnh hai gi tr a, b: hai gi tr s dng tham chiu
n CLUT.
Tnh 3 gi tr a
red
, a
green
, a
blue
v b
red
, b
green
, b
blue
:




Trong : p, q l s Pixel c gi tr sng ln hn v
nh hn gi tr trung bnh

Gii thut nn phn t mu
(Color Cell Compression )
Gii thut
Thnh lp ma trn Bit
M(i,j)= 1 vi Yi,j > =
0 vi Yi,j <
a = (a
red
; a
green
; a
blue
) v b = (b
red
; b
green
; b
blue
)
c lng t ho thnh bng CLUT.
Tng ng : a v b







Gii thut nn phn t mu
(Color Cell Compression )
Gii thut nn phn t mu
(Color Cell Compression )
Gii thut gii nn

=
=
=
0 ) , ( ] ' [
1 j) M(i, khi ] ' [
'
,
j i khiM b CLUT
a CLUT
p
j i
Gii thut nn phn t mu m rng
( Extended Color Cell Compression )
Gii thut XCCC l gii thut m rng ca CCC
nhm nng cao t l nn v gim thi gian nn
Mt nh cha mt vng m gia cc mu ch c
s khc nhau rt nh, th cc vng ny s c
m ho theo cc khi ln hn.

Gii thut nn phn t mu m rng
( Extended Color Cell Compression )
Gii thut
B1: Chia nh thnh cc khi tng thch
B2: Tnh ton cc khi theo gii thut CCC
Nu trn thc t khi c kch thc ti thiu, chuyn
sang bc 3.
Gii thut nn phn t mu m rng
( Extended Color Cell Compression )
Gii thut
B3: Tnh sai lch trung bnh e gia gi tr cc im
nh ban u vi gi tr ca cc im nh c m
ho bi CCC
e =
B4: Nu e nh hn hng s t ra, chuyn sang
bc 5.
B5: Chia khi thnh 4 khi con v s dng gii thut
quy cho cc khi con


j Yi,
Gii thut nn phn t mu m rng
( Extended Color Cell Compression )
Phn bit kch thc ca cc khi ????
gn th cho mi khi


Gii thut nn phn t mu m rng
( Extended Color Cell Compression )
Mu n (Single Color).
Mu lp (Color Reuse).
Gii thut nn phn t mu m rng
( Extended Color Cell Compression )
Mu n
Khng lp ma trn Bit nu
Nhng vng c kch thc ln m trong ch tn ti mt mu
Nu hai mu c ch s a = b
C 2 cch b gii m bit rng khng c ma trn Bit
i km, l
Cch th nht: b m ho s lu li 2 mu v khi b gii m
khng nhn c mng Bit c ngha l hai mu ging nhau.
Cch th hai: B gii m c th s dng mt Tag c bit v
ch lu tr mt mu thay v phi lu hai mu nh cch th nht
Gii thut nn phn t mu m rng
( Extended Color Cell Compression )
Mu lp (Color Reuse).
Trong mt nh, cc mu k nhau thng gn ging
nhau. V da trn c s ny nn chng ta c th s
dng li cc mu t cc khi trc c m ho.
Cn th qun l cc khi
Gii thut nn phn t mu m rng
( Extended Color Cell Compression )
Th lu tr thng tin khi
Kch thc
Tag_size=log
2
8

Vi mi th, s dng 8bits vi cc Bit m ho nh sau:


7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
4x4 1 0
8x8 1 1
16x16 0 0
Single color 1
Last dark 1
Last Bright 1
Gii thut nn phn t mu m rng
( Extended Color Cell Compression )
Th lu tr thng tin khi
Bit dnh cho "last dark" : ch gi tr mu b (cc Pixel ti) c
s dng li t khi trc (0100 0 000) (Bit 6)
Bit dnh cho "last bright" ch gi tr mu a (cc Pixel sng)
c s dng li t khi trc (1000 0000) (Bit 7)
Cc Bit 0,1: ch ra cc khi tip theo c Tag hay khng, nu c
th hai Bit 0,1 ca cc khi tip theo c t thnh 10
Cc Bit 2,3,4 ca Tag u tin ch trng thi ca cc khi tip
theo ( l : cc khi tip theo c Tag hay khng)
Nu cc Tag m c mt trong cc Bit 5,6,7, th khi s dng
cc mu c bit (single color, last dark hay last bright)
Gii thut nn phn t mu m rng
( Extended Color Cell Compression )
V d: i vi mt khi c th
B1: chia nh ra thnh cc khi c kch thc 16x16
B2: tnh v Y
i,j
ca cc khi
Nu e < c,(khi khng tip tc chia nh) chuyn sang B3
Nu e > c,(khi tip tc c chia nh) chuyn sang B4
Gii thut nn phn t mu m rng
( Extended Color Cell Compression )
V d: i vi mt khi c th
B3: modul ho hai gi tr a (a
red
, a
green
, a
blue
), b ( b
red
, b
green
, b
blue
)
thnh a v b.
Nu a=b: khi c cu trc


Nu ab : khi c cu trc





B4: chia khi thnh cc khi c kch thc nh hn (8x8 hoc
4x4). Quay li B2, thc hin quy cho tng khi
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 a
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 a b CLUT
(Vi kch thc 16x16)
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 a b CLUT
(Vi kch thc 8x8)
Gii thut nn phn t mu m rng
( Extended Color Cell Compression )
Trng hp c bit : khi chia khi nu
Tag u tin ca khi bt k c gi tr l 0000.0001 3 khi tip
theo khng c Tag v khng phi l cc khi c bit .
Tag u tin ca khi bt k c gi tr l 0000.0010 xy ra cc
trng hp sau
B2=1: khi 2 c Tag v l khi c bit
B2=0: khi 2 khng c Tag v l khi bnh thng
B3=1 : khi 3 c Tag v l khi c bit
B3=0 : khi 3 khng c Tag v l khi bnh thng
B4=1 : khi 4 c Tag v l khi c bit
B4=0 : khi 4 khng c Tag v l khi bnh thng.
Gii thut nn phn t mu m rng
( Extended Color Cell Compression )
Cc khi c gi l c bit nu
B5=1 : a=b( khi ch c mt mu)
B6=1 : b
i
= b
i-1
(mu ti s dng li t khi trc )
B7=1 : a
i
= a
i-1
(mu sng c s dng t khi trc )
Gii thut nn phn t mu m rng
( Extended Color Cell Compression )
B gii m nhn c thng ip


b
0
b
1
=01: cc khi tip theo c tag
b
5
=1 nn 3 khi s
dng mu n
b
7
=1 nn khi ny
s dng mu Last
Bright (dng mu a
t khi trc )
b
3
=1: khi 3 c tag
b
4
=1: khi 4 c Tag
b
6
=1: khi ny s dng li mu
Last Dark t khi trc

Tag1
0101 1010

Tag2
0010 0010
Tag3
1000 0010
Gii thut nn phn t mu m rng
( Extended Color Cell Compression )
Cc khi c cu trc nh sau



Khi 1 0101 1010 b 16 bits clut
Khi 2 0000 0010 a b 16 bits clut
Khi 3 0010 0010 a
Khi 4 1000 0010 16 bits clut
nh x n CLUT
1 0 1 0
0 1 0 1
0 1 0 1
1 0 1 1
a
t
b
t
a
t
b
t
b
t
a
t
b
t
a
t

b
t
a
t
b
t
a
t

a
t
b
t
a
t
a
t

Gii m
Gii thut nn phn t mu m rng
( Extended Color Cell Compression )
Gii thiu v php bin i
Ly mu: Nyquist
chui tn hiu f sau khi ti to li c gn
ging vi tn hiu gc th t l ly mu phi ln hn
hoc bng 2*f
Fs=2*f
3.1_M ho bin i DCT
Bin i tp cc gi tr pixel ca nh trong min khng
gian sang mt tp cc gi tr trong min tn s sao
cho cc h s trong tp gi tr mi ny l tng quan
nhau .
3.1.BIN I DCT THUN V NGHCH
Chia nh ra thnh cc khi c kch thc
bng nhau.
Gim thi gian tnh ton
Bin i cosin i vi cc khi nh s lm
tng chnh xc
3.1.1BIN I DCT THUN V NGHCH
Cng thc tnh ton DCT thun


DCT(u,v)=

Vi

=
+ +

=
(

1
0
2
) 1 2 (
cos
2
) 1 2 (
cos
0
) , (
2
.
1
N
i
N
v j
N
u i
j
j i x
N
v u
N
t t
c c

=
=
=
0 u neu 1
0 u neu
2
1
u
c

=
=
=
0 v neu
0 v neu
1
2
1
v
c
3.1.1BIN I DCT THUN V NGHCH
Cng thc tnh ton DCT nghch


IDCT(i,j)=

N
v j
v u DCT
v u
N
u
2
) 1 2 (
cos ) , (
1
0
2
1
t t
c c
+ +

=
2N
1)u (2i
cos
1 N
0 v
3.1.1BIN I DCT THUN V NGHCH
V d tnh ton DCT thun
Cho mt khi kch thc 8x8,
vi cc gi tr mc xm nh sau:



0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0
140 144 147 140
14
0
15
5
17
9
17
5
1
144 152 140 147
14
0
14
8
16
7
17
9
2
152 155 136 167
16
3
16
2
15
2
17
2
3
168 145 156 160
15
2
15
5
13
6
16
0
4
162 148 156 148
14
0
13
6
14
7
16
2
5
147 167 140 155
15
5
14
0
13
6
16
2
6
136 156 123 167
16
2
14
4
14
0
14
7
7
148 155 136 155
15
2
14
7
14
7
13
6
3.1.1BIN I DCT THUN V NGHCH
1210.0 20.5 -10.4 -8.1 -3.2 3.9 8.9 0.0
-18.0 -34.1 -23.5 -5.0 9.5 -2.2 0.6 -7.8
14.8 26.3 -1.9 14.3 7.9 -18.2 -2.9 -2.4
-9.0 -9.0 6.0 -14.6 1.3 8.5 3.6 1.6
23.3 -10.9 -18.1 -8.2 -11.0 8.3 -1.2 1.2
-9.2 10.7 3.2 -2.7 17.9 -3.6 -7.4 4.2
-14.0 13.8 -20.4 -3.1 18.4 0.9 -1.1 -6.4
-18.9 7.0 -0.8 8.4 15.2 -6.9 -1.9 0.3
3.2_Lng t ho
Lng t ho l gim s lng bit cn lu tr cc
h s bin i bng vic gim chnh xc ca cc
h s ny cho nn lng t l qu trnh x l c mt
thng tin.
Qu trnh lng t c coi nh l vic chia cc h
s DCT cho bc nhy lng t tng ng, kt qu
ny sau s c lm trn xung s nguyn gn
nht, Quantized Value(i,j) l cc h s sau lng t,
cc h s ny s c a vo b m ho Entropy.
3.2_Lng t ho
Cng thc lng t ha
Quantized Value(i,j) =Interger Round
DCT(U,V)
Quantum(i,j)
3.2_Lng t ho
La chn ma trn LTH
for ( i = 0 ; i < N ; i++ )
for ( j = 0 ; j < N ; j++ )
Quantum[ i ][ j ] = 1 + ( ( 1 + i + j ) * quality );

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 17 33 49 65 81 97 113 128
1 33 49 65 81 97 113 128 145
2 49 65 81 97 113 128 145 161
3 65 81 97 113 128 145 161 177
4 81 97 113 128 145 161 177 192
5 97 113 128 145 161 177 192 208
6 113 128 145 161 177 192 208 224
7 128 145 161 177 192 208 224 240
3.2_Lng t ho
H s DCT sau khi lng t ho
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 71 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 -1 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Rules
No idea is a bad idea
Be creative
Take risks
No criticism allowed
Brainstorming
Activity
Generate ideas
Use games and exercises to warm up your
creative thinking
When ideas slow down, try another exercise to
generate fresh ideas
Breaking into smaller groups may be helpful
Use a computer to capture every
comment/idea (in Microsoft PowerPoint, of
course, using Meeting Minder)
Summarize
Review ideas
Vote on top candidates and consolidate
Check requirements and restrictions
Trim list to top 5-10 ideas
Next Steps
Describe what happens next:
Research the ideas generated?
Follow up with larger group?
Generate action items for follow-up:
Start turning ideas into reality.