CHNG 3

CC THAM S THNG K
I S TUYT I
1. Khi nim
L mc biu hin qui m, khi lng ca hin tng
nghin cu trong iu kin thi gian v khng gian c
th
2. ngha
- Phn nh qui m, khi lng hin tng nghin cu.
- L c s cho phn tch thng k
3. Cc loi s tuyt i
- S tuyt i thi k
- S tuyt i thi im
S tuyt i thi k
Phn nh qui m, khi lng ca hin tng
trong mt khong thi gian nht nh

C th cng cc s tuyt i thi k ca cng
mt ch tiu phn nh qui m, khi lng
ca ch tiu trong nhng khong thi gian di
hn

S tuyt i thi im
Phn nh qui m, khi lng ca hin tng
ti mt thi im nht nh

Khng th cng cc s tuyt i thi im ca
cng mt ch tiu cc thi im khc nhau

II S TNG I
1. Khi nim
S tng i biu hin quan h so snh gia
hai mc no ca hin tng nghin cu.

Ch nguyn tc so snh:
So snh hai mc cng loi nhng khc v
thi gian hoc khng gian
So snh hai hin tng khc loi nhng c lin
quan n nhau

2. ngha ca s tng i
- Phn nh kt cu, quan h so snh, trnh
pht trin, trnh ph bin ca hin tng
nghin cu.
- Thng dng kt hp vi s tuyt i phn
nh r c im ca hin tng nghin cu.
- Thng dng trong trng hp mun che du
hoc m bo tnh cht b mt ca s tuyt i
3. Cc loi s tng i trong thng k
3.1 S tng i ng thi
3.2 S tng i i k hoch
3.3 S tng i kt cu
3.4 S tng i khng gian
3.5 S tng i cng

(SV t nghin cu)
III CC THAM S O MC
I BIU CA HIN TNG
1 ngha ca cc tham s o mc
i biu
- Nu ln c im chung ca hin tng KT- XH s
ln.
- So snh cc hin tng khng cng qui m
- Nghin cu qu trnh bin ng qua thi gian, quan
st xu hng pht trin c bn ca hin tng.
- Chim v tr quan trng trong vic vn dng cc
phng php phn tch v d on TK.

Ch : Cc tham s ch c ngha khi c tnh ra t
tng th ng cht.
2 Cc tham s o mc i biu
2.1 - S bnh qun cng
(Bnh qun s hc arithmetic mean)
a/ iu kin vn dng : Cc lng bin ca tiu thc
c quan h tng.

b/ Cng thc chung:


S bnh qun
cng =
Tng cc lng bin ca tiu thc
nghin cu
Tng s n v ca tng th
C th:
- TH cc n v khng c phn t





- TH cc n v c phn t :






n
x
x
n
i
i

n
i
i
n
i
i i
f
f x
x
1
1
Bnh qun cng
gin n
Bnh qun cng
gia quyn
Ch :
- Nu trong CT, quyn s ni ln tm quan trng
ca tng lng bin i vi ton b tng th, s
bnh qun gi l s bq c trng s.
- Trng hp bit tng lng bin v t trng mi
t chim trong tng th, quyn s chnh l t trng
ca cc t .


- TH cc lng bin c tn s bng nhau, dng CT
s bnh qun cng gin n

NSL
(c/gi)
S CN
(ngi)
20-30
30-40
40-50
50-60
60-70
70-80
10
15
28
32
10
5
- TH dy s lng bin c khong cch t
VD 1 : Tnh NSL bq ca CN 1 DN bit

+ B1: Tnh tr s gia ca t lm lng bin i din cho t

Tr s gia ca t = (Gii hn trn ca t + gii hn di ca
t) : 2
+ B2 : Tnh nh bq cng gia quyn

Tnh cho v d trn :
NSL bq =?


- TH dy s lng bin
c khong cch t
m, khi tnh tr s
gia phi cn c vo
khong cch t gn
chng nht tnh.


Lng bin Tr s gia
< 500
500 600
.
800 1000
1000
450
550

900
1100
- TH cc khong cch
t c hnh thnh
theo cc lng bin
lin tc nhng khng
c gii hn trn v
di trng nhau th
tr s gia tnh theo
cng thc:
Tr s gia ca t i = (Gii
hn di ca t i + gii
hn di ca t i+1) : 2

Lng bin Tr s gia
100 199,99
200 299,99
300 399,99
.

150
250
350
- TH ch bit tng lng bin (x
i
) v tng cc lng
bin M
i
(M
i
= x
i
.f
i
):




- Nu M
1
= M
2
= .. = M
n

i
i
i
x
M
M
x
S bnh qun iu
ho gia quyn

n
i
i
x
n
x
1
1
S bnh qun
iu ho gin n
2.2 - S bnh qun nhn
(Bnh qun hnh hc geometric mean)
a/ iu kin vn dng : Cc lng bin c QH tch s.

b/ CT:
- S bq nhn gin n

- S bq nhn gia quyn
n
n 2 1
x . . . . . . . x . x x
n 2 1 n 2 1
f ... f f f
n
f
2
f
1
x . . . . . x . x x

VD 2:
Mt doanh nghip trong 10 nm c cc tc
pht trin nh sau:
- 5 nm u c tc pht trin mi nm l
115%
- 2 nm tip theo c tc pht trin mi
nm l 112%
- 3 nm cui c tc pht trin mi nm l
120%,
Tnh tc pht trin bnh qun ca doanh
nghip trong 10 nm ni trn.

2.3 - Mt (mode) M
0
a/ KN
- i vi dy s khng c khong cch t:
Mt l lng bin hoc biu hin c gp
nhiu nht trong dy s phn phi.
Cch xc nh M
0
Xc nh lng bin hoc biu hin c tn s
ln nht trong dy s phn phi, chnh l
M
0
.
- i vi dy s c khong cch t (Ch c
dy s lng bin) :

Mt l lng bin trn cha mt phn
phi ln nht, tc l xung quanh lng bin
tp trung tn s nhiu nht.
Cch xc nh M
0
ca dy s c khong cch t

B1 : Xc nh t cha M
0
+ Nu cc t c khong cch t bng nhau: T
no c tn s ln nht l t cha M
0
.

+ Nu cc t c khong cch t khng bng
nhau cn tnh mt phn phi Di (Di =
fi/hi). T no c mt phn phi ln nht
l t cha M
0
.
B2 : Tnh gi tr gn ng ca M
0
theo cng thc:
) D D ( ) D D (
D D
. h x M
) f f ( ) f f (
f f
. h x M
1 0 0 1 0 0
1 0 0
0 min 0
1 0 0 1 0 0
1 0 0
0 min 0
M M M M
M M
M M 0
M M M M
M M
M M 0

VD : Slide 10
- Ch : Trng hp dy s phn phi c cc
tn s xp x bng nhau hoc c qu nhiu
im tp trung th khng nn tnh mt.
b/ c im ca M
0
:
+ D xc nh v c kh nng xc nh nhanh
+ Khng b nh hng bi cc gi tr t xut
(qu ln hoc qu nh) ca dy s phn
phi), v vy km nhy bn vi s bin
thin ca tiu thc.
c/ Tc dng:
+ Dng b sung hoc thay th s bnh qun
trong TH tnh s bnh qun gp kh khn.
+ Dng nhiu trong l thuyt phc v m
ng.
2.4 Trung v (Median) M
e
(Ch dng vi dy s lng bin)
a/ KN
Trung v l lng bin ca n v ng v tr
chnh gia trong dy s lng bin, chia s
n v trong dy s thnh 2 phn bng nhau.

- Ch :
+ Trung v l lng bin ca n v ng v
tr chnh gia ch khng phi lng bin
ng chnh gia.
+ Khi xc nh trung v, dy s phi c sp
xp theo th t nht nh (t nh n ln
hoc ngc li).
b/ Cch xc nh trung v
- Xc nh n v ng v tr chnh gia
+ Nu s n v tng th l s l (n = 2m + 1)
th n v ng v tr chnh gia l n v
th m + 1.
+ Nu s n v tng th l s chn (n = 2m)
th n v ng v tr chnh gia l n v
th m v m +1
- Tnh trung v:
+ i vi dy s khng c khong cch t,
trung v l lng bin ca n v ng v
tr chnh gia
Nu s n v tng th l s l : M
e
= x
m+1
Nu s n v tng th l chn :
M
e
= (x
m
+ x
m+1
) : 2

+ i vi dy s c khong cch t, cn qua 2 bc
B1 : X t cha trung v : l t cha lng bin ca
n v ng v tr chnh gia .
B2 : Tnh trung v theo cng thc (gi nh phn
phi u n):
e
1 e
e min e
M
M
i
M M e
f
S
2
f
. h x M

Tnh cho VD Slide 10
c/ Tc dng ca M
e
:
- B sung hoc thay th s bnh qun khi cn thit.
- Khi kt hp vi s bq cng, mt, trung v c th
nu ln c trng ca dy s phn phi, c th:
+
Lch phi Lch tri i xng
Mean = Median = Mode Mean Median Mode Mode Median Mean
- Trung v c ng dng nhiu trong cng tc k
thut v phc v cng cng (v xi Me fi = min).
IV CC THAM S O
BIN THIN
1 ngha ca bin thin
tiu thc
- nh gi trnh i biu ca s bnh qun

- Cho thy phn tn, nh gi ng u gia cc
lng bin trong tng th

- Kim tra cht lng sn phm.

- Dng nhiu trong cc nghin cu thng k khc
2 Cc ch tiu o
bin thin ca tiu thc
2.1 - Khong bin thin ( R ) (Range)
a/ KN : L chnh lch gia lng bin ln nht v lng
bin nh nht ca tiu thc.

b/ CT : R = X
max
X
min
VD 5 : T 1 : 45 50 55 60 65 R
1
= ?
T 2: 51 53 55 57 59 R
2
= ?

c/ u im : Tnh ton n gin, cho NX nhanh v
bin thin ca tng th.
Nhc im: Cho NX khng chnh xc khi c cc
lng bin t xut (qu ln hoc qu nh).

2.2 Phng sai (
2
) (Variance)
a/ KN : L s bnh qun cng ca bnh phng cc
lch gia lng bin vi bnh qun cc lng bin .
b/ Cng thc :


) b ( ) x (
f
f . x
f
f . ) x x (
) a ( ) x (
n
x
n
) x x (
2
i
i
2
i
i
2
i
2
2
2 2
i
2
i
i

VD: Xc nh thu nhp bq v phng sai
v thu nhp tng t phn xng v NX
T 1 T 2
Thu nhp
(1000 )
S CN
(ngi)
Thu nhp
(1000 )
S CN
(ngi)
1200
1500
2100
2200
2500
3
8
10
6
3
1200
1800
2200
2300
2400
7
8
4
7
4
c/ Tc dng :
- Biu hin bin thin tiu thc
- Dng nhiu trong phn tch thng k nh
tnh h s tng quan, xc nh c mu iu
tra

d/ Nhc im:
- Khuch i sai s
- n v tnh ton khng ph hp.
2.3 - lch tiu chun ( )
(Standard deviation)
a/ KN : L cn bc hai ca phng sai

b/ Tc dng:
- L mt trong nhng ch tiu hon thin nht o
bin thin tiu thc ca mt tng th hoc so snh
bin thin ca cc tng th cng loi
- Dng nhiu trong cc phn tch thng k.
- Cho bit s phn phi ca cc lng bin trong mt
tng th (da vo nh l Chebyshev)
Theo nh l Chebyshev: c t nht (1 1/k
2
)% s
cc lng bin nm trong khong
( ) vi k l mt s bt k ln hn 1, ngha
l vi 1 phn phi bt k c:
75% s cc lng bin nm trong khong
89% s cc lng bin nm trong khong

k x
2 x
3 x
2.4 - H s bin thin (V)
(Coefficient of variation).
a/ TH s dng :
- Gi tr bnh qun ca 2 tng th a ra so snh
khc nhau nhiu.

- So snh bin thin ca 2 hin tng khc
nhau (n v tnh khc nhau).
b/ Khi nim: L s tng i c tnh bng cch so snh
gia lch tiu chun vi s bnh qun cng.
( Trng hp khng c s bnh qun cng c th thay bng
Mt)
c/ Cng thc :
(%) 100
M
V
(%) 100
x
V
0

Ch :
- Khi so snh 2 hin tng phi s dng cng 1 cng thc.
- TH dng V nh gi tnh cht i biu ca s bnh qun, nu V vt qu
40% th tnh cht i biu ca s bnh qun qu thp, khng nn s dng s bnh
qun .