I HC S PHM K THUT TP.

H CH MINH
H THNG VIN THNG 1
BI: GII THIU V H THNG
VIN THNG
1
LECTURER: NH THUN, Ph.D.
dodinhthuan @ hcmute.edu.vn
B MN IN T VIN THNG
KHOA IN-IN T
Ni dung tm tt mn hc
Ni dung ca hc phn bao gm cc phn chnh
sau:
Cc khi nim c bn trong vin thng nh: ph, bng
thng, nhiu, dung lng knh.
2
thng, nhiu, dung lng knh.
Cc k thut iu ch tng t, s, k thut iu ch
m xung.
Cc k thut ghp knh.
Thit k tuyn truyn dn.
Dinh-Thuan Do, Ph.D.
nh gi mn hc
nh gi
im th 1 : 30% Kim tra trn lp
Project, homeworks
3
im th 2 : 20% Kim tra vit gia k.
im th 3 : 50% Kim tra vit cui k
Mn hc trc :
Truyn s liu v MMT
in t thng tin
Dinh-Thuan Do, Ph.D.
Ti liu tham kho
[1] V nh Thnh, Nguyn l thng tin tng t v
s, H Quc gia Thnh ph H Ch Minh, 2003.
[2] V nh Thnh, H thng vin thng, NXB Khoa
hc v K thut, 1997.
[3] Herbert Taub, Donald L. Schilling, Principles of
4
[3] Herbert Taub, Donald L. Schilling, Principles of
Communication Systems, McGraw-Hill, 1987.
[4] Rogerl Freeman, Fundamentals of
Telecommunication, Ed 2
nd
, 2005.
[5] Bruce A. Carsson, Communication Systems Mc
GrawHill 1986.
[6] John Proakis, Digital Communications Prentice
Hall.
Dinh-Thuan Do, Ph.D.
NI DUNG
Cc thnh
phn c bn
Phn loi
cc h thng
vin thng
T s Eb/No
5
Ph in t
n v dB
Bng thng
v dung
lng knh
Nhiu H
s nhiu
Dinh-Thuan Do, Ph.D.
S khi h thng vin thng
S khi chnh
6
Dinh-Thuan Do, Ph.D.
S khi h thng vin thng
S khi chnh
7
Dinh-Thuan Do, Ph.D.
S khi h thng vin thng
Cc khi chnh
Format: to cc k t (symbol) s
Source encode: m ha ngun tin, loi b thng tin
tha, lm bng thng tn hiu vo ph hp bng
thng knh truyn
8
thng knh truyn
Encrypt: bo mt
Channel encode: gim xc sut li
Multiplex: nhiu tn hiu khc nhau chia s knh
truyn
Modulate: chuyn k t thnh dng sng (waveform)
ph hp vi knh truyn
Dinh-Thuan Do, Ph.D.
Ph tn s
Ph tn s: Cc di tn s dng trong vin
thng
Khi ngun t h thng vin thng tn s thp
chng hn nh mng in thoi cho n khi chng hn nh mng in thoi cho n khi
pht trin cc h thng vin thng dng tn s
cao nh mng v tinh
Bng thng (Bandwidth)
Bng thng biu din cho mt di tn s
Bandwidth is 400 MHz
300 MHz 700 MHz
Cc thnh phn c bn h thng
vin thng
Cc thnh phn c bn h thng vin thng
11
V d n gin
Dinh-Thuan Do, Ph.D.
Cc thnh phn c bn h thng
vin thng
Cc nh hng n knh truyn
12
V d n gin
Dinh-Thuan Do, Ph.D.
Cc nh hng n knh truyn
Suy hao
13
Dinh-Thuan Do, Ph.D.
Cc nh hng n knh truyn
Suy hao
Vn ny tr thnh vn quan trng khi c ly
truyn dn di, v d nh cc tuyn truyn dn
lin quc gia
14
Dinh-Thuan Do, Ph.D.
Cc nh hng n knh truyn
Suy hao
Gii php gim suy hao
#1 Dng b khuch i
15
#2 dng knh truyn tt hn, nh cp quang
#3 dng tn hiu s, v c b pht hin ngng
b tch sng (detector)
Dinh-Thuan Do, Ph.D.
Cc nh hng n knh truyn
Mo tuyn tnh
16
Dinh-Thuan Do, Ph.D.
Cc nh hng n knh truyn
Mo tuyn tnh
Ph thuc vo loi knh, chiu di knh
17
Dinh-Thuan Do, Ph.D.
Cc nh hng n knh truyn
Mo tuyn tnh
Mt vi loi mo tuyn tnh c bn (n v dB)
18
Dinh-Thuan Do, Ph.D.
Cc nh hng n knh truyn
Mo tuyn tnh
Gii php gim mo tuyn tnh:
#1: tn hiu phi nm trong vng bng thng knh
-> qui lut: bng thng tn hiu phi nh hn hoc
19
-> qui lut: bng thng tn hiu phi nh hn hoc
bng bng thng knh
#2: s dng b cn bng (equalizer)
Dinh-Thuan Do, Ph.D.
Cc nh hng n knh truyn
Noise
Cc ngun bn ngoi: nhiu t cc knh k bn
(crosstalk), nhiu t cc contact switches, bc x
khi ng m t, n hunh quang, nhiu t
nhin t nh sng, bc x mt tri,
20
nhin t nh sng, bc x mt tri,
Dinh-Thuan Do, Ph.D.
Cc nh hng n knh truyn
Noise
V d: nhiu t cc knh k bn (crosstalk),
21
Dinh-Thuan Do, Ph.D.
Cc nh hng n knh truyn
Noise
Cc ngun ni: nhiu nhit (do chuyn ng t
do ca cc electron trong cc vt dn, tn x
ngu nhin, v ti t hp cc sng mang trong
cc thit b in t).
22
cc thit b in t).
Dinh-Thuan Do, Ph.D.
Cc nh hng n knh truyn
Noise
Cc ngun ni:
Cng thc tnh mt cng sut nhiu nhit
N=kTB (watts)
23
N=kTB (watts)
K=1,3803 x 10
-23
J/K
T: nhit T=t+273
B bng thng (Hz)
Dinh-Thuan Do, Ph.D.
Cc nh hng n knh truyn
Noise
nh hng ca nhiu bn ngoi c th ti thiu
ho hay loi b
nh hng ca nhiu ni c th ti thiu ho
24
nhng khng bao gi loi b c
eliminated.
Dinh-Thuan Do, Ph.D.
Cc nh hng n knh truyn
Noise: cc gii php gim
nhiu ngoi
bc cp (Shielding) hay xon
i (twisting).
25
Thit k cp chng nhiu
Thit k ph hp cho knh
Thit k b lc BPF hay LPF
pha thu
S dng truyn dn s
Dinh-Thuan Do, Ph.D.
Cc nh hng n knh truyn
Noise: cc gii php gim
nhiu ni
Lm mt/lnh
Thit k b lc BPF hay LPF
26
Thit k b lc BPF hay LPF
pha thu
S dng truyn dn s
Dinh-Thuan Do, Ph.D.
Cc nh hng n knh truyn
Cc nh hng do c suy hao v noise:
Ta cn gii php mi l dng trm lp
27
Ta cn gii php mi l dng trm lp
Dinh-Thuan Do, Ph.D.
Cc nh hng n knh truyn
Nhiu AWGN
Additive: nhiu thng cng vo tn hiu mang tin.
28
White
Gaussian: gi s rng bin in p nhiu c
phn b Gaussian hoc Normal
White noise
( ) const f p
o
=
Dinh-Thuan Do, Ph.D.
Cc nh hng n knh truyn
Cc nh hng khc
Fading
Dch Doppler (Doppler Shift):
Nhiu ti s dng tn s (Frequency-reuse
29
Nhiu ti s dng tn s (Frequency-reuse
interference)
Tn sc (Chromatic Dispersion)
Dinh-Thuan Do, Ph.D.
Tiu chun nh gi phm cht h
thng
30
H thng vin thng s: xc sut li Pe
H thng vin thng tng t:
SNR signal-to-noise ratio
Phn trm mo tn hiu
Dinh-Thuan Do, Ph.D.
Phn trm mo tn hiu
Li trung bnh bnh phng MSE (mean-square
error) gia dng sng pht v thu

Tiu chun nh gi phm cht h

thng
31
T s tn hiu trn nhiu SNR
Thng thng ngi ta nh gi cht lng
h thng thng qua t s cng sut tn hiu
trn cng sut nhiu hay gi l SNR
Dinh-Thuan Do, Ph.D.
trn cng sut nhiu hay gi l SNR
S/N (dB)=10log(Ps/Pn)
Ps: cng sut tn hiu
Pn: cng sut nhiu
Tiu chun nh gi phm cht h
thng
nh gi h thng vin thng: BER
Ti sao cn dng: biu din tng s li xy ra
trong ng truyn dn, din t cht lng tuyn
BER l mt c tnh ca thit b
32
BER trc tip lin quan t s Eb/No
BER ci thin khi Eb/No tng
Dinh-Thuan Do, Ph.D.
Tiu chun nh gi phm cht h
thng
nh gi h thng vin thng
Cht lng ca h thng c bn o bng t s li bit
(bit error rate (BER)
BER l mt hm ca SNR:
33
iu ch Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK): bit = 0
symbol = 1, bit = 1 symbol = -1
i vi knh AWGN dng BPSK
Dinh-Thuan Do, Ph.D.
Dung lng knh
Tc cc i m d liu c th pht qua knh
truyn, di cc iu kin cho, c gi l dung
lng knh truyn (channel capacity).
Tc d liu (Data rate)
Tc tnh bng bit/s (bps)
34
Tc tnh bng bit/s (bps)
Bng thng (bandwidth)
Tnh bng chu k trn giy, hay Hertz
Rng buc bi thit b pht v c tnh mi
trng truyn
T l li (Error rate)
T l li xy ra, v d li khi thu mt bit 1 khi mt
bit 0 c pht,
Dinh-Thuan Do, Ph.D.
Dung lng knh
T l li (Error rate)
T l li xy ra, v d li khi thu mt bit 1 khi mt
bit 0 c pht,
Mc tiu l s dng c hiu qu nht bng thng
cho, c th ta c th t c tc d liu cao
35
cho, c th ta c th t c tc d liu cao
nht c th vi mt gii hn ca t l li tng ng
vi bng thng cho

Dinh-Thuan Do, Ph.D.

Dung lng knh
2 cng thc tnh dung lng
t vn : vi bng thng cho, tc d
liu no c th t c?
Cng thc Nyquist
36
Cng thc Nyquist
Gi s khng nhiu (noise free)
C = 2B log
2
M
Cng thc dung lng Shannon
Gi s nhiu trng
C = B log
2
(1+SNR)
Dinh-Thuan Do, Ph.D.
Dung lng knh
Cng thc Nyquist
Gi s knh khng nhiu
Cng thc Nyquist: nu tc truyn dn tn
hiu l 2B, th tn hiu vi cc tn s khng
37
hiu l 2B, th tn hiu vi cc tn s khng
ln hn B mang tn hiu
Cho bng thng B, tc d liu cao nht s l
2B
Dinh-Thuan Do, Ph.D.
Dung lng knh
Cng thc Nyquist
Ti sao c nhng gii hn ny?
Bi v nhiu lin k t (intersymbol
interference), chng hn nh cc ISI ny sinh ra
38
interference), chng hn nh cc ISI ny sinh ra
bi mo tr (delay distortion).
Chng hn cc tn hiu nh phn (2 mc in
p), tc d liu cc i tng ng bng
thng B Hz l 2B bps
Mt tn hiu biu din bng mt bit
Dinh-Thuan Do, Ph.D.
Dung lng knh
Cng thc Nyquist
Cc tn hiu c nhiu hn 2 mc th mi tn hiu c
th biu din bng hn 1 bit
V d nu tn hiu c 4 mc khc nhau, th tn
hiu c th biu din bi 2 bit: 00, 01, 10, 11
39
hiu c th biu din bi 2 bit: 00, 01, 10, 11
Vi tn hiu nhiu mc, cng thc Nyquist tr thnh
C = 2B log
2
M
M l s mc tn hiu ri rc, B l bng thng
cho, C l dung lng knh tnh bng bps.
Dinh-Thuan Do, Ph.D.
Dung lng knh
Cng thc Nyquist
Vi tn hiu nhiu mc, cng thc Nyquist
C = 2B log
2
M
ln ca M nh th no ?
Thit b thu phi phi phn bit mt trong M phn
40
Thit b thu phi phi phn bit mt trong M phn
t tn hiu
Nhiu v cc nh hng (impairments) trn
ng truyn dn s gii hn gi tr thc t ca
M.
Cng thc Nyquist ch ra rng nu cc tham s khc
nh nhau, tng gp i bng thng s tng gp i
tc d liu
Dinh-Thuan Do, Ph.D.
Dung lng knh
Cng thc dung lng Shannon
By gi xem xt mi quan h gia tc d liu,
noise v t l li
Tc d liu nhanh hn s truyn mi bit nhanh
hn, nhng cm cc nh hng ca nhiu s nh
41
hn, nhng cm cc nh hng ca nhiu s nh
hng n nhiu bit
mt mc nhiu cho, tc liu cao hn s
gy ta t l li cao hn
Tt c cc khi nim ny c quan h cht vi nhau
trong cng thc pht trin bi Claude Shannon.
Dinh-Thuan Do, Ph.D.
Dung lng knh
Gii hn dung lng Shannon
Cng thc dung lng
C: dung lng knh tnh bits/giy (bps)
B
ch
: bng thng knh (Hz)
42
B
ch
: bng thng knh (Hz)
SNR: Signal-to-Noise Ratio (khng th nguyn)
Dinh-Thuan Do, Ph.D.
Dung lng knh
Cng thc dung lng Shannon
Trong cng thc pht trin bi Claude Shannon.
Tham s quan trng l SNR: t l tn hiu trn
nhiu, l t l cng sut tn hiu trn cng sut
cha trong nhiu
43
cha trong nhiu
V c bn, SNR c o pha thu, bi v thit
b thu x l tn hiu v khi phc d liu
cho tin, t l ny tnh bng decibel
SNR = signal power / noise power
SNR
db
=
10 log
10
(SNR)
Dinh-Thuan Do, Ph.D.
Dung lng knh
Cng thc dung lng Shannon :
C = B log
2
(1+SNR)
Gi s ch c nhiu trng. Do , n biu din dung
lng cc i v l thuyt c th t c
44
Vi lu :
Vi mc nhiu cho, tc d liu c th tng bng
cch tng mnh ca tn hiu hoc bng thng
Khi cng tn hiu tng, cc nh hng phi tuyn
trong h thng s dn ti tng nhiu
Bi v nhiu gi s l nhiu trng, nn bng thng rng
hn, nhiu s tc ng h thng nhiu hn. V th B
tng, SNR gim.
Dinh-Thuan Do, Ph.D.
Dung lng knh
Cng thc dung lng Shannon :
C = B log
2
(1+SNR) bits
Ngha l knh vi dung lng C, th ta c th tm ra kiu
m ha pht d liu vi tc R < C m khng c li.
Do , ngi ta khng th pht tc R > C m khng
45
Do , ngi ta khng th pht tc R > C m khng
c li.
Ch : C l hm phi tuyn ca SNR
SNR thp, C SNR
SNR cao, C log
2
(SNR)
Dinh-Thuan Do, Ph.D.
V d
Xem xt mt v d lin quan cc cng thc Nyquist
v Shannon. Gi s ph ca knh nm gia 3 MHz
v 4 MHz, v SNR
dB
= 24dB. V th, B = 4 MHz 3
MHz = 1 MHz
SNR = 24 dB = 10 log10(SNR) SRN = 251
46
SNR
dB
= 24 dB = 10 log10(SNR) SRN = 251
Dng cng thc Shannon, gii hn dung lng C l
C = 10
6
x 1og
2
(1+251) 8 Mbps.
Nu mun t gii hn ny, cn t nht bao nhiu
mc tn hiu?
->dng cng thc Nyquist: C = 2Blog
2
M. Ta c 8 x
10
6
= 2 x 10
6
x log
2
M M = 16.
Dinh-Thuan Do, Ph.D.
T s Eb/No
T s nng lng bit thng tin trn mt nhiu tnh
bng:
Eb/No (dB) = C/No (dB) - R (dB)
vi C/No l sng mang thu c trn mt nhiu
47
tnh bng dB, v R l tc thng tin (information
rate)
-> Cng thc trn cha quan tm n loi iu ch
Dinh-Thuan Do, Ph.D.
T s Eb/No
Khi xt nh hng ca iu ch, mi quan h gia
k t pht v mt nhiu:
Eb/No (dB) = Es/No (dB) - r (dB) ;
vi r l t l m ha (coding rate) dB.
48
V d:
Mt t l m ha 1/2 dn n r bng -3 dB. Do ,
Es/No cho tn hiu ny s nh hn 3 dB so vi
Eb/No [Eb/No = Es/No - (-3dB)].
Dinh-Thuan Do, Ph.D.
Phn loi h thng vin thng
Thit k n gin
Gi thnh r
Min nhim noise
Cho php ghp
Bng tn c s tng t Bng tn c s s
49
Gi thnh r Cho php ghp
knh TDM
S dng hiu qu
bng thng
Dinh-Thuan Do, Ph.D.
Phn loi h thng vin thng
Cho php dng
anten
Cho php dng
anten
Sng mang tng t Sng mang s
50
Dng FDM Dng FDM
Cng c cc u
im ca h thng
bng tn c s s
Dinh-Thuan Do, Ph.D.
Phn loi h thng vin thng
H thng analog baseband
m(t) c th mang gi tr bt k trong min gi
tr lin tc thi im t
Bng c s: m(t) c ph min tn s khoanh
51
Bng c s: m(t) c ph min tn s khoanh
vng quanh tn s zero (tn s c s)
Dinh-Thuan Do, Ph.D.
Phn loi h thng vin thng
V d h thng analog baseband
52
Dinh-Thuan Do, Ph.D.
Phn loi h thng vin thng
H thng analog baseband
H thng ny gi tn hiu bng c s tng
t m(t) m khng cn chnh sa
(modifications).
53
S dng cho truyn thng c ly ngn
Dinh-Thuan Do, Ph.D.
Phn loi h thng vin thng
iu ch v s ho
54
Dinh-Thuan Do, Ph.D.
Phn loi h thng vin thng
iu ch v s ho
Trong iu ch, tn hiu m(t) c kt hp
vi tn hiu tn s cao (c gi l sng
mang carrier).
55
Do , cc tn s b dch i
Dinh-Thuan Do, Ph.D.
Phn loi h thng vin thng
iu ch v s ho
iu ch (trong cc h thng sng mang
tng t v s) c u im
Cho php s dng kch thc anten hp l hn
56
Cho php s dng kch thc anten hp l hn
Cho php ghp knh (FDM). Ging nh CDMA
v OFDMA trong cc h thng s.
Cho php tng SNR v bng thng
Dinh-Thuan Do, Ph.D.
Phn loi h thng vin thng
iu ch
V d v cc h thng sng mang tng t:
Radio AM v FM.
Truyn hnh tng t (NTSC v PAL).
57
Truyn hnh tng t (NTSC v PAL).
V d v cc h thng sng mang tng t:
Radio s
Truyn hnh s (DVB-S, DVB-T, ATSC)
Mng th WiMAX (metropolitan)
Mng LAN Wi-Fi
Mng di ng t ong th h 2G, 3G, 4G
Modem quay s (dial-up), modem ADSL
Dinh-Thuan Do, Ph.D.
Phn loi h thng vin thng
Vn s ha
chuyn tn hiu bng c s tng t sang tn
hiu bng c s s cn:
Ly mu Sampling.
58
Lng t ho Quantization.
Ghp bit Mapping (tn hiu dng cc lung bit 0, 1,
v d 6V, 10V, .., c nh x thnh cc m nh phn
0110, 1010, ).
M ho Encoding (coding).
nh dng xung Pulse Shaping.
Dinh-Thuan Do, Ph.D.
Phn loi h thng vin thng
Vn s ha
chuyn tn hiu
bng c s tng t
sang tn hiu bng c
s s cn:
59
s s cn:
nh x bit Mapping
(tn hiu dng cc
lung bit 0, 1, v d
6V, 10V, .., c nh
x thnh cc m nh
phn 0110, 1010,
).
Dinh-Thuan Do, Ph.D.
Phn loi h thng vin thng
Vn s ha
chuyn tn hiu bng c s tng t sang tn
hiu bng c s s cn:
M ho Encoding (coding).
60
Dinh-Thuan Do, Ph.D.
Phn loi h thng vin thng
Vn s ha
V d cc h thng bng c s s
Cc kt ni ni tip (RS-232) hay cc cng USB
Kt ni Ethernet (dng ph bin trong mng LAN)
61
Kt ni Ethernet (dng ph bin trong mng LAN)
in thoi (gia cc tng i ni ht local
exchange), chng hn cc h thng PDH chun E1,
E2, E3,
Dinh-Thuan Do, Ph.D.