Organizational Behavior:

Motivation
Essence of Life
Motivation Defined
Implications Associated with This Definition
Behavior is purposive rather than random
- People exhibit both positive (work done on time) and negative (arrive late
for work) behavior for a reason
Motivation arouses people to do something
- People are unlikely to change a behavior or do something different unless
they are motivated to do so
Motivation causes people to focus on a desired end-result or goal
Motivation: Psychological processes that cause the arousal
direction, and persistence of voluntary actions that are goal directed.
Types of Motives
1- Primary Motives
Unlearned
2- Secondary Motives
Learned
The Motivation Process
Unsatisfied
Need
Tension
Search
Behavior
Drives
Satisfied
Need
Reduction
of Tension
Maslows
Hierarchy
of Needs
Self-
actualization
Esteem
Social
Safety
Physiological
Herzbergs Two-Factor Theory
Hygiene Factors Motivational Factors
Quality of supervision
Rate of pay
Company policies
Working conditions
Relations with others
Job security
Career Advancement
Personal growth
Recognition
Responsibility
Achievement
High High Job Dissatisfaction
Job Satisfaction
0
Theory X
Workers
Dislike Work
Avoid Responsibility
Little Ambition
Theory Y
Workers
Enjoy Work
Accept Responsibility
Self-Directed
Reinforcement Theory
Consequences
Rewards
No Rewards
Punishment
Behavior
Perceived
Ratio Comparison
a
Employees
Assessment
Outcomes A
Inputs A
Outcomes A
Inputs A
Outcomes A
Inputs A
Outcomes B
Inputs B
Outcomes B
Inputs B
Outcomes B
Inputs B
<
=
>
Inequity (Under-Rewarded)
Equity
Inequity (Over-Rewarded)
a
Person A is the employee, and person B is a relevant other or referent.
Equity Theory
Elements of Equity Theory
Outcome/input ratio
inputs -- what employee contributes (e.g. skill)
outcomes -- what employees receive (e.g. pay)
Equity evaluation
compare outcome/input ratio with
the comparison other
Negative and Positive Inequity
A. An Equitable Situation
Self
Other
$2
1 hour
= $2 per hour
$4
2 hours
= $2 per hour
Negative and Positive Inequity (cont)
$2
1 hour
= $2 per hour
$3
1 hour
= $3 per hour
B. Negative Inequity
Self
Other
Negative and Positive Inequity (cont)
$2
1 hours
= $1 per hour
C. Positive Inequity
$3
1 hour
= $3 per hour
Self
Other