UNIVERSITATEA ALEXANDRU IOAN CUZA IA I

FACULTATEA DE FIZIC
SPECIALIZAREA METODE FIZICE APLICATE IN KINETOTERAPIE SI
RECUPERARE MEDICALA
Vitamine, minerae !i amin"a#i$i
STUDENTI% ERDIC &EOR&ICA
OLARIU ALEXANDRU
Vitaminee '(nt )e*inite #a *iin) '(+'tan,e "r-ani#e ne#e'are .ie,ii /e #are "r-ani'm( n(
e /r")(#e 'a( n( e /r")(#e 0n #antit1,i '(*i#iente, m"ti. /entr( #are e'te ne#e'ara a/"rt(
e2"-en3 Or-ani'm( (man #are +ene*i#ia$a )e (n a/"rt .itamini# a)e#.at 'e )e$."ta mai +ine 'i
e'te mai re$i'tent a 'tre'3 E/"#a #"ntem/"rana 'e #ara#teri$ea$a /rintr4" )eteri"rare #"ntin(a a
me)i((i 'i a #"n)itii"r )e .iata, iar "+i#ei(rie aimentare tin) 'a *a."ri$e$e )i'tr(-erea
.itamine"r )in e-(me 'i *r(#te /rin )i*erite /r"#e'e )e /re/arare 'i #"n'er.are3 Reie'e #ar #a
e'te )in #e in #e mai )i*i#i #a "m( 'a4'i /a'tre$e 'anatatea /rintr4(n ra/"rt .itamini# a)e#.at, )e
m(te "ri ne#e'ara a)mini'trarea )e '(/imente .itamini#e3 E'te in'a )e )"rit 'a 'e (tii$e$e
/re/arate m(ti.itamini#e #are 'a /a'tre$e /r"/"rtiie intanite in aimentee nat(rae3
Vitamin"tera/ia e'te *""'ita atat /entr( tratarea #arente"r .itamini#e /r"/ri(4$i'e #at 'i
a (n"r a*e#ti(ni ne#arentiae3 D"$ee *""'ite )i*era /entr( #ee )"(a )"menii ae
.itamin"tera/iei3 A't*e, 'e *""'e'#%
4 )"$e *i$i""-i#e /entr( /re.enirea 'i tratament( #arente"r .itamini#e3
4 )"$e *arma#""-i#e, m(t mai mari, /entr( tratament( (n"r a*e#ti(ni
)ermat""-i#e, a (n"r +"i in*e#ti"a'e 'a( )e nat(ra aer-i#a3
Vitaminele liposolubile
Vitamina A
Vitamina A /"ate *i /r"#(rata *ie )in aimentee )e "ri-ine animaa, #antitati mari
-a'in)(4'e in *i#at, *ie )in aimentee )e "ri-ine .e-etaa, (n)e 'e -a'e'te '(+ *"rma )e
/r".itamine A 5 6, 7, 8 #ar"teni, #"n.er'ia in .itamina A *a#an)(4'e a ni.e( *i#at((i3
Vitamina A e'te " .itamina im/"rtanta mai ae' a "r-ani'm( a*at in #re'tere3 Inter.ine
in re-area )i*erentierii #e(e"r en)")ermi#e, Re'/iratiei #e(are, a)a/tarii .i$(ae, *"rmarii
anti#"r/i"r 5 in a#e't m") inter.enin) in a/ararea antii*e#ti"a'a, meta+"i'm((i i/i)i# 'i a
/r"#e'e"r )e )et"2i*iere 9e/ati#e3 In /eri"a)a )e$."tarii "r-ani'm((i 'tim(ea$a atat #re'terea
in inatime #at 'i in -re(tate3 C"ntri+(ie a mentinerea tr"*i#itatii /ieii, )inti"r, -in-ii"r,
/ar((i3
O im/"rtanta )e"'e+ita /entr( "r-ani'm( (man " re/re$inta #ar"tenii, 'i in'/e#ia 74
#ar"ten(, #are /r"te:ea$a #e(ee tra#t((i re'/irat"r *iin) (tii a't*e #a a):(.anti in tratament(
in*e#tii"r 'i a em*i$em((i /(m"nar3 ;4#ar"ten( /"ate *i *""'it 'i /entr( tratarea
9i/ertir"i)i'm((i 'i /r"*ia2ia #an#er((i, in'a tre+(ie '(+iniat #a /entr( a#ea'ta )in (rma
tre+(ie *""'ita " #"m+inatie )e #ar"teni, in )"$e 'i /r"/"rtii a/r"/iate )e #ee )('e )e a/"rt(
aimentar, *iin) )e /re*erat (n a/"rt a)e#.at )e #ar"teni nat(rai /r".eniti )in in-e'tia )e *r(#te 'i
e-(me3
Vitamina A e'te (tii$ata /entr(%
4#"m/etarea ne#e'ar((i )e .itamina A a #"/ii a #ar"r ratie aiementara e'te )e*i#itara in
.iatmina re'/e#ti.a<
4'tim(area #re'terii a /(+eri 'i a)"e'#enti<
4 tratarea 2er"*taminei<
4 tratarea (n"r a*e#ti(ni ae a/arat((i re'/irat"r% rinite atr"*i#e, in*e#tii re'/erat"rii<
4 tratarea (n"r a*e#ti(ni )ermat""-i#e% in*e#tii #(tanate, #9eratita , ar'(ri<
4 tratarea (n"r a*e#ti(ni ae t(+((i )i-e'ti.% (#er, enter#"ita<
4 amei"rarea 'in)r"m((i /remen'tr(a /r")(' /rin in'(*i#ienta (teini#a3
In #a$ )e #arenta, a #"/ii mai mi#i )e = ani 'e a)mini'trea$a /e #ae "raa >???4>????
UI@$i, >A $ie, iar a #"/ii intre = 'i B ani C???4C???? UI@$i, t"t >A $ie, tratament( /(tan) *i
re(at (nar in 'e$"n( re#e3 In '#"/ #(rati., a #"/ii 'e /"t a)mini'tra A????4>A???? UI@$i, C
$ie, )(/a #are A???? UI@$i = 'a/tamani, #"ntin(an)(4'e #( )"$e )e intretinere )e >????4=????
UI@$i tim/ )e = (ni3 In '#"/( tera/iei (n"r a*e#ti(ni )ermat""-i#e, "#(are 'a( -ine#""-i#e 'e
a)mini'trea$a >?????4C?????@$i3 A)mini'trarea in:e#ta+ia 'e *a#e intram('#(ar, C?????UI, "
)ata a =4D (ni in '#"/ /r"*ia#ti# 'i " )ata a =4C 'a/tamani in '#"/ tera/e(ti#3
In #a$( e2#e'((i )e .itamina A 'e /r")(# (rmat"aree rea#tii a).er'e%
4 a '(-ari /"ate 'e a/ara intoxicatia acuta )(/a " 'in-(ra )"$a )e C????? UI,
mani*e'tata /rintr4" 9i)r"#e*aia tran$it"rie< intoxicatia cronica /"ate 'a a/ara )(/a
a)mini'trarea $ini#a, mai m(te (ni, a A????UI .itamina A 'i 'e e2/rima /rin%
#e*aee, ner."$itate, e2"*tamie, /r(rit, a*e#ti(ni #(tanate ne'/e#i*i#e, an"re2ie,
)e#a#i*ieri ae #rani((i 'i #""anei .erte+rae , t(me*a#tii )(rer"a'e ae "a'e"r
(n-i, 9i/er"'t"$a 'i #9iar m"arte /rin #a!e2ie /r"-re'i.a )a#a n( 'e intrer(/e
a)mini'trarea .itaminei, 'it(atie in #are e*e#tee 9i/er.itamin"$ei )i'/ar /r"-re'i.3
4 La a)(t 9i/er.itamin"$a A a/are )(/a mai m(te (ni )e tratament #( )"$e $ini#e )e
>????? UI 'i a*e#tea$a mai ae' 'tr(#t(ra 'i *(n#tia *i#at((i
4 E2#e'( )e #ar"tene, #are /"ate 'a a/ara atat a #"/ii #at 'i a a)(ti /rin #"n'(m
e2a-erat )e aimente +"-ate in #ar"tene Em"r#".iF 'a( )e '(/imente .itamini#e,
/"ate )etermina #ar"ten")ermie E#""ratia -a+ena a /ieiiF< n( 'e /r")(#e
9i/er.itamin"$a A, )e"are#e 'inte$a 'e /are #a e'te re-ata /rintr4(n me#ani'm )e
*ee)4+a#G , )ar /"ate *i a*e#tat *i#at(, iar )(/a (nee #er#etari e2#e'( )e 74#ar"ten
'inteti# /r")(#e e$i(ni +i"#9imi#e #e(are 'i im/ie)i#a a+'"r+tia inte'tinaa a at"r
#ar"teni3
Vitamina D
Vitamina D e'te " .itamina #( 'tr(#t(ra 'ter"i#a /r".enita )in /re#(r'"ri animai 'a(
.e-etai3
Den(mirea )e .itamina D " /"arta atat colecalciferolul E'a( .itamina DCF, #"m/('
i/"'"(+i /re$ent in *i#at( )e /e'te 'a( /r")(' in /iee '(+ a#ti(nea ra$e"r )e (tra.i"ete, #at
'i ergocalciferolul E'a( .itamina D=F 5 #"m/(' i/"'"(+i /r".enit )in /ante, am+ee *"rme
.itamini#e *iin) *(rni$ate )e (n a/"rt aimentar a)e#.at3
Atat colacalciferolul #at 'i ergocalciferolul '(nt a#ti.ate in "r-ani'm /rin /r"#e'( )e
9i)r"2iare, in /"$itia =A in *i#at 'i in /"$itia > in rini#9i3 Meta+"i'm( /rin#i/a re$(tat e'te
calcitriolul 5 9"rm"n(4.itamina D3 At meta+"it, calcifediolul, are e*e#te mai /(tin inten'e3
Vitamina D *a."ri$ea$a a+'"r+tia #a#i((i 'i *"'*ati"r a ni.e( inte'tin((i 'i
rea+'"r+tia "r a ni.e rena3 S(+ a#ti(nea 'a 'e #"n'tit(ie 9i)r"2i/atita, #"n'tit(ient /rin#i/a a
"'((i3 Ate a*e#ti(ni % 'tim(ea$a *"rmarea )e "'te"#a'te, in9i+a 'e#retia )e /arat9"rm"n,
re-ea$a 'inte$a )e me'a-eri #e(ari 'i )i*erentierea #e(ara3
Hi/".itamin"$a D /r"."a#a re)(#erea a+'"r+tiei inte'tinae )e #a#i( 'i *"'*ati #(
)eminerai$are "'"a'a #"n'e#(ti.a3 Deminerai$area "'"a'a /"ate )etermina #re'terea 'e#retiei
)e /arat9"rm"n, 9"rm"n #are tin)e 'a #rea'#a #a#emia /rin re'"r+tie "'"a'a )e #a#i(< a/are
a't*e " a-ra.are a /r"#e'((i *i$i"/at""-i#3 Carenta in .itamina D )(#e a a/aritia ra9iti'm((i
a '(-ar 'i "'te"maa#iei a a)(t3
Ne#e'ar( )e .itamina D a '(-ar((i, )e a/r"2imati. >??? UI, n( /"ate *i a#"/erit n(mai
/rin aimentatie, *iin) ne#e'ara 'i e2/(nerea a '"are3
A)mini'trarea .itaminei D e'te in)i#ata in
4 Pre.enirea 'i tratarea ra9iti'm((i a #"/ii 'a( "'te"maa#iei a a)(ti3 Pentr( a#ea'ta
'e a)imin'trea$a .itamina D /e #ae "raa im/re(na #( " )ieta 9i/er#a#i#a3 In #a$ )e
a*e#ti(ni #are '#a) a+'"r+tia inte'tinaa 'e a)mini'trea$a .itamina D /e #ae
in:e#ta+ia3 D"$ee '(nt )e I?? UI in '#"/ /r"*ia#ti# 'i )e $e#e "ri mai m(t in '#"/
#(rati.3 Se (tii$ea$a (rmat"aree *"rme )e .itamina D% colecalciferol,
ergocalciferol, rar calcifediol.
4 Tratament( 9i/"/aratir"i)i'm((i, '#"/ /entr( #are e'te /re*erata " a'"#iere )e
Calcitriol 'i #a#i(3
4 Tratament( "'te"/"r"$ei, *"rmee )e .itamina D a.an) a#ti(nea )e #re'tere a
a+'"r+tiei inte'tinae )e #a#i( 'i )e in9i+are a 'e#retiei )e /arat9"rm"n E9"rm"n #are
)etermina a##ent(area )eminerai$arii "'((iF
4 Tratament( "'te")i'tr"*iei #"n'e#(ti.e in'(*i#ientei renae #r"ni#e, #an) 9i)r"2iarea
renaa 'i )e#i 'inte$a .itaminei '(nt )e*i#itare3 A)mini'trarea .itaminei D )etermina
'i in9i+area 'e#retiei )e /arat9"rm"n /rin *ee)4+a#G ne-ati., *a/t +ene*i# in
amei"rarea a*e#ti(nii, a.an) in .e)ere #a " ata .eri-a *i$i"/at""-i#a in in'(*i#ienta
renaa e'te re/re$entata )e 'tim(area 'e#retiei )e /arat9"rm"n /rin '#a)erea #a#i((i
i"ni$at in (mra #(/arii a#e't(ia #( *"'*atii in e2#e' re$(tati /rintr4" e2#retie
ne#"re'/(n$at"are3
4 Tratament( /'"ria$i'((i, #( (n )e.iat n(mit Calciprotriene 'i, a*at in *a$a
e2/erimentaa, tratament( #an#er((i
Hi/er.itamin"$a D, #are a/are at(n#i #an) 'e a)mini'trea$a tim/ in)e(n-at )"$e )e
/e'te ?3A m-@$i, 'e /"ate mani*e'ta /rin 9i/er#a#emie, )e/rimarea 'i'tem((i ner."', a*e#tarea
*(n#ti"naa a #"r)((i 'i "/rirea #re'terii a #"/ii3
In #a$ )e '(/ra)"$are, a #"/ii, 'e /r")(# )eminerai$ari "'"a'e, #a#i*i#ari e#t"/i#e Ein
inima, /(m"ni, rini#9i, .a'e 'an-.ineF, #"n.('ii 'i #9iar m"arte3
In 'it(atia mani*e'tarii *en"mene"r )e 9i/er.itamin"$a D 'e "/re'te a)mini'trarea
.itaminei, 'e a)mini'trea$a -(#"#"rti#"i$i Eanta-"ni'ti ai .itaminei D a ni.e( inte'tin((iF 'e
e.ita e2/(nerea a '"are 'i tratamente #( (tra.i"ete, 'e #re'te in-e'tia )e a/a 'i 'e re)(#e #ea )e
#a#i(3
Hi/er.itamin"$a D a/are mai *re#.ent at(n#i #an) 'e a)mini'trea$a calcitrol, calcifediol,
dihidrotahisterol.
Vitamina E
Vitamina E 'a( t"#"*er"(, #a )eat*e t"ate .itaminee i/"'"(+ie, are ne."ie /entr( a
*i a+'"r+ita )in inte'tin( '(+tire )e 'ar(rie +iiare3 O )ieta n"rmaa a'i-(ra " #antitate '(*i#ienta
)e .itamina E3 Ca 'i .itamina A, a #arei a+'"r+tie inte'tinaa " *a."ri$ea$a, e'te (n /(terni#
anti"$i)ant3 S4a #"n'tatat #a in i/'a .itaminei E #ar"tenii '(nt "2i)ati a ni.e inte'tina 'i
#"n'tatat #a in i/'a .itaminei E #ar"tenii '(nt "2i)ati a ni.e inte'tina 'i n( mai /"t *i *""'iti
#a /re#(r'"ri ai .itaminei A, #eea #e arata #a .itamina E are r" /r"te#ti. in meta+"i'm(
.itaminei A3
Vitamina E :"a#a r"( (n(i 'i'tem "2i)"re)(#at"r in meta+"i'me -(#i)i# 'i /r"ti)i#,
are " a#ti(ne antiter"'#er"ti#a /rin m"+ii$area i/i)e"r )in /eretii arteriai iar /rin /r"te:area
eritr"#ite"r *ata )e a-entii "2i)anti are 'i (n e*e#t antianemi#3 E*e#t( anti"$i)ant e'te #"m/etat
)e /re$enta (n"r #antitati a)e#.ate )e .itamine A 'i C3 Vitamina E are (n e*e#t tr"*i# a ni.e(
'i'tem((i ner."', m('#(at(rii 'triate 'i a/arat((i -enita3
Prin#i/aa (tii$are #ini#a e'te in tratamentul miopatiilor E>??4=?? m-@$i /e #ae "raaF
Mai e'te *""'ita in tratament( +"ii D(/(Jtren, #"a-en"$e"r, anemii"r, artitei
"+iterante, tr"m+"*e+ite"r3
Hi/er.itamin"$a E 'e mani*e'ta /rin t(+(rari )i-e'ti.e, in '/e#ia )iaree3
Vitaminele K
Vitaminee K, n(mite 'i .itaminee anti9em"ra-i#e, #(/rin)%
4 Vitamina K> 'a( *it"mena)i"na, )e "ri-ine .e-etaa
4 Vitamina K=, 'inteti$ata )e +a#teriie inte'tinae
4 Vitamina KC, *"rma 'inteti#a, 9i)r"'"(+ia, /entr( ($ #ini#
Vitamina K inter.ine in #"a-(area 'an-e(i, )e*i#it( /r")(#an) a/aritia )iate$e"r
9em"ra-i#e3
E'te (tii$ata /entr( tratarea%
4 Hem"ra-ii"r /r")('e /rin )e*i#it )e .itamina K<
4 Hem"ra-ii"r )in in'(*i#ienta 9e/ati#a
4 Hem"ra-ii"r n"(4na'#(t((i /r")('e /rin 9i/"/r"tr"m+ienemie
4 Diate$e"r 9em"ra-i#e /r")('e #a (rmare a m('#at(rii (n"r 'er/i .enin"'i
Vitaminele hidrosolubile
Vitamina B1
Vitamina K> 'a( tiamina 'e a+'"ar+e in inte'tin( '(+tire, a.an) (n r" im/"rtant in
'/e#ia in /eri"a)a )e #re'tere3
R"( *i$i""-i# a tiaminei e'te )e #"#ar+"2iara, *iin) (n *a#t"r .itamini# e'entia in
meta+"i'm( -(#i)i#3 Are r" )e #"en$ima in /r"#e'ee )e "2i)are ae meta+"'im((i i/i)i# 'i
in )e$aminarea amin"a#i$i"r3 A#ti"nan) #a me)iat"r a 'i'tem((i ner."' #entra, inter.ine in
/a'trarea inte-ritatii anat"m"4*(n#ti"nae a a#e't(ia 'i a t"n('((i m('#(ar n"rma3
Vitamina K> are (rmat"aree (tii$ari #ini#e%
4 C"m/etarea ne#e'ar((i .itamini# a #"/ii a #ar"r ratie aimentara e'te in'(*i#ienta in
.itamina K>3
4 Hi/".itamin"$a K> a/ar(ta #a (rmare a *e+rei /re(n-ite 'a( 9i/ertir"i)i'm((i
4 In'(*ienta #ar)ia#a
4 Mi"#ar)ita
4 Distrofie musculara
4 Nevrite periferice
4 He/atite
4 A-ii ra(mati'mae
4 Z"na $"'ter
A)mini'trarea 'e *a#e /e #ae "raa, C?4I? m-@$i3 At(n#i #an) #aea "raa n( /"ate *i
(tii$ata 'a( '(nt /re$ente t(+(rari )e a+'"r+tie, 'e a)mini'trea$a /e #ae in:e#ta+ia3
Rea#tii a).er'e%
4 Caea intra.en"a'a /"ate )a '"# ana*iati# a #"/ii '(+ C ani
4 A)mini'trata in )"$e mari, a '(+n(triti, tiamina /"ate inter*era a#ti(nea at"r
.itamine )in -r(/( K3
Vitamina B2
Vitamina K= 'a( ri+"*amina e'te " .itamina 9i)r"'"(+ia #e 'e a+'"ar+e )in inte'tin, "
mi#a /arte e'te )e/"$itata iar re't( 'e eimina /rin (rina3 Ri+"*a.ina are r" in rea#tiie )e
"2i)"re)(#ere #e(ara Eintra in #"n'tit(tia #it"#r"mi"rF, +i"tran'*"rmarie amin"a#i$i"r 'i
a#i$i"r -ra'i, tr"*i#itatea retinei, #ri'tain((i 'i #"rneei, 'inte$a 9em"-"+inei3
Cini# 'e (tii$ea$a /entr( tratarea%
4 Carente"r )e ri+"*a.ina
4 Distrofiilor musculare
4 A*e#ti(ni"r a*tam""-i#e
A)mini'trarea 'e *a#e /rin in:e#tii intram('#(are, )"$a *iin) )e >? m-@$i3
In #(r'( tratament((i #( .itamina K= /"t a/are (rmat"aree rea#tii a).er'e% -reata,
"i-(rie, /r(rit, pareze.
Vitamina B6
Vitamina KD 'a( /ir")"2ina intra in 'tr(#t(ra #"en$ime"r im/i#ate in meta+"i'mee
/r"ti)i# 'i i/i)i#3 E'te im/"rtanta /entr( 'inte$a .itaminei PP, a#i)((i ara9i)"ni#, 'er"t"ninei 'i
a 9em"-"+inei3 Prin r"(rie meta+"i#e #"m/e2e inter.ine 'i in a/ararea im(na3
Carenta )e /iri)"2ina 'e '")ea$a #( a/arita #"n.('ii"r a #"/ii 'i anemiei a a)(ti3
Utii$arie .itaminei KD%
4 Pr"*ia2ia 9i/".itamin"$ei
4 Tratarea a*e#ti(ni"r #arentiae 5 convulsiile piridoxinodependente ale noului nascut,
anemiie ma#r"#itare
4 Tratarea /ea-rei
La a)(ti a)mini'trarea 'e *a#e /e #ae "raa 5 =A? m-@$i 'a( /rin in:e#tii intram('#(are
'a( intra.en"a'e ente 5 >?? m-@$i, in #(re )e >?4>A $ie #( /a($e )e a#eea'i )(rata3 La #"/ii 'e
a)mini'trea$a% A?4>?? m-@$i /ana a )"i ani 'i :(matate, >??4A?? m-@$i intre )"i ani 'i :(matate
'i #in#i'/re$e#e ani3
La )"$e mari n( /"t 'a a/ara ametei3
N( 'e a'"#ia$a #( e!odopa, )e"are#e ii an(ea$a a#ti(nea anti/arGin'"niana3
Vitamina B12
Vitamina K>= 'a( #ian#"+aamina mai e'te n(mita 'i *a#t"r( e2trin'e# a (i Ca'te
)e"are#e /entr( a *i a+'"r+ita tre+(ie 'a 'e #"m+ine #( *a#t"r( intrin'e# /r")(' )e m(#"a'a
-a'tri#a3
Carenta /r")(#e anemie me-a"+a'ti#a 'i /"ate 'a a/ara in #a$ )e man(tritie,
maa+'"r+tie, )e*i#it )e *a#t"r intrin'e#, re-im .e-etarian /re(n-it3
A)mini'trarea 'e *a#e /e #ae "raa /arenteraa, a a)(ti A? m-@$i in )"$a )e ata#, A $ie
a/"i >?? m-@$i > 'a/tamana, iar a #"/ii >4>? m-@$i3
Acidul folic
A#i)( *"i# e'te " .itamina )in -r(/( K #are inter.ine #a 'i #ian#"+aamina in *"rmarea
9em"-"+inei, *iin) (tii$at in a'"#iere #( a#ea'ta in tratament( anemiei me-a"+a'ti#e3
D"$a e'te )e A4>? m-@$i3
De"are#e /"ate /r")(#e a##i)ente ner(""-i#e, (tii$area 'a e'te imitata3
Vitamina ""
Vitamina PP mai e'te n(mita 'i ni#"tinami)a, )e"are#e e'te ami)a a#i)((i ni#"tini#3
Ne#e'ar( .itamini# e'te a'i-(rat )e a/"rt( )e "2i-en, a+'"r+tia a.a) "# a ni.e( inte'tin((i
'(+tire, )ar .itamina /"ate *i 'inteti$ata 'i in "r-ani'm, /e#an) )e a tri/t"*an3
Are r" in meta+"'imee -(#i)i# 'i /r"ti)i#3
De*i#it( )e a+'"r+tie 'a( )e (tii$are )etermina a/aritia #arentei )e ni#""tinami)a, #e 'e
'")ea$a #e /r")(#erea /ea-rei, +"aa #e e."(ea$a #( e$i(ni #(tanate, t(+(rari )i-e'ti.e 'i
ner."a'e3
Vitamina PP are (rmat"aree (tii$ari #ini#e%
4 In tratament( /ea-rei, 'it(atie in #are 'e a)mini'trea$a )"$e *"arte mari% in /ea-ra
a#(ta m- )e trei "ri /e $i , in a)mini'trare intram('#(ara 'a( intra.en"a'a E)i(at,
*"arte entF a/r"2imati. A4>? $ie, e.ent(a in a'"#iatie #( .itamine ae -r(/((i K<
)(/a )i'/aritia 'im/t"me"r a#(te 'e a)mini'trea$a a#i) ni#"tini# /e #ae "raa3
4 In tratament( 't"matiei a*t"a'e
4 In tratament( )ermat"$e"r
4 In tratament( )e-erat(ri"r
4 In tratament( enter"#"itei
D(/a a)mini'trarea .itaminei PP 'e /"ate /r")(#e .a'")iatatiei in :(matatea '(/eri"ara
a #"r/((i #( inr"'irea /ieii 'i 'en$atie )e #a)(ra3 Ate e*e#te ne)"rite mai '(nt /r(rit(, -reata,
t"ate *en"menee 'e#(n)are )i'/aran) )(/a =4C "re3
A)mini'trarea /re(n-ita )e )"$e mari /r"."a#a 9e/at"me-aie 'i )e-enere'#enta
9e/ati#a #"n:(#ti.a 'i -ra'a3
Vitamina C
Vitamina C 'a( a#i)( a'#"r+i# e'te a+'"r+ita )in inte'tin 'i )e/"$itata in te'(t(ri, e2#e'(
*iin) eiminat in '#(rt tim/ /rin (rina3 Eiminarea e'te mai a##eerata in #(r'( e*"rt((i *i$i#3
De/"$itarea 'e *a#e mai ae' a ni.e( (n"r -an)e en)"#rine, )ar "r-ani'm( n( /"ate
/a'tra #antitati mari )e .itamina C3
Ma:"ritatea animae"r a( #a/a#itatea )e a 'inteti$a .itamina C, )ar "m( e'te )e/en)et
)e a/"rt( aimentar3 Din a#e't m"ti. tre+(ie '(+iniat *a/t( #a .itamina C, )e'i 'e -a'e'te in
#antitati mari in *r(#te 'ie-(me, 'e )i'tr(-e re/e)e /rin *ier+ere 'a( #in'er.are, /artia 'a( in
t"taitate3
Vitamina C are r" )e tran'/"rtat"r )e 9i)r"-en, inter.enin) in meta+"i'm( #e(ar 'i a
'inte$a #iment((i inter#e(ar3 Ate a#ti(ni ae .itaminei C '(nt%
4 Fa."ri$ea$a a+'"r+tia *ier((i
4 Inter.ine in meta+"i'm( a#i)((i *"i#, *eniaaninei, tir"$inei
4 Stim(ea$a 'i'tem( im(nitar
4 Stim(ea$a re-enerarea te'(t(ri"r
4 Parti#i/a a 'inte$a #"a-en((i, #artia:e"r, te'(t((i "'"'
4 Fa."ri$ea$a .in)e#area *ra#t(ri"r
4 Parti#i/a a 'inte$a 9"rm"ni"r #"rti#"'(/rarenaieni3
4 Parti#i/a a eritr"/"e$a
Hi/".itamin"$a C )etermina a/aritia '#"r+(t((i, a*e#ti(ne #e e."(ea$a #( 9em"ra-ii
-in-i.ae iar a/"i )e$-"irea )inti"r, #a)erea (n-9ii"r 'i a /ar((i3
A)mini'trarea .itaminei C 'e /"ate *a#e /e #ae "raa, intram('#(ar 'a( intra.en"'3
D"$ee '(nt )e A?4>?? m-@$i3 Da#a 'e a)mini'trea$a mai m(t )e >? -@$i a/ar e*e#te t"2i#e%
er(/tii #(tanate, )iaree3
Vitamina "
Den(mirea )e .itamina P e'te )ata (n"r )eri.ati *a."ni#i Er(tin, e'#(ent"F #e
*a."ri$ea$a a+'"r+tia .itaminei C3 Din a#e't m"ti. e'te )e )"rit 'a 'e a)mini'tre$e " )ata #(
a#ea'ta3 Ca 'i a#i)( a'#"r+i#, n( /"t *i 'inteti$ati in "r-ani'm, *iin) a)('i /rin a/"rt aimentar3
A( r" in%
4 Mentinerea re$i'tentei 'i /ermea+iitatii n"rmae a #a/iare"r
4 Sinte$a a#i$i"r +iiari
4 S#a)erea #"e'ter"emiei
Dat"rita e*e#te"r ana-e$i#, 9em"'tati# 'i #"re#t"r a t(+(rari"r #"n'e#(ti.e
9i/"#a#emiei /"t *i a)mini'trati in #a$ )e a##i)ente a '/"rti.i3 Ne#e'ar( $ini# /entr( r(tin e'te
)e >?4=? m-@$i, a#e't *a."n"i) *iin) *""'it /entr( tratarea '#"r+(t((i 'i /(r/(re"r /r")('e
/rin *ra-iitate #a/iara3
Preparatele polivitaminice
Pre/aratee /"i.itamini#e '(nt in)i#ate in tim/( #re'terii a #"/ii, a '/"rti.i E/entr(
'('tinerea e*"rt((i 'i *a."ri$area re*a#eriiF 'a( a):(.ante in tera/ia +"i"r in*e#ti"a'e3 La #"/ii
tre+(ie tin(t #"nt )e *a/t( #a (nee .itamine Ein '/e#ia K>F /"t )a *en"mene )e 'en'i+ii$are3
Un at a'/e#t im/"rtant e'te #a /re/aratee /"i.itamini#e #"ntra#area$a me)i#atia anti*"i#a3
Cee mai (tii$ate /re/arate /"i.itamini#e '(nt%
4 Vipe#, #"m/e2 /"i.itamini# in)i#at /entr( '('tinerea e*"rt((i a '/"rti.i 'i
re*a#erea )(/a e*"rt, e'te #"ntrain)i#at a /arGin'"nieni )e"are#e im/ie)i#a e*e#t(
e!odopei3
4 Electo!it, /re/arat /"i.itamini# #( e*e#te 'a(tar in '('tinerea e*"rt((i *i$i#, )e
a'emenea #"ntrain)i#at in /arGin'"n )e"are#e /rin /iri)"2ina #"ntra#area$a
e!odopa.
4 $o!ital C, #( e*e#te anti"2i)ante, 'tim(at"are ae im(nitatii 'i ae te'(t((i "'"'3
4 %otic, #"m/rimate e*er.e'#ente #e #"ntin m(ti.itamine3
&ineralele
Calciul e'te (n ma#r"eement *"arte im/"rtant /entr( "r-ani'm, inter.enin) in #"ntra#tia
m('#(ara 'i *iin) (n im/"rtant #"n'tit(ient a 'tr(#t(rii "'"a'e3 A+'"r+tia 'a e'te #"n)iti"nata )e
.itamina D3
Vitamina D re-ea$a 'i a+'"r+tia fosforului, eement im/i#at in /r"#e'ee )e tran'/"rt a
ni.e( #e(ei 'i in 't"#area )e ener-ie, /rin a#e'tea *iin) im/i#at 'i in )e'*a'(rarea #"ntra#tiei
m('#(are< e'te (n #"n'tit(ient a "a'e"r 'i )inti"r3
"otasiul inter.ine in '#9im+(rie ener-eti#e #e(are, #arenta /r"."#an) 'a+i#i(ne
m('#(ara 'i aritmie3
&agne'iul intra in #"n'tit(tia a /e'te C?? )e en$ime, *iin) in)i#at in #"m+aterea 'tre'((i
'i a "+"'eii3
(ierul e'te (n #"n'tit(ient a 9em"-"+inei, /rin #are 'e reai$ea$a tran'/"rt( -a$e"r
re'/irat"rii, #arenta in a#e't eement )(#an) a a/aritia anemiei3
)incul e'te #"n'tit(ient a (n"r en$ime #( r" in #a#i*ierea te'(t((i "'"' /re#(m 'i a
at"r en$ime #( r" anti"2i)ant3 Inter.ine in /r"#e'ee )e, mentinerea 'tr(#t(rii n"rmae a
/ieii, a a#ti.itatii n"rmae a ne(r"ni"r 'i a im(nitatii3
*eleniu intr in #"m/"$itia -(tati"n/er"2i)a$ei eritr"#itare, en$ima #( r" anti"2i)ant3
Cromul re-ea$a -i#emia, #arenta )e #r"m *iin) in'"tita )e #re'terea -i#emiei, iar
cuprul, molibdenul 'i manganul intra in 'tr(#t(ra a n(mer"a'ei en$ime #e(are3
Ca#i( 'e a)mini'trea$a in #a$ )e 9i/"#a#emie, a#e'ta /(tan) 'a a/ara in (rmat"aree
a*e#ti(ni%
4 Hi/"/aratir"i)i'm
4 Carenta in .itamina D
4 Maa+'"r+tie
4 In'(*i#enta renaa
Ate in)i#atii ae a)mini'tratiei #a#i((i '(nt "'te"/"r"$a, e*e#t( *iin) '#a)erea
*re#.entei /r")(#erii *ra#t(ri"r, tetania 9i/"#a#emi#a, 9i/"/aratir"i)i'm( 'i a*e#ti(ni
aer-i#e3
Pre/arate #( #a#i( #e 'e a)mini'trea$a /arentera%
4 +luconat de calciu #( a#ti(ne re#a#i*ianta, antiaer-i#a 'i )e )imin(are a
e2#ita+iitatii ne(r"m('#(are, e'te (tii$ata in tera/ia tetaniei 9i/"#a#emi#e -ra.e, a
9i/"tir"i)i'm((i /"'t"/erat"r, a #"n.('ii"r 9i/"#a#emi#e a/ar(te a n"(4na'#(tii
#( 9i/"/aratir"i)i'm3 E'te #"ntrain)i#at in #a$ )e 9i/er#a#emie, in'(*i#ienta renaa
-ra.a, ne*r"#a#in"$a, "'te"/"r"$a a#(ta /rin im"+ii$are3 E'te #"ntrain)i#ata
a)mini'trarea in #(r'( tratament((i #( )i-itai#e3
4 Clorura de calciu 'e a)mini'trea$a in tetane, '/a'm"*iie, 'ar#ina, aa/tare, 'tari
9em"ra-i/are, +"i aer-i#e, *iin) #"ntrain)i#at in in'(*i#ienta renaa 'e.era, +"aa
(#er"a'a 'a( in #(r'( tratamente"r #( )i-itai#e3
Pre/arate #( #a#i( #e 'e a)mini'trea$a /e #ae "raa%
4 Calcium ,-- 'e /re$inta '(+ *"rma )e #"m/rimate e*er.e'#ente #e #"ntin #a#i(,
a#tat -(#"nat 'i #a#i( #ar+"ni#3 E'te in)i#at in tratament((i "'te"/"r"$ei )e
)i*erite eti""-ii, a ra9iti'm((i, a "'te"maa#iei, a tetaniei atente3 E'te #"ntrain)i#at
in #a$ )e 9i/er#a#emie, 9i/er#a#i(rie, in'(*i#enta renaa 'e.era3 N( 'e a)mini'trea$a
#"n#"mitent )"$e e2#e'i.e )e .itamina D3
4 Tre+(ie menti"nat /re/arat( poli!itamini'ant *, #are 'e /re$inta '(+ *"rma (n"r
)ra:e(ri #e #"ntin 'ar(ri )e K, Ca, M-, Fe, C(, Zn, *"'*at +i/"ta'i#, #"n'tit(in)(4'e
a't*e (n #"/e2 )e 'ar(ri minerae #e /"ate *i (tii$at in #a$ )e #arente in eementee
re'/e#ti.e, tetanii atente, anemiii 9i/"#r"me, a'tenie *i$i#a 'a( /'i9i#a, 'a( )e #atre
'/"rti.i in '#"/( in"#(irii ee#tr"iti"r /ier)(ti in tim/( e*"rt((i3
Ate /re/arate a'"#ia$a minerae 'i .itamine in '#"/( #re'terii e*i#ientii (tii$arii
a#e't"ra )e "r-ani'm%
4 Vita.lin/& 0 'ir"/ #e #"ntine .itamine 'i minerae in)i#at /t aei"rarea t(r+(rari"r
)e #re'tere, a ra9iti'm((i, /re#(m 'i in #(r'( 'ar#inii 'i a aa/tarii3
4 Calciu cu !itamina D/ #"m/rimate (tii$ate in tratament( 9i/"#a#emiei n"(4
na'#(t((i 'a( a #e"r a/ar(te #"rti#"tera/iei, 9i/"/aratiri)iei 'a( tratament((i #(
anti"n.('i.ante, a "'te"/"r"$ei, "'te"maa#iei, "'te")i'tr"*iei, )iminerai$ari"r
"'"a'e #"n'e#(ti.e im"+ii$arii, #arentei )e #a#i( a/ar(te in #(r'( 'ar#inii 'a(
aa/tarii3 P"ate /r")(#e t(+(rari -a'tr"inte'tinae, 9i/er#a#i(rie 'i itia$a renaa3
Pre/arat( e'te #"ntrain)i#at in 9i/er#a#emie 'i in'(*i#ienta renaa3
4 Berocca, /re/arat #e #"ntine #a#i(, minerae 'i .itamine, *"rma )e /re$entare *iin)
#"m/rimate e*er.e'#ente3
Aminoaci'ii
Pr"teinee #"n'tit(ie #ee mai im/"rtante #"m/"nente )in aimentatia '/"rti.i"r, ee *iin)
#"m/('e )in amin"a#i$i3 Amin"a#i$ii '(nt )e = ti/(ri% nee'entiai #e /"t *i 'inteti$ati in "r-ani'm
'i e'entiai /entr( 'inte$a "r e'te ne."ie )e a/"rt( 9e2"-en3 In an(mite 'it(atii, a'a #(m '(nt
'tarea )e +"a, re*a#erea )(/a inter.entiie #9ir(r-i#ae 'i antrenamentee inten'e, *"arte
'"i#itante e'te ne."ie )e (nii amin"a#i$i mai mari )e #at in m") "+i'n(it3 Pentr( (tii$area
e*#ienta a /r"teine"r e2i'tente in #"m/"$itia m('#(at(rii 'triate, aimentatia tre+(ie
'(/imentata #( an(minti amin"a#i$i3
Arginina
A#e't amin"a#i) /"'e)a (nee *(n#tii '/e#i*i#e, a'a #(m '(nt 'tim(area re-enerarii
#e(are 'i a im(nitatii, re-area meta+"i'm((i /r"tei# 'i im/i#it a 'inte$e"r 9"rm"nae3 C(
t"ate #a e'te (n amin"a#i) nee'entia, in i/"'ta$ee *i$i"/at""-i#e in #are /re)"mina
#ata+"i'm(, e'te ne#e'ara '(/imentarea #( ar-inina, in#('i. /entr( a#ti(nea /rte#t"are a'(/ra
m('#9i"r3 Tre+(ie menti"nata 'i in*(enta +ene*i#a a'(/ra 'i'tem((i im(nitar3
Cer#etarie e2/erimetae a( e.i)entiat #a ar-inina /re.ine a*e#ti(nie renae #a($ate )e
'ene#t(te 'i a##eerea$a re*a#erea anat"m"*(n#ti"naa a inte'tine"r in #a$ )e ra)iere3
Ar-inina im/re(na #( "rnitina '(nt #a/a+ie 'a 'tim(e$e 'e#retiie )e '"mat"tr"/9"rm"n
'i )e in'(ina3
A)mini'trata /e #ae "raa, a '/"rti.i, ar-inina 'tim(ea$a #re'terea ma'ei m('#(are 'i
re*a#erea )(/a e*"rt3
Cisteina
Are #a /re#(r'"r (n amin"a#i) e'entia Emeti"ninaF 'i (n amin"a#i) nee'entia E'erinaF3
Di*erite 't()ii e2/erimentae a( aratat #a #i'teina mare'te #"n#entratia 9e/ati#a )e
-(tati"nE (n /(terni# anti"2i)antF 'i '#a)e #"e'ter"emia3
1acetilcisteina, (n /(terni# anti"2i)ant *""'it /entr( tratament( +r"n'ite"r #r"ni#e,
/entr( /r"*ia2ia ne*r"/atii"r 'i in a'"#ierea #( C /entr( #9em"/re.entia antit(m"raa, are (n
e*e#t )e"'e+it )e +ene*i# in #"ntra#ararea ra)i#ai"r i+eri #e 'e /"t /r")(#e in tim/(
e2er#itii"r aer"+i#e '"i#itante, in '/e#ia #an) )(rata a#e't"ra )e/a'e'te =? min(te3
+lutamina
A#e't amin"a#i) e'entia :"a# a(n r" im/"rtant in 'tim(area 'i'tem((i im(nitar3
En)"-en-(tamina e'te 'inteti$ata in m('#9i '#9eeti#i 'i in te'(t( a)i/"'3 Dimin(area
-(taminei /a'mati#e 'e '")ea$a #( a/aritia (nei 'tari )e "+"'eaa /r"n(ntata3 La '/"rti.i
'#a)erea #"n#entratiei intram('#(are a -(taminei e'te in'"tita )e a##ent(area #ata+"i'm((i3
Reie'e #a /entr( (n #ata+"i'm 'ati'*a#at"r e'te ne#e'ara mentinerea (nei #"n#entratii a)e#.ate
)e -(tamina in /a'ma 'i m('#9i3 &(tamina e'e ne#e'ara /entr( #e(ee im(ne, in #a$ )e
#arenta a#e'tea '/"iin) *i+ree m('#(are )e -(tamina3
&(tamina e'te (tii$ata /ntr( #"m+aterea atr"*iei m('#(are )at"rata ina#ti.itatii,
'tre'((i 'a( #(re"r )e 'a+ire3
2istidina
E'te (n amin"a#i) e'entia )"tat #( a#ti(ni antiin*amat"rii 'i anti"2i)ante Ein9i+a
/er"2i)area i/i)e"rF, *a/t /entr( #are e'te (tii$at /entr( #"m+aterea artra-ii"r 'i /rte:area
'/"rti.i"r )e 'tre'( "2i)ati.3
3aurina
Are #a /re#(r'"r meti"nina 'i #i'teina3 De'i n( intra in #"m/"nenta *i+rei m('#(ar
'#9eeti#e e2er#ita n(mer"a'e e*e#te a'(/ra #re'terii 'i meta+"i'm((i in -enera3 A#e't
amin"a#i) are " a#ti(ne a'emanat"are in'(inei, /"'e)an) (n e*e#t 9i/"-i#emiant3 Stim(ea$a
(tii$area -(#"$ei )e #atre #e(e, are r" re-at"r a'(/ra ."(m((i #e(e"r #ere+rae, iar
e2/erimenta '4a #"n'tatat #a mare'te ni.e( /r"inei in *i+ree m('#(are )ia*ra-mati#e3 In a*ara
)e /r")('ee e2i'tente in #"mert #e #"ntin amin"a#i$i in )i.er'e /r"/"rtii, )e'tinate #e"r #e
(rmare'# #re'terea ma'ei m('#(are, amina#i$ii intra aat(ri )e )i.er$e minerae 'i .itamine in
#"m/"$itia (n"r /re/arate #( a#ti(ne tr"*i#a ' re-enerati.a , /rintre #are menti"nam%
4 !itaspol /re/arat #"m/(' )in 'ar(ri ae (n"r amin"a#i$i im/i#ate in '('tinerea
e*"rt((i *i$i# 'i re*a#erea )(/a a#e'ta, *""'it /entr( /re-atirea +i""-i#a a '/"rti.i"r
)e /er*"rmanta3 Se a)mini'trea$a /e #ae "raa, #ate >4= in-(ri )e C "ri /e $i, a
me'e, >4= 'a/tamani3 D"$ee mari /"t /r"."#a t(+(rari )i-e'ti.e3 E'te #"ntrain)i#at
in #a$ )e in'(*i#ienta renaa 'a( )e #"ma 9e/ati#a 'i 'e a)min'trea$a #( /r()enta a
)ia+eti#i3
4 Eforte# 0 #"ntine amin"a#i$i, minerae 'i #a*eina, *in) in)i#at /entr( re*a#erea )(/a
e*"rt in '/e#ia in '/"rt(rie )e *"rta4re$i'tenta3 Se a)mini'trea$a >4C )ra:e(ri )e C4I
"ri /e $i3 Dat"rita #a*einei )"$ee e2#e'i.e /"t /r")(#e ner."$itate, in'"mnie,
/a/itatii, trem"r, eforte#ul, nea)mini'tran)(4'e in )"$e mare in #a$ )e +"i
#ar)i".a'#(are 'a( (#er3
4 Vitama# 0 #"ntine amin"a#i$i, minerae 'i .itamine, *iin) *""'it in '#"/(
im+(natatirii /er*"rmante"r 'i #re'terei re$i'tentei *i$i#e 'i intee#t(ae3