Univerzitet u Istonom Sarajevu

SAOBRAAJNI FAKULTET
DOBOJ











SEMINARSKI RAD IZ ENGLESKOG JEZIKA
NA TEMU:

INTRODUCTION TO TELECOMMUNICATIONS
ANALOG TRANSMISSION
(prevod,transkripcija,nepoznate rijei)









MENTOR: Mr Tanja Petrovi STUDENT: Aleksandar Lazi 500/12

Doboj, februar 2014. godine
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1. INTRODUCTION TO TELECOMMUNICATIONS

If we attempted to define Telecommunications, it would probably be
Communications by Electronic Means. This communications could be voice, computer
data or paper records (telegram, telex, etc.)
Twenty-five years ago we didnt hear the word Telecommunications and now its one
of the most important parts of any business. Although the term telecommunications may be
new, the ideas have been with us a long time. Telecommunications used to be concerned with
whether or not your phone rang when a customer called or did you even get a phone on your
desk. Maybe you got to the big time by having a telephone with multiple buttons and lights
(then we all learned what please hold means). Now we talk about Telecommunications as a
field of specialization, a growth industry and finally we recognize it as a business resource.
Have you ever heard someone say Im in business for myself! If you stop and think
about that statement its impossible unless you sell a product or service to yourself and buy
materials from yourself. Business, or the flow of goods and services doesnt just happen, it
requires communications between two or more people. In response to the communications the
goods and services will flow.
Here are some ways in which telecommunications can affect your life:
- Airlines reservation systems allow customers to call in, book flights, arrange seating,
meals and even rent cars at their final destination. These reservations can be made
through telephone calls or via direct personal computer connections
- Large stock traders such as mutual funds use automatic computer programs to buy and
sell stock. These programs track the stock prices and by using automatic margins
know when to buy up and sell the stock. Some of the wild fluctuations in the 1987
market were blamed on these types of transactions.
- Mail order catalog services accept orders using 800 type toll free telephone numbers.
At the telephone centers the orders are accepted and entered directly into computers
that may be miles away.





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1.1. NEPOZNATE RIJEI

means /minz/ - nain, put
flow of goods /flo v gdz/ - protok robe
to book flights /tu bk flajts/ - rezervisati karte za letove
fluctuation /flktuen/ - fluktuacija; kolebanje, mijenjanje cijena
blame on /blem n/ - okriviti
mutual funds /mjutwl fndz/ - investicioni fondovi

1.2. PREVOD

UVOD U TELEKOMUNIKACIJE

Ako bi pokuali da definiemo telekomunikacije , verovatno bi definicija bila
komunikacije na elektronski nain. Te komunikacije mogu biti glas, kompjuterski podaci ili
zapisi na papiru ( telegram, teleks, itd. )
Prije dvadeset i pet godina nismo uli za rije telekomunikacije, a sada su
telekomunikacije jedan od najvanijih dijelova svakog biznisa. Iako je termin
telekomunikacije moda novi, ideje telekomunikacija postoje ve dugo vremena.
Telekomunikacije se koriste da se brinu za to da li je va telefon zazvonio kada je kupac
nazvao, ili ak da li ste dobili telefon na vaem stolu. Moda ste doli do velikog vremena
tako to imate telefon sa vie tastera i svijetla (tada smo svi nauili ta " molim zadrite "
znai). Sada govorimo o telekomunikacijama kao polju specijalizacije, rastuoj industriji i
konano smo je prepoznali kao poslovni resurs.
Da li ste ikada uli da neko kae: "Ja sam u biznisu za sebe! " Ako stanete i razmislite o
toj izjavi, ona je nemogua, osim ako prodajete proizvod ili uslugu sebi i kupujete vae
materijale od sebe. Biznis, odnosno protok robe i usluga se ne deava samo tako , on zahtijeva
komunikaciju izmeu dvije ili vie osoba. Kao odgovor na komunikacije, robe i usluge e
tei.
Evo nekoliko naina na koji telekomunikacije mogu uticati na va ivot:
- Sistemi rezervacija aviokompanija omoguavaju korisnicima da pozovu , rezerviu
karte za letove, organizuju raspored sjedita, obroke, pa ak i iznajme automobile u svom
konanom odreditu. Ove rezervacije se mogu obaviti putem telefonskih poziva ili putem
direktnih linih kompjuterskih konekcija.
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- Veliki trgovci akcija , kao to su investicioni fondovi koriste automatske
kompjuterske programe da kupuju i prodaju akcije . Ovi programi prate cijene akcija i
pomou automatskih margina znaju kada da kupuju i prodaju akcije . Ove vrste transakcija su
okrivljene za neke od divljih fluktuacija na tritu 1987. godine.
- Potanski servisi za naruivanje kataloga primaju narudbe koristei 800 vrsta
besplatnih telefonskih brojeva. Narudbe se primaju u telefonskim centrima i unose direktno u
kompjutere koju mogu biti miljama udaljeni.




























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2. ANALOG TRANSMISSION

Using analog transmission techniques, such as those found on the existening telephone
networks has presented a problem as newer services are brought into the network. This
section will explore some of those problems and contrast them to the advantages of providing
digital services.
To begin, we must understand that for most of its first one hundred years the worldwide
telephone network was concerned with only carrying voices. This meant that the network was
built to connect telephones across the world and carry a voice between two points. Although
the network architecture worked well for voice transmission, the newer services like computer
data, fascimile and video transmission have been constrained by the analog voice network
design.



Figure 1.1 Analog Telephone Services

Looking at Figure 1.1 (above), we can see how the existing telephone network is used
to provide a variety of office communications. This drawing shows one key problem with the
telephone network. Each of the various lines for telephone or data communications requires a
separate line of circuit. The telephone systems have tie-lines and trunks to the outside world,
computers use high speed analog or digital circuits and video systems use high speed or
broadband circuits. Each type of circuit has it own problems related to installation, support
and maintenance. In many cases the telephone companies had different service organizations
to handle each service creating confusion for the customers.
Telephone companies also found problems with voice quality as it was transmitted
across long distances. Analog transmission and amplification had limits, since noise was
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usually amplified along with the voice signal. This meant there was a limit to how many times
an analog signal could be amplified and still be recognized.
Analog transmission systems were also difficult to test and service. Usually, the
telephone company technicians had to take an analog transmission system out of service
before doing any testing or maintenance.
In addition to the analog transmission problems, telephone companies were faced with
increased pressure from customers for more services and greater bandwidths. Growth in
telephone usage in the 1950s and 1960s also added to the telephone companies requirements
to provide more voice circuits globally.

2.1. NEPOZNATE RIJEI

transmission / trnsmn/ - prenos
constrained / knstrend / - ogranien
broadband /brdbnd/ - irokopojasni
amplification /mplfken/ - pojaanje
bandwidth /bndwd/ - propusni opseg

2.2. PREVOD

ANALOGNI PRENOS

Koritenje analognih tehnika prenosa, kao to su one koje se nalaze na postojeim
telefonskim mreama se predstavilo kao problem poto su nove usluge uvedene u mree. Ovaj
odjeljak e istraiti neke od tih problema i uporediti ih sa prednostima pruanja digitalnih
usluga .
Za poetak, moramo shvatiti da je za veinu od prvih sto godina svjetska telefonska
mrea bila usmjerena samo na prenoenje glasova. To je znailo da je mrea izgraena za
povezivanje telefona irom svijeta i za prijenos glasa izmeu dvije take. Iako je mrena
arhitektura radila dobro za prijenos glasa , novije usluge kao to su raunarski podaci , faks i
prenos video signala su bile ograniene dizajnom za analognu glasovnu mreu.


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Slika 1.1 Analogne telefonske usluge

ledajui sliku 1.1 (gore) , moemo videti kako se postojea telefonska mrea koristi
za pruanje razliitih poslovnih komunikacija . Ovaj crte prikazuje jedan kljuni problem
telefonske mree. Svaka od raznih linija za telefonsku komunikaciju ili komunikaciju
podataka zahtijeva posebnu liniju ili kolo. Telefonski sistemi imaju povezane linije i linije za
spoljni svijet, raunari koriste analogna ili digitalna kola sa velikim brzinama i video sistemi
koriste kola sa velikim brzinama ili irokopojasna kola. Svaka vrsta kola ima svoje probleme
vezane za instalaciju, podrku i odravanje. U mnogim sluajevima telefonske kompanije
imaju razliite uslune organizacije za rukovanje svakom uslugom koja stvara konfuziju za
kupce.
Telefonske kompanije takoe imaju problema sa kvalitetom zvuka jer se zvuk prenosi
preko velikih razdaljina . Analogni prenos i pojaanje imali su ogranienja, jer se um obino
pojaavao zajedno sa signalom glasa. To je znailo da postoji ogranienje koliko puta
analogni signal moe biti pojaan a da se i dalje moe prepoznati.
Analogni sistemi prenosa bili su takoe teki za testiranje i odravanje. Obino,
tehniari telefonske kompanije su morali staviti van funkcije analogni sistem prenosa prije
nego to bilo ta testiraju ili poprave.
Pored problema analognog prenosa, telefonske kompanije su bile suoene sa
poveanim pritiskom kupaca za vie usluga i veim propusnim opsegom. Rast upotrebe
telefona u pedesetim i ezdesetim godinama 20. vijeka je takoe dao zadatak telefonskim
kompanijama da obezbijede golobalno vie glasovnih kola.