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Chương 2 Mã hóa và điều chế
Chương 2 Mã hóa và điều chế
____________________ Chng 2 M ha v iu ch II - 1
CHNG 2
M HA V IU CH
PH TN CA TN HIU
Ph tn gin on
Ph tn lin tc
M HA
Cc dng m ph bin
K thut ngu nhin ha
IU CH
Bin
Gc
Xung
Trong truyn thng, tin tc v d liu l tt c nhng g cn trao i, chng c th l
ting ni, hnh nh, tp hp cc con s, cc k hiu, cc i lng o lng . . . c a vo
my pht pht i hay nhn c my thu.
Tn hiu chnh l tin tc c x l c th truyn i trn h thng thng tin.
Vic x l bao gm chuyn i, m ha v iu ch.
Chuyn i l bin cc tin tc di dng khng in thnh ra tn hiu in.
M ha l gn cho tn hiu mt gi tr nh phn v c trng bi cc mc in p c
th c th truyn trn knh truyn v phc hi my thu.
iu ch l dng tn hiu cn truyn lm thay i mt thng s no ca mt tn
hiu khc, tn hiu ny thc hin nhim v mang tn hiu cn truyn n ni thu nn c gi
l sng mang (carrier wave). Mc ch ca s iu ch l di ph tn ca tn hiu cn truyn
n mt vng ph tn khc thch hp vi tnh cht ca ng truyn v nht l c th truyn
ng thi nhiu knh cng mt lc (a hp phn tn s).
Chng ny cp n s iu ch v m ha. Nhng trc tin, chng ta cn nhc
li mt s tnh cht ca tn hiu qua vic phn tch tn hiu khng sin thnh tng ca cc tn
hiu hnh sin v lu n mi quan h tn s-thi gian ca tn hiu.
2 . 1 ph tn ca tn hiu
Trong mt h thng thng tin tn ti 3 dng tn hiu vi ph tn khc nhau:
- Loi th nht l cc tn hiu c tnh tun hon c dng hnh sin hoc khng. Mt tn
hiu khng sin l tng hp ca nhiu tn hiu hnh sin c tn s khc nhau. Kt qu ny c
c bng cch dng chui Fourier phn tch tn hiu.
- Loi th hai l cc tn hiu khng c tnh tun hon m c tnh nht thi (th d nh
cc xung lc), loi tn hiu ny c kho st nh bin i Fourier.
- Loi th ba l tn hiu c tnh ngu nhin, khng c din t bi mt hm ton hc
no. Th d nh cc loi nhiu, c kho st nh phng tin xc sut thng k.
Cc loi tn hiu, ni chung, c th c xt n di mt trong hai lnh vc :
- Lnh vc thi gian: Trong lnh vc ny tn hiu c din t bi mt hm theo thi
gian, hm ny cho php xc nh bin ca tn hiu ti mi thi im.
- Lnh vc tn s : Trong lnh vc ny ngi ta quan tm ti s phn b nng lng
ca tn hiu theo cc thnh phn tn s ca chng v c din t bi ph tn.
Trong gii hn ca mn hc, chng ta ch cp n hai loi tn hiu u.
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____________________ Chng 2 M ha v iu ch II - 2
2.1.1 Ph tn gin on
Tn hiu c tnh tun hon n gin nht l tn hiu hnh sin
v(t) = V
m
sin ( t + ) = V
m
sin ( 2ft + )
Tn hiu ny c ph tn l mt vch duy nht c bin V
m
ti tn s f (H 2.1)
(H 2.1)
Cc dng tn hiu tun hon khc c th phn tch thnh tng cc tn hiu hnh sin, nh
vy ph tn ca chng phc tp hn, gm nhiu vch cc tn s khc nhau.
Tn hiu thng gp c dng hnh ch nht m bi php phn tch thnh chui Fourier
ta thy ph tn bao gm nhiu vch cc tn s c bn f v cc ha tn 3f, 5f, 7f .... (H 2.2).
(a) (b)
(H 2.2)
Tn hiu (H 2.2.a) phn tch thnh chui Fourier:
v = .....) cos7
7
1
cos5
5
1
cos3
3
1
(cos
4V
t t t t +
.
Vi = 2 / T = 2 f
T & f ln lt l chu k v tn s ca tn hiu ch nht.
Lu , nu di tn hiu (H 2.2.a) ln mt khong V theo trc tung th ph tn c
thm thnh phn mt chiu (H 2.3)
(a) (H 2.3) (b)
v = V + .....) t 7
7
1
t 5
5
1
t 3
3
1
t (
4
+
=
+ ) (
(8)
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____________________ Chng 2 M ha v iu ch II - 9
Gi s tn hiu iu ch l g(t), theo nh ngha ca php iu ch tn s, tn s tc
thi ca sng mang l:
(t) =
c
[1 + g(t) ]
(9)
Thay (9) vo (7):
(t) =
+ = + g(t).dt t g(t)].dt [1
c c
(10)
Thay vo pt (6):
e
FM
(t) = } g(t).dt t cos{ A
c c c
+ (11)
Biu thc (11) cho thy tn hiu g(t) c ly tch phn trc khi c iu ch.
Xt trng hp g(t) l tn hiu h tn c dng hnh sin:
g(t) =
c
cos
m
(t) (12)
l di tn v
m
l tn s ca tn hiu h tn
(t) = t.dt cos t
m
c
c c
+
=
c
t + m
f
sin
m
t
vi m
f
=
/
m
l ch s iu ch. l t s ca di tn v tn s ca tn hiu
iu ch (h tn).
e
FM
(t) = A
c
cos{
c
t + m
f
sin
m
t} (13)
thy ph tn ca sng FM ta trin khai biu thc (13):
e
FM
(t) = A
c
J
0
(m
f
) cos
c
t + A
c
J
2n
(m
f
) [ cos(
c
t + 2ncos
m
t) + cos(
c
t - 2ncos
m
t)]
A
c
J
2n+1
(m
f
) { cos[
c
t + (2n+1)cos
m
t] - cos[
c
t - (2n+1)cos
m
t]} (14)
J l hm Bessel theo m
f
v n c mi tr nguyn t 0 n .
T (14) ta thy sng FM gm thnh phn c bn c tn s ca sng mang v bin
cho bi s hng th I , J
0
(m
f
) , v cc bng cnh cho bi cc s hng cn li.
V n ly mi gi tr t 0 n nn ph tn ca sng FM rng v hn, tuy nhin do
nng lng tn hiu gim rt nhanh vi tn s cao nn ngi ta xem bng thng trong FM xp
x bng:
BW = 2(m
f
.
m
+
m
) = 2( +
m
) rad/s
(H 2.10) cho dng sng v ph tn ca sng FM
(H 2.10)
Cng nh trong trng hp AM, tn hiu d liu s cng c truyn bng phng
php FM. K thut ny c gi l k thut di tn (FSK: Frequency- Shift Keying).
FSK c dng rng ri trong truyn s liu. Trong FSK bit 1 c truyn i bi tn
s f
m
v bit 0 bi tn s f
s
v d, trong h thng truyn s dng tiu chun ca hng Bell bit 1
c truyn bi tn s 1070 Hz (f
m
) v bit 0 bi tn s 1270 Hz (f
s
).
(H 2.11) minh ha tn hiu iu ch FSK
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____________________ Chng 2 M ha v iu ch II - 10
(H 2.11)
2.3.2.2 iu ch pha ( M )
T phng trnh (6) nu gc pha (t) thay i theo tn hiu thng tin ta c iu ch
pha. Vy:
e
PM
(t) = A
c
cos[
c
t + m
p
g(t)] (15)
Trong m
p
l di pha cc i
Tn s tc thi cho bi:
i
(t) = d(t)/dt
=
c
+ m
p
dg t
dt
( )
Nu g(t) c dng cos
m
t th:
i
(t) =
c
- m
p
m
sin
m
t (16)
e
PM
(t) = A
c
cos[
c
t - m
p
m
sin
m
t ] (17)
So snh (17) v (13), xem m
p
l ch s iu ch pha, tng ng vi m
f
trong FM,
ta c th xc nh c bng thng ca tn hiu M
BW = 2(
m
+ m
p
m
) rad/s (18)
m
p
m
=
ep
l di tn tng ng ca M
So snh (11) v (15) ta thy k thut ca FM v M c cng c s. im khc bit l
trong FM ta ly tch phn ca tn hiu h tn trc khi iu ch cn trong M th khng.
iu ch pha l k thut rt tt truyn s liu. Trong k thut di pha, PSK
(Phase-Shift Keying), cc bit 1 v 0 c biu din bi cc tn hiu c cng tn s nhng c
pha tri ngc nhau.
(H 2.12) m t mt tn hiu PSK.
(H 2.12)
2.3.3 iu ch xung ( Pulse modulation)
y l phng php dng tn hiu h tn iu ch sng mang l tn hiu xung (c tn
s cao hn), cn gi l phng php ly mu tn hiu h tn. Mc d cc tn hiu tng t
c ly mu bi cc gi tr ri rc, nhng cc mu ny c th c bt c gi tr no trong
khong bin i ca tn hiu h tn nn h thng truyn tn hiu ny l h thng truyn tng
t ch khng phi h thng truyn s.
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____________________ Chng 2 M ha v iu ch II - 11
Ty theo thng s no ca xung thay i theo tn hiu h tn, ta c : iu ch bin
xung (pulse amplitude modulation, PAM), iu ch v tr xung (pulse position modulation,
PPM), iu ch rng xung (pulse width modulation, PWM)
2.3.3.1 iu ch bin xung ( PAM)
Khi mt chui xung hp vi tn s lp li cao p(t) c iu ch bin bi tn hiu
sin tn s thp m(t), ta c s iu ch bin xung. Tn hiu sau khi iu ch l tch ca hai
tn hiu m(t).p(t) c dng sng l cc xung vi bin thay i theo dng sng h tn m(t) (H
2.13).
(H 2.13)
a-/ Mu PAM t nhin (Natural PAM sampling)
Khi bin xung iu ch c nh theo dng ca tn hiu m(t), ta c mu PAM t
nhin (H 2.13).
Kt qu ca phn 2.1.1 cho thy tn hiu p(t) c th phn tch thnh cc thnh phn:
V
o
+ V
n
.cos(n
s
t)
vi V
o
= V/T
s
l thnh phn DC v
s
= 2/T
s
l tn s ca p(t).
Nh vy, m(t).p(t) bao gm:
m(t).V
o
= m(t).V/T
s
v
m(t).V
n
.
cos(n
s
t)
Tm li, tch m(t).p(t) c cha dng sng ca tn hiu iu ch (tn hiu cn truyn)
trong thnh phn tn s thp m(t).V
o
v c th phc hi bng cch cho sng mang iu ch
qua mt mch lc h thng.
Thnh phn ha tn c dng V
n
m(t)cos(n
s
t) tng t nh tn hiu iu ch 2 bng
cnh trit sng mang (Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier, DSBSC).
Ph tn ca tn hiu PAM vi h tn l m(t) = sin
m
t c dng nh (H 2.14)
(H 2.14)
Trong (H 2.14) M(f) l ph tn ca tn hiu di nn v f
m
l tn s cao nht ca tn
hiu ny. T (H 2.14) ta cng thy ti sao tn s xung ly mu f
s
phi t nht hai ln ln hn
f
m
. Nu M(f) c phc hi t mch lc h thng, phn cch t M(f) ti di tn k cn
phi ln hn 0, ngha l W > 0
W = f
s
- f
m
- f
m
> 0 hay f
s
> 2 f
m
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____________________ Chng 2 M ha v iu ch II - 12
b-/ Mu PAM nh phng (Flat-top PAM)
y l mu PAM c dng rng ri do d to ra sng iu ch. Dng sng cho (H
2.15) cc xung sau khi iu ch c nh phng ch khng theo dng ca h tn.
(H 2.15)
Mc d khi phc hi tn hiu t mch lc h thng s c bin dng do on nh
phng nhng v b rng xung thng rt nh so vi chu k T
s
nn bin dng khng ng k.
Nu s bin dng l ng k th cng c th loi b bng cch cho tn hiu i qua mt mch
b tr.
Tn hiu PAM t c dng pht trc tip do lng thng tin cn truyn cha trong
bin ca xung nn d b nh hng ca nhiu. PAM thng c dng nh l mt bc
trung gian trong mt phng php iu ch khc, gi l iu m xung (pulse code
modulation, PCM) v c dng trong a hp thi gian truyn (TDM).
2.3.3.2 iu ch thi gian xung (Pulse -time Modulation, PTM)
iu ch thi gian xung bao gm bn phng php (H 2.16). Ba phng php u tp
trung trong mt nhm gi l iu ch rng xung (Pulse-width modulation, PWM) (H
2.16d, e, f), phng php th t l iu ch v tr xung (Pulse-position modulation, PPM) (H
2.16g).
Ba phng php iu ch rng xung khc nhau im cnh ln, cnh xung hay
im gia xung c gi c nh trong khi rng xung thay i theo tn hiu iu ch.
Phng php th t, PPM l thay i v tr xung theo tn hiu iu ch trong khi b
rng xung khng i. (H 2.16) minh ha cho cc cch iu ch ny.
Lu l k thut PTM tong t vi iu ch FM v M, tn hiu c bin khng
i nn t b nh hng bi nhiu.
Ph tn ca tn hiu iu ch bng phng php PWM, PPM ging nh ph tn ca
tn hiu iu ch FM (H 2.16h), ngha l c nhiu ha tn nn khi s dng PWM v PPM
ngi ta phi gia tng tn s xung ly mu hoc gim di tn ( gii hn bng thng ca
tn hiu v tng s knh truyn).
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____________________ Chng 2 M ha v iu ch II - 13
(H 2.16)
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