Chng 5: Cc mch bin i tn s

130
CHNG V: CC MCH BIN I TN S
GII THIU CHUNG
Chng ny trnh by cc mch bin i tn s ca tn hiu: iu ch, tch sng, trn
tn, nhn chia tn s.
- iu ch: Khi nim v iu ch. iu ch l qu trnh ghi tin tc vo dao ng cao
tn (ti tin).
- iu ch bin : ph ca tn hiu iu bin, quan h nng lng trong iu bin,
cc ch tiu c bn ca dao ng iu bin.
- Mch iu bin: mch iu bin l mt mng su cc, c th dng it hay tranzito
thc hin. C mch iu bin cn bng v iu bin vng.
- iu ch n bin. Khi nim v tn hiu n bin. u im trong thng tin khi
dng tn hiu n bin. S khi mch iu ch n bin theo phng php lc hai cp.
- iu tn v iu pha: hai loi iu ch ny u lm gc pha thay i nn gi chung
l iu ch gc.
- Biu thc tn hu iu tn, iu pha. Mch iu tn: nghin cu mch iu tn dng
it bin dung, mch iu tn dng tranzito in khng.
+ Mch iu pha: nghin cu mch iu pha theo Armstrong.
+ Tch sng, khi nim v tch sng.
- Tch sng iu bin: cc tham s c bn. Mch tch sng iu bin.
+ Tch sng iu tn iu pha: nguyn tc chung tch sng iu tn iu pha.
Nghin cu cc mch tch sng: mch tch sng iu tn dng mch lch cng hng,
mch tch sng iu tn dng mch cng hng kp, mch tch sng iu tn kiu tch
sng t s.
+ Mch tch sng iu pha cn bng dng it.
- Trn tn. Khi nim v trn tn, nh ngha trn tn. Nguyn l trn tn.
+ Mch trn tn: mch trn tn dng it, mch trn tn dng tranzito.
- Nhn chia tn s: vng gi pha (PLL) v nguyn l hot ng ca n. Mch nhn
chia tn s dng vng gi pha.
Chng 5: Cc mch bin i tn s
131
NI DUNG
5.1. IU CH
5.1.1. Khi nim
iu ch l qu trnh ghi tin tc vo dao ng cao tn nh bin i mt thng s no
nh bin , tn s hay gc pha ca dao ng cao tn theo tin tc.
Thng qua iu ch, tin tc min tn s thp c chuyn ln vng tn s cao
bc x, truyn i xa.
- Tin tc c gi l tn hiu iu ch.
- Dao ng cao tn c gi l ti tin hay ti tn.
- Dao ng cao tn mang tin tc gi l dao ng cao tn iu ch.
i vi ti tin iu ho, ta phn bit ra hai loi iu ch l iu bin v iu ch gc,
trong iu ch gc bao gm c iu tn v iu pha.
5.1.2. iu ch bin
5.1.2.1. Ph ca tn hiu iu bin
iu bin l qu trnh lm cho bin ti tn hiu bin i theo tin tc.
n gin, gi thit tin tc U
S
v ti tin
t
U u l dao ng iu ho v tn s tin
tc bin thin t
max S min S
w w , ta c:
t U U
S S S
w cos .

t U U
t t t
w cos .

v
S t
w >> w
Do tn hiu iu bin:
U
b
t t m U t t U U
t t t t S S t
w w w w cos ). cos . 1 .(

cos ). cos .

( + + (5-1)
trong :
t
S
U
U
m

l h s iu ch.
H s iu ch phi tho mn iu kin 1 m . Khi 1 m> th mch c hin tng
qu iu ch lm cho tn hiu b mo trm trng. (Hnh 5-1).
p dng bin i lng gic (5-1) c:
t
U m
t
U m
t U U
S t
t
S t
t
t t db
) cos(
2

) cos(
2

cos

w w w w w - + + + (5-2)
Nh vy, ngoi thnh phn ti tin, tn hiu iu bin cn c hai bin tn. Bin tn trn
c tn s t ) ( ) (
max S t min S t
w + w w + w v bin tn di t
Chng 5: Cc mch bin i tn s
132
) ( ) (
min S t max S t
w - w w - w .
5.1.2.2. Quan h nng lng trong iu bin.
Trong tn hiu iu bin, cc bin tn cha tin tc, cn ti tin khng mang tin tc. Ta
xt xem nng lng c phn b th no trong tn hiu iu bin.
Cng sut ca ti tin: l cng sut trung bnh trong mt chu k ti tin.
~ P
t ~
(t l)
2
2
1
t
U
)
Cng sut bin tn:
2
)
2

.
(
~
2
~
t
bt
U m
P
Hnh 5-1: Tn hiu iu bin
a) Ph ca tin tc;
b) Ph ca tn hiu iu bin;
c) th thi gian ca tin tc v tn
hiu iu bin khi m < 1 v m > 1
w w
smin
w
smax 0
U
w
0
U
b
U
t
w
t
-w
Smax
w
t
-w
Smin w
t
+w
Smax
w
t
+w
Smi
w
t
a)
b)
U
S
0 t
U
b
0 t
t
U
b
m < 1
m > 1
c)
Chng 5: Cc mch bin i tn s
133
Cng sut ca tn hiu iu bin l cng sut trung bnh trong mt chu k ca tn
hiu iu ch.
~
P
db
)
2
m
1 ( P P 2 P
2
t ~ bt ~ t ~
+ +
Ta thy rng cng sut ca tn hiu iu bin ph thuc vo h s iu ch m. H
s iu ch m cng ln th cng sut tn hiu iu bin cng ln. Khi m = 1 th ta c quan
h cng sut hai bin tn v ti tn nh sau:
2
P
P 2
t ~
bt ~
gim mo h s iu ch m < 1 do cng sut cc bin tn thc t ch khong
mt phn ba cng sut ti tin. Ngha l phn ln cng sut pht x c phn b cho ti tin,
cn cng sut ca tin tc ch chim phn nh. l nhc im ca tn hiu iu bin so
vi tn hiu n bin.
5.2. MCH IU BIN
Mch iu bin c th dng cc kiu iu bin n, iu bin cn bng v iu bin
vng.
- Mch iu bin n ch dng mt phn tr tch cc nh it hoc tranzito.
- Mch iu bin cn bng c u im gim c mo phi tuyn. Hnh 5-3 l cc
mch iu bin cn bng dng it v tranzito lng cc.
Theo hnh 5-3a in p t ln cc it
1
,
2
ln lt l:
t U t U U
t U t U U
t t S S
t t S S
w w
w w
cos . cos .
cos . cos .
2
1
) )
) )
+ -
+
(5-3)
Dng in qua mi it c biu din theo chui Taylor:
... . . .
... . .
3
2 3
2
2 1 2 1 0 2
3
1 3
2
1 2 1 1 0 1
+ + + +
+ + + +
U a U a U a a i
U a U a U a a i
(5-4)
Dng in ra:
i = i
1
- i
2
(5-5)
Thay (5-3) v (5-4) vo (5-5), ch ly bn s hng u c:
] t ) 2 cos( t ) 2 .[cos( D
] t ) cos( t ) .[cos( C t 3 cos . B t cos . A i
S t S t
S t S t S S
w - w + w + w +
+ w - w + w + w + w + w
(5-6)
trong :
Chng 5: Cc mch bin i tn s
134
.

. .
2
3

. . 2

. .
2
1

. .
2
1

). 3 2 (

3
2
3
3
2
3
2
3 1
t S
t S
s
s t S
U U a D
U U a C
U a B
U a U a a U A + + +
(5-7)
Cng c th chng minh tng t cho mch hnh 5-3b.
Trong trng hp cn c ti tin u ra, sau khi iu ch a thm ti tin vo.
Ph ca tn hiu ra ca mch iu bin cn bng nh hnh 5-3c.
Mch iu ch vng:
Mch iu ch vng: thc cht l hai mch iu ch cn bng chung ti.
Gi dng in ra ca mch iu ch cn bng D
1
D
2
l
I
i v dng in ra ca mch
iu ch cn bng D
3
D
4
l
II
i
U
S
U
b

1
i
1

2
i
2
C
B
C
B
U
t
(a)
U
S
T
1
(b)
U
b
T
2
U
t
E
C
- +
U
b
w
S
3w
S w
St
- w
S
w
St
+ w
S 2w
St
- w
S
2w
St
+ w
S
w
(c)
Hnh 5-2: Mch iu bin cn bng
a) Dng it; b) Dng tranzito; c) Ph tn hiu ra
Chng 5: Cc mch bin i tn s
135
Ta c:
)] 2 cos( t ) 2 .[cos( D ] t ) cos(
t ) .[cos( C t 3 cos . B t cos . A i
S t S t S t
S t S S I
w - w + w + w + w - w
+ w + w + w + w
4 D 3 D II
i i i -
trong :
... . . .
... . . .
3
4 3
2
4 2 4 1 0 4
3
3 3
2
3 2 3 1 0 3
+ + + +
+ + + +
U a U a U a a i
U a U a U a a i
D
D
vi u
3
v u
4
l in p t ln D
3
, D
4
xc nh
t U t U U
t U t U U
S S t t
S S t t
w w
w w
cos .

cos .

cos .

cos .

4
3
+ -
- -
thay vo
] t ) 2 cos( t ) 2 .[cos( D
] t ) cos( t ) .[cos( C t 3 cos . B t cos . A i
S t S t
S t S t S S II
w - w + w + w -
w - w + w + w + w - w -
A, B, C, D xc nh nh mch iu ch cn bng trc y.
Nn: i
b
] ) cos( ) .[cos( . 2 t t C i i
S t S t II I
w w w w - + + +
Ph c dng:
iu ch vng cho mo nh nht v n kh c cc hi bc l ca
S
w v cc bin tn
t
w 2 .
U
t

1
U
S
U
b

4
C
B
C
B

3
Hnh 5-3: Mch iu ch vng
w
t
+w
S
w
t
-w
S
0 w
t
w
Chng 5: Cc mch bin i tn s
136
5.3. IU CH N BIN
- Khi nim:
Nh trnh by phn trc, ph ca tn hiu iu bin gm ti tn v hai bin tn,
trong ch c bin tn mang tin tc. V hai gii bin tn mang tin tc nh nhau nn ch
cn truyn i mt bin tn l thng tin v tin tc. Ti tn ch cn dng tch sng, do
c th nn ton b hoc mt phn ti tn trc khi truyn i. Qu trnh iu ch nhm
to ra mt gii bin tn gi l iu ch n bin.
iu ch n bin tuy tn km nhng c cc u im sau:
- rng ti tn gim mt na.
- Cng sut bc x yu cu thp hn cng vi mt c ly thng tin. V c th
tp trung cng sut ca ti tn v mt bin tn cho bin tn cn li.
- Tp m u thu gim do gii tn ca tn hiu hp hn.
Biu thc ca tn hiu iu ch n bin trn l:
U
b
t U
m
t
S t t
) cos( .

.
2
) ( w w + (5-8)
trong
t
S
U
U
m )
)
c gi l h s nn ti tin, m c th nhn cc gi tr t 0 .
- iu ch n bin theo phng php lc.
T s phn tch ph ca tn hiu iu bin r rng mun c tn hiu n bin ta ch
cn lc bt mt gii bin tn. Nhng thc t khng lm c nh vy. Khi ti tn l cao tn
th vn lc tch ra mt gii bin tn gp kh khn. Tht vy, gi thit tn s thp nht
ca tin tc Hz 200 f
min S
, lc khong cch gia hai bin tn Hz 400 f 2 f
min S
D
(xem hnh 5-1b). Nu ti tn MHz 10 f
t
th h s lc ca b lc
5
t
10 . 4
f
f
X
-
D
, kh
nh. Khi s phn b ca hai bin tn gn nhau n ni ngay dng mt mch lc Thch
anh cng rt kh lc c gii bin tn mong mun. Do trong phng php lc, ngi ta
dng mt b bin i trung gian c th h thp yu cu i vi b lc
f
t2
(f
t1
+f
S
)
f
t2
+f
t1
+f
a
b
c
CB1 Lc I Lc II CB2
f
t1
f
S
f
t1
+f
S U
S
d
To dao
ng 1
To dao
ng 2
f
t2
f
t1
Hnh 5-4: S khi mch iu ch n bin bng phng php lc
Chng 5: Cc mch bin i tn s
137
S khi ca mch iu ch n bin nh vy c biu din trn hnh 5-4 v ph
ca tn hiu trn u ra ca tng khi c biu din trn hnh 5-5.
Trong s khi trn y, trc ht dng tin tc iu ch ti tin trung gian c tn s
f
t1
kh thp so vi ti tn yu cu sao cho h s lc va phi lc b mt bin tn d dng.
Trn u ra ca b lc th nht nhn c mt tn hiu c gii ph bng gii ph ca tn
hiu vo
min S max S
f f f - D nhng dch i mt lng f
t1
trn thang tn s. Tn hiu ny c
a vo iu ch b iu ch cn bng 2 m trn u ra c ph c hai bin tn cch nhau
mt khong ) f f .( 2 f
min S 1 t
+ D sao cho vic lc ly mt bin tn nh b lc 2 d thc
hin. Khi tn hiu ra l tn hiu n bin. B iu ch cn bng thng l mch iu bin
cn bng hay l mch iu bin vng. Trn s khi trn y ti tn yu cu l tng ca
hai ti tn ph.
2 t 1 t t
f f f + .
Ngoi ra cn c mch iu ch n bin theo phng php quay pha hay mch iu
ch n bin theo phng php lc v quay pha kt hp m ta khng trnh by y.
f
Smin
f
Smin
f
Smax
f
U
S
0
f
Smin
0
U
b
f
f
t1
f
t1
f
0
U
c
f
t1
f
t2
f
t2
+f
t1
f
0
U
d
a)
b)
c)
d)
Hnh 5-5: Ph ca tn hiu ra ca cc khi hnh 5-5
a) Ph ca tn hiu vo b) Ph ca tn hiu iu ch cn bng 1
c) Ph ca tn hiu u ra b lc 1 d) Ph ca tn hiu u ra b lc 2
Chng 5: Cc mch bin i tn s
138
5.4. IU TN V IU PHA
Cc cng thc c bn v quan h gia iu tn v iu pha:
V gia tn s v gc pha ca mt dao ng c quan h
dt
dY
w (5-9)
iu tn v iu pha l ghi tin tc vo ti tin lm cho tn s hoc pha tc thi ca ti
tin bin thin theo dng tn hiu iu ch. Vi ti tin l dao ng iu ho:
) ( 0
cos . ) cos( .
t t t t t
U t U U y j w
) )
+ (5-10)
T (5-9) rt ra:
) t (
t
0
) t ( ) t (
dt j + w Y

(5-11)
Thay (5-11) vo (5-10) ta c:
] cos[ .

) (
0
) ( t
t
t t t
dt U U j w +

(5-12)
Gi thit tn hiu iu ch l n m.
t U U
S S S
w cos .
)
(5-13)
Khi iu ch tn s hoc iu ch pha th tn s hoc gc pha ca dao ng cao tn
bin thin t l vi tn hiu iu ch v chng c xc nh ln lt theo biu thc:
+ w w
t ) t (
k
t t U
S S
w cos

(5-14)
+ j j
o ) t (
k
p t U
S S
w cos .
)
(5-15)
trong
t
w l tn s trung tm ca tn hiu iu tn
t: k
t
m S
U w D

. v gi l lng di tn cc i.
k
p
m S
U j D
)
. v gi l lng di pha cc i.
Khi cc biu thc (5-14), (5-15) vit li nh sau:
t cos . ) t (
S m t
w w D + w w (5-16)
t cos . ) t (
S m 0
w j D + j j (5-17)
Khi iu ch tn s gc pha u khng i nn
0
) t ( j j . Thay (5-16) v
(5-17) vo (5-12) v tch phn ln c biu thc ca dao ng iu tn:
Chng 5: Cc mch bin i tn s
139
U
t
) sin . cos( .

0
j w
w
w
w +
D
+ t t U
S
S
m
t t
(5-18)
Tng t nh vy, ta c biu thc dao ng iu pha khi cho const
t
w w :
U
p
) cos . cos( .
0
j w j w + D + t t U
S m t t
)
(5-19)
Lng di pha t c khi iu pha
t cos .
S m
w j D j D
Tng ng c lng di tn l:
t sin . .
dt
) ( d
S S m
w w j D
j D
w D
v lng di tn cc i khi iu pha l:
. .
S m S m
w j D w w D k
p
S
U
)
.
(5-20)
Lng di tn cc i khi iu tn l:
w D
m
k
t
S
U

.
(5-21)
Nh vy ta thy iu tn v iu pha u lm cho gc pha thay i nn thng gi
chung l iu ch gc. im khc nhau c bn gia iu tn v iu pha l lng di tn khi
iu pha t l vi bin ca tn hiu iu ch v tn s iu ch, cn lng di tn ca tn
hiu iu tn t l vi bin tn hiu iu ch m thi.
5.5. MCH IU TN V IU PHA
5.5.1. Mch iu tn.
C th dng mch iu tn trc tip hay iu tn gin tip.
Mch iu tn trc tip thng c thc hin bi cc mch tao dao ng m tn s
dao ng ring ca n c iu khin bng in p (VCO) hoc bi cc mch bin i
in p - tn s. Nguyn tc thc hin iu tn trong cc b to dao ng l lm bin i tr
s in khng ca b to dao ng theo in p t vo. Phng php ph bin nht l dng
it bin dung (varicap) v tranzito in khng. Sau y xt loi iu ch .
Mch iu tn trc tip dng it bin dung. it bin dung c in dung mt ghp
bin i theo in p t vo. N c s tng ng hnh 5-7a. Tr s R
D
v C
D
ph
thuc vo in p t ln it. Trng hp it c phn cc ngc R
D
= cn C
D
c
xc nh theo biu thc:
g
j + ) U (
k
C
k D
D
(5-22)
trong k l h s t l.
Chng 5: Cc mch bin i tn s
140
j
k
l hiu in th tip xc mt ghp, vi it Silic 7 , 0
k
j V
g l h s ph thuc vt liu:
2
1
,...,
3
1
g
Mc it song song vi h to dao ng ca b to dao ng, ng thi t in
p iu ch ln it th C
D
thay i theo in p iu ch, do tn s cng hng ring
ca b to dao ng cng bin i theo. Trn hnh 5-6b l mch in b to dao ng iu
tn bng it bin dung. Trong mch in ny it c phn cc ngc bi ngun E
2
.
Tn s dao ng ca mch gn bng tn s cng hng ring ca h dao ng v
c xc nh nh sau:
f
d
) C C .( L . 2
1
D 3
+ p
(5-23)
C
D
xc nh theo biu thc (5-22)
in p t ln it:
0 0
cos . cos . E t U t U E U U U
S S t t S t D
- - - - w w
)
(5-24)
it lun c phn cc ngc cn tho mn iu kin:
0

0
- + E U U U U
S t DMax D
v
E
0
L
3
C D
R
D
C
D
(a)
+E
1
L
1
C
1
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
C
2
C
L
2
U
S
+E
2
C
4
L
5
L
4
R
5
(b)
Hnh 5-6: Mch iu tn bng it bin dung.
a, S tng ng ca it.
b, Mch to dao ng iu tn bng it bin dung
C
5
Chng 5: Cc mch bin i tn s
141
ngcp S t D D
U E U U U U - - -
0 min
) )
(5-25)
Khi iu tn bng it bin dung phi ch nhng c im sau:
- Ch phn cc ngc cho it trnh nh hng ca R
D
n phm cht ca h to
dao ng ngha l n n nh tn s ca mch.
- Phi hn ch khu vc lm vic trong on tuyn tnh ca c tuyn ) U ( f C
D D
ca it bin dung (hnh 5-8) gim mo phi tuyn. Lng di tn tng i khi iu tn
dng it bin dung t c khong 1%.
- V dng it iu tn nn thit b iu tn c kch thc nh. C th dng it bn
dn iu tn tn s siu cao, khong vi trm MHz. Tuy nhin tp tn ca tham s
bn dn ln, nn km n nh.
iu tn dng tranzito in khng: phn t in khng dung tnh hoc cm tnh
cmc song song vi h dao ng ca b to dao ng lm cho tn s dao ng thay i
theo tn hiu iu ch. Phn t in khng gm mt tranzito v hai linh kin RC hoc RL to
thnh mch di pha mc trong mch hi tip ca tranzito. Xem thm ti liu tham kho 1.
5.5.2. Mch iu pha
Mch iu ch pha theo Armstrong hnh 5-9 c thc hin theo nguyn l: ti tin
t b to dao ng Thch anh c a n b iu bin 1 (B1) v iu bin 2 (B2)
lch pha nhau 90
0
, cn tn hiu iu ch u
S
a n hai mch iu bin ngc pha. in p
u ra trn hai b iu bin l:
] ) cos( ) .[cos(
2

.
cos .

cos ). cos . 1 .(

1
1
1 1
t t
U m
t U
t t m U U
S t S t
t
t t
t S t db
w w w w w
w w
- + + +
+
C
D
C
D
0
U
U
t
E
0
t
C
Dma
C
Dmi
0
Hnh 5-7: c tuyn C
D
=f(U
D
) ca it bin dung v
nguyn l bin i in dung mc ghp ca it theo
in p dt vo
Chng 5: Cc mch bin i tn s
142
] ) sin( ) .[sin(
2

.
sin .

sin ). cos . 1 .(

2
2
2 2
t t
U m
t U
t t m U U
S t S t
t
t t
t S t db
w w w w
w w
- + + -
-
th vc t ca U
b1
v U
b2
v vc t tng ca chng c biu din trn hnh 5-11.
T th , thy rng: tng cc dao ng iu bin U = U
b1
+ U
b2
l mt dao
ng iu ch v pha v bin . iu bin y l iu bin k sinh. Mch c nhc im
l lng di pha nh. hn ch mc iu bin k sinh chn Dj nh. c iu bin k
sinh nh hn 1% th Dj < 0,35.
B1
B2 Di pha 90
0
Tng
1
t
U
2
t
U
U
1
t
U
U
b2
U
b1
Tn hiu iu pha
Hnh 5-8: S khi mch iu pha theo ArmStrong
Hnh 5-9: th vc t ca tn hiu iu pha theo mch Arstrong
Dj

U
2

t
U
2

.
t
U m
2

.
t
U m
1

t
U
1

.
t
U m
1

.
t
U m
1 db
U
r
2 db
U
r
u
b2
Dj
0
Chng 5: Cc mch bin i tn s
143
5.6. TCH SNG
5.6.1 Khi nim
Tch sng l qu trnh ly li tn hiu iu ch. Tn hiu sau tch sng phi ging
dng tn hiu iu ch ban u. tn hiu ra khng mo th tn hiu vo tch sng phi c
bin ln. Tng ng vi cc loi iu ch, ta cng c cc mch tch sng sau y:
tch sng iu bin, tch sng iu tn, tch sng iu pha.
5.6.2. Tch sng iu bin.
5.6.2.1. Cc tham s c bn
- H s tch sng:
Tn hiu vo b tch sng l tn hiu iu bin.
t U U
t VTS VTS
w cos .

trong
VTS
U

bin thin theo quy lut tin tc.

Tn hiu ra b tch sng iu bin:
VTS TS RTS
U K U

K
TS
l h s t l v c gi l h s tch sng.
VTS
RTS
TS
U
U
K

- Thc t, i vi qu trnh tch sng ch cn quan tm n thnh phn bin thin

chm (mang tin tc) m thi, do thng xc nh h s tch sng nh sau:
VTS
RTS
TS
U
U
K

(5-26)
- Tr khng vo b tch sng:
t
t
VTS
VTS
VTS
I
U
I
U
Z
w
w

(5-27)
- Mo phi tuyn:
% 100 .
...
2
3
2
2
S
S S
I
I I
k
w
w w
+ +
trong
S S
I I
w w 3 2
, ... l thnh phn dng in cc sng hi ca tn hiu iu ch xut
hin khi qua mch tch sng.
y khng quan tm n cc sng hi dng in cao tn v d dng lc b chng.
Chng 5: Cc mch bin i tn s
144
5.6.2.2. Mch tch sng iu bin.
Xt mch tch sng iu bin dng it mc ni tip hnh 5-10. Nu tn hiu vo
ln sao cho it lm vic trong on thng ca c tuyn nh trn hnh 5-11 ta c qu trnh
tch sng tn hiu ln. Lc dng in qua it biu din:
D
i

<

0 0
0
D
D D
U khi
U khi SU
(5-28)
Trong s hnh 5-10 it ch thng vi na chu k dng ca dao ng cao tn u
vo. Hnh bao ca dao ng nhn c nh s np, phng ca t C (hnh 5-11). Do tn hiu
vo c tn s rt cao cc na hnh sin rt st nhau, hnh bao do s np phng ca t xem
nh mt ng trn, chnh l tn hiu U
s
cn tch.
Trong s hnh 5-10 phi chn hng s thi gian t = R.C ln sao cho dng in
p ra ti gn vi dng hnh bao ca in p cao tn u vo. Thng thng in p vo ln
hn 1 vn hiu dng v R >> R
i
, R
v
th c th tch sng c in p nh. Tuy nhin cng
khng c chn t qu ln trnh mo do in dung gy nn. iu kin tng qut
chn t l:
i
d
i
d
U
d
U
b
t
q
0
0
t
Hnh 5-11: Qu trnh tch sng tn hiu ln
nh mch chnh lu dng it
R C
D
U
C
= U
S
U
b
(a)
R
C
D
U
R
= U
S
U
b
(b)
Hnh 5-10: S tch sng dng it.
a, Tch sng ni tip. b, Tch sng song song
Chng 5: Cc mch bin i tn s
145
S t
C R
w
t
w
1
.
1
<< << (5-29)
Trng hp chn C ln qu lm cho v th hai ca bt ng thc (5-29) khng tho
mn th in p ra khi t phng khng bin thin kp vi bin in p vo, gy mo tn
hiu nh hnh 5-13.
Thc t thng chn R, C theo iu kin:
max
1
.
10
S t
C R
w w
< < (5-30)
Mun d dng tho mn (5-30) cn
max S t
100w w
Hnh 5-12: th thi gian in p ra U
C
trn ti b tch sng ni tip
2q
U
c
t
0
U
c
U
b
db
U
U
c
0
Hnh 5-13: Hin tng mo tn hiu tch sng do ti in dung qu ln.
t
Chng 5: Cc mch bin i tn s
146
5.7. TCH SNG IU TN V IU PHA
Tch sng iu tn v iu pha thng c thc hin theo mt trong nhng nguyn
tc sau:
- Bin i tn hiu iu tn hoc iu pha thnh tn hiu iu bin ri thc hin tch
sng bin .
- Bin i tn hiu iu tn thnh tn hiu iu ch rng xung ri thc hin tch
sng tn hiu iu ch rng xung nh mch tch phn.
- Lm cho tn s tn hiu cn tch sng bm theo tn s ca mt b to dao ng nh
h thng vng gi pha PLL, in p sai s chnh l in p cn tch sng.
Ta xt mt s mch c th:
a. Mch tch sng iu tn dng mch lch cng hng.
Hnh 5-14. l s mch tch sng iu tn s dng mch lch cng hng. u vo
hai b tch sng bin (D
1
, D
2
) l hai mch cng hng c iu chnh ti cc tn s w
1
,
v w
2
. Nu gi tn s trung tm ca tn hiu iu tn u vo l w
0
= w
t
th:
w D + w w
0 1
; w D - w w
0 2
S iu chun mch cng hng lch khi tn s trung bnh ca tn hiu vo lm bin
in p vo ca hai b tch sng bin (U
1
, U
2
) thay i ph thuc vo tn s in p
vo. T mch in hnh 5-14 xc nh c:
2 dt 2
1 dt 1
Z . U

. m U

Z . U

. m U

(5-31)
trong m l h s ghp ca bin p vo (
L
M
)
Z
1
, Z
2
l tr khng ca hai mch cng hng 1 v 2. M Z
1
, Z
2
c xc nh theo:
Hnh 5-14: Mch in b tch sng iu tn dng mch lch cng hng
D
1
D
2
C
C
R
1
U

R
2
U

2
1
U
S1
U
S2
U
S
U
t
M
Chng 5: Cc mch bin i tn s
147
2
0
1 td
2
1
1
1
1 td
1
) ( 1
R
]
) (
. Q . 2 [ 1
R
Z
x - x +
w
w - w
+
(5-32)
2
0
2 td
2
2
2
2
2 td
2
) ( 1
R
]
) (
. Q . 2 [ 1
R
Z
x + x +
w
w - w
+
R
td1
, R
td2
ln lt l hai tr khng ca hai mch cng hng tn s cng hng
w
1
v w
2
.
Q
1
, Q
2
l phm cht ca cc mch cng hng tng ng.
Chn hai mch cng hng nh nhau ta c:
td 2 td 1 td
R R R , Q Q Q
2 1
0
2 , 1 0
0
Q . 2
w
w - w
x l lch s tn s tng i gia tn s cng hng
ring ca mch dao ng vi tn s trung bnh ca tn hiu vo.
0
0
Q . 2
w
w - w
x l lch lch s tn s tng i gia tn s tn hiu vo
v tn s trung bnh.
Theo (5-32) khi tn s tn hiu vo w thay i th Z
1
, Z
2
thay i ko theo s thay i
ca bin in p vo
2 1
U

, U

ngha l qu trnh bin i tn hiu iu tn thnh tn hiu

iu bin c thc hin. Qua b tch sng bin ta nhn c cc in p.
2
0
1 td
dt TS 1 TS 1 S
) ( 1
R
. U

. m . K U

. K u
x - x +
)
(5-33)
2
0
2 td
dt TS 2 TS 2 S
) ( 1
R
. U

. m . K U

. K u
x + x +
)
(5-34)
in p ra tng.
) , .( . U

. R . m . K u u u
0 dt td TS 2 S 1 S S
x x y -
Tch sng dng mch lch cng hng c nhc im la kh iu chnh cho hai
mch cng hng hon ton i xng nn t c dng.
b. Mch tch sng iu tn dng mch cng hng ghp
Mch tch sng iu tn dng mch cng hng ghp hnh 5-15. Mch in lm
vic theo nguyn tc chuyn bin thin tn s thnh bin thin v pha, sau thc hin tch
Chng 5: Cc mch bin i tn s
148
sng pha nh tch sng bin . Tn hiu iu tn mt mt ghp qua bin p a sang cun
th cp, mt mt c ghp qua t C
gh
. Do in p t ln cc it D
1
, D
2
ln lt l:
22 1 2 D
21 1 1 D
U U U
U U U
+
+
(5-35)
Ta phn bit 3 trng hp:
+ Khi tn s tn hiu vo f = f
0
( th vc t hnh 5-16). Trong f
0
l tn s cng
hng ca mch cng hng s cp v th cp, dng in qua in cm L
1
chm pha so vi
1
U mt gc 90
0
v c xc nh nh sau:
1
1
L 1
L . . j
U
I
w
(5-36)
Dng
L 1
I gy ra trong cun th cp L
2
sc in ng.
L 1 M
I . M . . j E w (5-37)
Gi thit M > 0 nn
M
E sm pha so vi
L
I
1
mt gc 90
0
.
M
E sinh ra dng
2
I trong
mch cng hng th cp. V f = f
0
nn
2
I ng pha vi
M
E .
21
U
1 D
U
22
U
2 D
U
2
I
I, L
j
I
2
E
M
j
1
1 2
U
1
Hnh 5-16:
th vc t cc dng in v in p
vo ca b tch sng tn s dng mch
cng hng ghp
U
t C
1
C
g
L
1
L
2
U
2
U
2
D
1
D
2
C
C
R
R
U
s
Hnh 5-15: Mch tch sng iu tn dng mch cng hng ghp.
C
L
Chng 5: Cc mch bin i tn s
149
2
M
2
r
E
I (5-38)
trong r
2
l in tr tn hao ca mch cng hng th cp. in p
21
U v
22
U ngc pha nhau v lch pha so vi
2
I l 90
0
. V
1 D
U ,
2 D
U
c bin bng nhau
nn in p ra.
0 ) U U .( K U
2 D 1 D TS S
- .
+ Trng hp f > f
0
(ng t nt trn th vc t hnh 5-16). Mch cng hng
th cp mang tnh cht in cm nn
2
I chm pha so vi
M
E mt gc j < 90
0
.
21
u v
22
U
ngc pha nhau v vung gc vi
2
I . Gia
1
U v
21
U ,
22
u c mt gc lch pha ln lt
l j
1
v p - j
1
. Tn s tn hiu vo cng lch khi tn s cng hng trung tm f
0
th bin

1 D
U cng ln hn bin
2 D
U , do tr s in p ra U
S
cng ln.
+ Trng hp f < f
0
th mch th cp mang tnh cht in dung nn
2
I sm pha hn
M
E , do
1 D
U <
2 D
U v u
S
m.
- Tm li khi tn s tn hiu vo thay i th u nt ca vc t
1 D
U v
2 D
U di
chuyn trn cc vng trn 1 v 2 trn hnh 5-16 lm cho in p ra thay i v tr s v cc
tnh. Tr s in p ra c trng cho lch ca tn s tn hiu vo so vi tn s trung tm
f
0
, cn cc tnh ca in p ra cho bit tn s tn hiu vo lch khi tn s trung tm v pha
no (ln hn hay nh hn f
0
).
Tch sng dng mch cng hng ghp t gy mo v d iu chnh v c hai mch
u cng hng tn s f
0
. Tuy nhin in p ra trong b tch sng ny va ph thuc tn
s va ph thuc bin tn hiu vo
1
U nn n sinh ra nhiu bin . khc phc
nhc im ny, phi t trc mch tch sng mt mch hn ch bin .
c. Mch tch sng t s
D
1 U
t
1
U
2
U
D
2
C
C
U
S1
U
S2
C
1
R
R
U
0
U
S
Hnh 5-17: S mch tch sng t s
Chng 5: Cc mch bin i tn s
150
Mch tch sng iu tn t s c s hnh 5-17. Cc it tch sng c mc ni
tip nhau. Mch va lm nhim v tch sng va lm nhim v hn ch bin .
Dng qua cc it np in cho t C
1
. Hng s thi gian ) 2 , 0 1 , 0 ( C . R
1
t
giy kh ln nn in p trn C
1
bin thin rt chm lm cho nhiu bin gim. C th
chng minh iu bng biu thc sau:
U
S
= U
S1
- U
R
vi
2 2
2 1 0 S S
R
U U U
U
+
Thay vo ta c:
2 1
2 1 0 2 1
.
2 2
S S
S S S S
S
U U
U U U U U
U
+
- -
Hay
1 /
1 /
.
2
2 1
2 1 0
+
-
S S
S S
S
U U
U U U
U (5-39)
Khi U
0
const, in p ra ch ch ph thuc vo t s U
S1
/ U
S2
, hn na U
S1
, U
S2
ging nh trong b tch sng dng mch cng hng ghp, ph thuc vo bin thin tn s
u vo. V vy b tch sng t s khng c phn ng vi cc bin thin v bin u
vo nn trnh c nhiu bin .
d. Mch tch sng pha cn bng dng it
Mch tch sng pha cn bng l hai mch tch sng bin dng it ghp vi nhau
hnh 5-18. Tn hiu cn tch sng chnh l tn hiu iu pha, U
dp
c so snh v pha vi
mt dao ng chun U
ch
. Biu thc U
dp
v U
ch
nh sau:
U
S2
U
p
U
S
U
ch
R
R
C
C

1
U
S1
+
_
+
_
+
a)
1 D
U

1
U

1
U

-
2 D
U

U
2
D
b)
Hnh 5-18: a) Mch in b tch sng iu pha dng it.
b) th vc t ca cc in p.
Chng 5: Cc mch bin i tn s
151
U
p
) t ( cos . U ] ) t ( t cos[ . U
1 1 01 01 1
j j + j + w
) )
) ( cos . ] cos[ .
2 2 02 02 2
t U t U U
ch
j j w
) )
+
in p t ln hai b tch sng tng ng l:
] ) ( cos[ .
01 01 1 1
j j w + + t t U U
D
)
+ ] cos[ .
02 02 2
j w + t U
)
] ) t ( t cos[ . U U
01 01 1 2 D
j + j + w -
)
+ ] cos[ .
02 02 2
j w + t U
)
in p ra tng ng trn hai b tch sng bin xc nh c theo th vc t
hnh 5-18b.
) ( cos . . . 2 . .
2 1
2
2
2
1 1 1 1
t U U U U K U K U U
TS D TS S t
j D + +
) ) ) ) ) )
) ( cos . . . 2 . .
2 1
2
2
2
1 2 2 2
t U U U U K U K U U
TS D TS S t
j D - +
) ) ) ) ) )
(5-40)
trong
TS
K l h s truyn t ca b tch sng bin .
t
S
TS
U m
U
K
.
(5-41)
) (t j D l hiu pha ca hai in p vo.
) ( ) ( ) (
02 01 ) ( 02 01
j j j w w j - + + - D
t
t t
in p ra trn b tch sng:
2 1 S S S
U U U -
S
U
) ( 2 1
2
2
2
1
cos . . . 2 .[
t TS
U U U U K j D + +
) ) ) )
) ( cos . . . 2
2 1 2
2
1
t U U U U j D - + -
) ) ) )
] (5-42)
Vy tr s tc thi ca in p ra trn b tch sng ph thuc hiu pha ca tn hiu
iu pha v tn hiu chun. Trng hp
02 01
w w v
02 01
j j th in p ra ch cn ph
thuc vo pha ca tn hiu vo j(t).
5.8. TRN TN
5.8.1. nh ngha
Trn tn l qu trnh tc dng vo hai tn hiu sao cho trn u ra b trn tn nhn
c cc thnh phn tn s tng hoc hiu ca hai tn hiu (thng ly hiu tn s).
Thng thng mt trong hai tn hiu l n m (c mt vch ph), tn hiu gi
l tn hiu ngoi sai v c tn s f
ns
. Tn hiu cn li l tn hiu hu ch vi tn s f
th
c nh
hoc bin thin trong mt phm vi no . Tn hiu c tn s mong mun u ra c
tch nh b lc, tn s ca n thng c gi l tn s trung tn f
tt
.
thc hin trn tn phi dng phn t phi tuyn hoc dng phn t tuyn tnh tham s.
Chng 5: Cc mch bin i tn s
152
5.8.2. Nguyn l trn tn
Gi thit c tuyn ca phn t phi tuyn c biu din theo chui Taylor sau y:
... . ... . .
2
2 1 0
+ + + + +
n
n
u a u a u a a i (5-43)
trong U l phn in p t ln phn t phi tuyn trn tn. Trong trng hp
ny U = U
ns
+ U
th
Gi thit
t U U
ns ns ns
w cos .
)
t U U
th th th
w cos .
)
Thay vo (5-57) ta c:
.(
1 0
a a i + t U
ns ns
w cos .
)
) cos . t U
th th
w
)
+
) .(
2
2 2
2
th ns
U U
a
) )
+ + t U
a
ns ns
w 2 cos . .(
2
2
2
)
+ ) 2 cos .
2
t U
th th
w
)
+
... ] ) cos( ) .[cos( . .
2
+ - + + + t t U U a
th ns th ns th ns
w w w w
) )
(5-44)
Vy tn hiu ra gm c tn hiu mt chiu, thnh phn c bn
th ns
w w , ; cc thnh
phn tn s tng v hiu
th ns
w w , thnh phn bc cao
th ns
w w 2 , 2 . Tnh cc v tip theo
ca (5-58) ta thy trong dng in cn c cc thnh phn bc cao:
th ns
m n w w w
trong m n, l nhng s nguyn dng.
Nu trn u ra b trn tn ly tn hiu c tn s w
th ns
w w - , ngha l chn
1 m n th ta c trn tn n gin.
C trng hp ly w
th ns
n w w - vi 2 n ta c trn tn t hp.
Trn tn c dng trong my thu i tn. Nh b trn tn, mch cng hng ca
cc tng trung tn ca my thu tn c iu chnh cng hng mt tn s c nh. Tn
s ngoi sai c ng chun vi tn s tn hiu vo sao cho
tt ns th
f f f const = - = .
Cn ch rng qu trnh trn tn bin in p ngoi sai rt ln hn in p tn
hiu nn vi tn hiu c tuyn vn-ampe ca phn t trn tn xem nh tuyn tnh cn
vi in p ngoi sai xem nh phi tuyn.
Chng 5: Cc mch bin i tn s
153
5.8.3. Mch trn tn
5.8.3.1. Mch trn tn dng it.
Mch trn tn dng it c dng rng ri mi tn s c bit phm vi tn s
cao (trn 1GHz). Mch trn tn dng it c nhc im l lm suy gim tn hiu. Mch
trn tn dng it c biu din trn hnh 5-19.
Trong s trn tn n mch tn hiu, mch ngoi sai v mch trung trung tn mc
ni tip nhau. C th tnh
itt tt
G S , cho s da vo c tuyn l tng ho ca it biu
din trn hnh 5-20. Theo c tuyn :
Vit c biu thc dng in qua it.

<

0 U khi 0
0 U khi U . S
i
th U
U
tt
ns U
a)
ns U
th U Utt
+ -
i
tt1
i
tt2
+
-
+
b)
Hnh 5-19: Mch trn tn dng it.
Chng 5: Cc mch bin i tn s
154
y
i
i
G
R du
di
S
1
V in p ngoi sai l hm tun hon theo thi gian nn h dn S l mt dy xung
vung vi rng xung ph thuc gc ct q . Vi im tnh chn gc to th
2
) 90 (
0
p
q .
Theo Furi khi ta tnh c bin S sng c bn l:
p
S
S
. 2
1
)
p
S
S S
tt 1
.
2
1
)
cn
2
S
G G
io itt
chng tp m ngoi sai, dng s trn tn cn bng (hnh 5-20b). Trong b trn
tn ny in p tn hiu t ln hai it ngc pha cn in p ngoi sai t ln hai it
ng pha, ngha l:
t U U
th th thD
w cos .
1
)
p/2
S
S
S
0 0
i
U
i
w
nst
0
q
U
ns
w
nst
Hnh 5-20: c tuyn volt - ampe
ca it v quan h ) ( t f S
ns
w
Chng 5: Cc mch bin i tn s
155
) cos( .
2
p w + t U U
th th thD
)
v
ns nsD nsD
U U U
2 1
. Do dng in trung tn qua cc it do
th
U to ra:
1 1 tt tt ns th
w w = -
2 2 tt tt ns th
w w p = - - +
2 tt ns th
w w = -
trong
1 tt 2 tt tt th tt
U S
)
.
Trn mch cng hng ra ta nhn c:
tt
i
1 tt
i +
2 tt
i 2. .cos
tt tt
I t w
Mch ny to ra dng in tp m u ra ngc pha nhau trn mch cng hng ra
nn n t trit tiu nhau.
Nh vy mch trn tn cn bng lm tng dng in trung tn u ra v gim c
tp m. Cng c th dng mch trn tn vng.
5.8.3.2. Mch trn tn dng Tranzito.
u im ca mch trn tn kiu ny l ngoi nhim v trn tn cn khuch i nn
tn hiu ra c bin ln. C th dng Tranzito trng hay Tranzito lng cc trn tn.
C th dng cch mc gc chung hay pht chung. Mch mc gc chung dng phm vi tn
s cao hay siu cao v tn s gii hn ca n cao. Tuy nhin s ny khuch i khng
bng mch pht chung.
Mch trn tn dng Tranzito lng cc hnh 5-21.
U
ns
R
1
R
2
R
3
C
2
C
1
U
th
U
tt
+E
Hnh 5-21.a: Mch trn tn dng Tranzito.
Chng 5: Cc mch bin i tn s
156
Mch trn tn dng tranzito trng cng c kt cu tng t. Mch dng tranzito
trng c hai cc ca nh hnh 5-22.
5.9. MCH NHN CHIA TN S
to ra tn hiu c tn s theo yu cu t mt tn hiu c tn s chun ta dng mch nhn
hoc chia tn s. Mch nhn chia tn s hin nay ph bin dng vng gi pha vit tt l PLL.
Nguyn l lm vic ca PLL c ch ra hnh 5-23. PLL hot ng theo nguyn tc
vng iu khin. Khc vi vng iu khin thng dng trong k thut in t, trong
in p hoc dng in l cc i lng vo v i lng ra, trong PLL i lng vo v i
+E
C
R
1
R
2
R
3
C
4
C
2
C
1
C
3
U
tt
U
th
U
ns
Hnh 5-22: Mch trn tn dng Tranzito trng c hai cc ca.
Hnh 5-21.b: Mch trn tn dng Tranzito.
U
tt
U
th
U
ns
R
1
R
2
R
3
C
2
C
1
+E
C
3
Chng 5: Cc mch bin i tn s
157
lng ra l tn s v chng c so snh vi nhau v pha. Vng iu khin pha c nhim
v pht hin v iu chnh nhng sai s nh v tn s gia tn hiu vo v tn hiu ra, ngha
l PLL lm cho tn s f
r
ca tn hiu so snh bm theo tn s f
v
ca tn hiu vo, cho n
khi t n s ca tn hiu so snh bng tn s ca tn hiu ra ( f
r
= f
v
).
c tn hiu iu chnh U
d
(hoc i
d
) t l vi hiu pha Dj = j
v
- j
r
phi dng b
tch sng pha. u ra b tch sng pha l tn hiu hiu chnh c a n b to b dao
ng khng ch bng in p (VCO) lm thay i tn s dao ng ca n sao cho hiu tn
s ca tn hiu vo v tn hiu ra gim dn v tin ti khng, ngha l f
r
= f
v
.
Cc phn t c bn ca vng gi pha gm c b tch sng pha, b lc thng thp v
mt b lc to dao ng iu khin bng in p VCO.
hiu r nguyn l ln vic ca mch, ta xt trng hp n gin tn hiu vo v tn
hiu ra so snh u l tn hiu hnh sin, vng gi pha thuc loi tuyn tnh dng mch nhn
tng t tch sng pha.
Vi gi thuyt trn, ta thy khi khng c tn hiu vo th tn hiu hiu chnh U
d
= 0,
v tn hiu ra ca b tch sng pha l tch U
v0
.U
r
. Mch VCO dao ng ti tn s dao ng
ring f
0
ca n. f
0
cn c gi l tn s dao ng t do. Khi c tn hiu vo, b tch sng
pha s so pha tn s ca tn hiu vo vi tn hiu so snh. u ra b tch sng pha xut hin
tn hiu U
d
m tr s tc thi ca n t l vi hiu pha (hiu tn s ) ca hai tn hiu vo ti
thi im .
V U
d
=K.U
v
.U
r
nn trong tn hiu ra b tch sng pha c cc thnh phn tn s f
v
- f
r
v f
v
+ f
r
. Tn s tng b loi b nh b lc thng thp, cn tn s hiu c khuch i ln
v dng lm tn hiu iu khin tn s dao ng ca VCO. Tn s ca VCO c thay i
sao cho f
v
- f
r
tin ti khng, ngha l f
v
=f
r
.
Nu tn s tn hiu vo v tn hiu so snh lch nhau qu nhiu lm cho tn s tng v
tn s hiu u nm ngoi khu vc thng ca b lc th khng c tn hiu iu khin VCO
dao ng ti f
0
. Khi f
0
v f
r
xch li gn nhau sao cho thnh phn f
v
- f
r
ri vo khu vc
thng ca b lc th VCO bt u nhn tn hiu iu khin thay i tn s dao ng ca
n, PLL bt u hot ng, ta ni PLL lm vic trong "di bt". Di bt ca PLL ph thuc
vo gii thng ca b lc. "Di gi" ca PLL l gii tn s m PLL c th gi c ch
U
V
f
V
VCO LTT v K
U
d
=K
d
U
V
U
r
(f
V
- f
r
)
(f
V
+ f
r
)
Tn hiu so snh U
r
Hnh 5-23: S khi vng gi pha.
U
r
f
r
Chng 5: Cc mch bin i tn s
158
ng b khi thay i tn s tn hiu vo. Di gi khng ph thuc vo gii thng ca b lc
m ph thuc vo bin in p iu khin U
d
v vo kh nng bin i tn s ca VCO.
Vng gi pha c nhiu nm nay nhng gn y c ng dng rng ri nh s ra
i ca vi mch PLL lm gim nh c kt cu qu phc tp ca mch.
Mt trong cc ng dng quan trng ca PLL l nhn tn v chia tn.
Mch nhn tn vi h s nhn n nh hnh 5-24.
T mt tn hiu vo l mt dy xung c tn s c bn l f
v
v cc bi bc cao nf
v
v cho
tn s VCO bm theo mt hi bc cao no ca f
v
th u ra nhn c tn hiu c f
r
= nf
v
.
Mch tng hp tn s vi tn s ra khng phi l bi ca tn s chun hnh 5-25.
y tn s ca tn hiu vo trc khi vo b tch sng pha c a qua mch chia
tn vi h s chia m, u ra mch chia c tn s f
v
/m. u ra ca mch VCO c tn s f
r
=
n/m f
v
vi n nh v chnh xc nh ca tn s tn hiu vo.
Tn s ra
f
r
= nf
v
TSP LTT v K VCO
CT
n:1
Tn s chun
f
V
Hnh 5-24: Mch nhn tn vi h s n nguyn
TSP LTT v K VCO
CT2
n:1
f
v
m
f n
f
v
r
.
Hnh 5-25: Mch tng hp tn s vi tn s ra khng phi l
bi ca tn s vo
CT1
1:m
f
v
/m
PLL
n
f
r
Chng 5: Cc mch bin i tn s
159
TM TT
Kt thc chng 5 ngi hc cn nm c:
- iu ch. Khi nim v iu ch.
Mch iu ch l mt mng su cc: c hai in p vo v mt in p ra. in p tin tc
c k hiu U
S
, in p ti tin k hiu U
t
. iu kin iu ch c l tn s ti tin rt ln hn
tn s tin tc.
iu bin: lmcho bin ti tin bin i theo tin tc.
iu tn l lmcho tn s ti tin bin i theo tin tc.
iu pha l lmcho pha ca ti tin bin i theo tin tc.
iu bin. Biu thc iu bin khi ti tin U
t
v tin tc U
S
u l dao ng iu ho.
Tm ph ca tn hiu iu bin, xt quan h nng lng trong iu bin.
+ Mch iu bin. thc hin iu bin c th dng it hay tranzito thc hin.
Mch iu bin dng it phi s dng loi it cao tn (tip im). Mach iu bin cn
bng cho tn hiu ra hai bin tn cn c cc thnh phn tn s khc gy nhiu. Mch iu
bin vng u im hn v loi tr c cc thnh phn gy nhiu (mch phi dng bn
it).
+ Mch iu bin dng tranzito nguyn l iu ch cng tng t, tuy nhin n c
kh nng khuch i lm bin tn hiu ra ln hn.
+ iu ch n bin. Tn hiu iu bin c hai bin tn cha ni dung tin tc nh
nhau. C th lc b mt bin tn m ni dung tin tc vn khng thay i. l tn hiu n
bin (mt bin). Truyn tin loi tn hiu ny gim c cng sut my pht khi cng c ly
thng tin, gim c gii tn cng tc, gim c tp m. Mch iu ch tn hiu n bin
thng dng phng php lc thc hin. vic lc b mt bin tn thun li thng
dng phng php iu ch qua nhiu cp.
+ iu tn v iu pha: cn gi chung l iu ch gc v hai loi iu ch ny u
lm gc pha chung thay i.
+ Mch iu tn. Mch iu tn in hnh l mch dng it bin dung. V c bn
y l mt mch to dao ng sin ghp bin p c it bin dung ng vai tr t in
khung dao ng. Khi mch lm vic, tin tc U
S
= 0, mch cho ra tn hiu cao tn. Khi c tin
tc a ti t ln it bin dung lm in dung ca it thay i, lm tn s dao ng ca
mch bin i theo tin tc. Trn khung dao ng ta nhn c tn hiu iu tn.
+ Mnh iu tn dng tranzito in khng nguyn l cng tng t nhng thc hin
iu tn gin tip.
Chng 5: Cc mch bin i tn s
160
+ Mch iu pha. Mch iu pha thc hin theo Armstrong. Mch ny dng hai mch
iu bin c sng mang xung tt cn tin tc U
S
a vo c pha ngc nhau. Cng hai tn
hiu iu bin cho u ra tn hiu iu pha. iu c gii thch d dng qua thi
vct.
- Tch sng.
Tch sng l qu trnh ngc vi iu ch (cn gi l gii iu ch). Mch tch sng
c nhim v tch ly tin tc U
S
, lc b ti tin U
t
. Do cc phng thc iu ch: iu bin,
iu tn, iu pha khc nhau nn tng ng cc mch tch sng cng phi khc nhau.
+ Tch sng iu bin: tn hiu sau tch sng khng mo, tn hiu vo mch tch
sng phi c bin ln it lm vic trn phn thng ca c tuyn.
Mch tch sng iu bin c it cao tn mc ni tip vi ti RC. T mch in ta
thy it ch thng vi cc na dng ca dao ng cao tn u vo. u ra nhn c
hnh bao ca dao ng nh s np phng ca t C. l tin tc U
S
. tch sng tn hiu ra
khng mo cn chn t C v R ph hp: 1/w
t
<< t = RC << 1/w
s
.
+ Tch sng iu tn iu pha. C th dng phng thc chuyn tn hiu iu tn
iu pha thnh tn hiu iu bin ri dng mch tch sng iu bin tch sng: mch
tch sng iu tn lch cng hng. Nh mch cng hng lch t tn hiu iu tn a
vo ta nhn c tn hiu iu bin U
1
, U
2
. Qua mch tch sng iu bin cho ra tin tc U
S
.
Mch tch sng iu tn dng mch cng hng ghp: mch chuyn tn hiu iu tn thnh
tn hiu iu pha sau thc hin tch sng pha nh mch tch sng iu bin. Mch tch
sng iu pha cn bng dng it: a thm in p chun vo chuyn tn hiu iu pha
thnh tn hiu iu bin ri tch sng.
- Trn tn.
Trn tn l trn tn hiu c tn s f
th
vi in p ngoi sai c tn s f
ns
cho ra tn
hiu trung tn c tn s bng tng hoc hiu ca hai tn s (f
tt
= f
ns
+ f
th
hoc f
tt
= f
ns

f
th
). Thng ly tn s f
tt
hiu. Do tn hiu vo c bin nh nn vi mch trn tn xem
nh tuyn tnh. Sau trn tn tin tc khng b thay i. V tnh phi tuyn ca mch trn tn,
dng u ra ca n cha nhiu thnh phn tn s cch bit nhau trong c tn s trung
tn f
tt
= f
ns
f
th
. lc ly thnh phn tn hiu c tn s ny ti ca tng trn tn phi l
mch cng hng song song, cng hng tn s .
Mch trn tn c th dng it hoc tranzito thc hin. Mch trn tn dng it loi
cao tn (tip im) nh hnh 5-19. Mch trn tn dng tranzito hnh 5-21, 5-22.
- Nhn chia tn s.
Vng gi pha l mt linh kin in t hot ng theo nguyn tc vng iu khin.
Qua s khi v nguyn tc hot ng ca n ta thy khi mch lm vic ng b th f
r
=
f
v
. V vy khi li vo cho tn hiu vo qua b chia tn vi h s chia m, li so snh v qua
b chia tn, h s chia tn n th khi PLL lm vic ng b c f
v
/m = f
r
/n nn f
r
= nf
v
/m. Nu
Chng 5: Cc mch bin i tn s
161
thay i h s chia m,n ta c tn s f
r
theo mun. l ng dng c bn ca vng gi pha
thc hin nhn chia tn s.
CU HI V BI TP
5-1. Th no l iu ch?
5-2. Vit biu thc tn hiu iu bin, tn hiu iu tn, tn hiu iu pha khi Us, Ut u l tn hiu
iu ho?
5-3. So snh mch iu bin cn bng vi mch iu bin vng dng it?
5-4. u im khi truyn tn hiu n bin trong thng tin?
5-5. Trnh by s iu ch n bin hai cp?
5-6. Trnh by mch to dao ng sin ghp bin p?
5-7. Th no l tranzito in khng?
5-8. Trnh by mch iu tng dng tranzito in khng?
5-9. Nu i chiu it bin dung trong mch iu tn c c khng? Ti sao?
5-10.Th no l mch tch sng? Yu cu ca mch tch sng?
5-11.Trnh by mch tch sng iu bin? iu kin tch sng khng mo?
5-12.Ti sao mch tch sng iu tn,mch tch sng iu pha khc nhau?
5-13.Trnh by mch tch sg iu tn dng mch lch cng hng?
5-14.Trnh by mch tch sng iu pha cn bng dung it?
5-15.nh ngha mch trn tn?
5-16.Ti sao ti mch trn tn l mch cng hng song song?
5-17.Nguyn tc hot ng ca vng gi pha? Nu ng dng ca n?
5-18.Cho tn hiu iu bin vi h s iu ch m = 50%, tn s iu ch f
s
=10KHz, ti tin c bin
5mV v tn s f
t
= 10MHz.
a. Vit biu thc tn hiu iu bin?
b. Tnh ph ca tn hiu ?
c. Sau khi khuch i thc hin trn tn. u ra b trn tn tn hiu c bin ln
hn bin tn hiu vo 1000 ln v tn s f
tt
=1MHz.
Vit biu thc tn hiu sau trn tn?
Tm tn s ngoi sai ca mch ?
V mch tch sng tn hiu trung tn trn?
Chng 5: Cc mch bin i tn s
162
5-19.Nu iu kin v tn s ti tin w
t
v tn s tn hiu w
s
ca mch iu ch?
a. w
t
>> w
s
.
b. w
t
= w
s
.
c. w
t
w
s
.
5-20. Nu yu cu v loi it dng trong mch iu bin?
a. it tip mt.
b. it tip im(cao tn).
c. it bin dung.
5-21.Nu tc dng ca it bin dung trong mch iu tn?
a. gi cho bin tn hiu ra n nh.
b. lmcho tn s ca mch dao ng bin i theo tin tc U
s
.
c. gi cho tn s tn hiu ra khng thay i.
5-22.Nu iu kin bin tn hiu vo mch tch sng iu bin tn hiu ra khng mo?
a. Bin nh.
b. Bin rt nh.
c. Bin ln.
5-23.Nu iu kin v hng s thi gian ca mch tch sng iu bin tn hiu ra khng mo?
a. 1/w
s
<<t = RC <<1/w
t
.
b. 1/w
t
< t = RC< 1/w
s
.
c. 1/w
t
<< t = RC <<1/w
s
.
5-24.Nu yu cu v ti ca mch trn tn?
a. L mch cng hng ni tip c tn s cng hng bng f
tt
.
b. L mch cng hng song song c tn s cng hng bng f
tt
.
c. L mch cng hng song song c tn s cng hng khc f
tt
.
5-25.Xc nh tn s u ra ca mch t hp tn s dng vng gi pha khi h s chia li vo m,
h s chia li so snh n?
a. f
r
= nf
v
.
b. f
r
= nf
v
/m.
c. f
r
= mf
v
/n.